Bulimia nervosa – Epidemiologia

Bulimia nervosa
Epidemiologia

Bulimia nervosa stanowi poważne wyzwanie zdrowia publicznego, dotykając do 3% kobiet i ponad 1% mężczyzn w ciągu życia, z roczną zapadalnością wynoszącą 0,32% u kobiet i 0,05% u mężczyzn. Chorobowość jest wyższa w krajach rozwiniętych, szczególnie wśród młodych kobiet w wieku 15-25 lat, a także w populacjach o mniejszościowej orientacji seksualnej i transpłciowych. Epidemiologiczne dane wskazują na spadek zapadalności w ostatnich dekadach, jednak pandemia COVID-19 spowodowała wzrost hospitalizacji z powodu zaburzeń odżywiania, mimo że liczba zdiagnozowanych przypadków bulimii mogła się zmniejszyć z powodu ograniczonego dostępu do opieki zdrowotnej. Bulimia charakteryzuje się wysokim wskaźnikiem śmiertelności na poziomie 3,9%, co plasuje ją tuż za anoreksją nervosą (4%) i uzależnieniem od opioidów, podkreślając konieczność skutecznego nadzoru i wczesnej interwencji.

Epidemiologia bulimii nervosa

Wskaźniki chorobowości
Wskaźniki zapadalności
Różnice demograficzne
Wpływ pandemii COVID-19
Wskaźniki śmiertelności

Nadzór nad bulimią nervosa

Wyzwania w nadzorze
Inicjatywy nadzoru
Znaczenie skutecznego nadzoru

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia bulimii nervosa

Bulimia nervosa stanowi istotne zagrożenie dla zdrowia publicznego na całym świecie. Pomimo że statystycznie może wydawać się rzadkim zaburzeniem, dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że jest to poważny problem zdrowotny, często niedostatecznie rozpoznawany i leczony¹. Badania epidemiologiczne dotyczące bulimii nervosa skupiają się głównie na określeniu wskaźników chorobowości (prevalence) oraz zapadalności (incidence), a także śmiertelności związanej z tym zaburzeniem²³.

Wskaźniki chorobowości

Dane dotyczące chorobowości bulimii nervosa różnią się w zależności od badanej populacji, stosowanych metod diagnostycznych oraz regionu geograficznego⁴. Ogólnie przyjmuje się, że zaburzenie to dotyka do 3% kobiet i ponad 1% mężczyzn w ciągu ich życia⁵⁶. Średnia roczna częstość występowania bulimii nervosa wynosi 0,32% wśród kobiet i 0,05% wśród mężczyzn⁷.

Analiza chorobowości w różnych regionach świata wskazuje na pewne rozbieżności. W Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że około 1,5% populacji kobiet i 0,5% mężczyzn cierpi na bulimię nervosa⁸. W Europie chorobowość wynosi mniej niż 1-2%⁹. Metaanaliza dotycząca Ameryki Łacińskiej wykazała średni wskaźnik chorobowości na poziomie 1,16%, co sugeruje wyższy wskaźnik niż w krajach zachodnich¹⁰.

Szczegółowe badania w poszczególnych krajach pokazują zróżnicowane wyniki: w USA, Finlandii, Australii i Holandii odnotowano odpowiednio 2,1%, 2,4%, 1,0% i 0,8% chorobowości bulimii nervosa wśród kobiet poniżej 30 roku życia¹¹. W Australii wskaźnik chorobowości życiowej bulimii nervosa szacuje się na 1,85%¹².

Wskaźniki zapadalności

Zapadalność na bulimię nervosa, czyli liczba nowych przypadków w określonym czasie, wykazuje tendencję spadkową na przestrzeni lat¹³¹⁴. Badania prowadzone w Holandii wykazały znaczący spadek wskaźnika zapadalności na przestrzeni trzech dekad: w latach 1985-1989 wynosił on 8,6 (95% CI 6,7-11,0), w latach 1995-1999 spadł do 6,1 (95% CI 4,5-8,2), a w latach 2005-2009 osiągnął wartość 3,2 (95% CI 2,0-4,9) na 100 000 osobolat¹⁵.

Podobne trendy zaobserwowano w norweskim badaniu wykorzystującym dane z rejestru pacjentów, które wykazało istotny spadek ogólnej zapadalności na bulimię nervosa w opiece specjalistycznej między 2010 a 2016 rokiem, zarówno w wąsko zdefiniowanej bulimii nervosa [2010: 18,5 na 100 000 osobolat (95% CI 16,9-20,2); 2016: 16,1 (95% CI 14,6-17,2)], jak i w szeroko zdefiniowanej bulimii nervosa (2010: 29,4 na 100 000 osobolat (95% CI 27,4-31,5); 2016: 26,9 (95% CI 24,9-28,8)¹⁶.

Wskaźniki zapadalności są najwyższe w grupie wiekowej 16-20 lat, osiągając 300 na 100 000 osobolat, natomiast w szerszej grupie wiekowej 10-24 lata wskaźnik ten wynosi 150 na 100 000 osobolat¹⁷. Badanie prowadzone w Anglii wykazało, że ogólny surowy wskaźnik zapadalności na zaburzenia odżywiania wynosił 100,1 na 100 000 osobolat (95% CI 97,2-102,9), przy czym wskaźnik zapadalności dla bulimii nervosa wynosił 23,1 na 100 000 osobolat (95% CI 21,8-24,5)¹⁸¹⁹.

Różnice demograficzne

Bulimia nervosa dotyka przede wszystkim kobiety, które stanowią około 80-85% wszystkich przypadków²⁰. Na całym świecie zaburzenia odżywiania, w tym bulimia nervosa, są od 10 do 20 razy częstsze u kobiet niż u mężczyzn²¹²². W badaniach prowadzonych w Australii wykazano, że 67% osób z zaburzeniami odżywiania to kobiety, a 33% to mężczyźni²³.

Wiek zachorowania: Bulimia nervosa najczęściej rozwija się w okresie późnej adolescencji i wczesnej dorosłości. Mediana wieku zachorowania wynosi około 12,4-18 lat²⁴²⁵²⁶. Szczytowy wiek zachorowania przypada na 15-25 lat²⁷. Badania wykazują, że 75% osób z rozpoznaną anoreksją i 83% osób z rozpoznaną bulimią jest w wieku 12-25 lat²⁸.

Zróżnicowanie etniczne i kulturowe: Bulimia nervosa występuje we wszystkich grupach etnicznych, rasowych i społeczno-ekonomicznych²⁹. Niektóre badania wskazują jednak na różnice w częstości występowania zaburzenia między różnymi grupami etnicznymi. Według jednego z badań, afroamerykańskie nastolatki są o 50% bardziej narażone na bulimię niż nastolatki rasy kaukaskiej³⁰. Chorobowość bulimii nervosa wśród młodzieży z mniejszości etnicznych wynosi 5,1% dla dziewcząt i 2,3% dla chłopców³¹.

Rozkład geograficzny: Bulimia nervosa jest częściej występującym zaburzeniem w krajach rozwiniętych niż rozwijających się³²³³. Jest również bardziej powszechna w miastach niż na obszarach wiejskich, przy czym jedno z badań wykazało, że bulimia jest pięć razy częstsza w miastach niż na obszarach wiejskich³⁴.

Populacje podwyższonego ryzyka: Szczególnie narażone na rozwój bulimii są osoby, których zawód lub hobby wymaga szybkiego przybierania lub tracenia na wadze, takie jak zapaśnicy i kulturyści³⁵. Również sportowcy w niektórych dyscyplinach (np. biegacze, gimnastycy) są szczególnie narażeni na zaburzenia odżywiania³⁶. Podobnie zawody takie jak aktorstwo, modeling i balet wiążą się z wyższym ryzykiem wystąpienia tych zaburzeń³⁷.

Dane wskazują również na wyższą chorobowość bulimii wśród osób o mniejszościowej orientacji seksualnej i tożsamości płciowej. Życiowa chorobowość bulimii u dorosłych o mniejszościowej orientacji seksualnej wynosi 1,3%, co jest wyższe w porównaniu do heteroseksualnych osób cispłciowych. U transpłciowych mężczyzn i transpłciowych kobiet wskaźniki te wynoszą odpowiednio 3,2% i 2,9%, co jest znacząco wyższe niż w populacji cispłciowej³⁸.

