Chemo brain
Epidemiologia

„Chemo brain” to zespół zaburzeń poznawczych związanych z leczeniem przeciwnowotworowym, obejmujący deficyty pamięci, koncentracji, funkcji wykonawczych oraz przetwarzania informacji. Epidemiologicznie, zaburzenia te dotyczą od 16% do 75% pacjentów onkologicznych, z nasileniem objawów w trakcie chemioterapii (do 75%) oraz utrzymywaniem się ich u około 35% pacjentów miesiące lub lata po zakończeniu terapii. Szczególnie narażone są pacjentki z rakiem piersi (10-40%, zwłaszcza przed menopauzą i przy wysokodawkowej chemioterapii), pacjenci z glejakiem (60-85%) oraz osoby po przeszczepieniu komórek macierzystych w nowotworach krwi. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wiek, płeć, rasę, intensywność leczenia oraz stan psychiczny pacjenta. Diagnostyka opiera się na testach neuropsychologicznych oceniających pamięć, szybkość przetwarzania informacji, funkcje wykonawcze i uwagę, a także na obrazowaniu mózgu (MRI, PET/CT) wykrywającym zmiany strukturalne i metaboliczne.

Definicja „Chemo brain”

„Chemo brain”, znany w polskiej terminologii medycznej również jako „mgła chemioterapeutyczna” lub „mgła mózgowa po chemioterapii”, to termin określający zaburzenia poznawcze związane z leczeniem nowotworów. Obejmuje problemy z pamięcią, koncentracją, przetwarzaniem informacji, funkcjami wykonawczymi i wielozadaniowością, które mogą wystąpić przed, w trakcie lub po zakończeniu leczenia przeciwnowotworowego12. Pacjenci często opisują ten stan jako uczucie „mgły” lub „zamglenia” umysłowego, które utrudnia codzienne funkcjonowanie3.

Epidemiologia „Chemo brain”

Badania pokazują, że „chemo brain” dotyka znaczną część pacjentów onkologicznych, choć dokładne szacunki różnią się w zależności od badanej populacji, zastosowanych metod diagnostycznych i rodzaju nowotworu4. Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że:

  • Około 16-75% wszystkich pacjentów onkologicznych doświadcza zaburzeń poznawczych związanych z leczeniem15
  • Nawet do 30% pacjentów wykazuje objawy zaburzeń poznawczych przed rozpoczęciem chemioterapii67
  • Do 75% pacjentów zgłasza problemy poznawcze w trakcie leczenia689
  • U około 35% pacjentów objawy utrzymują się miesiące lub lata po zakończeniu leczenia6108

Specyficzne grupy pacjentów

W przypadku konkretnych nowotworów, epidemiologia „chemo brain” przedstawia się następująco:

  • Rak piersi: Dotyka 10-40% pacjentek, przy czym wyższy odsetek występuje u kobiet przed menopauzą oraz u pacjentek otrzymujących chemioterapię w wysokich dawkach1112
  • Glejak: 60-85% pacjentów zgłasza zaburzenia poznawcze po operacji i leczeniu uzupełniającym11
  • Nowotwory krwi: Pacjenci po przeszczepieniu komórek macierzystych układu krwiotwórczego doświadczają wyższego ryzyka zaburzeń poznawczych13

Czynniki ryzyka

Zidentyfikowano kilka czynników, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia i nasilenie „chemo brain”14:

  • Wiek: Osoby starsze są bardziej podatne na zaburzenia poznawcze związane z chemioterapią515
  • Płeć: Kobiety przed menopauzą mogą być bardziej narażone na długotrwałe skutki1611
  • Rasa: Niektóre badania sugerują, że kobiety czarnoskóre z rakiem piersi mogą doświadczać większego spadku funkcji poznawczych17
  • Intensywność leczenia: Chemioterapia wysokodawkowa, wielolekowa oraz połączenie chemioterapii z radioterapią zwiększają ryzyko14
  • Stan psychiczny: Pacjenci z wyższym poziomem lęku i depresji mogą doświadczać silniejszych objawów17

Metody monitorowania i narzędzia oceny

Monitorowanie i ocena nasilenia „chemo brain” stanowi wyzwanie kliniczne, ze względu na subiektywny charakter wielu objawów18. W praktyce wykorzystuje się różnorodne metody:

Testy neuropsychologiczne

Testy neuropsychologiczne są najbardziej obiektywnym narzędziem oceny zaburzeń poznawczych19. Pozwalają ocenić:

  • Pamięć natychmiastową i odroczoną
  • Szybkość przetwarzania informacji
  • Funkcje wykonawcze
  • Szybkość psychomotoryczną
  • Uwagę i koncentrację20

W badaniach często wykorzystywany jest Test Oceny Poznawczej Montrealu (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) do wstępnego badania przesiewowego w kierunku zaburzeń poznawczych21.

Badania obrazowe

Nowoczesne techniki obrazowania mózgu pozwalają na wykrywanie zmian strukturalnych i funkcjonalnych związanych z „chemo brain”22:

  • Obrazowanie metodą rezonansu magnetycznego (MRI): Pozwala wykryć zmiany w istocie białej, szczególnie w hipokampie i korze przedczołowej22
  • PET/CT: Dostarcza informacji o metabolizmie glukozy w mózgu oraz zmianach zapalnych2324
  • Medycyna nuklearna: Oferuje narzędzia do szczegółowej oceny procesów patofizjologicznych leżących u podstaw zaburzeń poznawczych2526

Kwestionariusze samooceny

Samoocena pacjentów jest istotnym elementem monitorowania „chemo brain”, choć wyniki często różnią się od obiektywnych pomiarów27. Pacjenci często zgłaszają większe nasilenie objawów niż wykazują testy obiektywne, co może wynikać z faktu, że:

  • Pacjenci mogą funkcjonować powyżej normy populacyjnej przed leczeniem, a spadek wciąż utrzymuje ich w granicach normy28
  • Testy neuropsychologiczne mogą nie wychwytywać subtelnych zmian, które są istotne dla codziennego funkcjonowania27

Trendy i wzorce występowania

Badania epidemiologiczne pozwoliły zidentyfikować charakterystyczne wzorce występowania „chemo brain”6:

Czasowy przebieg zaburzeń

Zaburzenia poznawcze mogą wystąpić na różnych etapach choroby nowotworowej i leczenia29:

