Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Serovars L1-L3: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which correlates with genital ulcer disease in tropical countries. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #2 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). The EB attaches to host cells and enter the cell using effector proteins, where it transforms into the metabolically active RB. Inside the cell, RBs rapidly replicate before transitioning back to EBs, which are then released to infect new host cells. […] There are currently 18 serovars of C. trachomatis, each associated with specific diseases affecting mucosal cells in the lungs, genital tracts, and ocular systems. Infections are often asymptomatic, but can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis in men. The bacterium also causes urethritis, conjunctivitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum in both sexes. C. trachomatis genitourinary infections are diagnosed more frequently in women than in men, with the highest prevalence occurring in females aged 15 to 19 years of age.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a preventable and curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which is primarily transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sex. […] Chlamydia is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2020, an estimated 128.5 million new infections with Chlamydia trachomatis occurred worldwide among adults aged 15 to 49 years. […] Chlamydia can cause serious problems if left untreated, particularly among women. […] LGV can be an invasive, systemic infection and, if it is not treated early, can lead to chronic oozing lesions around anorectal region, strictures or reactive joint pain and swelling. […] Chlamydia is treatable and curable. […] WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis.

• #4 Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1795

  Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infections (STIs) worldwide. It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), which is an obligate intracellular bacterium. […] In detail, persistent infection triggers an inflammatory milieu and can be related to severe sequels, such as infertility. […] This infection could also trigger gynecologic tumors in women, evidencing the urgent need for cost-effective screening programs worldwide in order to detect and treat these individuals adequately. […] According to the WHO, in 2020, 129 million new infections of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) were estimated. […] Notwithstanding, in the vast majority of cases (more than 80%), the infection is asymptomatic, meaning that the individuals are unaware that they can infect others, which increases the risk of further infections.

• #5 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). The EB attaches to host cells and enter the cell using effector proteins, where it transforms into the metabolically active RB. Inside the cell, RBs rapidly replicate before transitioning back to EBs, which are then released to infect new host cells. […] There are currently 18 serovars of C. trachomatis, each associated with specific diseases affecting mucosal cells in the lungs, genital tracts, and ocular systems. Infections are often asymptomatic, but can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis in men. The bacterium also causes urethritis, conjunctivitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum in both sexes. C. trachomatis genitourinary infections are diagnosed more frequently in women than in men, with the highest prevalence occurring in females aged 15 to 19 years of age.

• #6 Current Topics in Chlamydia trachomatis Infections | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1195032

  Recent epidemiological studies have highlighted several key trends in C. trachomatis infections, including the rising incidence in older age groups and an increasing number of cases in men who have sex with men (MSM). […] The pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis is marked by its unique biphasic developmental cycle, which alternates between the infectious elementary body (EB) and the non-infectious, metabolically active reticulate body (RB). […] Chlamydia trachomatis has evolved several mechanisms to evade the host immune response, contributing to its ability to establish persistent infections. […] Understanding these interactions between C. trachomatis and the host immune system is crucial for developing more effective therapies and vaccines that can prevent long-term complications.

• #7 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). The EB attaches to host cells and enter the cell using effector proteins, where it transforms into the metabolically active RB. Inside the cell, RBs rapidly replicate before transitioning back to EBs, which are then released to infect new host cells. […] There are currently 18 serovars of C. trachomatis, each associated with specific diseases affecting mucosal cells in the lungs, genital tracts, and ocular systems. Infections are often asymptomatic, but can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis in men. The bacterium also causes urethritis, conjunctivitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum in both sexes. C. trachomatis genitourinary infections are diagnosed more frequently in women than in men, with the highest prevalence occurring in females aged 15 to 19 years of age.

• #8 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). The EB attaches to host cells and enter the cell using effector proteins, where it transforms into the metabolically active RB. Inside the cell, RBs rapidly replicate before transitioning back to EBs, which are then released to infect new host cells. […] There are currently 18 serovars of C. trachomatis, each associated with specific diseases affecting mucosal cells in the lungs, genital tracts, and ocular systems. Infections are often asymptomatic, but can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis in men. The bacterium also causes urethritis, conjunctivitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum in both sexes. C. trachomatis genitourinary infections are diagnosed more frequently in women than in men, with the highest prevalence occurring in females aged 15 to 19 years of age.

• #9 Unlocking Chlamydia’s persistent state » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/11/06/unlocking-chlamydias-persistent-state/

  New research from the EPI and UFs College of Public Health Health Professions found that exposing the sexually-transmitted bacterial pathogen Chlamydia to fosmidomycin an antibiotic which is usually lethal to bacteria causes Chlamydia to enter a protective bunker-like persistent state. […] Understanding the gene-level changes that take place for Chlamydia to enter the unique state known as persistence could help researchers to eventually develop strategies to block these changes from occurring, making the organism more vulnerable to antibiotics and circumventing chronic chlamydial infections. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually-transmitted disease in the U.S., and it causes about 130 million new genital tract infections globally each year. […] Between 50 and 90 percent of these cases do not produce symptoms however, and it is thought that these asymptomatic infections may be attributed to people carrying C. trachomatis in a persistent state.

• #10 Unlocking Chlamydia’s persistent state » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/11/06/unlocking-chlamydias-persistent-state/

  The response of Chlamydia to fosmidomycin fits a larger pattern of its cunning adaptation and survival, as these bacteria will also seek the refuge of their persistent state when exposed to penicillins, iron scarcity, co-infection with certain viruses, and interferon gamma (a cytokine produced by certain human immune system cells). […] If we can understand the genetic changes Chlamydia makes in order to enter and leave persistence, then we will be on the right track toward preventing Chlamydia from utilizing persistence as a survival strategy to evade drug treatment.

• #11 Immunology of Chlamydia infection: implications for a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine | Nature Reviews Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1551

  Sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are an important public-health concern worldwide. Infection causes pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), fallopian-tube scarring and sequelae that include infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections are a serious public-health problem. With more than 90 million new cases occurring annually, C. trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. […] Persistent forms of C. trachomatis that are generated in response to low concentrations of IFN- are metabolically active and seem to promote continuous secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a condition that might contribute to tissue scarring. […] These authors show that all genital C. trachomatis isolates encode a functional tryptophan synthase, whereas all ocular isolates have inactivating mutations in the gene that encodes tryptophan synthase. In response to IFN–mediated depletion of local tryptophan, genital C. trachomatis strains use local indole for tryptophan biosynthesis, allowing these strains to escape the inhibitory effects of IFN-.

• #12 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Serovars L1-L3: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which correlates with genital ulcer disease in tropical countries. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #13 Chlamydiae – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/chlamydia-and-mycoplasmas/chlamydia

  Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacteria. Three species of Chlamydia cause human disease: C. trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections, and C. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections, especially community-acquired pneumonia; C. psittaci causes a zoonotic disease called psittacosis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis has 18 immunologically defined serovars (serotypes): A, B, Ba, and C cause the eye disease trachoma. D through K cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) localized to mucosal surfaces (eg, inclusion conjunctivitis). L1, L2, and L3 biovars cause STIs that lead to invasive lymph node disease (lymphogranuloma venereum) and proctitis. […] In the United States, C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of STIs, including Nongonococcal urethritis and epididymitis in males, Reactive arthritis in males and females, Cervicitis, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in females. […] C. trachomatis causes a chronic conjunctivitis called trachoma, which is endemic in resource-limited parts of the world. […] C. trachomatis causes trachoma or STIs; maternal transmission can cause neonatal conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia.

• #14 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  C. trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of blindness and the most common sexually transmitted bacterium. […] The impact of C. trachomatis on human health has been driving vaccine research since its discovery. Currently, no vaccines are available, largely due to the complexity of the immunological pathways involved in C. trachomatis, which remain poorly understood. However, C. trachomatis infections may be treated with several antibiotics, with tetracycline being the preferred option. […] C. trachomatis strains are generally divided into three biovars based on the type of human disease they cause. Each biovar is further subdivided into several serovars based on the surface antigens recognized by the immune system. Serovars A through C cause trachoma, which is the world’s leading cause of preventable infectious blindness. Serovars D through K infect the genital tract, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancies, and infertility. Serovars L1 through L3 cause an invasive infection of the lymph nodes near the genitals, called lymphogranuloma venereum.

• #15 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Serovars L1-L3: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which correlates with genital ulcer disease in tropical countries. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #16 Chlamydiae – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/chlamydia-and-mycoplasmas/chlamydia

  Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacteria. Three species of Chlamydia cause human disease: C. trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections, and C. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections, especially community-acquired pneumonia; C. psittaci causes a zoonotic disease called psittacosis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis has 18 immunologically defined serovars (serotypes): A, B, Ba, and C cause the eye disease trachoma. D through K cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) localized to mucosal surfaces (eg, inclusion conjunctivitis). L1, L2, and L3 biovars cause STIs that lead to invasive lymph node disease (lymphogranuloma venereum) and proctitis. […] In the United States, C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of STIs, including Nongonococcal urethritis and epididymitis in males, Reactive arthritis in males and females, Cervicitis, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in females. […] C. trachomatis causes a chronic conjunctivitis called trachoma, which is endemic in resource-limited parts of the world. […] C. trachomatis causes trachoma or STIs; maternal transmission can cause neonatal conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia.

• #17 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  C. trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of blindness and the most common sexually transmitted bacterium. […] The impact of C. trachomatis on human health has been driving vaccine research since its discovery. Currently, no vaccines are available, largely due to the complexity of the immunological pathways involved in C. trachomatis, which remain poorly understood. However, C. trachomatis infections may be treated with several antibiotics, with tetracycline being the preferred option. […] C. trachomatis strains are generally divided into three biovars based on the type of human disease they cause. Each biovar is further subdivided into several serovars based on the surface antigens recognized by the immune system. Serovars A through C cause trachoma, which is the world’s leading cause of preventable infectious blindness. Serovars D through K infect the genital tract, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancies, and infertility. Serovars L1 through L3 cause an invasive infection of the lymph nodes near the genitals, called lymphogranuloma venereum.

• #18 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Genital chlamydia is caused by the obligate intracellular Gram negative bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis causes acute eye infections, trachoma, genital infections and the more invasive sexually transmitted infection; lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). […] The strains that cause eye and genital infections are labelled D through K and grow only in the columnar and squamo-columnar epithelial cells that make up the conjunctivae and the mucosa in the respiratory tract, urethra, cervix and rectum. […] Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by the invasive L1, L2 and L3 strains of C. trachomatis, sometimes referred to as the LGV serovars. […] Chlamydia is responsible for 50% of the cases of PID and between 10% and 30% of women with genital chlamydia infections develop PID.

• #19 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  The bacterium is transmitted through direct contact with infected tissue, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can even be passed from an infected mother to the newborn during childbirth. […] The goal of treatment is the prevention of complications associated with infection (e.g., PID, infertility), to decrease the risk of transmission, and the resolution of symptoms. […] The prognosis is excellent with prompt initiation of treatment early and with the completion of the entire course of antibiotics. […] Chlamydial infection in pregnancy can also increase the risk of prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM), premature prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), and preterm delivery.