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19

Pandemia COVID-19 miała istotny wpływ na epidemiologię bulimii nervosa. Badania wykazały wzrost hospitalizacji związanych z zaburzeniami odżywiania wśród dzieci i młodzieży w okresie pandemicznym³⁹. Analiza trendów pokazała początkowy wzrost hospitalizacji z powodu zaburzeń odżywiania w latach 2010/11 do 2013/14, po którym trendy pozostawały stabilne do 2019/20, następnie nastąpił gwałtowny wzrost w latach 2020/21 do 2022/23⁴⁰.

Niemniej jednak, niektóre badania wskazują na spadek zdiagnozowanych i leczonych przypadków bulimii nervosa w okresie pandemii. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Niemczech chorobowość bulimii nervosa wynosiła 0,09% przed COVID-19 i 0,07% w trakcie pandemii (OR=0,78 [0,65, 0,93])⁴¹. Obserwowany spadek może być przypisany zwiększonej liczbie niezarejestrowanych przypadków z powodu przeciążenia systemu opieki zdrowotnej oraz ograniczonego korzystania z usług zdrowotnych w okresie pandemii⁴²⁴³.

Wskaźniki śmiertelności

Zaburzenia odżywiania, w tym bulimia nervosa, mają najwyższy wskaźnik śmiertelności spośród wszystkich zaburzeń psychicznych, ustępując jedynie uzależnieniu od opioidów⁴⁴⁴⁵. Wcześniejsze badania wskazywały na niskie wskaźniki śmiertelności w przypadku bulimii nervosa pomimo powikłań medycznych związanych z tym stanem. Jednak nowsze badania wykazują wskaźnik śmiertelności na poziomie 3,9% dla bulimii nervosa w porównaniu do 4% dla anorexia nervosa⁴⁶.

Surowy wskaźnik śmiertelności wśród hospitalizowanych mężczyzn i kobiet z bulimią nervosa wynosi odpowiednio 8% i 3%⁴⁷. Chociaż wskaźnik śmiertelności osób z bulimią nervosa i zaburzeniami związanymi z napadowym objadaniem się jest niższy niż w przypadku anoreksji, pozostaje istotnie wyższy niż w populacji ogólnej⁴⁸.

Nadzór nad bulimią nervosa

System nadzoru nad bulimią nervosa i innymi zaburzeniami odżywiania jest kluczowy dla zrozumienia trendów epidemiologicznych i planowania odpowiednich działań zdrowia publicznego⁴⁹.

Wyzwania w nadzorze

Jednym z głównych wyzwań w nadzorze nad bulimią nervosa jest niedostateczne rozpoznawanie i zgłaszanie przypadków. Według badań, mniej niż jedna trzecia przypadków bulimii jest rozpoznawana przez pracowników ochrony zdrowia⁵⁰. Wiele osób cierpiących na bulimię nie szuka pomocy z powodu wstydu lub zaprzeczania chorobie⁵¹. Ponadto, większość osób z zaburzeniami odżywiania nie otrzymuje żadnego leczenia, albo dlatego, że nie są wykryte, albo dlatego, że odmawiają leczenia⁵².

Dane na temat bulimii nervosa w populacjach ogólnych są ograniczone. Większość przeprowadzonych dotychczas badań opiera się na próbach wygodnych z pacjentów szpitalnych, uczniów szkół średnich lub studentów uniwersytetów; badania nad bulimią nervosa wśród mniejszości etnicznych są również ograniczone⁵³. Te ograniczenia mogą prowadzić do niedoszacowania rzeczywistej częstości występowania zaburzenia⁵⁴.

Inicjatywy nadzoru

W Stanach Zjednoczonych główną inicjatywą nadzoru nad zaburzeniami odżywiania wśród młodzieży jest Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) prowadzone przez Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)⁵⁵. W lecie 2024 roku CDC ogłosiło, że element oceniający napadowe objadanie się zostanie włączony do kwestionariusza National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) na rok 2025, co oznacza pierwszy raz od ponad dekady, kiedy takie dane będą zbierane⁵⁶.

W grudniu 2021 roku STRIPED (Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders) wraz z partnerskimi organizacjami złożył propozycję do CDC o ponowne włączenie elementów oceniających zaburzenia odżywiania do standardowego narodowego YRBS na rok 2023⁵⁷. W rezultacie tych działań, prezydent podpisał ustawę o przydziale środków finansowych dla Departamentu Zdrowia i Usług Społecznych USA, która zawiera język zachęcający CDC do włączenia pytań związanych z zaburzeniami odżywiania do systemu nadzoru Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System⁵⁸.

Inne kraje, takie jak Kanada, również prowadzą nadzór nad hospitalizacjami związanymi z zaburzeniami odżywiania. Badania wykazały, że między 2010/11 a 2022/23 rokiem 18 740 dzieci i młodzieży było hospitalizowanych z powodu zaburzeń odżywiania, z czego 65,9% stanowiły pierwsze hospitalizacje⁵⁹. Takie dane podkreślają potrzebę ciągłego nadzoru w celu monitorowania, jak wskaźniki hospitalizacji z powodu zaburzeń odżywiania ewoluują po pandemii⁶⁰.

Znaczenie skutecznego nadzoru

Skuteczny nadzór nad bulimią nervosa jest niezbędny do identyfikacji zmian w częstości występowania i charakterystyce istniejących i nowych pacjentów wymagających hospitalizacji⁶¹. Wyniki nadzoru podkreślają potrzebę wczesnych interwencji i badań przesiewowych, a także realokacji zasobów i przygotowania na przyszłe pandemie⁶².

Ponadto, bardziej rygorystyczne badania populacyjne są potrzebne, aby wspierać odpowiednie zasoby i polityki dotyczące zaburzeń odżywiania w różnych krajach⁶³. Badania te mogą pomóc w lepszym zrozumieniu rozkładu i etiologii bulimii nervosa oraz innych zaburzeń odżywiania⁶⁴.

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Epidemiologia bulimii nervosa ma istotne implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego. Zaburzenia odżywiania, włączając w to bulimię nervosa, dotykają znaczącą część populacji globalnej – według WHO, w 2019 roku 14 milionów osób doświadczyło zaburzeń odżywiania, w tym prawie 3 miliony dzieci i nastolatków⁶⁵.

Osoby cierpiące na bulimię nervosa są znacząco bardziej narażone na uzależnienia od substancji psychoaktywnych, zachowania samobójcze i powikłania zdrowotne⁶⁶. Jest to szczególnie istotne z perspektywy zdrowia publicznego, biorąc pod uwagę, że zaburzenia odżywiania mają najwyższy wskaźnik śmiertelności wśród zaburzeń psychicznych zaraz po uzależnieniu od opioidów⁶⁷.

Istnieją skuteczne opcje leczenia, w tym terapia rodzinna oraz terapia poznawcza⁶⁸, jednak wyzwaniem pozostaje wczesne wykrywanie przypadków oraz zapewnienie dostępu do odpowiedniego leczenia. Dane wskazują, że objawy bulimii są stosunkowo długotrwałe, a powrót do zdrowia następuje stopniowo⁶⁹. Wiele kobiet, które klinicznie wyzdrowiały, nadal doświadcza resztkowych objawów psychologicznych po osiągnięciu abstynencji od napadowego objadania się i zachowań kompensacyjnych⁷⁰.