  • Przed leczeniem: Do 30% pacjentów doświadcza zaburzeń poznawczych na etapie diagnozy, przed rozpoczęciem jakiegokolwiek leczenia6730
  • W trakcie leczenia: Szczyt występowania zaburzeń przypada na okres aktywnej chemioterapii, dotykając do 75% pacjentów69
  • Po leczeniu: Badania pokazują, że około 20% pacjentów nadal doświadcza zaburzeń poznawczych 3 lata po zakończeniu leczenia, a około 10% nawet 10 lat później28

Dane dotyczące przetrwania objawów

Długotrwałość objawów „chemo brain” różni się znacząco między pacjentami31:

  • U większości pacjentów objawy ustępują w ciągu 6-9 miesięcy po zakończeniu leczenia32
  • U około jednej trzeciej pacjentów objawy utrzymują się miesiącami, a nawet 5-10 lat po zakończeniu leczenia3
  • Badania kohortowe wykazały, że efekty poznawcze chemioterapii mogą utrzymywać się ponad 20 lat po leczeniu206

Przykładem jest badanie opublikowane w Journal of Clinical Oncology, które wykazało, że kobiety leczone schematem CMF (cyklofosfamid, metotreksat i fluorouracyl) z powodu raka piersi wykazywały znacząco gorsze wyniki w testach pamięci słownej, szybkości przetwarzania, funkcji wykonawczych i szybkości psychomotorycznej ponad 20 lat po zakończeniu leczenia20.

Zróżnicowanie między grupami pacjentów

Epidemiologia „chemo brain” wykazuje zróżnicowanie w zależności od typu nowotworu, stosowanego leczenia oraz indywidualnych cech pacjenta18.

Wpływ rodzaju nowotworu

Największy zbiór danych dotyczy raka piersi, gdzie przeprowadzono ponad 60 badań wykazujących różny stopień związku między chemioterapią a zaburzeniami poznawczymi3. Jednak „chemo brain” występuje również w innych typach nowotworów:

  • Nowotwory krwi: Pacjenci poddawani przeszczepowi komórek macierzystych wykazują szczególnie wysokie ryzyko zaburzeń poznawczych13
  • Nowotwory jelita grubego: Badania wykazują zróżnicowane wyniki, z niektórymi wskazującymi na brak zwiększonego ryzyka zaburzeń poznawczych po chemioterapii33
  • Nowotwory mózgu: Pacjenci doświadczają zaburzeń poznawczych zarówno z powodu samego nowotworu, jak i leczenia34

Wpływ metody leczenia

Wbrew nazwie „chemo brain”, zaburzenia poznawcze mogą być wywoływane przez różne metody leczenia nowotworów29:

  • Chemioterapia: Szczególnie schematy zawierające cisplatynę, karboplatynę, paklitaksel, cyklofosfamid, doksorubicynę, 5-FU i taksany3524
  • Terapia hormonalna: Badania wykazują, że leki hormonalne, jak letrozol i tamoksyfen, mogą również powodować zaburzenia poznawcze1836
  • Radioterapia: Szczególnie gdy dotyczy mózgu, choć wyniki dla nowotworów poza układem nerwowym są niejednoznaczne37
  • Immunoterapia: Również może przyczyniać się do zaburzeń poznawczych38

Nadzór i monitorowanie populacyjne

Ze względu na rosnącą liczbę osób przeżywających chorobę nowotworową, monitorowanie występowania i przebiegu „chemo brain” staje się istotnym elementem opieki onkologicznej39.

Rejestry i badania długookresowe

Obecnie prowadzone są liczne badania długookresowe mające na celu lepsze zrozumienie naturalnego przebiegu „chemo brain” oraz czynników wpływających na jego występowanie39:

  • Badania prowadzone przez Wilmot Cancer Institute pozwalają śledzić zmiany funkcji poznawczych w czasie u pacjentów po chemioterapii w porównaniu do zdrowej grupy kontrolnej39
  • Dane z Koreańskiej Narodowej Bazy Danych Ubezpieczenia Zdrowotnego umożliwiają analizę wpływu różnych metod leczenia na funkcje poznawcze w dużych kohortach pacjentów33
  • Badania prowadzone na Uniwersytecie Sydney pozwalają lepiej zrozumieć mechanizmy zaburzeń poznawczych związanych z leczeniem przeciwnowotworowym40

Znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego

Z epidemiologicznego punktu widzenia, „chemo brain” stanowi istotne wyzwanie dla zdrowia publicznego41:

  • Szacuje się, że w USA jest 17 milionów osób, które przeżyły chorobę nowotworową, z których znaczna część może doświadczać zaburzeń poznawczych39
  • Starzenie się populacji oraz postępy w leczeniu nowotworów prowadzą do wzrostu liczby długoterminowych osób przeżywających, co zwiększa liczbę pacjentów z „chemo brain”42
  • Zaburzenia poznawcze wpływają na zdolność pacjentów do powrotu do pracy, co ma istotne konsekwencje ekonomiczne4344

Wnioski i przyszłe kierunki nadzoru

Mimo znacznego postępu w rozumieniu epidemiologii „chemo brain”, wciąż istnieją luki w wiedzy i potrzeba dalszych badań25:

  • Potrzeba standaryzacji metod oceny i kryteriów diagnostycznych zaburzeń poznawczych związanych z leczeniem nowotworowym18
  • Konieczność prowadzenia długoterminowych badań kohortowych obejmujących różne typy nowotworów i metody leczenia25
  • Badanie wpływu czynników genetycznych i epigenetycznych na podatność na zaburzenia poznawcze4313
  • Ocena skuteczności różnych interwencji zapobiegawczych i terapeutycznych45

Lepsze zrozumienie epidemiologii „chemo brain” może prowadzić do opracowania skuteczniejszych strategii prewencji, wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia, co przyczyni się do poprawy jakości życia osób leczonych z powodu choroby nowotworowej4647.