• #20 Chlamydia trachomatis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355349

  Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (truh-KOH-muh-tis) bacteria and spread through oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It also is possible for the bacterium to spread in pregnancy, during delivery of the baby. Chlamydia can cause pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborn.

• #21 Chlamydia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4023-chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria. Chlamydia infections are treatable and curable. However, its symptoms are often unnoticeable. Its important to receive treatment for chlamydia as soon as possible. Left untreated, chlamydia can lead to serious complications and cause permanent damage to your reproductive organs. […] Chlamydia infections spread through sexual contact, when vaginal fluid or semen containing the bacteria that causes chlamydia travels from one person to another. […] Chlamydia can be cleared up with antibiotics in about a week or two. […] Yes. Chlamydia can be treated and cured. Some sexually transmitted bacterial infections are starting to become resistant to antibiotics, though, and this makes them harder to treat. […] Untreated chlamydia can put your health at risk. Make an appointment with your provider immediately if you notice any symptoms of chlamydia, and get regular STI screenings to avoid complications later.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a preventable and curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which is primarily transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sex. […] Chlamydia is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2020, an estimated 128.5 million new infections with Chlamydia trachomatis occurred worldwide among adults aged 15 to 49 years. […] Chlamydia can cause serious problems if left untreated, particularly among women. […] LGV can be an invasive, systemic infection and, if it is not treated early, can lead to chronic oozing lesions around anorectal region, strictures or reactive joint pain and swelling. […] Chlamydia is treatable and curable. […] WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis.

• #23 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is usually spread during sexual contact with someone who has the infection. It can happen even if no one cums. The main ways people get chlamydia are from having vaginal sex and anal sex, but it can also be spread through oral sex. […] Rarely, you can get chlamydia by touching your eye if you have infected fluids on your hand. Chlamydia can also be spread to a baby during birth if the mother has it. […] You can get chlamydia by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has it. Oral chlamydia is much less common than genital chlamydia.

• #24 Chlamydia – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/

  Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. […] Some C trachomatis strains cause genital infections, including nongonococcal urethritis in men and acute salpingitis and cervicitis in women. […] Chlamydiae have a hemagglutinin that may facilitate attachment to cells. […] The spread of C trachomatis from person to person may cause trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, or lymphogranuloma venereum. […] Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections are sexually transmitted. […] Lymphogranuloma venereum is a human venereal disease caused by C trachomatis strains different from the strains that cause trachoma. […] Chlamydia trachomatis also causes sexually transmitted genital and rectal infections. […] The diseases caused by chlamydiae are summarized in Table 39-1 and Figure 39-1.

• #25 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a bacterial infection thats easily cured with antibiotic medicine. Its one of the most common STDs, and most people who have chlamydia dont show any symptoms. […] Chlamydia is a SUPER common bacterial infection that you can get from sexual contact with another person. Close to 3 million Americans get it every year, most commonly among 14- to 24-year-olds. […] Chlamydia is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The infection is carried in semen (cum), pre-cum, and vaginal fluids. Chlamydia can infect the penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eyes, and throat. Most people with chlamydia dont have any symptoms and feel totally fine, so they might not even know theyre infected. […] Chlamydia can be easily cleared up with antibiotics. But if you dont treat chlamydia, it may lead to major health problems in the future.

• #26 What Is Chlamydia Trachomatis? | Evvy

  https://www.evvy.com/blog/chlamydia-trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is a bacteria that can cause many infections, most notably the sneaky but super common sexually transmitted infection (STI) chlamydia. […] Chlamydia is spread through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the infection. You can also contract chlamydia by sharing sex toys with someone with the condition. That’s because the bacteria that causes chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) can be transferred through vaginal fluid and semen. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacteria that causes the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia. […] You get a chlamydia infection by having unprotected vaginal, anal, and oral sex with someone who has the infection. Since Chlamydia trachomatis is spread through vaginal fluid and semen, it’s also possible to get chlamydia by sharing sex toys with someone who has the infection.

• #27 What Is Chlamydia Trachomatis? | Evvy

  https://www.evvy.com/blog/chlamydia-trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is a bacteria that can cause many infections, most notably the sneaky but super common sexually transmitted infection (STI) chlamydia. […] Chlamydia is spread through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the infection. You can also contract chlamydia by sharing sex toys with someone with the condition. That’s because the bacteria that causes chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) can be transferred through vaginal fluid and semen. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacteria that causes the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia. […] You get a chlamydia infection by having unprotected vaginal, anal, and oral sex with someone who has the infection. Since Chlamydia trachomatis is spread through vaginal fluid and semen, it’s also possible to get chlamydia by sharing sex toys with someone who has the infection.

• #28 Chlamydia trachomatis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355349

  Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (truh-KOH-muh-tis) bacteria and spread through oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It also is possible for the bacterium to spread in pregnancy, during delivery of the baby. Chlamydia can cause pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborn.

• #29 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  The bacterium is transmitted through direct contact with infected tissue, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can even be passed from an infected mother to the newborn during childbirth. […] The goal of treatment is the prevention of complications associated with infection (e.g., PID, infertility), to decrease the risk of transmission, and the resolution of symptoms. […] The prognosis is excellent with prompt initiation of treatment early and with the completion of the entire course of antibiotics. […] Chlamydial infection in pregnancy can also increase the risk of prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM), premature prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), and preterm delivery.

• #30 Chlamydia Infections | Chlamydia | Chlamydia Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chlamydiainfections.html

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] If it’s not treated, chlamydia can cause serious health problems. […] Chlamydia can also be passed to the baby during childbirth. […] Chlamydia is more common in young people, especially young women. […] In women, an untreated infection can spread to your uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause permanent damage to your reproductive system. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #31 Diagnosis and Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0415/p1411.html

  The treatment of C. trachomatis infection depends on the site of the infection, the age of the patient, and whether the infection is complicated or uncomplicated. […] Doxycycline and ofloxacin (Floxin) are contraindicated during pregnancy; therefore, the CDC recommends erythromycin base or amoxicillin for the treatment of chlamydial infection in pregnant women. […] Exposure to C. trachomatis during delivery can cause ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis) in neonates or chlamydial pneumonia at one to three months of age.

• #32 Chlamydia (C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittacci, C. pecorum) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/chlamydia-c-trachomatis-c-pneumoniae-c-psittacci-c-pecorum

  For genito-urinary infection, unprotected intercourse is the main cause of chlamydia infection. […] C. trachomatis can be transmitted via the birth canal of an infected mother, and neonates exposed to chlamydia at birth may develop conjunctivitis 5-13 days later. […] C. trachomatis can cause urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) in men. […] In women it causes cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix the opening of the womb), urethritis or salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries). […] Early antibiotic treatment is extremely successful and may prevent the development of long-term complications. […] If these infections are not treated, they can lead to serious diseases and may be passed onto sexual partners. […] Untreated genital infection in men can lead to prostatitis, epididymitis and infertility. […] In women, the infection can spread to uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes leading to a condition known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Ocular trachoma can lead to blindness due to chronic scarring of the cornea.

• #33 Genital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Adverse Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in Children and Women in sub-Saharan Africa – International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS

  https://mchandaids.org/genital-chlamydia-trachomatis-infection-prevalence-risk-factors-and-adverse-pregnancy-and-birth-outcomes-in-children-and-women-in-sub-saharan-africa/

  In their study, Auult et al. hypothesized that maternal inflammatory responses to chlamydial heat shock protein (CHSP-60) could cause tubal damage leading to tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Often underdiagnosed in infants, chlamydial pneumonia tends to be a subacute, afebrile infection that typically occurs in infants between one and three months of age. […] The results of studies conducted on infants in sub-Saharan Africa suggested that genital CT may be a frequent pathogen in lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia among infants. […] Low educational levels, commercial sex, and the lack of condom use are the most common risk factors associated with genital CT prevalence among women in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Cultural practices such as widow inheritance, sexual cleansing, and polygamy make genital CT prevention in sub-Saharan Africa a challenge.

• #34 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Risk factors and clinical manifestations – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/risk-factors-clinical-manifestation.html

  C. trachomatis is transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sexual activity when there is contact with mucous membrane exudate from people with chlamydia. […] Vertical transmission can occur if a pregnant person with chlamydia has not been screened and treated during the prenatal period. […] Autoinoculation may also occur from an infected genital site to the conjunctivae or the rectum. […] C. trachomatis LGV genotypes are more invasive than non-LGV genotypes and preferentially affect the lymph tissue. […] Infection may be accompanied by systemic symptoms, painful lymphadenopathy, inflammation and, if untreated, anogenital scarring. […] The incubation period for primary LGV is three to 30 days. […] Primary LGV is characterized by painless, small papule(s) (16 mm), at the site of inoculation (vulva, vagina, penis, rectum, oral cavity, occasionally cervix) that may ulcerate. […] Secondary LGV begins within two to six weeks of the primary lesion(s) and involves the lymph nodes and/or anus and rectum. […] In secondary LGV, approximately one-third of women and most men present with recognizable signs and symptoms. […] Tertiary LGV is more common in females than males.

• #35

• #36 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Risk factors and clinical manifestations – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/risk-factors-clinical-manifestation.html

  C. trachomatis is transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sexual activity when there is contact with mucous membrane exudate from people with chlamydia. […] Vertical transmission can occur if a pregnant person with chlamydia has not been screened and treated during the prenatal period. […] Autoinoculation may also occur from an infected genital site to the conjunctivae or the rectum. […] C. trachomatis LGV genotypes are more invasive than non-LGV genotypes and preferentially affect the lymph tissue. […] Infection may be accompanied by systemic symptoms, painful lymphadenopathy, inflammation and, if untreated, anogenital scarring. […] The incubation period for primary LGV is three to 30 days. […] Primary LGV is characterized by painless, small papule(s) (16 mm), at the site of inoculation (vulva, vagina, penis, rectum, oral cavity, occasionally cervix) that may ulcerate. […] Secondary LGV begins within two to six weeks of the primary lesion(s) and involves the lymph nodes and/or anus and rectum. […] In secondary LGV, approximately one-third of women and most men present with recognizable signs and symptoms. […] Tertiary LGV is more common in females than males.

• #37 Understanding Chlamydia trachomatis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis – MEIDIKE GENE

  https://www.medicoswab.com/understanding-chlamydia-trachomatis-causes-symptoms-and-diagnosis/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily spreads through sexual contact, affecting the genital, rectal, and throat areas. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The bacterium can also spread from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth, potentially causing eye infections or pneumonia in the newborn. […] In some cases, the infection can be transmitted via contact with infected genital fluids or even through sharing personal items like towels in rare situations.