Z perspektywy zdrowia publicznego, kluczowe znaczenie ma zatem wzmocnienie systemów nadzoru, zwiększenie świadomości społecznej na temat bulimii nervosa, szkolenie personelu medycznego w zakresie wczesnego wykrywania i skutecznych interwencji, oraz zapewnienie dostępności odpowiednich usług leczniczych dla osób dotkniętych tym zaburzeniem.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Bulimia Facts and Statistics That May Shock You
https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/bulimia-facts-and-statistics
Bulimia nervosa appears statically uncommon; however, it is considered a public health concern as BN and other eating disorders are often under-treated. […] The average age of onset for bulimia is eighteen, with an overall prevalence of 0.3%. Broken down by gender, bulimia develops in 1.5% of women and 0.5% of men, making it five times more common to develop in women. […] While further research is needed to understand how bulimia affects sexual and gender minorities, studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of bulimia in sexual minority adults is 1.3%, which is higher compared to cisgender heterosexual adults. […] Furthermore, the lifetime prevalence of bulimia in transgender men and transgender women is reported to be 3.2% and 2.9%, respectively which is significantly higher than in the cisgender population.
#2 Studies of the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa. – ORA – Oxford University Research Archive
https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:245d65b0-6a1b-4356-bf8c-491a9ae5b23f
Research on the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa has focused largely on the prevalence of the disorder. […] consensus has increased regarding the prevalence rate among adolescent and young adult women–about 1%. […] the accuracy of this figure and its clinical significance must be questioned.
#3 Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8500372/
To review the recent literature on the epidemiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in terms of incidence, prevalence and mortality. […] For bulimia nervosa, there has been a decline in overall incidence rate over time. […] Regarding bulimia nervosa, up to 3% of females and more than 1% of males suffer from this disorder during their lifetime. […] Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur worldwide among females and males of all age groups and are associated with an increased mortality risk. […] The lifetime prevalence rates of anorexia nervosa might be up to 4% among females and 0.3% among males. […] The overall incidence rate of anorexia nervosa in Dutch females and males of all ages in primary care was fairly constant during three decades: in 1985-1989 it was 7.4 (95% CI 5.6-9.7) per 100000 person-years, in 1995-1999 7.8 (95% CI 6.0-10.1) and in 2005-2009 6.0 (95% CI 4.3-8.1).
#4 Bulimia nervosa – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa
There is little data on the percentage of people with bulimia in general populations. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students; research on bulimia nervosa among ethnic minorities has also been limited. […] Existing studies have yielded a wide range of results: between 0.1% and 1.4% of males, and between 0.3% and 9.4% of females. […] According to Gelder, Mayou and Geddes (2005) bulimia nervosa is prevalent between 1 and 2 percent of women aged 15-40 years. Bulimia nervosa occurs more frequently in developed countries and in cities, with one study finding that bulimia is five times more prevalent in cities than in rural areas. […] According to a study conducted in 2022 by Silen et al., which conglomerated statistics using various methods such as SCID, MRFS, EDE, SSAGA, and EDDI, the US, Finland, Australia, and the Netherlands had an estimated 2.1%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.8% prevalence of bulimia nervosa among females under 30 years of age. […] Additionally, these statistics may be misrepresentative of the true population affected with bulimia nervosa due to potential underreporting bias.
#5 Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8500372/
To review the recent literature on the epidemiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in terms of incidence, prevalence and mortality. […] For bulimia nervosa, there has been a decline in overall incidence rate over time. […] Regarding bulimia nervosa, up to 3% of females and more than 1% of males suffer from this disorder during their lifetime. […] Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur worldwide among females and males of all age groups and are associated with an increased mortality risk. […] The lifetime prevalence rates of anorexia nervosa might be up to 4% among females and 0.3% among males. […] The overall incidence rate of anorexia nervosa in Dutch females and males of all ages in primary care was fairly constant during three decades: in 1985-1989 it was 7.4 (95% CI 5.6-9.7) per 100000 person-years, in 1995-1999 7.8 (95% CI 6.0-10.1) and in 2005-2009 6.0 (95% CI 4.3-8.1).
#6 Bulimia Nervosa: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bulimia-nervosa-pro
Up to 3% of females and more than 1% of males suffer from bulimia nervosa during their lifetime. Bulimia nervosa is reported worldwide among males and females from all ages. […] The prevalence of bulimia nervosa in Europe has been reported as less than 1-2%. […] A systematic review looking at the prevalence of eating disorders worldwide found the weighted mean point prevalence for bulimia nervosa to be 1.5% for females and 0.1% for males. […] Peak age of onset is in later adolescence and young adulthood (age 15-25 years). […] Bulimia nervosa occurs across all socio-economic groups. It is more common in western societies. […] Many with bulimia do not seek treatment.
#7 Eating Disorder Statistics – National Eating Disorders Association
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/statistics/
One-year prevalence of bulimia nervosa is 0.32% for females and 0.05% for males. […] The overall lifetime prevalence of eating disorders is estimated to be 8.60% among females and 4.07% among males. […] Eating disorders have the second highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness behind opiate addiction. […] Despite the fact that individuals with higher body weight have a 2.45 times greater chance of engaging in disordered eating behaviors as patients of normal weight, such patients receive a clinical diagnosis of an eating disorder half as frequently as patients with normal weight or underweight. […] One-year prevalence of anorexia nervosa is 0.16% for females and 0.09% for males. […] A meta analysis found that atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) occurs more frequently than anorexia nervosa in community samples, however fewer individuals with AAN are referred or admitted to special care for eating disorders.
#8 Bulimia Nervosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562178/
Bulimia nervosa can affect both sexes but disproportionately affects females. The median age of onset is around 12.4 years old. The estimated prevalence of bulimia nervosa in the United States is 0.9% among adolescents, 1.5% among the general population of women, and 0.5% among the general population of men. While the prevalence of bulimia nervosa is unestablished in developing countries, prevalence estimates from North America, Australia, and Europe range from 0.1% – 1.3% among males and 0.5% – 2.0% among females.[5]
#9 Bulimia Nervosa: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bulimia-nervosa-pro
Up to 3% of females and more than 1% of males suffer from bulimia nervosa during their lifetime. Bulimia nervosa is reported worldwide among males and females from all ages. […] The prevalence of bulimia nervosa in Europe has been reported as less than 1-2%. […] A systematic review looking at the prevalence of eating disorders worldwide found the weighted mean point prevalence for bulimia nervosa to be 1.5% for females and 0.1% for males. […] Peak age of onset is in later adolescence and young adulthood (age 15-25 years). […] Bulimia nervosa occurs across all socio-economic groups. It is more common in western societies. […] Many with bulimia do not seek treatment.
#10
https://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/fulltext/2016/11000/epidemiology_of_eating_disorders_in_latin_america_.8.aspx
Of 1583 records screened, 17 studies from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela were included in the analysis. […] We found a mean point-prevalence rate of 1.16% for bulimia nervosa in the general population. […] This meta-analysis indicates that the prevalence of bulimia nervosa seems to be higher in Latin America than in Western countries. […] The point-prevalence of bulimia nervosa is mostly reported as 1% in two-stage studies of young females. […] In this meta-analysis, the heterogeneity of the studies was large. However, most of the studies found prevalence rates of at least the same range or higher than in Western Europe. […] The highest prevalence rate was found for Chile, and the lowest for Argentina. […] The prevalence rates for Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, and Mexico seem comparable. […] The present systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa in Latin America. […] Eating disorders are common in Latin America, with a higher rate for bulimia nervosa when compared to Western Europe or the United States.
#11 Bulimia nervosa – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa
There is little data on the percentage of people with bulimia in general populations. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students; research on bulimia nervosa among ethnic minorities has also been limited. […] Existing studies have yielded a wide range of results: between 0.1% and 1.4% of males, and between 0.3% and 9.4% of females. […] According to Gelder, Mayou and Geddes (2005) bulimia nervosa is prevalent between 1 and 2 percent of women aged 15-40 years. Bulimia nervosa occurs more frequently in developed countries and in cities, with one study finding that bulimia is five times more prevalent in cities than in rural areas. […] According to a study conducted in 2022 by Silen et al., which conglomerated statistics using various methods such as SCID, MRFS, EDE, SSAGA, and EDDI, the US, Finland, Australia, and the Netherlands had an estimated 2.1%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.8% prevalence of bulimia nervosa among females under 30 years of age. […] Additionally, these statistics may be misrepresentative of the true population affected with bulimia nervosa due to potential underreporting bias.
#12 Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
https://eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders-a-z/eating-disorder-statistics-and-key-research/