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  1. 15.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Chemo brain: From discerning mechanisms to lifting the brain fog—An aging connection
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5539816/
    Mounting evidence indicates that cancer treatments cause numerous deleterious effects, including central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. Chemotherapy-caused CNS side effects encompass changes in cognitive function, memory, and attention, to name a few. […] Although chemotherapy treatment-induced side effects occur in 1675% of all patients, the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood. […] Chemotherapy is a key cancer treatment strategy. The vast majority of cytotoxic chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells, including both cancer cells and normal cells that are growing and dividing. […] Recent research shows that chemotherapy agents are, in fact, more toxic to healthy brain cells than to the cancer cells they were designed to treat. […] Chemotherapeutic drugs cause side effects in the cognitive domains of memory, attention, processing speed, and executive function, and these chemotherapy-induced persistent cognitive dysfunction.
  • #2 Changes in Memory, Thinking, and Focus (Chemo Brain) | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/changes-in-mood-or-thinking/chemo-brain.html
    Some people with cancer notice that they cant think as clearly as they used to. They may have trouble remembering things, focusing, finishing tasks, or learning something new. These are symptoms of cognitive impairment, also known as chemo brain or brain fog. […] It is not clear what causes changes in thinking. But studies show that some cancer treatments can cause changes in how your brain works. […] While this side effect is often called chemo brain, people with cancer can have memory, thinking, and focus changes for other reasons. Changes can happen in people with cancer who have not been treated, gotten other treatments, or have been off treatment for a while. […] Cancer treatments that may increase the risk of changes in thinking include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drug therapies, and other medicines used as part of treatment, such as steroids, anti-nausea, or pain medicines.
  • #3 Chemo brain: From discerning mechanisms to lifting the brain fog—An aging connection
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5539816/
    This condition, often described by patients as brain fog, is called chemo brain. […] The duration of chemo brain symptoms ranges from short to long, with around one third of patients reporting side effects for months to as long as 5 to 10 y after the cessation of their treatments. […] In breast cancer alone, more than 60 studies have investigated and found various degrees of association between chemotherapy and cognitive impairments. […] The underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy-related cognitive dysfunction need to be further elucidated. […] Chemotherapy induces oxidative stress and apoptosis, inhibits neuronal proliferation and differentiation, activates microglia, and affects chromatin remodeling, leading to the aberrant expression of neurotrophic proteins in the brains of experimental animals.
  • #4 Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-chemotherapy_cognitive_impairment
    Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment (PCCI) (also known in the scientific community as „CRCIs or Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairments” and in lay terms as chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction or impairment, chemo brain, or chemo fog) describes the cognitive impairment that can result from chemotherapy treatment. While there is no concrete statistic for the number of patients that experience some level of post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, the estimated percentage is between 13 and 70 percent of patients. […] Although the causes and existence of post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment have been a subject of debate, recent studies have confirmed that post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment is a real, measurable side effect of chemotherapy that appears in some patients. […] PCCI affects a subset of cancer survivors, though the overall epidemiology and prevalence is not well known and may depend on many factors. As previously mentioned, PCCI affects between 13 and 70% of the general cancer patient population.
  • #5 Chemo Brain After Cancer Treatment is Not Imaginary
    https://www.brainandlife.org/articles/cognitive-problems-after-cancer-treatment-are-not-imaginary
    Patients are experiencing cancer-related cognitive dysfunction, commonly referred to as chemo brain. It’s a condition that affects up to 75 percent of cancer patients, but one that physicians have only recently begun to recognize as an actual consequence of cancer and its treatment. […] Cancer patients have reported cognitive changes after chemotherapy for decades. Physicians, however, chalked up the memory loss and other symptoms to fatigue, depression, anxiety, and the stress of the cancer and treatment. That’s changing, however, as more rigorous studies, including brain imaging, confirm its existence. […] Estimates of the prevalence of chemo brain in cancer patients vary considerably. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which included 1,300 people with a history of cancer and 8,500 without, found 14 percent of those with a history of cancer had memory problems, compared to 8 percent of those without a history of cancera 40 percent increased risk. Studies in breast cancer patients find rates of chemo brain ranging between 17 and 75 percent. As might be expected, people 55 and older are more likely to experience cognitive deficits.
  • #6 PREVALENCE, MECHANISMS, AND MANAGEMENT OF CANCER-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4084673/
    CRCI is highly prevalent; these problems can be detected in up to 30% of patients prior to chemotherapy; up to 75% of patients report some form of CRCI during treatment, and CRCI is still present in up to 35% of patients many years following completion of treatment. […] Longitudinal neuropsychological assessment research studies in cancer patients indicate that up to 30% of patients experience cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI; i.e., problems with memory, executive functioning, and attention/concentration) prior to any treatment; up to 75% experience CRCI during treatment, and up to 35% experience CRCI months or years following completion of treatments for cancer. […] Recent research also suggests that CRCI in patients who received chemotherapy can have a later onset, and may persist for 20 years following treatment.
  • #7 Chemotherapy Brain Fog (Chemo Brain): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21032-chemo-brain
    Healthcare providers who study cancer treatment and cognition estimate that 25% to 30% of people who have chemo brain develop symptoms before they start cancer treatment. About 75% of people receiving cancer treatment tell their healthcare providers they having issues with memory, concentration and their ability to complete tasks. […] There is no single test for chemotherapy brain fog. Healthcare providers may do blood tests to rule out conditions that may cause brain symptoms. […] Healthcare providers have found a few risk factors, most of which you cant control. For example, age and underlying medical conditions may increase your risk of developing chemotherapy brain fog before, during or after receiving cancer treatment.
  • #8 What Is Chemo Brain? Symptoms & Recovery | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/chemo-brain.html
    Chemo brain is extremely common, says Dr. Arash Asher, director of Cancer Rehabilitation and Survivorship at Cedars-Sinai. […] „As many as 75% of cancer patients have experienced it during their treatment,” says Dr. Asher. „About a third of patients may continue to struggle after treatment.” […] „Chemo brain is not dementia. And there is no evidence that it leads to dementia.” […] „We need a lot more research in this area,” Dr. Asher says. „We have validated that this phenomenon is real, but now we need more research on the best interventions to help support these patients.”