• #38 Pathophysiology of Chlamydia | Chlamydia Case Study

  https://u.osu.edu/kelch.49/pathophysiology-of-chlamydia/

  It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria which infects both men and women. […] Chlamydia trachomatis are gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that replicate inside eukaryotic cells (Mohseni, 2019). […] There are 18 serologically variant serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. […] The disease can be transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex with someone who has chlamydia. […] Infection rates are approximately 6 times higher in African Americans than in Caucasians. […] Some of the risk factors of chlamydia include number of lifetime sexual partners, no use of barrier contraception, young females, Black/Hispanic/Native American and Alaskan Native ethnicity, and homosexuality (Cashman, 2019). […] Chlamydia is usually asymptomatic in most people, but if left untreated, it may cause multiple clinical syndromes such as genital infection, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Chlamydia trachomatis can be treated with antibiotic treatment and the prognosis rate is 95% if initiated early and the full course is completed (Mohseni, 2019).

• #39 Chlamydia Infections | Chlamydia | Chlamydia Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chlamydiainfections.html

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] If it’s not treated, chlamydia can cause serious health problems. […] Chlamydia can also be passed to the baby during childbirth. […] Chlamydia is more common in young people, especially young women. […] In women, an untreated infection can spread to your uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause permanent damage to your reproductive system. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #40 Chlamydia: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an STI caused by a specific strain of bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis. […] It is transmitted through vaginal discharge or semen, and can be transmitted through genital contact or oral, vaginal, or anal sex without a barrier method, like a condom. […] Chlamydia is more common in women than in men. […] In fact, its estimated that the overall rate of infection is two times higher for women than men in the United States. […] Chlamydia is caused by a bacterial infection. […] The only true cure for this type of infection is antibiotics. […] If left untreated for long periods of time, chlamydia can cause several complications. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can lead to PID, a condition that could cause permanent damage to the reproductive system as well as infertility. […] In men, chlamydia could cause multiple complications if left untreated, including epididymitis, prostatitis, or male chlamydial urethritis.

• #41 Pathophysiology of Chlamydia | Chlamydia Case Study

  https://u.osu.edu/kelch.49/pathophysiology-of-chlamydia/

  It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria which infects both men and women. […] Chlamydia trachomatis are gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that replicate inside eukaryotic cells (Mohseni, 2019). […] There are 18 serologically variant serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. […] The disease can be transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex with someone who has chlamydia. […] Infection rates are approximately 6 times higher in African Americans than in Caucasians. […] Some of the risk factors of chlamydia include number of lifetime sexual partners, no use of barrier contraception, young females, Black/Hispanic/Native American and Alaskan Native ethnicity, and homosexuality (Cashman, 2019). […] Chlamydia is usually asymptomatic in most people, but if left untreated, it may cause multiple clinical syndromes such as genital infection, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Chlamydia trachomatis can be treated with antibiotic treatment and the prognosis rate is 95% if initiated early and the full course is completed (Mohseni, 2019).

• #42 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Asymptomatic individuals unknowingly spread the disease to their sexual partners, and, despite treatment, reinfection is common. […] It is estimated that about 75% of women and 50% of men are asymptomatic. […] C. trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen in high-income countries, and nearly 130 million infections were reported worldwide in 2012. […] Chlamydia affects 4.0% of women of reproductive age and 2.8% of men. […] In populations where C. trachomatis is prevalent, tubal factor infertility (TFI) results in a considerable number of infertile women. […] C. trachomatis is the most common STI etiology among sexually active males 14 to 35 years of age. […] This pathogen is also the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), accounting for 20% to 40% of NGU cases.

• #43 Chlamydia Infection, Causes Symptoms and Treatment – Dra Gómez Roig

  https://www.gomezroig.com/en/infeccion-por-clamidia/

  La chlamydia or chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted disease that causes infection in all populations of the world. […] Also known as, chlamydia trachomatis, is a small bacterium that needs to live inside cells in an obligatory way. […] A critical feature of the chlamydial infection is that the immunity it generates is not long-lasting. […] The infection was more frequent among women than among men. […] The highest prevalence rates were recorded in African-American women: 14 percent. […] The World Health Organization, the WHO, reveals that in 2012 there were 127 million prevalent cases of chlamydia worldwide. […] Chlamydia is considered a sexually transmitted disease or STD. […] The fact that there asymptomatic infections implies the existence of an easier transmission of the disease and also allows this disease to occur silently.

• #44 Pathophysiology of Chlamydia | Chlamydia Case Study

  https://u.osu.edu/kelch.49/pathophysiology-of-chlamydia/

  It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria which infects both men and women. […] Chlamydia trachomatis are gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that replicate inside eukaryotic cells (Mohseni, 2019). […] There are 18 serologically variant serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. […] The disease can be transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex with someone who has chlamydia. […] Infection rates are approximately 6 times higher in African Americans than in Caucasians. […] Some of the risk factors of chlamydia include number of lifetime sexual partners, no use of barrier contraception, young females, Black/Hispanic/Native American and Alaskan Native ethnicity, and homosexuality (Cashman, 2019). […] Chlamydia is usually asymptomatic in most people, but if left untreated, it may cause multiple clinical syndromes such as genital infection, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Chlamydia trachomatis can be treated with antibiotic treatment and the prognosis rate is 95% if initiated early and the full course is completed (Mohseni, 2019).

• #45 Chlamydial infections – male Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/chlamydial-infections-male

  Chlamydia infection is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Both males and females may have chlamydia without having any symptoms. […] You are more likely to become infected with chlamydia if you: Have sex without wearing a male or female condom. […] Chlamydia can be treated with a variety of antibiotics. […] Treatment with antibiotics is almost always successful. […] Severe infections or infections that are not treated quickly may rarely cause scarring of the urethra.

• #46 Pathophysiology of Chlamydia | Chlamydia Case Study

  https://u.osu.edu/kelch.49/pathophysiology-of-chlamydia/

  It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria which infects both men and women. […] Chlamydia trachomatis are gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that replicate inside eukaryotic cells (Mohseni, 2019). […] There are 18 serologically variant serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. […] The disease can be transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex with someone who has chlamydia. […] Infection rates are approximately 6 times higher in African Americans than in Caucasians. […] Some of the risk factors of chlamydia include number of lifetime sexual partners, no use of barrier contraception, young females, Black/Hispanic/Native American and Alaskan Native ethnicity, and homosexuality (Cashman, 2019). […] Chlamydia is usually asymptomatic in most people, but if left untreated, it may cause multiple clinical syndromes such as genital infection, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Chlamydia trachomatis can be treated with antibiotic treatment and the prognosis rate is 95% if initiated early and the full course is completed (Mohseni, 2019).

• #47 Chlamydia

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/chlamydia

  A chlamydia infection is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which can be transmitted via vaginal, anal or oral sexual intercourse. […] The risk of infection increases with unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners and those who engage in oral or anal sex. […] A type of Chlamydia trachomatis can cause another sexually-transmitted infection (STI) called lymphogranuloma venereum. […] Chlamydia may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) without any symptoms in up to 40 percent of women. […] Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more at risk of acquiring HIV Infection if exposed. […] Infection during pregnancy can result in premature delivery and stillbirth. […] Chlamydia complications and infection may spread to the rectum and result in inflammation, discharge and pain. […] Very rarely, chlamydial infection may cause inflammation of the joints (arthritis) accompanied by lesions on the skin and inflammation of the eye and urethra (Reiter’s syndrome).

• #48 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Asymptomatic individuals unknowingly spread the disease to their sexual partners, and, despite treatment, reinfection is common. […] It is estimated that about 75% of women and 50% of men are asymptomatic. […] C. trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen in high-income countries, and nearly 130 million infections were reported worldwide in 2012. […] Chlamydia affects 4.0% of women of reproductive age and 2.8% of men. […] In populations where C. trachomatis is prevalent, tubal factor infertility (TFI) results in a considerable number of infertile women. […] C. trachomatis is the most common STI etiology among sexually active males 14 to 35 years of age. […] This pathogen is also the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), accounting for 20% to 40% of NGU cases.

• #49 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203385-overview

  Chlamydial transmission usually is caused by sexual contact through oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. Neonatal infection (eg, conjunctivitis or pneumonia) may occur secondary to passage through the birth canal of an infected mother. Specific risk factors for chlamydial infection include the following: […] Certain cytokine polymorphisms These have been associated with severe disease and risk for tubal factor infertility […] Certain variants in toll-like receptor 1 and 4 genes These predispose to infection.

• #50 Issues with the Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Cervical Infections in Mexico: From the Causes to the Interventions | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/issues-with-the-diagnosis-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-in-cervical-infections-inmexico-from-the-causes-to-the-interventions-2332-0877-1000305.php?aid=82109

  Nucleic acid amplification tests surpass these methodologies in sensitivity and specificity; therefore, they are recommended without hesitation for the diagnosis and screening of Chlamydiae infections. […] The reported frequency for this bacterium is highly variable, which is probably as a consequence of the applied methodologies in the studies, population participating in the studies, pathology exhibited by the women and types of samples chosen by the researchers to determine the frequency of the bacterium. […] Written works describe the following as risk factors associated with the natural history of C. trachomatis infection in women: young age (20 yrs.), which could be explained by the anatomic differences found in the cervix of younger women, where the squamo-columnar junction, a primary host target for C. trachomatis, is everted and increasingly exposed.

• #51 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203385-overview

  Chlamydial transmission usually is caused by sexual contact through oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. Neonatal infection (eg, conjunctivitis or pneumonia) may occur secondary to passage through the birth canal of an infected mother. Specific risk factors for chlamydial infection include the following: […] Certain cytokine polymorphisms These have been associated with severe disease and risk for tubal factor infertility […] Certain variants in toll-like receptor 1 and 4 genes These predispose to infection.

• #52 Issues with the Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Cervical Infections in Mexico: From the Causes to the Interventions | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/issues-with-the-diagnosis-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-in-cervical-infections-inmexico-from-the-causes-to-the-interventions-2332-0877-1000305.php?aid=82109

  Nucleic acid amplification tests surpass these methodologies in sensitivity and specificity; therefore, they are recommended without hesitation for the diagnosis and screening of Chlamydiae infections. […] The reported frequency for this bacterium is highly variable, which is probably as a consequence of the applied methodologies in the studies, population participating in the studies, pathology exhibited by the women and types of samples chosen by the researchers to determine the frequency of the bacterium. […] Written works describe the following as risk factors associated with the natural history of C. trachomatis infection in women: young age (20 yrs.), which could be explained by the anatomic differences found in the cervix of younger women, where the squamo-columnar junction, a primary host target for C. trachomatis, is everted and increasingly exposed.

• #53 Issues with the Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Cervical Infections in Mexico: From the Causes to the Interventions | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/issues-with-the-diagnosis-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-in-cervical-infections-inmexico-from-the-causes-to-the-interventions-2332-0877-1000305.php?aid=82109

  Cervical chlamydial infections are also found to be linked to the use of oral contraceptives. […] Their results suggest that infection by C. trachomatis is associated with a single-partner relationship, marital status and the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) as a pregnancy control method. […] The first intervention that could be implemented is to broadcast the current knowledge on the clinical relevance of this bacterium in the health field; patients and health care providers should be informed about the facilities where testing could be performed as well as treatment methods and, more importantly, infection prevention from this bacterium should be thoroughly explained. […] The aforementioned interventions will avoid complications associated with an undiagnosed and untreated infection. […] Prevention of infections caused by C. trachomatis consists of avoiding high-risk sexual intercourse, i.e., sex without the use of a condom. […] It should be noted that infection with chlamydia can increase the probability of HIV transmission.