The lifetime prevalence for eating disorders is approximately 10.46% of the Australian population. This estimates that 2,754,446 Australians had an eating disorder at any time within their life (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.30). This is an increase of 1.46% from conservative estimates in 2012 (NEDC, 2017). […] A recent review found that worldwide, lifetime prevalence of eating disorders was 8.4% (3.3-18.6%) for women and 2.2% (0.8-6.5%) for men. The results also showed that the prevalence has been increasing over time (Galmiche et.al., 2019). […] The lifetime prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa in the Australian population is estimated to be 1.85% (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.30). […] The average age of onset of Bulimia Nervosa is 18 years (Volpe et.al., 2016). […] Eating disorders are the third most common chronic illness in young women (Yeo Hughes, 2011).
#13 Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8500372/
To review the recent literature on the epidemiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in terms of incidence, prevalence and mortality. […] For bulimia nervosa, there has been a decline in overall incidence rate over time. […] Regarding bulimia nervosa, up to 3% of females and more than 1% of males suffer from this disorder during their lifetime. […] Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur worldwide among females and males of all age groups and are associated with an increased mortality risk. […] The lifetime prevalence rates of anorexia nervosa might be up to 4% among females and 0.3% among males. […] The overall incidence rate of anorexia nervosa in Dutch females and males of all ages in primary care was fairly constant during three decades: in 1985-1989 it was 7.4 (95% CI 5.6-9.7) per 100000 person-years, in 1995-1999 7.8 (95% CI 6.0-10.1) and in 2005-2009 6.0 (95% CI 4.3-8.1).
#14 Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8500372/
Findings of the Norwegian National Patient Register study support a significant decline in overall incidence rates of bulimia nervosa in secondary care between 2010 and 2016, both in narrowly defined bulimia nervosa [2010: 18.5 per 100000 person-years (95% CI 16.9-20.2); 2016: 16.1 (95% CI 14.6-17.2)] and in broadly defined bulimia nervosa (2010: 29.4 per 100000 person-years (95% CI 27.4-31.5); 2016: 26.9 (95% CI 24.9-28.8). […] In conclusion, there is a decline in incidence rates of bulimia nervosa over time. […] Mortality could be described as an incidence rate in which the event being measured is death. […] In a previous review in this journal, it has been reported that both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were associated with significantly increased mortality rates. […] In summary, recent findings accentuate high mortality rates for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, with highest rates among those who received inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa.
#15 Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8500372/
The study of Reas and Ro, which was included in the meta-analysis by Martinez-Gonzalez et al., described recent time trends in the incidence of anorexia nervosa in persons aged 10-49 years, using secondary care data of the Norwegian National Patient Register. […] The overall incidence rates for males and females combined were stable (differences nonsignificant) from 2010 to 2016, both for narrowly defined anorexia nervosa (18.8-20.4 per 100000 person-years) and for broadly defined anorexia nervosa (33.2-39.5 per 100000 person-years). […] Few studies have investigated the incidence of bulimia nervosa. […] The Dutch primary care study showed a significant decrease in the all-age incidence rate of bulimia nervosa according to DSM-IV criteria over three decades: in 1985-1989 it was 8.6 (95% CI 6.7-11.0), in 1995-1999 6.1 (95% CI 4.5-8.2) and in 2005-2009 3.2 (95% CI 2.0-4.9) per 100000 person-years.
#16 Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8500372/
Findings of the Norwegian National Patient Register study support a significant decline in overall incidence rates of bulimia nervosa in secondary care between 2010 and 2016, both in narrowly defined bulimia nervosa [2010: 18.5 per 100000 person-years (95% CI 16.9-20.2); 2016: 16.1 (95% CI 14.6-17.2)] and in broadly defined bulimia nervosa (2010: 29.4 per 100000 person-years (95% CI 27.4-31.5); 2016: 26.9 (95% CI 24.9-28.8). […] In conclusion, there is a decline in incidence rates of bulimia nervosa over time. […] Mortality could be described as an incidence rate in which the event being measured is death. […] In a previous review in this journal, it has been reported that both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were associated with significantly increased mortality rates. […] In summary, recent findings accentuate high mortality rates for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, with highest rates among those who received inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa.
#17 Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/incidence-and-outcomes-of-bulimia-nervosa-a-nationwide-populationbased-study/D3C4019CBFD27B23CAA6518A4C36FF89
Little is known about the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa outside clinical settings. […] The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa was 2.3%; 76% of the women suffered from its purging subtype and 24% from the non-purging subtype. […] The incidence rate of bulimia nervosa was 300/100000 person-years at the peak age of incidence, 16-20 years, and 150/100000 at 10-24 years. […] Less than a third of the cases had been detected by health-care professionals; detection did not influence outcome. […] Few women with bulimia nervosa are recognized in health-care settings. […] Symptoms of bulimia are relatively long-standing, and recovery is gradual. […] Many clinically recovered women experience residual psychological symptoms after attaining abstinence from bingeing and purging.
#18 Epidemiology of eating disorders in primary care in children and young people: a Clinical Practice Research Datalink study in England | BMJ Open
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/8/e026691
A total of 4775 individuals with a first ever recorded ED diagnosis were identified. The crude incidence rate was 100.1 per 100 000 person years at risk (95%CI 97.2 to 102.9). Incidence rates were highest in females (189.3 per 100 000 person years, 95%CI 183.7 to 195.0, n=4336), 16-20 years of age (141.0 per 100 000 person years, 95%CI 135.4 to 146.9, n=2348) and individuals from the least deprived areas (115.8 per 100 000 person years (95%CI 109.3 to 122.5, n=1203). Incidence rates decreased across the study period (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.6, 95%CI 0.5 to 0.8), particularly for individuals with bulimia nervosa (IRR 0.5, 95%CI 0.3 to 0.7) and from the most deprived areas (IRR 0.5, 95%CI 0.4 to 0.7). […] The crude incidence rate was 100.1 per 100 000 person years (95%CI 97.2 to 102.9).
#19 Epidemiology of eating disorders in primary care in children and young people: a Clinical Practice Research Datalink study in England | BMJ Open
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/8/e026691
Crude incidence rates were significantly higher for those with recorded EDNOS (66.0 per 100 000 person years, 95%CI 63.7 to 68.3, n=3149), than AN (27.4 per 100 000 person years, 95%CI 26.0 to 29.0, n=1309) and BN (23.1 per 100 000 person years, 95%CI 21.8 to 24.5, n=1104). […] The overall significant decrease in the incidence of recorded EDs over the study period varied by subtype. The most significant decrease was for BN. Rates for EDNOS fluctuated but overall there was a significant decrease. There was no significant change for AN.
#20 Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
https://eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders-a-z/eating-disorder-statistics-and-key-research/
67% of people with eating disorders in Australia are female and 33% male (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.28). […] Women and girls are more likely to experience all types of eating disorders than men and boys, where Binge Eating Disorder prevalence is almost double in women compared to men, and more than doubled for Bulimia Nervosa (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.28). […] Approximately 80-85% of individuals diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa are female and 15-20% are male (Hay et al., 2008). […] Eating disorders can affect people of all ages and have been diagnosed in those younger than 5 years and older than 80 years (NEDC, 2017). […] Research shows that adolescents are at greatest risk, with the average age of onset for an eating disorder between 12 and 25 years (Volpe et al., 2016).
#21 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html
Eating disorders occur most commonly in adolescents and young adults and are 10 times more common in females than in males. […] In young women, the risk of developing anorexia is 0.5 to 1 percent, and mortality is estimated at 4 to 10 percent. In the same population, the risk of developing bulimia is 2 to 5 percent, and the incidence of disordered eating that does not meet strict criteria for eating disorders may be twice that of the above conditions. […] Eating disorders are among the most common psychiatric problems that affect young women, and these conditions impose a high burden of morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of eating disorders can be elusive, and more than one half of all cases go undetected.
#22 Incidence of Bulimia Nervosa
https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/bulimia-nervosa-incidence.htm
The incidence of Bulimia has attained significance over the past 30 years especially in young women in advanced countries. […] In the United States approximately 25 million people are struggling with 'Binge eating disorder.’ It is also estimated that almost 10 million females and 1 million males are fighting a life-and-death battle with other eating disorders such as Anorexia or Bulimia and only 6% of people suffering from Bulimia receive mental health care. […] This disorder is 10 times more common in females than in males. […] The prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa among women aged between 16-40 years is reported to be around 1-3%. […] Statistics of Bulimia show a dramatic increase in recent years, especially among young women, between the ages of 15-24.
#23 Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
https://eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders-a-z/eating-disorder-statistics-and-key-research/
67% of people with eating disorders in Australia are female and 33% male (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.28). […] Women and girls are more likely to experience all types of eating disorders than men and boys, where Binge Eating Disorder prevalence is almost double in women compared to men, and more than doubled for Bulimia Nervosa (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.28). […] Approximately 80-85% of individuals diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa are female and 15-20% are male (Hay et al., 2008). […] Eating disorders can affect people of all ages and have been diagnosed in those younger than 5 years and older than 80 years (NEDC, 2017). […] Research shows that adolescents are at greatest risk, with the average age of onset for an eating disorder between 12 and 25 years (Volpe et al., 2016).
#24 Bulimia Nervosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562178/