  • #9 Physical Activity May Lessen the Effects of Chemo Brain – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/physical-activity-cognitive-function
    Staying active before and during chemotherapy may help limit the severity of cancer- and treatment-related cognitive issues. […] Up to three-quarters of people with breast cancer report having cognitive impairment during chemotherapy, often called chemo brain or chemo fog. […] Research suggests that physical activity may help people with breast cancer avoid some of these problems. […] A large study of people with breast cancer lends further evidence to the idea that staying active during chemotherapy may help limit the severity of cognitive issues that arise. […] In the study, a team led by Michelle C. Janelsins, Ph.D., of the University of Rochester Medical Center, found that people with breast cancer who met the minimum national physical activity guidelines before and during chemotherapy had better cognitive function immediately and 6 months after chemotherapy than people who did not meet the guidelines.
  • #10 What are cognitive changes (chemo brain)? | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/side-effects/chemo-brain/about
    Its uncertain how many people with cancer have mild cognitive impairment. Studies looking at this have reported a wide range of different figures. It is thought that up to 75 out of every 100 people (75%) experience cognitive changes during treatment. Up to 35 in every 100 people (35%) have symptoms after treatment. […] Researchers think that treatments may cause changes and inflammation in brain cells. They suggest that it could be a combination of factors, including: […] Research into diagnosing and treating cognitive changes caused by cancer or its treatment is ongoing.
  • #11 Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-chemotherapy_cognitive_impairment
    It generally affects about 10-40% of breast cancer patients, with higher rates among pre-menopausal women and patients who receive high-dose chemotherapy. Additionally, there are high complaints of cognitive impairment in glioblastoma patients; 60-85% of patients report cancer-related cognitive impairments following surgery and adjunctive treatment.
  • #12 Prevalence of cognitive impairment following chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05682-1
    Synthesised findings demonstrate that 1 in 3 breast cancer survivors may have clinically significant cognitive impairment. […] The reported prevalence of CICI following treatment for breast cancer is somewhat variable. A commonly cited range from the narrative review of Janelsins et al. 2014 suggests that 1282% of women will experience impairment as a result of their treatment regime. […] Prevalence rates may be influenced by the method used to assess cognitive impairment, with the three common methods employed being neuropsychological testing, short cognitive screening tools and self-report. […] The current review allows greater examination of variability in these prevalence rates, through examination of the influence of factors such as test method, time since treatment and age on rates. […] The findings of this review suggest that cognitive impairment may impact up to 1 in 3 patients at a level that is clinically significant. This impairment also extends beyond the treatment period and is often still apparent 23 years post treatment cessation.
  • #13
    https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20200518/chemo-brain-an-imprecise-term-for-a-complex-phenomenon
    Cognitive impairments can occur after patients with hematologic cancers undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. […] We found that allogeneic [HSCT] recipients treated with full-intensity conditioning were the most compromised group when compared with healthy controls. […] Certain demographic characteristics place some individuals at higher risk [for] impairment. […] Genetics also could play a role in predicting which patients will be most affected by cognitive symptoms after HSCT. […] The researchers examined approximately 1,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 68 candidate genes among the participants. […] We identified certain genes that were associated with post-transplant cognitive impairment. […] The good news is that most survivors of childhood cancers are fine, with no symptoms of cognitive impairment.
  • #14 Chemo Brain After Cancer Treatment is Not Imaginary
    https://www.brainandlife.org/articles/cognitive-problems-after-cancer-treatment-are-not-imaginary
    Despite the growing body of evidence on chemo brain, however, many patients still find their symptoms dismissed. […] Researchers still don’t understand exactly how chemotherapy and cancers other than brain tumors damage thinking. […] Other risk factors associated with developing chemo brain include high-dose chemotherapy, multi-agent chemotherapy, combined chemotherapy and radiation (in brain cancer patients), and administration of drugs directly into the brain. […] Another unanswered question is why only some cancer patients experience cognitive impairment. […] For one, experts say, oncologists should include the potential for cognitive changes in their discussions with patients about the risks and benefits of systemic chemotherapy, particularly with older patients, for whom cognitive changes are particularly feared.
  • #15 Lifting the Fog on 'Chemo Brain’
    https://www.curetoday.com/view/lifting-the-fog-on-chemo-brain
    Unfortunately, cases like Birckbichlers are not rare, Meyer confirms. There is only recently increasing awareness among oncologists and nurses about this phenomenon, she says, but there are data to support that it is real and not just in the patients head. […] Although often associated with breast cancer, cancer-related cognitive impairment can occur with any type of the disease, including prostate and colon cancer, and in patients undergoing stem cell transplant for leukemia or lymphoma. […] A huge amount of research is being devoted to looking at who is most at risk for cognitive impairment, according to Tim Ahles, Ph.D., a behavioral psychologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. Age is definitely a risk factor, he says: An older brain is more vulnerable. […] Researchers are also looking into the idea of cognitive reserve, or a kind of knowledge bank someone might acquire throughout life.
  • #16 Chemo brain: From discerning mechanisms to lifting the brain fog—An aging connection
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5539816/
    Furthermore, the frequency and timing of chemo brain occurrence and persistence suggest that its origins may be epigenetic and associated with aberrant global gene expression patterns. […] Our analysis focused on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) and was based on their pivotal roles in memory, learning, and executive functions. […] The results show that the PFCs of females may be more vulnerable than those of males in the long-term because the significant changes observed in females at 3 weeks post-exposure to MMC were not apparent in males. […] Moreover, the majority of the changes induced by MMC in the PFC tissues of female mice resembled those that occur during aging processes, suggesting that chemotherapy exposures may accelerate brain aging. […] On another note, the phenomenon of chemo brain has not been fully explored in the aging domain. Chemotherapy may cause changes that lead to neuroinflammation and brain aging. […] Chemo brain is hypothesized to manifest itself in tumor-bearing mice and is more pronounced in treated animals than in untreated ones, whereas the presence of a tumor itself also affects molecular networks in the brain.
  • #17 How Long Does Chemo Brain Last?
    https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2023/08/how-long-does-chemo-brain-last
    A 2016 study of 581 breast cancer patients published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology found that impaired cognitive function lasted for six months after the end of chemotherapy treatment. […] Dr. Ahn also notes studies of breast cancer patients have found that younger women, Black women and those who report higher levels of anxiety and depression are more likely to experience greater declines in brain function.