• #54 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  C. trachomatis is the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men. […] Chlamydial infection may result in inflammation of the epididymides and testes. […] Chlamydial proctitis occurs primarily in men who have sex with men (MSM) who engage in receptive anal intercourse. […] C. trachomatis is a strict intracellular pathogen with a unique biphasic lifecycle. […] Defining a spectrum of virulence for C. trachomatis strains in the context of genital tract infection has been challenging. […] The conserved plasmid that is present in nearly all strains of C. trachomatis plays an important, highly pleiotropic role in virulence. […] Chlamydial infection also inhibits cellular DNA damage repair pathways directly, leading to heritable defects. […] Chlamydial infection triggers formation of reactive oxidative species, which promotes double stranded DNA breaks.

• #55 Chlamydia – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/

  Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. […] Some C trachomatis strains cause genital infections, including nongonococcal urethritis in men and acute salpingitis and cervicitis in women. […] Chlamydiae have a hemagglutinin that may facilitate attachment to cells. […] The spread of C trachomatis from person to person may cause trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, or lymphogranuloma venereum. […] Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections are sexually transmitted. […] Lymphogranuloma venereum is a human venereal disease caused by C trachomatis strains different from the strains that cause trachoma. […] Chlamydia trachomatis also causes sexually transmitted genital and rectal infections. […] The diseases caused by chlamydiae are summarized in Table 39-1 and Figure 39-1.

• #56 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  If left untreated, severe complications can develop, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and perihepatitis in women and reactive arthritis in men. […] C. trachomatis credits its infectivity to a whole host of virulence factors, enabling it to invade and replicate within host cells. […] The pathomechanism by which C. trachomatis infects a host is unique in that the organism passes through two developmental forms, each with its own form and function, with the ultimate goal of gaining entry into the host cell, disrupting its defenses and overwhelming its machinery. […] C. trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial STIs in the world. […] Epidemiological and clinical data on chlamydial infection rates are difficult to ascertain due to limitations in screening and reporting of infections.

• #57 Chlamydia – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/

  Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. […] Some C trachomatis strains cause genital infections, including nongonococcal urethritis in men and acute salpingitis and cervicitis in women. […] Chlamydiae have a hemagglutinin that may facilitate attachment to cells. […] The spread of C trachomatis from person to person may cause trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, or lymphogranuloma venereum. […] Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections are sexually transmitted. […] Lymphogranuloma venereum is a human venereal disease caused by C trachomatis strains different from the strains that cause trachoma. […] Chlamydia trachomatis also causes sexually transmitted genital and rectal infections. […] The diseases caused by chlamydiae are summarized in Table 39-1 and Figure 39-1.

• #58 Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1795

  The gold-standard method for bacterium genotyping is DNA sequencing of the ompA gene, encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). […] Chlamydia trachomatis infection can persist in men and women in an asymptomatic manner, affecting their fertility capabilities. […] In women, this bacterium could travel from the lower into the upper reproductive tract, affecting the uterus, the fallopian tubes, and the ovaries, and culminating in an inflammatory disease that, depending on diverse factors, could lead to severe complications. […] Moreover, it is well known that chronic infection by Chlamydia trachomatis is recognized by the upregulation of the protein Chlamydial heat-shock 60 (cHSP60), triggering the production of IgG and IgA antibodies against it, increasing the cell inflammatory response, which is essential for infection clearance. […] This review highlights the current progress that has been made in the countries that have implemented the National Screening Program of Chlamydia regarding public health and economic concerns, avoiding the costs that are associated with the long-term injuries that are caused by this infection.

• #59 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  C. trachomatis is the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men. […] Chlamydial infection may result in inflammation of the epididymides and testes. […] Chlamydial proctitis occurs primarily in men who have sex with men (MSM) who engage in receptive anal intercourse. […] C. trachomatis is a strict intracellular pathogen with a unique biphasic lifecycle. […] Defining a spectrum of virulence for C. trachomatis strains in the context of genital tract infection has been challenging. […] The conserved plasmid that is present in nearly all strains of C. trachomatis plays an important, highly pleiotropic role in virulence. […] Chlamydial infection also inhibits cellular DNA damage repair pathways directly, leading to heritable defects. […] Chlamydial infection triggers formation of reactive oxidative species, which promotes double stranded DNA breaks.

• #60 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  These events grant chlamydiae access to vital energy intermediates because p53 down-regulates the pentose phosphate pathway within its damage surveillance program. […] Infected cells continue to proliferate despite the damage they sustain. […] Current understanding of the developmental cycle suggests that the damaged cell will be destroyed rather than transformed after inclusion lysis and bacterial release. […] However, infected cells are able to divide and pass genetic defects onto daughter cells in culture and in mice. […] Cervical dysplasia has been observed in both wild type and HPV transgenic mice infected with C. muridarum. […] While similar studies cannot be undertaken in humans, it is possible that future studies using human-derived cervical or fallopian epithelial cell or organ models in conjunction with low passage clinical isolates of known virulence or mutagenic potential will provide future insights.

• #61 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  C. trachomatis is the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men. […] Chlamydial infection may result in inflammation of the epididymides and testes. […] Chlamydial proctitis occurs primarily in men who have sex with men (MSM) who engage in receptive anal intercourse. […] C. trachomatis is a strict intracellular pathogen with a unique biphasic lifecycle. […] Defining a spectrum of virulence for C. trachomatis strains in the context of genital tract infection has been challenging. […] The conserved plasmid that is present in nearly all strains of C. trachomatis plays an important, highly pleiotropic role in virulence. […] Chlamydial infection also inhibits cellular DNA damage repair pathways directly, leading to heritable defects. […] Chlamydial infection triggers formation of reactive oxidative species, which promotes double stranded DNA breaks.

• #62 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  These events grant chlamydiae access to vital energy intermediates because p53 down-regulates the pentose phosphate pathway within its damage surveillance program. […] Infected cells continue to proliferate despite the damage they sustain. […] Current understanding of the developmental cycle suggests that the damaged cell will be destroyed rather than transformed after inclusion lysis and bacterial release. […] However, infected cells are able to divide and pass genetic defects onto daughter cells in culture and in mice. […] Cervical dysplasia has been observed in both wild type and HPV transgenic mice infected with C. muridarum. […] While similar studies cannot be undertaken in humans, it is possible that future studies using human-derived cervical or fallopian epithelial cell or organ models in conjunction with low passage clinical isolates of known virulence or mutagenic potential will provide future insights.

• #63 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Their potential implication in the Etiology of Cervical Cancer

  https://www.jcancer.org/v12p4891

  Pathogenic bacterial strains can alter the normal function of cells and induce different levels of inflammatory responses that are connected to the development of different diseases, such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, cancer etc. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an intracellular obligate gram-negative bacterium which has been connected with the cervical cancer etiology. […] Nevertheless, establishment of causality and the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis of cervical cancer associated with C. trachomatis remain unclear. Studies reveal the existence of C. trachomatis in cervical cancer patients. The DNA repair pathways including mismatch repair, nucleotide excision, and base excision are vital in the abatement of accumulated mutations that can direct to the process of carcinogenesis. C. trachomatis recruits DDR proteins away from sites of DNA damage and, in this way, impedes the DDR. Therefore, by disturbing host cell-cycle control, chromatin and DDR repair, C. trachomatis makes a situation favorable for malignant transformation. Inflammation originated due to infection directs over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative DNA damage. This review may aid our current understanding of the etiology of cervical cancer in C. trachomatis-infected patients.

• #64 Current Understanding and Gaps in Knowledge of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/current-understanding-and-gaps-in-knowledge-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-infection

  Several strategies have been proposed through which C. trachomatis leads to chronic infection, among them: asymptomatic infections by remaining silent that favor bacterial progression towards the most internal tissues. […] The resolution of the primary infection, that centered on CD4+Th1 lymphocytes, corresponds to the cellular response. […] C. trachomatis infection continues to be the most frequently observed in sexual transmission with high prevalence rates in low-income countries, more frequent in women and in the age group between 15 and 19 years. […] There are many aspects to be revealed in terms of pathogenesis, biology of the microbial agent, and treatment, hence the need to generate new knowledge in this regard.

• #65 Chlamydia – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/

  Trachoma, a C trachomatis infection of the conjunctival epithelial cells, results in subepithelial infiltration of lymphocytes, leading to the development of follicles. […] Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the fallopian tubes of infected women. […] Recently, C trachomatis has been suspected of causing lower respiratory tract infections in adults. […] The precise role of cell-mediated immunity is not known. […] Chlamydia trachomatis can be identified microscopically in scrapings from the eyes or the urogenital tract. […] Attempts to use C trachomatis vaccines for prophylaxis and treatment of trachoma have failed.

• #66 Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1795

  The gold-standard method for bacterium genotyping is DNA sequencing of the ompA gene, encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). […] Chlamydia trachomatis infection can persist in men and women in an asymptomatic manner, affecting their fertility capabilities. […] In women, this bacterium could travel from the lower into the upper reproductive tract, affecting the uterus, the fallopian tubes, and the ovaries, and culminating in an inflammatory disease that, depending on diverse factors, could lead to severe complications. […] Moreover, it is well known that chronic infection by Chlamydia trachomatis is recognized by the upregulation of the protein Chlamydial heat-shock 60 (cHSP60), triggering the production of IgG and IgA antibodies against it, increasing the cell inflammatory response, which is essential for infection clearance. […] This review highlights the current progress that has been made in the countries that have implemented the National Screening Program of Chlamydia regarding public health and economic concerns, avoiding the costs that are associated with the long-term injuries that are caused by this infection.

• #67 Immunology of Chlamydia infection: implications for a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine | Nature Reviews Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1551

  Sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are an important public-health concern worldwide. Infection causes pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), fallopian-tube scarring and sequelae that include infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections are a serious public-health problem. With more than 90 million new cases occurring annually, C. trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. […] Persistent forms of C. trachomatis that are generated in response to low concentrations of IFN- are metabolically active and seem to promote continuous secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a condition that might contribute to tissue scarring. […] These authors show that all genital C. trachomatis isolates encode a functional tryptophan synthase, whereas all ocular isolates have inactivating mutations in the gene that encodes tryptophan synthase. In response to IFN–mediated depletion of local tryptophan, genital C. trachomatis strains use local indole for tryptophan biosynthesis, allowing these strains to escape the inhibitory effects of IFN-.

• #68 Immunology of Chlamydia infection: implications for a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine | Nature Reviews Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1551

  These authors found that fallopian-tube tissues that are repeatedly infected with C. trachomatis are infiltrated with CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, deposition of fibrotic tissue occurred, as well as production of IFN-, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 (but not IL-4), indicating that all of these events might contribute to scarring of the upper genital tract.