Bulimia nervosa can affect both sexes but disproportionately affects females. The median age of onset is around 12.4 years old. The estimated prevalence of bulimia nervosa in the United States is 0.9% among adolescents, 1.5% among the general population of women, and 0.5% among the general population of men. While the prevalence of bulimia nervosa is unestablished in developing countries, prevalence estimates from North America, Australia, and Europe range from 0.1% – 1.3% among males and 0.5% – 2.0% among females.[5]
#25 Bulimia Facts and Statistics That May Shock You
https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/bulimia-facts-and-statistics
Bulimia nervosa appears statically uncommon; however, it is considered a public health concern as BN and other eating disorders are often under-treated. […] The average age of onset for bulimia is eighteen, with an overall prevalence of 0.3%. Broken down by gender, bulimia develops in 1.5% of women and 0.5% of men, making it five times more common to develop in women. […] While further research is needed to understand how bulimia affects sexual and gender minorities, studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of bulimia in sexual minority adults is 1.3%, which is higher compared to cisgender heterosexual adults. […] Furthermore, the lifetime prevalence of bulimia in transgender men and transgender women is reported to be 3.2% and 2.9%, respectively which is significantly higher than in the cisgender population.
#26 Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
https://eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders-a-z/eating-disorder-statistics-and-key-research/
The lifetime prevalence for eating disorders is approximately 10.46% of the Australian population. This estimates that 2,754,446 Australians had an eating disorder at any time within their life (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.30). This is an increase of 1.46% from conservative estimates in 2012 (NEDC, 2017). […] A recent review found that worldwide, lifetime prevalence of eating disorders was 8.4% (3.3-18.6%) for women and 2.2% (0.8-6.5%) for men. The results also showed that the prevalence has been increasing over time (Galmiche et.al., 2019). […] The lifetime prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa in the Australian population is estimated to be 1.85% (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.30). […] The average age of onset of Bulimia Nervosa is 18 years (Volpe et.al., 2016). […] Eating disorders are the third most common chronic illness in young women (Yeo Hughes, 2011).
#27 Bulimia Nervosa: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bulimia-nervosa-pro
Up to 3% of females and more than 1% of males suffer from bulimia nervosa during their lifetime. Bulimia nervosa is reported worldwide among males and females from all ages. […] The prevalence of bulimia nervosa in Europe has been reported as less than 1-2%. […] A systematic review looking at the prevalence of eating disorders worldwide found the weighted mean point prevalence for bulimia nervosa to be 1.5% for females and 0.1% for males. […] Peak age of onset is in later adolescence and young adulthood (age 15-25 years). […] Bulimia nervosa occurs across all socio-economic groups. It is more common in western societies. […] Many with bulimia do not seek treatment.
#28 Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
https://eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders-a-z/eating-disorder-statistics-and-key-research/
The highest prevalence is found in 15-19 year olds, where up to 12% of adolescents in this age bracket had an eating disorder in 2023 (Deloitte Access Economics, 2024, p.29). […] 75% of people diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa and 83% of people diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa are between 12 and 25 years (Volpe et al., 2016). […] Eating disorders occur in all ethnicities, nationalities and cultural backgrounds (Schamberg et al., 2017). […] Though research is limited, it has been estimated that eating disorders incidence is much higher in Indigenous populations with estimates that up to 27% are affected (Burt, et al., 2020). […] A recent research study found that 28% of Indigenous high school students have an eating disorder compared to 22% of other Australian teens (Burt et al., 2020).
#29 Bulimia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286485-overview
The literature is mixed regarding ethnic differences in eating disorders. No clear consensus exists about the relative prevalence of eating disorders and associated symptoms across ethnicities. […] In the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication, lifetime prevalence was consistently 1 to 3 times as high among women as men for the BN as in other eating disorders. […] The median age of onset of BN is 18 years, similar to the median age of onset for AN. […] BN has also been reported in the elderly.
#30 Bulimia nervosa epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bulimia_nervosa_epidemiology_and_demographics
Bulimia nervosa is more prominent in females than in males. 0.1% to 1.4% of males are affected whereas 0.3% to 9.4% of females are affected. […] Bulimia nervosa can occur in people of all ages, although it is more prevalent in younger populations. […] A recent study shows that African-American teenage girls are 50% more likely to deal with bulimia than Caucasian girls. […] Bulimia nervosa is more common in developed countries as opposed to developing countries. […] Bulimia nervosa is less common in developing countries as opposed to developed countries.
#31 Bulimia Nervosa Statistics 2024: 25 Shocking Facts
https://breakbingeeating.com/bulimia-nervosa-statistics/
The lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa for adult women ranges from 1.7%-2.0% and for men ranges from 0.5-0.7% 1Keski-Rahkonen A, Raevuori A, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: an update. Annual Review of Eating Disorders: CRC Press 2018:66-76.. […] The prevalence of bulimia nervosa in ethnic minority youth is 5.1% for girls and 2.3% for boys 2 Ruchkin, V., Isaksson, J., Schwab-Stone, M., Stickley, A. (2021). Prevalence and early risk factors for bulimia nervosa symptoms in inner-city youth: gender and ethnicity perspectives. Journal of eating disorders, 9(1), 1-13 . […] A 22% increase in the prevalence of bulimia nervosa from 2019 to 1990 was observed in Middle Eastern countries 6 Safiri, S., Noori, M., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Shamekh, A., Karamzad, N., Sullman, M. J., Kolahi, A. A. (2023). The estimated burden of bulimia nervosa in the Middle East and North Africa region, 19902019. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 56(2), 394-406
#32 Bulimia nervosa epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bulimia_nervosa_epidemiology_and_demographics
Bulimia nervosa is more prominent in females than in males. 0.1% to 1.4% of males are affected whereas 0.3% to 9.4% of females are affected. […] Bulimia nervosa can occur in people of all ages, although it is more prevalent in younger populations. […] A recent study shows that African-American teenage girls are 50% more likely to deal with bulimia than Caucasian girls. […] Bulimia nervosa is more common in developed countries as opposed to developing countries. […] Bulimia nervosa is less common in developing countries as opposed to developed countries.
#33 Bulimia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286485-overview
A literature review of the prevalence of eating disorders worldwide in young people suggests that bulimia nervosa (BN) has a lifetime prevalence of between 0.8% and 2.6% in women and between 0.1% and 0.2% in men. […] Most estimates of the prevalence of BN and other eating disorders come from Australia, Western Europe, and North America. However, smaller-scale epidemiological estimates suggest a similar prevalence of BN in many other regions and countries around the world, including Malaysia and Russia. […] Older estimates found lifetime prevalence estimates of BN (DSM-IV) to be 1.5% among women and 0.5% among men. Retrospective age-of-onset reports suggested that risk of BN increased with successive birth cohorts and that BN was significantly comorbid with many psychiatric disorders. […] BN was found to be more common among those whose occupation or hobbies require gaining and/or losing weight rapidly, such as wrestlers and competitive bodybuilders.
#34 Bulimia nervosa – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa
There is little data on the percentage of people with bulimia in general populations. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students; research on bulimia nervosa among ethnic minorities has also been limited. […] Existing studies have yielded a wide range of results: between 0.1% and 1.4% of males, and between 0.3% and 9.4% of females. […] According to Gelder, Mayou and Geddes (2005) bulimia nervosa is prevalent between 1 and 2 percent of women aged 15-40 years. Bulimia nervosa occurs more frequently in developed countries and in cities, with one study finding that bulimia is five times more prevalent in cities than in rural areas. […] According to a study conducted in 2022 by Silen et al., which conglomerated statistics using various methods such as SCID, MRFS, EDE, SSAGA, and EDDI, the US, Finland, Australia, and the Netherlands had an estimated 2.1%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.8% prevalence of bulimia nervosa among females under 30 years of age. […] Additionally, these statistics may be misrepresentative of the true population affected with bulimia nervosa due to potential underreporting bias.
#35 Bulimia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286485-overview
A literature review of the prevalence of eating disorders worldwide in young people suggests that bulimia nervosa (BN) has a lifetime prevalence of between 0.8% and 2.6% in women and between 0.1% and 0.2% in men. […] Most estimates of the prevalence of BN and other eating disorders come from Australia, Western Europe, and North America. However, smaller-scale epidemiological estimates suggest a similar prevalence of BN in many other regions and countries around the world, including Malaysia and Russia. […] Older estimates found lifetime prevalence estimates of BN (DSM-IV) to be 1.5% among women and 0.5% among men. Retrospective age-of-onset reports suggested that risk of BN increased with successive birth cohorts and that BN was significantly comorbid with many psychiatric disorders. […] BN was found to be more common among those whose occupation or hobbies require gaining and/or losing weight rapidly, such as wrestlers and competitive bodybuilders.
#36 Bulimia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286485-overview