  • #18 PREVALENCE, MECHANISMS, AND MANAGEMENT OF CANCER-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4084673/
    A majority of longitudinal studies, largely conducted in breast cancer patients, have compared changes in cognitive function pre- and post-chemotherapy with healthy controls or normative data. […] Studies with comparison groups of patients treated with chemotherapy to those with hormonal therapies both show declines compared to healthy controls suggesting that hormone therapies can also lead to CRCI. […] As more large-scale studies are conducted, we will improve our understanding of the effects of other treatment modalities on CRCI. […] Pre-chemotherapy baseline cognitive assessments also suggest that surgery and development of cancer itself may also contribute to CRCI by comparing patients performance at these time-points to healthy controls and/or normative data. […] A remaining challenge in the cancer and cognition field has been defining and measuring CRCI.
  • #19 Prevalence of cognitive impairment following chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05682-1
    Breast cancer survival rates have markedly improved. Consequently, survivorship issues have received increased attention. One common sequel of treatment is chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI). Knowledge of the prevalence of this condition is required to inform survivorship plans, and ensure adequate resource allocation and support is available for sufferers, hence a systematic review of prevalence data was performed. […] Findings were synthesised narratively, with meta-analyses being used to calculate pooled prevalence when impairment was assessed by neuropsychological tests. […] Summary prevalence figures (across time-points) using self-report, short cognitive screening tools and neuropsychological test batteries were 44%, 16% and 2134% respectively (very low GRADE evidence).
  • #20 “Chemo Brain” Can Persist for 2 Decades
    https://jhoponline.com/online-first/ton-3702
    The term chemo brain was coined to describe mild cognitive problems in cancer patients attributed to chemotherapy. […] A case-cohort study suggests that these effects can persist more than 20 years posttherapy. […] The study, published online in February in the Journal of Clinical Oncology (Koppelmans V, Breteler MM, Boogerd W, et al) included 196 breast cancer survivors treated with adjuvant CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) who were tested with a series of cognitive and memory tests. […] Women treated with chemotherapy scored significantly lower on tests of immediate and delayed verbal memory, processing speed, executive function, and psychomotor speed than the reference group and similarly on the other 10 tests included in the study. […] One limitation of this study is that CMF is an older chemotherapy regimen no longer considered a standard of care.
  • #21 Do I Have Chemo Brain? | Franciscan Health
    https://www.franciscanhealth.org/community/blog/do-i-have-chemo-brain
    If cancer treatment affects your ability to think, learn, remember, use judgment and make decisions, youre not alone. Many patients in chemotherapy experience issues with memory, concentration and mental clarityeven after treatment. Its called chemo brain or chemo fog, and its common. Studies suggest that up to 75 percent of cancer patients experience some form of cognitive dysfunction during treatment, and around 35 percent continue to have issues long after treatment ends. […] Chemo brain is a challenge to diagnose because its symptoms can overlap with other conditions like anxiety, insomnia, menopause and the natural aging process. Physicians often need to eliminate these other potential causes before they can confirm a diagnosis of chemo brain. They can also use the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test to help screen for cognitive impairment.
  • #22 Chemo Brain After Cancer Treatment is Not Imaginary
    https://www.brainandlife.org/articles/cognitive-problems-after-cancer-treatment-are-not-imaginary
    Chemo brain also occurs with targeted biologic therapies such as trastuzumab (Herceptin) and hormonal therapies, like tamoxifen. […] Cognitive deficits can occur even in the absence of chemotherapy. A study in young men (average age of 31) with testicular cancer found that 40 percent exhibited cognitive impairment after surgery but before chemotherapy. […] One reason for greater acceptance of chemo brain as a real condition, according to Lynne P. Taylor, M.D., FAAN, a neuro-oncologist and director of the brain tumor clinic at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, MA, is better imaging of the brain. Imaging studies show white matter changes in the brains of people who report symptoms of chemo brain, particularly in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. […] One unanswered question is how long the damage persists. A study in 42 women with breast cancer found that 65 percent had a decline in cognitive function during or just after finishing chemotherapy (compared to 21 percent before). However, even nearly eight months after finishing chemo, 61 percent of patients continued to show cognitive decline, and nearly a third had developed new deficits.
  • #23 Exploring the biology of chemo brain: how has PET/CT helped us?
    https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/exploring-the-biology-of-chemo-brain-how-has-petct-helped-us.html
    A recent report found an association between DNA damage and structural and functional changes following chemotherapy. […] From our perspective, this is where PET/CT offers a unique advantage. […] PET/CT has the potential to serve as an early marker for cognitive changes associated with chemotherapy. […] In addition, studies need to be conducted to determine whether metabolic differences in individual patients can be detected clinically. […] Thus, PET/CT may offer a clinical advantage over MRI in terms of early intervention. […] The literature further acknowledges that chemotherapy alone is not responsible for the cognitive changes associated with chemo brain. […] If we identify a specific cortical metabolic signature for cognitive and depressive symptoms associated with chemo brain, we could theoretically intervene with these two commonly occurring phenomena before they develop. […] In conclusion, we believe that PET/CT offers an opportunity to understand the neurobiology of chemotherapy-related cognitive changes, and subsequently enhance quality of life and outcome in individual cancer patients.
  • #24 Functional Imaging of Chemobrain: Usefulness of Nuclear Medicine in the Fog Coming After Cancer | Journal of Nuclear Medicine
    https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/64/4/508
    Chemotherapy is associated with debilitating side effects that affect quality of life. […] The term chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) describes a clinical condition characterized by memory and concentration impairment, difficulties in information processing and executive functions, and mood and anxiety disorders, with a highly variable prevalence estimated to range from 17% to 75%. […] There is evidence that chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and lenalidomide are neurotoxic. […] Despite several studies on CRCI, there is no consensus on whether specific brain areas are implicated. […] In recent years, molecular neuroimaging techniques have revealed interesting aspects of the underlying mechanisms of CRCI. […] This review highlights the contribution of neuroimaging to this field, underlining findings and information from the most important studies.
  • #25 Functional Imaging of Chemobrain: Usefulness of Nuclear Medicine in the Fog Coming After Cancer | Journal of Nuclear Medicine
    https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/64/4/508