• #69 Chlamydia Infection, Causes Symptoms and Treatment – Dra Gómez Roig

  https://www.gomezroig.com/en/infeccion-por-clamidia/

  La chlamydia or chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted disease that causes infection in all populations of the world. […] Also known as, chlamydia trachomatis, is a small bacterium that needs to live inside cells in an obligatory way. […] A critical feature of the chlamydial infection is that the immunity it generates is not long-lasting. […] The infection was more frequent among women than among men. […] The highest prevalence rates were recorded in African-American women: 14 percent. […] The World Health Organization, the WHO, reveals that in 2012 there were 127 million prevalent cases of chlamydia worldwide. […] Chlamydia is considered a sexually transmitted disease or STD. […] The fact that there asymptomatic infections implies the existence of an easier transmission of the disease and also allows this disease to occur silently.

• #70 Chlamydia trachomatis | Johns Hopkins HIV Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_HIV_Guide/545032/all/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  The many serovars of C. trachomatis can generally be divided into: […] Serovars D-K: cause genitourinary tract disease, rectal disease (including proctitis), and conjunctivitis. […] Serovars L1-L3: cause lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and proctocolitis. […] Serovars A-C: causing endemic trachoma (chronic keratoconjunctivitis) in resource-limited tropical settings, leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. […] Obligate intracellular bacteria, infecting primarily ocular and genitourinary epithelium; one of the smallest known bacterial genomes. […] All Chlamydia species have 2 distinct forms in their infectious cycle: […] The EB penetrates a cell, transforms into an RB to replicate, then eventually the cell ruptures releasing EBs that can infect new cells. […] Immunity is short-lived, which explains the frequency of re-infection.

• #71 Current Topics in Chlamydia trachomatis Infections | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1195032

  Recent epidemiological studies have highlighted several key trends in C. trachomatis infections, including the rising incidence in older age groups and an increasing number of cases in men who have sex with men (MSM). […] The pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis is marked by its unique biphasic developmental cycle, which alternates between the infectious elementary body (EB) and the non-infectious, metabolically active reticulate body (RB). […] Chlamydia trachomatis has evolved several mechanisms to evade the host immune response, contributing to its ability to establish persistent infections. […] Understanding these interactions between C. trachomatis and the host immune system is crucial for developing more effective therapies and vaccines that can prevent long-term complications.

• #72 Current Understanding and Gaps in Knowledge of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/current-understanding-and-gaps-in-knowledge-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-infection

  Several strategies have been proposed through which C. trachomatis leads to chronic infection, among them: asymptomatic infections by remaining silent that favor bacterial progression towards the most internal tissues. […] The resolution of the primary infection, that centered on CD4+Th1 lymphocytes, corresponds to the cellular response. […] C. trachomatis infection continues to be the most frequently observed in sexual transmission with high prevalence rates in low-income countries, more frequent in women and in the age group between 15 and 19 years. […] There are many aspects to be revealed in terms of pathogenesis, biology of the microbial agent, and treatment, hence the need to generate new knowledge in this regard.

• #73 Immunology of Chlamydia infection: implications for a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine | Nature Reviews Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1551

  Sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are an important public-health concern worldwide. Infection causes pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), fallopian-tube scarring and sequelae that include infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections are a serious public-health problem. With more than 90 million new cases occurring annually, C. trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. […] Persistent forms of C. trachomatis that are generated in response to low concentrations of IFN- are metabolically active and seem to promote continuous secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a condition that might contribute to tissue scarring. […] These authors show that all genital C. trachomatis isolates encode a functional tryptophan synthase, whereas all ocular isolates have inactivating mutations in the gene that encodes tryptophan synthase. In response to IFN–mediated depletion of local tryptophan, genital C. trachomatis strains use local indole for tryptophan biosynthesis, allowing these strains to escape the inhibitory effects of IFN-.

• #74 Current Understanding and Gaps in Knowledge of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/current-understanding-and-gaps-in-knowledge-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-infection

  Several strategies have been proposed through which C. trachomatis leads to chronic infection, among them: asymptomatic infections by remaining silent that favor bacterial progression towards the most internal tissues. […] The resolution of the primary infection, that centered on CD4+Th1 lymphocytes, corresponds to the cellular response. […] C. trachomatis infection continues to be the most frequently observed in sexual transmission with high prevalence rates in low-income countries, more frequent in women and in the age group between 15 and 19 years. […] There are many aspects to be revealed in terms of pathogenesis, biology of the microbial agent, and treatment, hence the need to generate new knowledge in this regard.

• #75 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Chlamydia trachomatis is an evasive pathogen that can prompt severe clinical manifestations in humans such as vaginitis, epididymitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, conjunctivitis and pneumonia. […] If left untreated, chronic infections with C. trachomatis can give rise to long-lasting and even permanent sequelae. […] C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible most notably for causing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and is considered the most common cause of curable STIs worldwide. […] C. trachomatis genital infections are a global health concern that cause substantial morbidity, especially in women. […] Oftentimes, infected individuals are asymptomatic, but pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge and lower abdominal pain are noted in those with symptoms.

• #76 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  If left untreated, severe complications can develop, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and perihepatitis in women and reactive arthritis in men. […] C. trachomatis credits its infectivity to a whole host of virulence factors, enabling it to invade and replicate within host cells. […] The pathomechanism by which C. trachomatis infects a host is unique in that the organism passes through two developmental forms, each with its own form and function, with the ultimate goal of gaining entry into the host cell, disrupting its defenses and overwhelming its machinery. […] C. trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial STIs in the world. […] Epidemiological and clinical data on chlamydial infection rates are difficult to ascertain due to limitations in screening and reporting of infections.

• #77 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Repeated chlamydial infection has been associated with PID and other reproductive sequelae. […] A direct assessment of the risk for infertility after untreated C. trachomatis infection has not been performed but it has been determined that up to 18% of women may develop infertility after symptomatic PID of any cause. […] C. trachomatis genital tract infection can also negatively impact pregnancy. […] Prior chlamydial infection is associated with elevated risk for ectopic pregnancy. […] C. trachomatis infection has been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and preterm delivery. […] Chronic cervical infection by C. trachomatis has been proposed as a cofactor based on detection of chlamydial DNA in HPV-associated lesions. […] A recent meta analysis of 22 studies determined that C. trachomatis was significantly linked to increased cervical cancer risk prospectively and retrospectively.

• #78 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. […] C. trachomatis also causes trachoma in endemic areas, mostly Africa and the Middle East, and is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. […] The World Health Organization estimates 131 million new cases of C. trachomatis genital infection occur annually. […] C. trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. […] In endemic areas, mostly in Africa and the Middle East, C. trachomatis also causes trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. […] Most infected men and women are either asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic and diagnosis occurs after screening or because a contact is symptomatic. […] Infection may ascend from the cervix, resulting in endometritis and salpingitis.

• #79 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Many patients with chlamydia remain asymptomatic, but a minority of individuals develop symptoms that depend on the location of infection. […] In females, the cervix is the site most often colonized by C. trachomatis. […] Other complications of untreated or long-standing chlamydial infection in the reproductive tract, particularly in the fallopian tubes, can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] The most severe complications are related to ineffective management and treatment of chlamydial infections. […] The prevalence of PID following chlamydial infection was found to be between 3.0% and 30.0%. […] Ectopic pregnancy was also reported in 0.2% to 2.7% of infected women. […] Each diagnosed infection should be treated because a lack of therapeutic management may result in disease progression and complications characterized by long-lasting sequelae.

• #80 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Many patients with chlamydia remain asymptomatic, but a minority of individuals develop symptoms that depend on the location of infection. […] In females, the cervix is the site most often colonized by C. trachomatis. […] Other complications of untreated or long-standing chlamydial infection in the reproductive tract, particularly in the fallopian tubes, can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] The most severe complications are related to ineffective management and treatment of chlamydial infections. […] The prevalence of PID following chlamydial infection was found to be between 3.0% and 30.0%. […] Ectopic pregnancy was also reported in 0.2% to 2.7% of infected women. […] Each diagnosed infection should be treated because a lack of therapeutic management may result in disease progression and complications characterized by long-lasting sequelae.

• #81 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. […] C. trachomatis also causes trachoma in endemic areas, mostly Africa and the Middle East, and is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. […] The World Health Organization estimates 131 million new cases of C. trachomatis genital infection occur annually. […] C. trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. […] In endemic areas, mostly in Africa and the Middle East, C. trachomatis also causes trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. […] Most infected men and women are either asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic and diagnosis occurs after screening or because a contact is symptomatic. […] Infection may ascend from the cervix, resulting in endometritis and salpingitis.

• #82 Chlamydia trachomatis | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/infectious-diseases/chlamydia-trachomatis

  Causal agent Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Genital chlamydial infection is an important reproductive health problem. An estimated 10-30% of infected women develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Humans. […] Direct sexual contact.

• #83 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause infection among men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb). […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #84 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Genital chlamydia is caused by the obligate intracellular Gram negative bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis causes acute eye infections, trachoma, genital infections and the more invasive sexually transmitted infection; lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). […] The strains that cause eye and genital infections are labelled D through K and grow only in the columnar and squamo-columnar epithelial cells that make up the conjunctivae and the mucosa in the respiratory tract, urethra, cervix and rectum. […] Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by the invasive L1, L2 and L3 strains of C. trachomatis, sometimes referred to as the LGV serovars. […] Chlamydia is responsible for 50% of the cases of PID and between 10% and 30% of women with genital chlamydia infections develop PID.

• #85 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Serological studies of women with tubal infertility indicate that chlamydia infection may be the cause of the adhesions in more than half of the cases. […] It is estimated that tubal adhesions as a consequence of chlamydia salpingitis are responsible for about 40% of ectopic pregnancies. […] Chlamydia infections can cause reactive arthritis, Reiters syndrome, and adult conjunctivitis. […] There is some evidence that genital chlamydia infection may contribute to miscarriage, premature rupture of membrane, preterm birth, still birth and low birth weight.

• #86 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause infection among men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb). […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #87 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Many patients with chlamydia remain asymptomatic, but a minority of individuals develop symptoms that depend on the location of infection. […] In females, the cervix is the site most often colonized by C. trachomatis. […] Other complications of untreated or long-standing chlamydial infection in the reproductive tract, particularly in the fallopian tubes, can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] The most severe complications are related to ineffective management and treatment of chlamydial infections. […] The prevalence of PID following chlamydial infection was found to be between 3.0% and 30.0%. […] Ectopic pregnancy was also reported in 0.2% to 2.7% of infected women. […] Each diagnosed infection should be treated because a lack of therapeutic management may result in disease progression and complications characterized by long-lasting sequelae.

• #88 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Repeated chlamydial infection has been associated with PID and other reproductive sequelae. […] A direct assessment of the risk for infertility after untreated C. trachomatis infection has not been performed but it has been determined that up to 18% of women may develop infertility after symptomatic PID of any cause. […] C. trachomatis genital tract infection can also negatively impact pregnancy. […] Prior chlamydial infection is associated with elevated risk for ectopic pregnancy. […] C. trachomatis infection has been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and preterm delivery. […] Chronic cervical infection by C. trachomatis has been proposed as a cofactor based on detection of chlamydial DNA in HPV-associated lesions. […] A recent meta analysis of 22 studies determined that C. trachomatis was significantly linked to increased cervical cancer risk prospectively and retrospectively.