Athletes in certain sports (eg, runners and gymnasts) are particularly prone to eating disorders. […] The female athlete triad of eating disorders, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis is now well recognized and is particularly common in sports where slimness and body shape are of great importance, such as gymnastics, long-distance running, diving, and figure skating. […] However, the presence of the female athlete triad should suggest a diagnosis of anorexia, either typical or atypical. Eating disorders are also being recognized as a problem in predominantly male sports such as cycling, weight lifting, and wrestling. […] Certain vocations such as acting, modeling, and ballet dancing also appear to be associated with higher risk for these disorders. […] BN is a cosmopolitan disorder that has been described in all ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups.
#37 Bulimia Nervosa: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286485-overview
Athletes in certain sports (eg, runners and gymnasts) are particularly prone to eating disorders. […] The female athlete triad of eating disorders, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis is now well recognized and is particularly common in sports where slimness and body shape are of great importance, such as gymnastics, long-distance running, diving, and figure skating. […] However, the presence of the female athlete triad should suggest a diagnosis of anorexia, either typical or atypical. Eating disorders are also being recognized as a problem in predominantly male sports such as cycling, weight lifting, and wrestling. […] Certain vocations such as acting, modeling, and ballet dancing also appear to be associated with higher risk for these disorders. […] BN is a cosmopolitan disorder that has been described in all ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups.
#38 Bulimia Facts and Statistics That May Shock You
https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/bulimia-facts-and-statistics
Bulimia nervosa appears statically uncommon; however, it is considered a public health concern as BN and other eating disorders are often under-treated. […] The average age of onset for bulimia is eighteen, with an overall prevalence of 0.3%. Broken down by gender, bulimia develops in 1.5% of women and 0.5% of men, making it five times more common to develop in women. […] While further research is needed to understand how bulimia affects sexual and gender minorities, studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of bulimia in sexual minority adults is 1.3%, which is higher compared to cisgender heterosexual adults. […] Furthermore, the lifetime prevalence of bulimia in transgender men and transgender women is reported to be 3.2% and 2.9%, respectively which is significantly higher than in the cisgender population.
#39 Eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022: a population-based surveillance study using administrative data | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00957-y
Recent research has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to an increase in ED hospitalizations among children and youth. […] Ongoing surveillance of EDs is needed to identify changes in the prevalence and characteristics of existing and new patients requiring hospitalization. […] The objective of this study was to examine rates of ED hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada by age, sex, year, geography, length of stay, discharge disposition and ED diagnosis from 2010 to 2022. […] Our trend analysis showed an initial increase in ED hospitalizations from 2010/11 to 2013/14 after which, trends remained stable until 2019/20, followed by a spike from 2020/21 to 2022/23. […] Several studies highlight the increase in ED cases during the pandemic period. […] Results have shown that hospitalization rates for EDs in 2022 started to decline, but are still higher than pre-pandemic. […] These results highlight the need for early interventions and screening as well as resource reallocation and preparedness for future pandemics.
#40 Eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022: a population-based surveillance study using administrative data | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00957-y
Recent research has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to an increase in ED hospitalizations among children and youth. […] Ongoing surveillance of EDs is needed to identify changes in the prevalence and characteristics of existing and new patients requiring hospitalization. […] The objective of this study was to examine rates of ED hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada by age, sex, year, geography, length of stay, discharge disposition and ED diagnosis from 2010 to 2022. […] Our trend analysis showed an initial increase in ED hospitalizations from 2010/11 to 2013/14 after which, trends remained stable until 2019/20, followed by a spike from 2020/21 to 2022/23. […] Several studies highlight the increase in ED cases during the pandemic period. […] Results have shown that hospitalization rates for EDs in 2022 started to decline, but are still higher than pre-pandemic. […] These results highlight the need for early interventions and screening as well as resource reallocation and preparedness for future pandemics.
#41
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-025-01738-z
The aim of this study was to analyze data of children and adolescents in Germany insured according to legal requirements (statutorily insured) regarding epidemiology, comorbidities, and care of bulimia nervosa (BN) pre- vs. intra-COVID-19 pandemic. […] Prevalence of BN was 0.09% pre-COVID and 0.07% intra-COVID (OR=0.78 [0.65, 0.93]). […] The observed decline in diagnosed and treated BN cases and the positive trend in quarterly incidence could be attributed to an increase in unregistered cases due to the overburdened care situation that emerged with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] We observed reductions in BN prevalence and incidence among the base population of children and adolescents in Germany during COVID-19. These reductions may be attributed to the overburdened care situation and reduced service utilization.
#42
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-025-01738-z
The aim of this study was to analyze data of children and adolescents in Germany insured according to legal requirements (statutorily insured) regarding epidemiology, comorbidities, and care of bulimia nervosa (BN) pre- vs. intra-COVID-19 pandemic. […] Prevalence of BN was 0.09% pre-COVID and 0.07% intra-COVID (OR=0.78 [0.65, 0.93]). […] The observed decline in diagnosed and treated BN cases and the positive trend in quarterly incidence could be attributed to an increase in unregistered cases due to the overburdened care situation that emerged with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] We observed reductions in BN prevalence and incidence among the base population of children and adolescents in Germany during COVID-19. These reductions may be attributed to the overburdened care situation and reduced service utilization.
#43
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-025-01738-z
The observed decline in BN prevalence within the base population is inconsistent with prior findings on deteriorations in the frequency of binge-eating and self-induced vomiting. […] The time-specific increases in quarterly incidence within the base population during lockdown and a subsequent phase of easing of preventive measures may serve to highlight the role of social isolation, loss of control and structure, and/or psychosocial stressors in BN, while also underscoring the potential impact of the COVID-19-related restrictions on social and public life on children and adolescents mental health. […] The rise in quarterly incidence in adolescents within the base population since the COVID-19 pandemic onset suggests a deterioration/chronification in the long-term, or delayed diagnosis and thus a potential backlash that researchers and health care providers need to consider.
#44 Eating Disorder Statistics – National Eating Disorders Association
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/statistics/
One-year prevalence of bulimia nervosa is 0.32% for females and 0.05% for males. […] The overall lifetime prevalence of eating disorders is estimated to be 8.60% among females and 4.07% among males. […] Eating disorders have the second highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness behind opiate addiction. […] Despite the fact that individuals with higher body weight have a 2.45 times greater chance of engaging in disordered eating behaviors as patients of normal weight, such patients receive a clinical diagnosis of an eating disorder half as frequently as patients with normal weight or underweight. […] One-year prevalence of anorexia nervosa is 0.16% for females and 0.09% for males. […] A meta analysis found that atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) occurs more frequently than anorexia nervosa in community samples, however fewer individuals with AAN are referred or admitted to special care for eating disorders.
#45 Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
https://eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders-a-z/eating-disorder-statistics-and-key-research/
Eating disorders, along with substance use disorders, have the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders (Chesney, Goodwin Fazel, 2014). […] The mortality rate of those with Anorexia Nervosa is higher than other eating disorders (Fichter Quadflieg, 2016). […] The rate of mortality of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder is lower than those with Anorexia Nervosa, but still significantly higher than the general population (NEDC, 2017).
#46 Bulimia Facts and Statistics That May Shock You
https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/bulimia-facts-and-statistics
These bulimia facts and statistics recognize a need for further research into the specific eating disorder risk factors and intervention strategies for sexual and gender minorities. […] Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness, including a higher risk of suicide. Previous studies showed that mortality rates were low for bulimia nervosa despite medical complications associated with the condition. However, more recent research finds a 3.9% mortality rate for bulimia compared to the 4% rate for anorexia nervosa.
#47 Bulimia Nervosa Statistics 2024: 25 Shocking Facts
https://breakbingeeating.com/bulimia-nervosa-statistics/
88% of hospital admissions for bulimia nervosa are younger than 40 years 12 Patel, R. S., Olten, B., Patel, P., Shah, K., Mansuri, Z. (2018). Hospitalization outcomes and comorbidities of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide inpatient study. Cureus, 10(5). […] 92% of hospital admissions for bulimia nervosa are for women 13 Patel, R. S., Olten, B., Patel, P., Shah, K., Mansuri, Z. (2018). Hospitalization outcomes and comorbidities of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide inpatient study. Cureus, 10(5). […] The crude mortality rate in inpatient males and females with bulimia nervosa is 8% and 3%, respectively 16 Fichter, M. M., Naab, S., Voderholzer, U., Quadflieg, N. (2021). Mortality in males as compared to females treated for an eating disorder: a large prospective controlled study. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26(5), 1627-1637. .
#48 Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