    Nuclear medicine techniques are not commonly considered in the work-up of patients with CRCI-related manifestations, despite their high potential to investigate different physiopathologic phenomena through specific imaging probes. […] The impact of chemotherapy on brain has been assessed by a few imaging studies. […] Moreover, the methodology used in the studies, the most relevant of which are cited in this review, is characterized by a huge heterogeneity in imaging modalities, clinical evaluations, chemotherapies, and types of tumor. […] Moreover, there is a lack of longitudinal studies to investigate the possible reversible effect of neuronal impairment induced by chemotherapy. […] Nuclear medicine offers several instruments for the detailed evaluation of physiopathologic processes underlying CRCI.
  • #26 Molecular imaging offers insight into chemo-brain | ScienceDaily
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230328145205.htm
    A newly published literature review sheds light on how nuclear medicine brain imaging can help evaluate the biological changes that cause chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), commonly known as chemo-brain. […] While CRCI has been widely investigated from a clinical perspective, little is known about the underlying biological mechanisms that cause chemo-brain. […] To understand the current landscape of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging for chemo-brain, researchers undertook an extensive literature review. […] The findings confirmed the impact of chemotherapy drugs on cognitive function, such as impaired executive function, anxiety and trouble sleeping. […] In this context, nuclear medicine offers several instruments for the detailed evaluation of the physiopathological processes that underlie CRCI. […] The findings presented could lead to a better understanding of the potential role of molecular imaging in the assessment of subtle changes in the brain after treatment and, possibly, in the monitoring of brain functions in patients treated with chemotherapy.
  • #27
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11764-009-0098-x
    Despite the large number of women who report cognitive impairment and functional decline, several papers have published data suggesting that there is a discrepancy between the cognitive decline women perceive and what objective cognitive assessments show. […] The stories we gathered in our interviews show the various changes in memory, concentration, and thinking ability that they have experienced since chemotherapy. […] This study, however, does suffer from several limitations. […] As more and more people survive cancer long term, and our understanding of these phenomena improve, the amelioration of post-treatment quality of life for survivors will pose a significant challenge.
  • #28 Chemobrain: 1 in 3 breast cancer survivors suffer from cognitive impairment | Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology | University of Adelaide
    https://set.adelaide.edu.au/news/list/2022/02/09/chemobrain-1-in-3-breast-cancer-survivors-suffer-from-cognitive-impairment
    An analysis of breast cancer research by University of Adelaide and University of Manchester scientists has found that 1 in 3 people who survive breast cancer have clinically significant cognitive impairment. […] Our research findings suggest that clinically significant cognitive impairment occurs in 1 in 3 survivors of breast cancer. […] Another striking finding was that rates of cognitive decline were still around 20% at three years after treatment had stopped. In around 10% of patients, decline was still present 10 years after the end of treatment. […] Rates of chemobrain diagnosed by patient self-report were generally higher. […] A second critical reason is that formal testing of cognition compares levels against the norm expected of an average person. However, a patient may be functioning well above the norm for the population pre-cancer, experience a decline, but still fall within normal levels. […] While there are currently no drug treatments for managing chemobrain, other research has shown that adoption of a range of strategies can improve symptoms.
  • #29 Changes in Memory, Thinking, and Focus (Chemo Brain) | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/changes-in-mood-or-thinking/chemo-brain.html
    Most of these cause short-term problems that get better as the cause is treated or goes away on its own. Others can lead to longer-lasting changes in thinking unless the cause is treated. […] Changes in thinking can happen at any time when you have cancer. It can happen before, during, and after cancer treatment. […] For most people, these changes only last a short time. Other people can have long-term or delayed symptoms. When changes in thinking start, how long they last and how much trouble they cause may be different for each person. […] Let your cancer care team know if you have any changes in your memory, thinking, or focus. You might notice these changes soon after diagnosis, during treatment, or after treatment ends. […] Keeping a diary or log can help you keep track of when you have changes in thinking and what seems to affect them. Take your diary or log with you when you see your cancer care team. […] You might also want to ask about focused rehabilitation to help you manage specific changes in focus, thinking, and memory.
  • #29 Changes in Memory, Thinking, and Focus (Chemo Brain) | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/changes-in-mood-or-thinking/chemo-brain.html
    Some people with cancer notice that they cant think as clearly as they used to. They may have trouble remembering things, focusing, finishing tasks, or learning something new. These are symptoms of cognitive impairment, also known as chemo brain or brain fog. […] It is not clear what causes changes in thinking. But studies show that some cancer treatments can cause changes in how your brain works. […] While this side effect is often called chemo brain, people with cancer can have memory, thinking, and focus changes for other reasons. Changes can happen in people with cancer who have not been treated, gotten other treatments, or have been off treatment for a while. […] Cancer treatments that may increase the risk of changes in thinking include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drug therapies, and other medicines used as part of treatment, such as steroids, anti-nausea, or pain medicines.
  • #30
    https://www.cancervic.org.au/get-support/stories/understanding-and-managing-chemo-brain.html
    Studies show that it can affect up to 3 in 4 people during treatment, about 1 in 3 people before treatment, and 1 in 3 after treatment. […] If you have immediate concerns regarding how cancer may be affecting your ability to think, speak to your healthcare team. They can help you develop strategies to manage cognitive impairment. […] Cancer Epidemiology Division undertakes research to understand factors that can contribute to the development of cancer.
  • #31 Do I Have Chemo Brain? | Franciscan Health
    https://www.franciscanhealth.org/community/blog/do-i-have-chemo-brain
    Symptoms like these can be an indication of chemo brain. It can begin early during your cancer journey or show up later in treatment or recovery. […] The exact cause of chemo brain in cancer survivors is not entirely understood. Researchers believe its the result of many different factors. Chemo brain may occur when several factors interact in a person at the same time. […] Chemo brain symptoms can last shorter or longer in each person. Some might find their cognitive abilities return to normal within a few months. Others struggle with symptoms for several years. Factors such as the type and intensity of your cancer treatment, your overall health and the support you receive with therapies can influence your recovery process. Symptoms may resolve fairly quickly if a patient uses therapy to help address their symptoms, but in some cases, it can last a lot longer, maybe years.
  • #32 Lifting the Fog on 'Chemo Brain’
    https://www.curetoday.com/view/lifting-the-fog-on-chemo-brain