• #89

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/stds/chlamydia.html

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydial infections in women can lead to serious consequences including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. […] Chlamydia can be spread from an infected woman to her baby during childbirth. […] In pregnant women, untreated chlamydia has been associated with pre-term delivery, and can spread to the newborn, causing an eye infection or pneumonia. […] Chlamydia can be easily treated and cured with antibiotics. […] Having multiple chlamydial infections increases a woman’s risk of serious reproductive health complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy.

• #90 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Asymptomatic individuals unknowingly spread the disease to their sexual partners, and, despite treatment, reinfection is common. […] It is estimated that about 75% of women and 50% of men are asymptomatic. […] C. trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen in high-income countries, and nearly 130 million infections were reported worldwide in 2012. […] Chlamydia affects 4.0% of women of reproductive age and 2.8% of men. […] In populations where C. trachomatis is prevalent, tubal factor infertility (TFI) results in a considerable number of infertile women. […] C. trachomatis is the most common STI etiology among sexually active males 14 to 35 years of age. […] This pathogen is also the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), accounting for 20% to 40% of NGU cases.

• #91 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  C. trachomatis is the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men. […] Chlamydial infection may result in inflammation of the epididymides and testes. […] Chlamydial proctitis occurs primarily in men who have sex with men (MSM) who engage in receptive anal intercourse. […] C. trachomatis is a strict intracellular pathogen with a unique biphasic lifecycle. […] Defining a spectrum of virulence for C. trachomatis strains in the context of genital tract infection has been challenging. […] The conserved plasmid that is present in nearly all strains of C. trachomatis plays an important, highly pleiotropic role in virulence. […] Chlamydial infection also inhibits cellular DNA damage repair pathways directly, leading to heritable defects. […] Chlamydial infection triggers formation of reactive oxidative species, which promotes double stranded DNA breaks.

• #92 Chlamydia: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an STI caused by a specific strain of bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis. […] It is transmitted through vaginal discharge or semen, and can be transmitted through genital contact or oral, vaginal, or anal sex without a barrier method, like a condom. […] Chlamydia is more common in women than in men. […] In fact, its estimated that the overall rate of infection is two times higher for women than men in the United States. […] Chlamydia is caused by a bacterial infection. […] The only true cure for this type of infection is antibiotics. […] If left untreated for long periods of time, chlamydia can cause several complications. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can lead to PID, a condition that could cause permanent damage to the reproductive system as well as infertility. […] In men, chlamydia could cause multiple complications if left untreated, including epididymitis, prostatitis, or male chlamydial urethritis.

• #93 Diagnosis and Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0415/p1411.html

  Chlamydia trachomatis infection most commonly affects the urogenital tract. […] The most common site of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the urogenital tract, and severity ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening. […] In men, chlamydial infection of the lower genital tract causes urethritis and, on occasion, epididymitis. […] Untreated chlamydial infection can spread to the epididymis. Patients usually have unilateral testicular pain with scrotal erythema, tenderness, or swelling over the epididymis. Men 35 years or younger who have epididymitis are more likely to have C. trachomatis as the etiologic agent than are older men. […] A rare complication of untreated chlamydial infection is the development of Reiter syndrome, a reactive arthritis that includes the triad of urethritis (sometimes cervicitis in women), conjunctivitis, and painless mucocutaneous lesions.

• #94 Diagnosis and Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0415/p1411.html

  Chlamydia trachomatis infection most commonly affects the urogenital tract. […] The most common site of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the urogenital tract, and severity ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening. […] In men, chlamydial infection of the lower genital tract causes urethritis and, on occasion, epididymitis. […] Untreated chlamydial infection can spread to the epididymis. Patients usually have unilateral testicular pain with scrotal erythema, tenderness, or swelling over the epididymis. Men 35 years or younger who have epididymitis are more likely to have C. trachomatis as the etiologic agent than are older men. […] A rare complication of untreated chlamydial infection is the development of Reiter syndrome, a reactive arthritis that includes the triad of urethritis (sometimes cervicitis in women), conjunctivitis, and painless mucocutaneous lesions.

• #95 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  C. trachomatis is the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men. […] Chlamydial infection may result in inflammation of the epididymides and testes. […] Chlamydial proctitis occurs primarily in men who have sex with men (MSM) who engage in receptive anal intercourse. […] C. trachomatis is a strict intracellular pathogen with a unique biphasic lifecycle. […] Defining a spectrum of virulence for C. trachomatis strains in the context of genital tract infection has been challenging. […] The conserved plasmid that is present in nearly all strains of C. trachomatis plays an important, highly pleiotropic role in virulence. […] Chlamydial infection also inhibits cellular DNA damage repair pathways directly, leading to heritable defects. […] Chlamydial infection triggers formation of reactive oxidative species, which promotes double stranded DNA breaks.

• #96 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause infection among men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb). […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #97 Chlamydia (C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittacci, C. pecorum) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/chlamydia-c-trachomatis-c-pneumoniae-c-psittacci-c-pecorum

  For genito-urinary infection, unprotected intercourse is the main cause of chlamydia infection. […] C. trachomatis can be transmitted via the birth canal of an infected mother, and neonates exposed to chlamydia at birth may develop conjunctivitis 5-13 days later. […] C. trachomatis can cause urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) in men. […] In women it causes cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix the opening of the womb), urethritis or salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries). […] Early antibiotic treatment is extremely successful and may prevent the development of long-term complications. […] If these infections are not treated, they can lead to serious diseases and may be passed onto sexual partners. […] Untreated genital infection in men can lead to prostatitis, epididymitis and infertility. […] In women, the infection can spread to uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes leading to a condition known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Ocular trachoma can lead to blindness due to chronic scarring of the cornea.

• #98 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause infection among men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb). […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #99 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Complication – Dr Ben Medical – Men’s Health Clinic | Women’s Health Singapore

  https://dbclinic.com.sg/chlamydia-trachomatis-infection-complication/

  Untreated chlamydia can lead to epididymitis (infection of the testicle), which in the long term can be associated with organ scarring, resulting in chronic testicular pain, swelling, and male infertility. […] Unfortunately, it is medically known that untreated chlamydia infection also predisposes a person to other forms of STDs, including HIV. […] Chlamydia infection can persist in our body without treatment, and one can have chlamydial infection for years. If chlamydial infection is not treated, you remain infectious and can transmit the infection to your sexual partner(s). […] While the chlamydial infection is generally a benign STD infection that is easily treatable, the longer the infection is left untreated, the higher the risk of developing chlamydial complications.

• #100 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  The bacterium is transmitted through direct contact with infected tissue, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can even be passed from an infected mother to the newborn during childbirth. […] The goal of treatment is the prevention of complications associated with infection (e.g., PID, infertility), to decrease the risk of transmission, and the resolution of symptoms. […] The prognosis is excellent with prompt initiation of treatment early and with the completion of the entire course of antibiotics. […] Chlamydial infection in pregnancy can also increase the risk of prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM), premature prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), and preterm delivery.

• #101 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Repeated chlamydial infection has been associated with PID and other reproductive sequelae. […] A direct assessment of the risk for infertility after untreated C. trachomatis infection has not been performed but it has been determined that up to 18% of women may develop infertility after symptomatic PID of any cause. […] C. trachomatis genital tract infection can also negatively impact pregnancy. […] Prior chlamydial infection is associated with elevated risk for ectopic pregnancy. […] C. trachomatis infection has been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and preterm delivery. […] Chronic cervical infection by C. trachomatis has been proposed as a cofactor based on detection of chlamydial DNA in HPV-associated lesions. […] A recent meta analysis of 22 studies determined that C. trachomatis was significantly linked to increased cervical cancer risk prospectively and retrospectively.

• #102 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  The bacterium is transmitted through direct contact with infected tissue, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can even be passed from an infected mother to the newborn during childbirth. […] The goal of treatment is the prevention of complications associated with infection (e.g., PID, infertility), to decrease the risk of transmission, and the resolution of symptoms. […] The prognosis is excellent with prompt initiation of treatment early and with the completion of the entire course of antibiotics. […] Chlamydial infection in pregnancy can also increase the risk of prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM), premature prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), and preterm delivery.

• #103 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Repeated chlamydial infection has been associated with PID and other reproductive sequelae. […] A direct assessment of the risk for infertility after untreated C. trachomatis infection has not been performed but it has been determined that up to 18% of women may develop infertility after symptomatic PID of any cause. […] C. trachomatis genital tract infection can also negatively impact pregnancy. […] Prior chlamydial infection is associated with elevated risk for ectopic pregnancy. […] C. trachomatis infection has been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and preterm delivery. […] Chronic cervical infection by C. trachomatis has been proposed as a cofactor based on detection of chlamydial DNA in HPV-associated lesions. […] A recent meta analysis of 22 studies determined that C. trachomatis was significantly linked to increased cervical cancer risk prospectively and retrospectively.

• #104 Genital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Adverse Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in Children and Women in sub-Saharan Africa – International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS

  https://mchandaids.org/genital-chlamydia-trachomatis-infection-prevalence-risk-factors-and-adverse-pregnancy-and-birth-outcomes-in-children-and-women-in-sub-saharan-africa/

  Genital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) has adverse health outcomes for women and children. In pregnant women, the infection causes adverse obstetric outcomes including pelvic inflammation, ectopic pregnancy, and miscarriage. […] While genital CT is acutely experienced by women in sub-Saharan African countries, the consequences of the infection have been found to be magnified in pregnant women as it can cause pre-term birth, low-birth weight, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, as well as serve as potential health risks for conjunctivitis, and pneumonia in neonates and infants. […] According to Vogel et al., genital CT is a leading contributor to neonatal and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to some researchers, genital CT is a potential trigger for miscarriage, accounting for about 15% of early miscarriages (12 weeks of gestation) and up to 66% of late miscarriages (12 weeks of gestation).

• #105 Chlamydia trachomatis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355349

  Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (truh-KOH-muh-tis) bacteria and spread through oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It also is possible for the bacterium to spread in pregnancy, during delivery of the baby. Chlamydia can cause pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborn.

• #106 Chlamydia Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. […] The Bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis is spread most commonly during unprotected vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is linked to several risk factors, including: […] Chlamydia is a treatable infection. Doctors usually treat it with antibiotics since it’s a bacterial infection. […] Antibiotics are used to treat Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is often linked to the following complications: […] Chlamydia can spread from your vaginal canal to your baby during birth, causing pneumonia or a serious eye infection. […] Chlamydia infections, even those with no symptoms, can develop scarring and occlusion in the fallopian tubes, thus causing infertility in women. […] Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that is typically treated with antibiotics.