https://eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders-a-z/eating-disorder-statistics-and-key-research/
Eating disorders, along with substance use disorders, have the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders (Chesney, Goodwin Fazel, 2014). […] The mortality rate of those with Anorexia Nervosa is higher than other eating disorders (Fichter Quadflieg, 2016). […] The rate of mortality of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder is lower than those with Anorexia Nervosa, but still significantly higher than the general population (NEDC, 2017).
#49 Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance | Policy Translation Overview | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
https://hsph.harvard.edu/research/eating-disorders-striped/policy-translation/eating-disorders-public-health-surveillance/
The Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance Working Group is a multi-state, interdisciplinary group of researchers and professionals united by a shared goal of advancing the surveillance of eating disorders in the U.S., with a particular focus on surveillance through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)s Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). […] Most recently, STRIPED has been focusing its efforts on the CDCs Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a representative survey of high school students in the U.S. For many years, the YRBS was one of the few sources of national data on the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors among youth. […] In summer 2024, the CDC announced that an item assessing binge eating will be included in the 2025 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Questionnaire, marking the first time in over a decade that such data will be collected.
#50 Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/incidence-and-outcomes-of-bulimia-nervosa-a-nationwide-populationbased-study/D3C4019CBFD27B23CAA6518A4C36FF89
Little is known about the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa outside clinical settings. […] The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa was 2.3%; 76% of the women suffered from its purging subtype and 24% from the non-purging subtype. […] The incidence rate of bulimia nervosa was 300/100000 person-years at the peak age of incidence, 16-20 years, and 150/100000 at 10-24 years. […] Less than a third of the cases had been detected by health-care professionals; detection did not influence outcome. […] Few women with bulimia nervosa are recognized in health-care settings. […] Symptoms of bulimia are relatively long-standing, and recovery is gradual. […] Many clinically recovered women experience residual psychological symptoms after attaining abstinence from bingeing and purging.
#51 Classification and epidemiology of eating disorders in the DSM-5
https://psychiatry-psychopharmacology.com/en/classification-and-epidemiology-of-eating-disorders-in-the-dsm-5-132632
In May 2013 the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has been published, which includes a substantially revised section on feeding and eating disorders. […] This DSM-5 chapter Feeding and Eating Disorders includes the following diagnoses: pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). […] The lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 anorexia nervosa among women might be up to 4%, and of bulimia nervosa 2%. […] Community studies show that most people with eating disorders do not receive any treatment at all, either because they are not detected or because they refuse treatment due to shame or denial of their illness.
#52 Classification and epidemiology of eating disorders in the DSM-5
https://psychiatry-psychopharmacology.com/en/classification-and-epidemiology-of-eating-disorders-in-the-dsm-5-132632
In May 2013 the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has been published, which includes a substantially revised section on feeding and eating disorders. […] This DSM-5 chapter Feeding and Eating Disorders includes the following diagnoses: pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). […] The lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 anorexia nervosa among women might be up to 4%, and of bulimia nervosa 2%. […] Community studies show that most people with eating disorders do not receive any treatment at all, either because they are not detected or because they refuse treatment due to shame or denial of their illness.
#53 Bulimia nervosa – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa
There is little data on the percentage of people with bulimia in general populations. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students; research on bulimia nervosa among ethnic minorities has also been limited. […] Existing studies have yielded a wide range of results: between 0.1% and 1.4% of males, and between 0.3% and 9.4% of females. […] According to Gelder, Mayou and Geddes (2005) bulimia nervosa is prevalent between 1 and 2 percent of women aged 15-40 years. Bulimia nervosa occurs more frequently in developed countries and in cities, with one study finding that bulimia is five times more prevalent in cities than in rural areas. […] According to a study conducted in 2022 by Silen et al., which conglomerated statistics using various methods such as SCID, MRFS, EDE, SSAGA, and EDDI, the US, Finland, Australia, and the Netherlands had an estimated 2.1%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.8% prevalence of bulimia nervosa among females under 30 years of age. […] Additionally, these statistics may be misrepresentative of the true population affected with bulimia nervosa due to potential underreporting bias.
#54 Epidemiology of eating disorders among US adults: Ingenta Connect
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000814
Public policy efforts for prevention of and intervention upon eating disorders is severely limited in the United States due to the paucity of population-based data. […] The studies reviewed provide the most recent epidemiological indicators of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder (BED) in the United States and demonstrate the utility of population-based data for validating the generalizability of findings from clinical samples. […] Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and BED are widely distributed across sociodemographic characteristics, with substantially elevated risks for a variety of serious psychiatric, medical, and functional impairments, including heighted suicidality over the lifespan. […] National Epidemiological Studies on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Third Wave studies also validated some important clinical observations (e.g., overvaluation of shape/weight and physical inactivity in BED, more severe anorexia nervosa with onset prior to 14 years old). […] More rigorous population-based studies are needed to further advocate for appropriate resources and policies for eating disorders in the United States.
#55 Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance | Policy Translation Overview | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
https://hsph.harvard.edu/research/eating-disorders-striped/policy-translation/eating-disorders-public-health-surveillance/
The Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance Working Group is a multi-state, interdisciplinary group of researchers and professionals united by a shared goal of advancing the surveillance of eating disorders in the U.S., with a particular focus on surveillance through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)s Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). […] Most recently, STRIPED has been focusing its efforts on the CDCs Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a representative survey of high school students in the U.S. For many years, the YRBS was one of the few sources of national data on the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors among youth. […] In summer 2024, the CDC announced that an item assessing binge eating will be included in the 2025 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Questionnaire, marking the first time in over a decade that such data will be collected.
#56 Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance | Policy Translation Overview | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
https://hsph.harvard.edu/research/eating-disorders-striped/policy-translation/eating-disorders-public-health-surveillance/
The Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance Working Group is a multi-state, interdisciplinary group of researchers and professionals united by a shared goal of advancing the surveillance of eating disorders in the U.S., with a particular focus on surveillance through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)s Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). […] Most recently, STRIPED has been focusing its efforts on the CDCs Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a representative survey of high school students in the U.S. For many years, the YRBS was one of the few sources of national data on the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors among youth. […] In summer 2024, the CDC announced that an item assessing binge eating will be included in the 2025 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Questionnaire, marking the first time in over a decade that such data will be collected.
#57 Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance | Policy Translation Overview | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
https://hsph.harvard.edu/research/eating-disorders-striped/policy-translation/eating-disorders-public-health-surveillance/
In December 2021, STRIPED, in partnership with the Academy for Eating Disorders (AED), the Eating Disorder Coalition, other national and local eating disorder organizations, and state Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) coordinators submitted a proposal to the CDC for the re-inclusion of items assessing disordered eating behaviors within the 2023 standard national YRBS. […] The president signed the appropriations bill funding the US Dept. of Health and Human Services. The reason this is cause for celebration is that this legislation is accompanied by a congressional conference report with language urging the CDC to include eating disorders related questions on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System Survey.
#58 Eating Disorders Public Health Surveillance | Policy Translation Overview | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
https://hsph.harvard.edu/research/eating-disorders-striped/policy-translation/eating-disorders-public-health-surveillance/
In December 2021, STRIPED, in partnership with the Academy for Eating Disorders (AED), the Eating Disorder Coalition, other national and local eating disorder organizations, and state Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) coordinators submitted a proposal to the CDC for the re-inclusion of items assessing disordered eating behaviors within the 2023 standard national YRBS. […] The president signed the appropriations bill funding the US Dept. of Health and Human Services. The reason this is cause for celebration is that this legislation is accompanied by a congressional conference report with language urging the CDC to include eating disorders related questions on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System Survey.