    Cognitive challenges that arise during the cancer journey can be frustrating. Researchers aim to learn more about the causes and treatment of chemo brain. […] This kind of cognitive impairment, sometimes referred to as chemo brain or chemo fog, can start before, during or just after cancer treatment and is associated with a variety of physical mechanisms and treatment modalities, not just chemotherapy. Common symptoms include forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating or recalling details or words, and trouble multitasking. […] There have been studies that suggested that up to 70 percent of patients notice cognitive clouding during active chemotherapy, Meyer says. Of those patients, the majority will get better within six to nine months, but a subset may have longer-term effects. […] Despite being known as chemo brain, cognitive complaints can occur following many cancer treatments besides chemotherapy, including radiation, surgery, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy and stem cell transplant; it is still unclear whether targeted therapies can contribute.
  • #33 Effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on cognitive impairment in colorectal cancer: evidence from Korean National Health Insurance Database Cohort
    https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1238
    Chemotherapy did not increase the risk of cognitive impairment in colorectal cancer patients (colon cancer: HR, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.03; rectal cancer: HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.04) […] while radiotherapy was negatively associated with cognitive impairment in rectal cancer patients (HR, 0.01; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.99). […] Chemotherapy and radiotherapy did not increase the risk of cognitive impairment. Older patients with low cognitive reserve could be affected by the adverse cognitive effects of chemotherapy. […] Cancer treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy has continually drawn concern regarding its association with cognitive impairment. Although cognitive impairment after chemotherapy, known as chemo-brain, has attracted considerable attention among researchers, it remains incompletely understood.
  • #34 Chemo and Medications | Brain Tumors | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI
    https://www.henryford.com/services/brain-tumors/treatments/chemotherapy
    In addition, people undergoing brain tumor chemotherapy have noticed issues with concentration and memory, sometimes collectively called chemo brain. […] Chemo brain is still poorly understood, and the name itself may not be accurate, given that other factors the tumor itself, other medical conditions, etc. can cause cognitive issues.
  • #35 Everything You Need to Know About Chemo Brain | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2015/12/tips-for-managing-chemobrain/
    Over two-thirds of patients who receive chemotherapy report experiencing a mental fog during or after treatment. Among patients, this is often referred to as chemo brain. […] Symptoms of chemo brain can include: […] Some chemotherapies including cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, 5-FU, and taxol seem to be particularly closely associated with chemo brain, but there are others that can cause the condition. […] In most cases, chemo brain can be managed successfully. […] Chemo brain is linked to fatigue so its important to get enough high-quality sleep. […] Certain vitamin deficiencies may also be the cause of chemo brain. […] Although this can be difficult, Sholevar says, Its important to remain hopeful and encourage your loved ones. We know this condition gets better and that there are things we can do to help it.
  • #36 Cognitive impairment (chemo brain) | Breast Cancer Now
    https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/chemotherapy-side-effects/cognitive-impairment-chemo-brain
    Cognitive impairment, sometimes called chemo brain or chemo fog can make it harder to concentrate. […] During and after breast cancer treatment, you may find it difficult to concentrate or feel more forgetful. This is sometimes called chemo brain or brain fog. […] Although its commonly called chemo brain it can affect anyone going through cancer treatment even if they do not have chemotherapy. Your treatment team may call it cognitive impairment. […] Cognitive impairment usually improves over time, but for some people it can continue, especially if the treatment causing it is ongoing. […] Its not known exactly what causes changes to memory and concentration following cancer treatment. […] Some experts think chemotherapy may speed up the normal ageing process. […] Theres some evidence hormone therapies, such as letrozole, can also cause symptoms of cognitive impairment. The evidence for this is mixed and more research is needed to understand the causes.
  • #37 Effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on cognitive impairment in colorectal cancer: evidence from Korean National Health Insurance Database Cohort
    https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1238
    Research on chemo-brain in colorectal cancer, however, is relatively sparse. […] A subsequent prospective study in the United States including 362 colorectal cancer patients reported that chemotherapy did not increase the risk of cognitive impairment in cancer patients. […] However, a Swiss study of 60 patients indicated that there was no increased risk of cognitive impairment after radiotherapy. Therefore, evidence for radio-brain in rectal cancer patients is, as of yet, inconclusive, and further in-depth studies of a more extensive population are required. […] A meta-regression from our previous systematic review and meta-analysis on cognitive decline after chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients suggested that older colorectal cancer patients are more likely to suffer from cognitive impairment after receiving chemotherapy. […] Overall, chemotherapy and radiotherapy did not increase the risk of cognitive impairment in colorectal cancer.
  • #38 Cognitive Changes After Cancer Treatment | Livestrong
    https://livestrong.org/resources/cognitive-changes-after-cancer-treatment/
    Some cancers and treatments can result in cognitive changes that affect thinking, learning, processing or remembering information. […] Cognitive changes are sometimes related to higher dose chemotherapy and the use of immunotherapy to boost the immune system. […] Sometimes survivors experience changes in their ability to remember or concentrate after they have chemotherapy. This typically mild form of cognitive change is sometimes called chemo-brain. […] Chemo brain can occur during or after chemotherapy treatment. […] Dementia due to cancer treatment comes on gradually over time and usually after treatment is completed. It may be harder to identify than delirium, and it may not have one identifiable cause. […] Symptoms of dementia (such as memory loss) can also occur after surgery to remove a brain tumor.
  • #39 Does Chemo Brain Go Away? Wilmot Scientists Investigate | URMC Newsroom
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/does-chemo-brain-go-away-wilmot-scientists-investigate
    Wilmot Cancer Institute scientists have already discovered that chemo brain is a substantial problem that can linger for six months after chemotherapy ends. […] Chemo brain is estimated to impact 80 percent of cancer patients and survivors. […] But in 2016 and 2018, Janelsins published the largest studies to date showing that its a pervasive issue. […] The results of Janelsins research will help scientists to understand how brain function changes over time in cancer patients who took chemotherapy, compared to a control group of healthy people, and how the brain fogginess and memory lapses impact the daily functioning of women as they age. […] Increasing awareness of chemo brain is important, Janelsins said, with 17 million cancer survivors in the U.S. […] Regardless of the cause of chemo brain, whether theres a psychological dimension or a biological dimension and I suspect theres both its important in a persons life for their functionality, Janelsins said.
  • #40 Chemo Brain – Virginia Cancer Institute
    https://www.vacancer.com/diagnosis-and-treatment/chemotheraphy/chemo-brain/