• #107 Chlamydia (C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittacci, C. pecorum) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/chlamydia-c-trachomatis-c-pneumoniae-c-psittacci-c-pecorum

  For genito-urinary infection, unprotected intercourse is the main cause of chlamydia infection. […] C. trachomatis can be transmitted via the birth canal of an infected mother, and neonates exposed to chlamydia at birth may develop conjunctivitis 5-13 days later. […] C. trachomatis can cause urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) in men. […] In women it causes cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix the opening of the womb), urethritis or salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries). […] Early antibiotic treatment is extremely successful and may prevent the development of long-term complications. […] If these infections are not treated, they can lead to serious diseases and may be passed onto sexual partners. […] Untreated genital infection in men can lead to prostatitis, epididymitis and infertility. […] In women, the infection can spread to uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes leading to a condition known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Ocular trachoma can lead to blindness due to chronic scarring of the cornea.

• #108 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1215/p1127.html

  Infection during pregnancy increases the risk of poor outcomes for the fetus. […] A chlamydia infection may also increase a person’s susceptibility to HIV, if exposed. […] Another sexually transmitted infection caused by C. trachomatis (a different serovar) is lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). […] C. trachomatis is thought to cause about 12,000 cases of neonatal pneumonia per year in the United States. […] Ocular C. trachomatis infection occurs in three distinct disease patterns: ophthalmia neonatorum/neonatal conjunctivitis, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, and trachoma. […] Trachoma is the primary source of infectious blindness in the world, affecting primarily the rural poor in Asia and Africa.

• #109 Genital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Adverse Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in Children and Women in sub-Saharan Africa – International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS

  https://mchandaids.org/genital-chlamydia-trachomatis-infection-prevalence-risk-factors-and-adverse-pregnancy-and-birth-outcomes-in-children-and-women-in-sub-saharan-africa/

  In their study, Auult et al. hypothesized that maternal inflammatory responses to chlamydial heat shock protein (CHSP-60) could cause tubal damage leading to tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Often underdiagnosed in infants, chlamydial pneumonia tends to be a subacute, afebrile infection that typically occurs in infants between one and three months of age. […] The results of studies conducted on infants in sub-Saharan Africa suggested that genital CT may be a frequent pathogen in lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia among infants. […] Low educational levels, commercial sex, and the lack of condom use are the most common risk factors associated with genital CT prevalence among women in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Cultural practices such as widow inheritance, sexual cleansing, and polygamy make genital CT prevention in sub-Saharan Africa a challenge.

• #110 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Chlamydia trachomatis is an evasive pathogen that can prompt severe clinical manifestations in humans such as vaginitis, epididymitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, conjunctivitis and pneumonia. […] If left untreated, chronic infections with C. trachomatis can give rise to long-lasting and even permanent sequelae. […] C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible most notably for causing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and is considered the most common cause of curable STIs worldwide. […] C. trachomatis genital infections are a global health concern that cause substantial morbidity, especially in women. […] Oftentimes, infected individuals are asymptomatic, but pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge and lower abdominal pain are noted in those with symptoms.

• #111 Chlamydia Infections | Chlamydia | Chlamydia Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chlamydiainfections.html

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] If it’s not treated, chlamydia can cause serious health problems. […] Chlamydia can also be passed to the baby during childbirth. […] Chlamydia is more common in young people, especially young women. […] In women, an untreated infection can spread to your uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause permanent damage to your reproductive system. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #112 Chlamydia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia

  Chlamydia, or more specifically a chlamydia infection, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Causes Chlamydia trachomatis spread by sexual intercourse or childbirth. […] Infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis only occurs in humans. […] Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, oral, or manual sex or direct contact with infected tissue such as conjunctiva. Chlamydia can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. […] Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, affecting about 4.2% of women and 2.7% of men worldwide. […] Chlamydia causes more than 250,000 cases of epididymitis in the U.S. each year. Chlamydia causes 250,000 to 500,000 cases of PID every year in the United States. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed.

• #113 Chlamydia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia

  Chlamydia, or more specifically a chlamydia infection, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Causes Chlamydia trachomatis spread by sexual intercourse or childbirth. […] Infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis only occurs in humans. […] Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, oral, or manual sex or direct contact with infected tissue such as conjunctiva. Chlamydia can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. […] Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, affecting about 4.2% of women and 2.7% of men worldwide. […] Chlamydia causes more than 250,000 cases of epididymitis in the U.S. each year. Chlamydia causes 250,000 to 500,000 cases of PID every year in the United States. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed.

• #114 Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1795

  Despite it being curable with the use of antibiotics, when not treated, Chlamydia can lead to long-term severe injuries to the reproductive organs, such as chronic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, increased risk of ectopic pregnancies, neonatal injuries by vertical transmission (conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia), and can also cause infertility in women, and can cause urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, and reactive arthritis in men. […] Importantly, a possible coinfection with other microorganisms, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Mycoplasma genitalium, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been reported. […] This evidence highlights the need to develop strategies to combat this public health problem, which is preventable. […] Therefore, in the absence of a vaccination plan, one of the most effective methods to fight against CT infection is the screening of asymptomatic women and men and achieving an accurate diagnosis in order to treat the infection effectively with the appropriate drugs, avoiding antibiotic resistance and reinfection by the partner.

• #115 Issues with the Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Cervical Infections in Mexico: From the Causes to the Interventions | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/issues-with-the-diagnosis-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-in-cervical-infections-inmexico-from-the-causes-to-the-interventions-2332-0877-1000305.php?aid=82109

  Cervical chlamydial infections are also found to be linked to the use of oral contraceptives. […] Their results suggest that infection by C. trachomatis is associated with a single-partner relationship, marital status and the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) as a pregnancy control method. […] The first intervention that could be implemented is to broadcast the current knowledge on the clinical relevance of this bacterium in the health field; patients and health care providers should be informed about the facilities where testing could be performed as well as treatment methods and, more importantly, infection prevention from this bacterium should be thoroughly explained. […] The aforementioned interventions will avoid complications associated with an undiagnosed and untreated infection. […] Prevention of infections caused by C. trachomatis consists of avoiding high-risk sexual intercourse, i.e., sex without the use of a condom. […] It should be noted that infection with chlamydia can increase the probability of HIV transmission.

• #116 Diagnosis and Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0415/p1411.html

  Chlamydia trachomatis infection most commonly affects the urogenital tract. […] The most common site of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the urogenital tract, and severity ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening. […] In men, chlamydial infection of the lower genital tract causes urethritis and, on occasion, epididymitis. […] Untreated chlamydial infection can spread to the epididymis. Patients usually have unilateral testicular pain with scrotal erythema, tenderness, or swelling over the epididymis. Men 35 years or younger who have epididymitis are more likely to have C. trachomatis as the etiologic agent than are older men. […] A rare complication of untreated chlamydial infection is the development of Reiter syndrome, a reactive arthritis that includes the triad of urethritis (sometimes cervicitis in women), conjunctivitis, and painless mucocutaneous lesions.

• #117 Chlamydia

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/chlamydia

  A chlamydia infection is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which can be transmitted via vaginal, anal or oral sexual intercourse. […] The risk of infection increases with unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners and those who engage in oral or anal sex. […] A type of Chlamydia trachomatis can cause another sexually-transmitted infection (STI) called lymphogranuloma venereum. […] Chlamydia may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) without any symptoms in up to 40 percent of women. […] Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more at risk of acquiring HIV Infection if exposed. […] Infection during pregnancy can result in premature delivery and stillbirth. […] Chlamydia complications and infection may spread to the rectum and result in inflammation, discharge and pain. […] Very rarely, chlamydial infection may cause inflammation of the joints (arthritis) accompanied by lesions on the skin and inflammation of the eye and urethra (Reiter’s syndrome).

• #118 Diagnosis and Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0415/p1411.html

  Chlamydia trachomatis infection most commonly affects the urogenital tract. […] The most common site of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the urogenital tract, and severity ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening. […] In men, chlamydial infection of the lower genital tract causes urethritis and, on occasion, epididymitis. […] Untreated chlamydial infection can spread to the epididymis. Patients usually have unilateral testicular pain with scrotal erythema, tenderness, or swelling over the epididymis. Men 35 years or younger who have epididymitis are more likely to have C. trachomatis as the etiologic agent than are older men. […] A rare complication of untreated chlamydial infection is the development of Reiter syndrome, a reactive arthritis that includes the triad of urethritis (sometimes cervicitis in women), conjunctivitis, and painless mucocutaneous lesions.

• #119 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  If left untreated, severe complications can develop, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and perihepatitis in women and reactive arthritis in men. […] C. trachomatis credits its infectivity to a whole host of virulence factors, enabling it to invade and replicate within host cells. […] The pathomechanism by which C. trachomatis infects a host is unique in that the organism passes through two developmental forms, each with its own form and function, with the ultimate goal of gaining entry into the host cell, disrupting its defenses and overwhelming its machinery. […] C. trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial STIs in the world. […] Epidemiological and clinical data on chlamydial infection rates are difficult to ascertain due to limitations in screening and reporting of infections.

• #120 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Repeated chlamydial infection has been associated with PID and other reproductive sequelae. […] A direct assessment of the risk for infertility after untreated C. trachomatis infection has not been performed but it has been determined that up to 18% of women may develop infertility after symptomatic PID of any cause. […] C. trachomatis genital tract infection can also negatively impact pregnancy. […] Prior chlamydial infection is associated with elevated risk for ectopic pregnancy. […] C. trachomatis infection has been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and preterm delivery. […] Chronic cervical infection by C. trachomatis has been proposed as a cofactor based on detection of chlamydial DNA in HPV-associated lesions. […] A recent meta analysis of 22 studies determined that C. trachomatis was significantly linked to increased cervical cancer risk prospectively and retrospectively.

• #121 Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1795

  Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infections (STIs) worldwide. It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), which is an obligate intracellular bacterium. […] In detail, persistent infection triggers an inflammatory milieu and can be related to severe sequels, such as infertility. […] This infection could also trigger gynecologic tumors in women, evidencing the urgent need for cost-effective screening programs worldwide in order to detect and treat these individuals adequately. […] According to the WHO, in 2020, 129 million new infections of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) were estimated. […] Notwithstanding, in the vast majority of cases (more than 80%), the infection is asymptomatic, meaning that the individuals are unaware that they can infect others, which increases the risk of further infections.

• #122 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Repeated chlamydial infection has been associated with PID and other reproductive sequelae. […] A direct assessment of the risk for infertility after untreated C. trachomatis infection has not been performed but it has been determined that up to 18% of women may develop infertility after symptomatic PID of any cause. […] C. trachomatis genital tract infection can also negatively impact pregnancy. […] Prior chlamydial infection is associated with elevated risk for ectopic pregnancy. […] C. trachomatis infection has been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and preterm delivery. […] Chronic cervical infection by C. trachomatis has been proposed as a cofactor based on detection of chlamydial DNA in HPV-associated lesions. […] A recent meta analysis of 22 studies determined that C. trachomatis was significantly linked to increased cervical cancer risk prospectively and retrospectively.