#59 Eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022: a population-based surveillance study using administrative data | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00957-y
Between 2010/11 and 2022/23, 18,740 children and youth were hospitalized for an ED, 65.9% of which were first-time hospitalizations. […] The most frequent diagnosis was anorexia nervosa (51.3%). […] Females had significantly higher rates of ED hospitalization compared to males (66.7/100,000 vs. 5.9/100,000). […] Youth had significantly higher rates compared to children. […] Rates of pediatric ED hospitalizations in Canada increased significantly during the pandemic, suggesting that there may have been limited access to alternative care for EDs or that ED cases became more severe and required hospitalization. […] This emphasizes the need for continued surveillance to monitor how rates of ED hospitalizations evolve post-pandemic. […] Research estimates that the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) is up to 4% in females and 0.3% in males, whereas the prevalence of bulimia nervosa (BN) can be up to 3% in females and 1% in males.
#60 Eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022: a population-based surveillance study using administrative data | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00957-y
Between 2010/11 and 2022/23, 18,740 children and youth were hospitalized for an ED, 65.9% of which were first-time hospitalizations. […] The most frequent diagnosis was anorexia nervosa (51.3%). […] Females had significantly higher rates of ED hospitalization compared to males (66.7/100,000 vs. 5.9/100,000). […] Youth had significantly higher rates compared to children. […] Rates of pediatric ED hospitalizations in Canada increased significantly during the pandemic, suggesting that there may have been limited access to alternative care for EDs or that ED cases became more severe and required hospitalization. […] This emphasizes the need for continued surveillance to monitor how rates of ED hospitalizations evolve post-pandemic. […] Research estimates that the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) is up to 4% in females and 0.3% in males, whereas the prevalence of bulimia nervosa (BN) can be up to 3% in females and 1% in males.
#61 Eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022: a population-based surveillance study using administrative data | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00957-y
Recent research has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to an increase in ED hospitalizations among children and youth. […] Ongoing surveillance of EDs is needed to identify changes in the prevalence and characteristics of existing and new patients requiring hospitalization. […] The objective of this study was to examine rates of ED hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada by age, sex, year, geography, length of stay, discharge disposition and ED diagnosis from 2010 to 2022. […] Our trend analysis showed an initial increase in ED hospitalizations from 2010/11 to 2013/14 after which, trends remained stable until 2019/20, followed by a spike from 2020/21 to 2022/23. […] Several studies highlight the increase in ED cases during the pandemic period. […] Results have shown that hospitalization rates for EDs in 2022 started to decline, but are still higher than pre-pandemic. […] These results highlight the need for early interventions and screening as well as resource reallocation and preparedness for future pandemics.
#62 Eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022: a population-based surveillance study using administrative data | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00957-y
Recent research has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to an increase in ED hospitalizations among children and youth. […] Ongoing surveillance of EDs is needed to identify changes in the prevalence and characteristics of existing and new patients requiring hospitalization. […] The objective of this study was to examine rates of ED hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada by age, sex, year, geography, length of stay, discharge disposition and ED diagnosis from 2010 to 2022. […] Our trend analysis showed an initial increase in ED hospitalizations from 2010/11 to 2013/14 after which, trends remained stable until 2019/20, followed by a spike from 2020/21 to 2022/23. […] Several studies highlight the increase in ED cases during the pandemic period. […] Results have shown that hospitalization rates for EDs in 2022 started to decline, but are still higher than pre-pandemic. […] These results highlight the need for early interventions and screening as well as resource reallocation and preparedness for future pandemics.
#63 Epidemiology of eating disorders among US adults: Ingenta Connect
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000814
Public policy efforts for prevention of and intervention upon eating disorders is severely limited in the United States due to the paucity of population-based data. […] The studies reviewed provide the most recent epidemiological indicators of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder (BED) in the United States and demonstrate the utility of population-based data for validating the generalizability of findings from clinical samples. […] Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and BED are widely distributed across sociodemographic characteristics, with substantially elevated risks for a variety of serious psychiatric, medical, and functional impairments, including heighted suicidality over the lifespan. […] National Epidemiological Studies on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Third Wave studies also validated some important clinical observations (e.g., overvaluation of shape/weight and physical inactivity in BED, more severe anorexia nervosa with onset prior to 14 years old). […] More rigorous population-based studies are needed to further advocate for appropriate resources and policies for eating disorders in the United States.
#64 (PDF) The epidemiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia
https://www.academia.edu/26300923/The_epidemiology_of_anorexia_nervosa_and_bulimia
One in 270 girls were categorized as suffering from „bulimia nervosa”, that is, they experienced eating binges weekly or more often causing them considerable concern, they compensated for these by inducing vomiting, and they were abnormally preoccupied with weight and food. […] Although epidemiological research has contributed substantially to our knowledge of the distribution and aetiology of anorexia nervosa, there has been a tendency to ignore some fundamental issues of methodology and purpose which have been the subject of much attention in other areas of psychiatric epidemiology.
#65
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
In 2019, 14 million people experienced eating disorders including almost 3 million children and adolescents (1). […] Individuals with bulimia nervosa are at a significantly increased risk for substance use, suicidality, and health complications. Effective treatment options exist, including family-based treatment and cognitive-based therapy.
#66
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
In 2019, 14 million people experienced eating disorders including almost 3 million children and adolescents (1). […] Individuals with bulimia nervosa are at a significantly increased risk for substance use, suicidality, and health complications. Effective treatment options exist, including family-based treatment and cognitive-based therapy.
#67 Eating Disorder Statistics – National Eating Disorders Association
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/statistics/
One-year prevalence of bulimia nervosa is 0.32% for females and 0.05% for males. […] The overall lifetime prevalence of eating disorders is estimated to be 8.60% among females and 4.07% among males. […] Eating disorders have the second highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness behind opiate addiction. […] Despite the fact that individuals with higher body weight have a 2.45 times greater chance of engaging in disordered eating behaviors as patients of normal weight, such patients receive a clinical diagnosis of an eating disorder half as frequently as patients with normal weight or underweight. […] One-year prevalence of anorexia nervosa is 0.16% for females and 0.09% for males. […] A meta analysis found that atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) occurs more frequently than anorexia nervosa in community samples, however fewer individuals with AAN are referred or admitted to special care for eating disorders.
#68
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
In 2019, 14 million people experienced eating disorders including almost 3 million children and adolescents (1). […] Individuals with bulimia nervosa are at a significantly increased risk for substance use, suicidality, and health complications. Effective treatment options exist, including family-based treatment and cognitive-based therapy.
#69 Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/incidence-and-outcomes-of-bulimia-nervosa-a-nationwide-populationbased-study/D3C4019CBFD27B23CAA6518A4C36FF89
Little is known about the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa outside clinical settings. […] The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa was 2.3%; 76% of the women suffered from its purging subtype and 24% from the non-purging subtype. […] The incidence rate of bulimia nervosa was 300/100000 person-years at the peak age of incidence, 16-20 years, and 150/100000 at 10-24 years. […] Less than a third of the cases had been detected by health-care professionals; detection did not influence outcome. […] Few women with bulimia nervosa are recognized in health-care settings. […] Symptoms of bulimia are relatively long-standing, and recovery is gradual. […] Many clinically recovered women experience residual psychological symptoms after attaining abstinence from bingeing and purging.
#70 Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/incidence-and-outcomes-of-bulimia-nervosa-a-nationwide-populationbased-study/D3C4019CBFD27B23CAA6518A4C36FF89
Little is known about the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa outside clinical settings. […] The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa was 2.3%; 76% of the women suffered from its purging subtype and 24% from the non-purging subtype. […] The incidence rate of bulimia nervosa was 300/100000 person-years at the peak age of incidence, 16-20 years, and 150/100000 at 10-24 years. […] Less than a third of the cases had been detected by health-care professionals; detection did not influence outcome. […] Few women with bulimia nervosa are recognized in health-care settings. […] Symptoms of bulimia are relatively long-standing, and recovery is gradual. […] Many clinically recovered women experience residual psychological symptoms after attaining abstinence from bingeing and purging.