    This often-unexpected side effect of cancer treatment leaves many patients experiencing debilitating cognitive effects after chemotherapy. […] „We now know that chemo brain is a manifestation of central nervous system toxicity that occurs in many cancer patients on active therapy and may persist for 45 percent of patients after treatment is discontinued,” says Dr. Meyers. […] „Despite advances in brain research during the past decade, the exact mechanisms for cognitive impairment aren’t clearly understood, although it’s recognized that standard chemotherapeutic agents can kill normal brain cells.” […] „The only way to prevent or treat cognitive impairment associated with cancer therapy is to understand why it occurs,” Dr. Noble adds. […] „Two major studies are being conducted at the University of Sydney Cancer Centre in Australia by oncologist Janette Vardy, MD.”
  • #41 Fat Molecule in Brain Linked to Chemo Brain – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2022/chemo-brain-prevention-s1p
    A side effect of some cancer treatments commonly referred to as chemo brain has received increasing attention from researchers in recent years. […] A significant number of patients who undergo cisplatin treatment are affected by persistent cognitive impairment[there are] millions of individuals whose daily lives are really impacted, said Dr. Salvemini. […] Cancer-related cognitive problems are estimated to affect more than half of cancer survivors. […] There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat cognitive problems linked to cancer treatment, and research examining the molecular mechanisms responsible for them has been limited. […] More research needs to be done before these drugs could be used to prevent chemotherapy-related cognitive issues in people, Dr. Salvemini stressed.
  • #42 Fat Molecule in Brain Linked to Chemo Brain – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2022/chemo-brain-prevention-s1p
    Finding ways to treat or prevent cognitive impairment after cancer treatment is a complex problem because many more factors are at play than just chemotherapy treatment, Dr. Minasian said. […] Age is an important consideration, Dr. Janelsins agreed, especially as the aging population grows and advances in cancer treatment lead to more long-term cancer survivors. […] Considerations for adults who may have a preexisting vulnerability to cognitive decline or preexisting cognitive impairment will become increasingly important when trying to make decisions about cancer treatment, she said. […] We want to look at not only if can we prevent cognitive impairment [in people with cancer], but if we can treat and improve it, she said.
  • #43 PREVALENCE, MECHANISMS, AND MANAGEMENT OF CANCER-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4084673/
    The greatest body of literature on central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms of CRCI comes from neuroimaging studies of breast cancer patients previously treated with chemotherapy. […] Cancer patients have increased levels of circulating cytokines (compared to healthy controls), and inflammation has been associated with chemotherapy treatment and cognitive dysfunction, supporting a role for dysregulated immune function in the predisposition or perpetuation of CRCI. […] These studies support the hypothesis that there may be a genetic predisposition to CRCI but these results need to be validated in additional research. […] CRCI has been associated with a reduction in the ability to return to work at all or to a limited capacity. […] While researchers and clinicians are continuing to understand and characterize CRCI, efforts have begun to develop and test interventions that might alleviate or prevent CRCI development.
  • #44 Cognitive impairment (chemo brain) | Breast Cancer Now
    https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/chemotherapy-side-effects/cognitive-impairment-chemo-brain
    Symptoms vary from person to person and can come and go. […] If you have these symptoms talk to your treatment team. They can assess you and provide support to help manage and improve them. […] Theres limited evidence about whether particular medicines will help improve cognitive impairment, and research is ongoing. […] Lifestyle factors, such as difficulty sleeping or stress, can also make the symptoms of cognitive impairment worse. […] Some people find different brands of treatments, such as hormone therapies, can make cognitive impairment better or worse. […] As cognitive impairment can affect your memory and concentration, you may find it difficult to carry out your usual role at work. […] Occupational health services might help employees who have cognitive impairment. […] Cognitive impairment can be difficult to cope with, and many people feel frustrated and as if theyre not in control.
  • #45 Physical Activity May Lessen the Effects of Chemo Brain – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/physical-activity-cognitive-function
    These findings could inform early prevention strategies for people diagnosed with breast cancer, such as prescribing a period of regular exercise before starting treatment. […] This study demonstrates the importance of having a baseline level of physical activity before you start chemotherapy. […] Physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive function in healthy older adults, and some studies have suggested that physical activity similarly benefits people with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. […] Patients who were more active before starting chemotherapy performed better on cognitive tests immediately and 6 months after completing chemotherapy than patients who were less active before starting chemotherapy. […] Patients who continued to meet physical activity guidelines (of 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week) before and after chemotherapy had the best cognitive performance across the treatment period. […] Dr. Janelsins said randomized trials with physical activity interventions prior to and during chemotherapy are needed to confirm their findings on the impact of exercise on cognitive functioning.
  • #46 Understanding ‘Chemo Brain’ in Children: Researchers Secure $4.6 Million NIH Grant to Identify Those at Risk | Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
    https://cinj.org/understanding-chemo-brain-children-researchers-secure-46-million-nih-grant-identify-those-risk
    Chemotherapy usually cures children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but the treatment may hamper brain development and impact key cognitive functions including sensory processing, memory, and attention. […] While the phenomenon of chemo brain is widely acknowledged, we dont know enough about how it affects childrens brain development and how significant and long-lasting the effects are, said lead investigator Elyse Sussman, Ph.D., professor in the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience and of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. […] By better understanding the impact of chemotherapy exposure at a biological level and determining the impact of that exposure on cognitive function in this population, clinicians can be better guided on how to individually tailor treatment to reduce toxicity. […] Once we find out what is involved in the cognitive dysfunction caused by chemotherapy, we hope to develop treatment strategies to protect the most vulnerable children, said Dr. Sussman.
  • #47 SLU Researcher Unlocks Mystery of 'Chemo-Brain’, Identifies Possible Treatment : SLU – Saint Louis University
    https://www.slu.edu/news/2022/september/chemo-brain-research.php
    Salvemini, who is the William Beaumont professor of pharmacology and physiology and Chair of the department at Saint Louis University, says CRCI profoundly affects patient quality of life. […] A better understanding of these mechanisms is essential for developing new therapies and improving survivors’ quality of life. […] Their findings bridge the gaps in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CRCI and identify a novel target for therapeutic intervention with functional S1PR1 antagonists. […] Importantly, S1PR1 antagonists do not interfere with the efficacy of chemotherapy as they and others have shown in previous work and can also block tumor cell growth, inflammation and metastasis. […] Repurposing these drugs to prevent CRCI would be a groundbreaking shift towards enhancing patient quality of life in cancer treatment.