• #123 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Their potential implication in the Etiology of Cervical Cancer

  https://www.jcancer.org/v12p4891

  Pathogenic bacterial strains can alter the normal function of cells and induce different levels of inflammatory responses that are connected to the development of different diseases, such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, cancer etc. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an intracellular obligate gram-negative bacterium which has been connected with the cervical cancer etiology. […] Nevertheless, establishment of causality and the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis of cervical cancer associated with C. trachomatis remain unclear. Studies reveal the existence of C. trachomatis in cervical cancer patients. The DNA repair pathways including mismatch repair, nucleotide excision, and base excision are vital in the abatement of accumulated mutations that can direct to the process of carcinogenesis. C. trachomatis recruits DDR proteins away from sites of DNA damage and, in this way, impedes the DDR. Therefore, by disturbing host cell-cycle control, chromatin and DDR repair, C. trachomatis makes a situation favorable for malignant transformation. Inflammation originated due to infection directs over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative DNA damage. This review may aid our current understanding of the etiology of cervical cancer in C. trachomatis-infected patients.

• #124 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Their potential implication in the Etiology of Cervical Cancer

  https://www.jcancer.org/v12p4891

  Pathogenic bacterial strains can alter the normal function of cells and induce different levels of inflammatory responses that are connected to the development of different diseases, such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, cancer etc. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an intracellular obligate gram-negative bacterium which has been connected with the cervical cancer etiology. […] Nevertheless, establishment of causality and the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis of cervical cancer associated with C. trachomatis remain unclear. Studies reveal the existence of C. trachomatis in cervical cancer patients. The DNA repair pathways including mismatch repair, nucleotide excision, and base excision are vital in the abatement of accumulated mutations that can direct to the process of carcinogenesis. C. trachomatis recruits DDR proteins away from sites of DNA damage and, in this way, impedes the DDR. Therefore, by disturbing host cell-cycle control, chromatin and DDR repair, C. trachomatis makes a situation favorable for malignant transformation. Inflammation originated due to infection directs over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative DNA damage. This review may aid our current understanding of the etiology of cervical cancer in C. trachomatis-infected patients.

• #125 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  These events grant chlamydiae access to vital energy intermediates because p53 down-regulates the pentose phosphate pathway within its damage surveillance program. […] Infected cells continue to proliferate despite the damage they sustain. […] Current understanding of the developmental cycle suggests that the damaged cell will be destroyed rather than transformed after inclusion lysis and bacterial release. […] However, infected cells are able to divide and pass genetic defects onto daughter cells in culture and in mice. […] Cervical dysplasia has been observed in both wild type and HPV transgenic mice infected with C. muridarum. […] While similar studies cannot be undertaken in humans, it is possible that future studies using human-derived cervical or fallopian epithelial cell or organ models in conjunction with low passage clinical isolates of known virulence or mutagenic potential will provide future insights.

• #126 Chlamydiae – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/chlamydia-and-mycoplasmas/chlamydia

  Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacteria. Three species of Chlamydia cause human disease: C. trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections, and C. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections, especially community-acquired pneumonia; C. psittaci causes a zoonotic disease called psittacosis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis has 18 immunologically defined serovars (serotypes): A, B, Ba, and C cause the eye disease trachoma. D through K cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) localized to mucosal surfaces (eg, inclusion conjunctivitis). L1, L2, and L3 biovars cause STIs that lead to invasive lymph node disease (lymphogranuloma venereum) and proctitis. […] In the United States, C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of STIs, including Nongonococcal urethritis and epididymitis in males, Reactive arthritis in males and females, Cervicitis, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in females. […] C. trachomatis causes a chronic conjunctivitis called trachoma, which is endemic in resource-limited parts of the world. […] C. trachomatis causes trachoma or STIs; maternal transmission can cause neonatal conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia.

• #127 Trachoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505

  Trachoma is caused by certain subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that can also cause the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia. […] Trachoma spreads through contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. Hands, clothing, towels and insects can all be routes for transmission. In developing countries, eye-seeking flies also are a means of transmission.

• #128 Chlamydia – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/

  Trachoma, a C trachomatis infection of the conjunctival epithelial cells, results in subepithelial infiltration of lymphocytes, leading to the development of follicles. […] Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the fallopian tubes of infected women. […] Recently, C trachomatis has been suspected of causing lower respiratory tract infections in adults. […] The precise role of cell-mediated immunity is not known. […] Chlamydia trachomatis can be identified microscopically in scrapings from the eyes or the urogenital tract. […] Attempts to use C trachomatis vaccines for prophylaxis and treatment of trachoma have failed.

• #129

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Environmental factors associated with more intense transmission of C. trachomatis include inadequate hygiene, crowded households, inadequate access to water, and inadequate access to and use of sanitation. […] It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide.

• #130 Chlamydiae – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/chlamydia-and-mycoplasmas/chlamydia

  Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacteria. Three species of Chlamydia cause human disease: C. trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections, and C. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections, especially community-acquired pneumonia; C. psittaci causes a zoonotic disease called psittacosis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis has 18 immunologically defined serovars (serotypes): A, B, Ba, and C cause the eye disease trachoma. D through K cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) localized to mucosal surfaces (eg, inclusion conjunctivitis). L1, L2, and L3 biovars cause STIs that lead to invasive lymph node disease (lymphogranuloma venereum) and proctitis. […] In the United States, C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of STIs, including Nongonococcal urethritis and epididymitis in males, Reactive arthritis in males and females, Cervicitis, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in females. […] C. trachomatis causes a chronic conjunctivitis called trachoma, which is endemic in resource-limited parts of the world. […] C. trachomatis causes trachoma or STIs; maternal transmission can cause neonatal conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia.

• #131 Trachoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505

  Trachoma is caused by certain subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that can also cause the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia. […] Trachoma spreads through contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. Hands, clothing, towels and insects can all be routes for transmission. In developing countries, eye-seeking flies also are a means of transmission.

• #132 Chlamydia (C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittacci, C. pecorum) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/chlamydia-c-trachomatis-c-pneumoniae-c-psittacci-c-pecorum

  For genito-urinary infection, unprotected intercourse is the main cause of chlamydia infection. […] C. trachomatis can be transmitted via the birth canal of an infected mother, and neonates exposed to chlamydia at birth may develop conjunctivitis 5-13 days later. […] C. trachomatis can cause urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) in men. […] In women it causes cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix the opening of the womb), urethritis or salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries). […] Early antibiotic treatment is extremely successful and may prevent the development of long-term complications. […] If these infections are not treated, they can lead to serious diseases and may be passed onto sexual partners. […] Untreated genital infection in men can lead to prostatitis, epididymitis and infertility. […] In women, the infection can spread to uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes leading to a condition known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Ocular trachoma can lead to blindness due to chronic scarring of the cornea.

• #133 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections

  https://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/chlamydia-trachomatis-genital-infections/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. […] C. trachomatis also causes trachoma in endemic areas, mostly Africa and the Middle East, and is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. […] The World Health Organization estimates 131 million new cases of C. trachomatis genital infection occur annually. […] C. trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. […] In endemic areas, mostly in Africa and the Middle East, C. trachomatis also causes trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. […] Most infected men and women are either asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic and diagnosis occurs after screening or because a contact is symptomatic. […] Infection may ascend from the cervix, resulting in endometritis and salpingitis.

• #134 Current Topics in Chlamydia trachomatis Infections | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1195032

  The development of a vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis has been a significant focus of research due to the global burden of chlamydial infections and the limitations of current treatment strategies, which rely solely on antibiotics. […] Despite decades of effort, no vaccine has yet been approved for human use, but advances in understanding the pathogen’s biology and host immune responses have paved the way for promising candidates.

• #135 Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1795

  Despite it being curable with the use of antibiotics, when not treated, Chlamydia can lead to long-term severe injuries to the reproductive organs, such as chronic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, increased risk of ectopic pregnancies, neonatal injuries by vertical transmission (conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia), and can also cause infertility in women, and can cause urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, and reactive arthritis in men. […] Importantly, a possible coinfection with other microorganisms, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Mycoplasma genitalium, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been reported. […] This evidence highlights the need to develop strategies to combat this public health problem, which is preventable. […] Therefore, in the absence of a vaccination plan, one of the most effective methods to fight against CT infection is the screening of asymptomatic women and men and achieving an accurate diagnosis in order to treat the infection effectively with the appropriate drugs, avoiding antibiotic resistance and reinfection by the partner.

• #136 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  Many patients with chlamydia remain asymptomatic, but a minority of individuals develop symptoms that depend on the location of infection. […] In females, the cervix is the site most often colonized by C. trachomatis. […] Other complications of untreated or long-standing chlamydial infection in the reproductive tract, particularly in the fallopian tubes, can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] The most severe complications are related to ineffective management and treatment of chlamydial infections. […] The prevalence of PID following chlamydial infection was found to be between 3.0% and 30.0%. […] Ectopic pregnancy was also reported in 0.2% to 2.7% of infected women. […] Each diagnosed infection should be treated because a lack of therapeutic management may result in disease progression and complications characterized by long-lasting sequelae.

• #137 Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1795

  Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infections (STIs) worldwide. It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), which is an obligate intracellular bacterium. […] In detail, persistent infection triggers an inflammatory milieu and can be related to severe sequels, such as infertility. […] This infection could also trigger gynecologic tumors in women, evidencing the urgent need for cost-effective screening programs worldwide in order to detect and treat these individuals adequately. […] According to the WHO, in 2020, 129 million new infections of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) were estimated. […] Notwithstanding, in the vast majority of cases (more than 80%), the infection is asymptomatic, meaning that the individuals are unaware that they can infect others, which increases the risk of further infections.

• #138 Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1283

  If left untreated, severe complications can develop, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and perihepatitis in women and reactive arthritis in men. […] C. trachomatis credits its infectivity to a whole host of virulence factors, enabling it to invade and replicate within host cells. […] The pathomechanism by which C. trachomatis infects a host is unique in that the organism passes through two developmental forms, each with its own form and function, with the ultimate goal of gaining entry into the host cell, disrupting its defenses and overwhelming its machinery. […] C. trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial STIs in the world. […] Epidemiological and clinical data on chlamydial infection rates are difficult to ascertain due to limitations in screening and reporting of infections.

• #139 Current Topics in Chlamydia trachomatis Infections | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1195032

  A significant proportion of C. trachomatis infections are asymptomatic, particularly in women. […] Chronic pelvic pain is increasingly recognized as a long-term consequence of C. trachomatis infections, particularly in women who have experienced PID. […] C. trachomatis infection has been associated with an increased risk of acquiring other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. […] The inflammation and disruption of mucosal barriers caused by chlamydial infection can create a more conducive environment for the transmission of other pathogens. […] The emergence of antibiotic resistance in C. trachomatis is a concern, with ongoing surveillance and judicious use of antibiotics being essential to prevent the development of resistance. […] The genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in C. trachomatis involves mutations in specific genes that are crucial for the pathogen’s survival and replication.

• #140 Current Topics in Chlamydia trachomatis Infections | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1195032

  The development of a vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis has been a significant focus of research due to the global burden of chlamydial infections and the limitations of current treatment strategies, which rely solely on antibiotics. […] Despite decades of effort, no vaccine has yet been approved for human use, but advances in understanding the pathogen’s biology and host immune responses have paved the way for promising candidates.

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