Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What Is A Sore Throat? Causes And Symptoms | North Logan, UT

  https://cachevalleyent.com/what-is-a-sore-throat-causes-of-sore-throats/

  A sore throat is one most common symptoms, accounting for more than 2% of all adult primary care visits annually. […] A sore throat can feel like: […] Due to viral infections, sore throats can occur because of the following: […] The most common type of throat infection is strep throat, which is due to exposure to a strain of Streptococcus bacterium. […] Exposure to pollen, grass, or dust can often trigger sneezing, nasal congestion, and cough for those with allergic rhinitis. […] Another cause of sore throat is reflux. […] Breathing in dry air can leave the throat feeling scratchy and uncomfortable. […] Multiple environmental irritants have been shown to lead to sore throats, ranging from air pollution to tobacco smoke and chemical fumes. […] Overusing the vocal cords, like yelling more than usual, can cause a painful throat and hoarseness. […] Tonsil stones, or tonsilloliths, are small white or yellow pebbles that can form in the crevices of the tonsils. […] Tumors are a very rare cause of sore throat.

• #2 Pharyngitis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Types

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/pharyngitis

  Pharyngitis is not a disease itself; instead, its usually a symptom of an illness, allergy, exposure to irritants, and other causes. […] Many conditions can cause pharyngitis. The most common are viral infections, which cause as many as 4 out of 5 cases of pharyngitis. […] Bacterial infections also can trigger pharyngitis. Group A streptococcal infections — the bacteria that cause strep throat — account for up to about 1 in 3 cases of acute pharyngitis. […] Other causes of pharyngitis include: Tonsillitis, caused by infection of your tonsils. This can lead to chronic pharyngitis. […] Acid reflux, in which stomach acid backs up into your throat, causing a painful burning sensation. Some types of acid reflux may lead to chronic pharyngitis. […] Allergies that cause postnasal drip, such as allergies to pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander. Such allergies can cause chronic pharyngitis.

• #3 What is a Sore Throat? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention | Vicks

  https://vicks.com/en-us/symptom/sore-throat

  A sore throat is an inflammation at the back of throat and surrounding area, known as the pharynx, in medical terminology. An inflamed throat is commonly referred to by healthcare providers as pharyngitis. The pain and discomfort you feel when you have a sore throat comes from the activation of pain receptors by inflammatory molecules, such as prostaglandins. These molecules are part of the immune response. They help ward off infection and begin the healing and repair process. They have potent activating effects on pain-sensing nerves and also promote inflammation, which is how your body fights pathogens and infection. […] Both infectious and non-infectious causes can lead to sore throat. Allergies are one of the common non-infectious causes for sore throat. If you are sensitive to inhaled allergens, such as pollen or pet dander, you might get a sore throat as part of the allergic response. You can also get a sore throat from exposure to irritants such as smoke or dry indoor air.

• #4 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat. Swallowing often makes it feel worse. The most common cause of a sore throat, also called pharyngitis, is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat from a virus goes away on its own. […] Strep throat, also called a streptococcal infection, is a less common type of sore throat. Bacteria causes it. Strep throat needs treatment with antibiotics. […] Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats. […] Many viral illnesses cause a sore throat such as: Common cold. Flu, also called influenza. Mono, also called mononucleosis. Measles. Chickenpox. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Croup, a common childhood illness that causes a harsh, barking cough.

• #5 Sore Throat Basics | Sore Throat | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sore-throat/about/index.html

  Most sore throats are caused by viruses. […] Viruses, like those that cause colds or flu, are the most common cause of sore throat. These viruses are not strep throat. […] Other causes of sore throat include: The bacteria group A Streptococcus, which causes strep throat (also called streptococcal pharyngitis).

• #6 Pharyngitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngitis

  Most cases are caused by a viral infection. […] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults. […] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Most cases are due to an infectious organism acquired from close contact with an infected individual. […] These comprise about 40-80% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections. […] A number of different bacteria can infect the human throat. The most common is group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), but others include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.

• #7 Pharyngitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764304-overview

  With infectious pharyngitis, bacteria or viruses may directly invade the pharyngeal mucosa, causing a local inflammatory response. Other viruses, such as rhinovirus and coronavirus, can cause irritation of pharyngeal mucosa secondary to nasal secretions. […] Streptococcal infections are characterized by local invasion and release of extracellular toxins and proteases. In addition, M protein fragments of certain serotypes of GAS are similar to myocardial sarcolemma antigens and are linked to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart valve damage. […] Acute glomerulonephritis may result from antibody-antigen complex deposition in glomeruli. […] Children experience more than 5 upper respiratory infections (URIs) per year and an average of one streptococcal infection every 4 years. The occurrence in adults is about one half that rate. The most significant bacterial agent causing pharyngitis in both adults and children is GAS infection (Streptococcus pyogenes), and the most common viruses are rhinovirus and adenovirus. […] Other sequelae of streptococcal pharyngitis include acute glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess, and toxic shock syndrome.

• #8 Viral Pharyngitis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225362-clinical

  Sore throat is the chief symptom in patients with viral pharyngitis. Patients may have additional symptoms that vary based on the causal pathogen. These symptoms generally are not useful in discriminating between the causes of viral pharyngitis because the symptoms produced by the numerous viruses that cause pharyngitis are so similar and commonly overlap each other. […] Rhinovirus and adenovirus are the most common etiological agents, and each accounts for 6-20% of all cases of pharyngitis, both viral and nonviral. […] Less common etiological agents include EBV, HSV, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus. […] Uncommon etiological agents include enterovirus (eg, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus), RSV, CMV, rotavirus, reovirus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, measles virus, and HIV-1.

• #9 Viral Pharyngitis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225362-clinical

  Sore throat is the chief symptom in patients with viral pharyngitis. Patients may have additional symptoms that vary based on the causal pathogen. These symptoms generally are not useful in discriminating between the causes of viral pharyngitis because the symptoms produced by the numerous viruses that cause pharyngitis are so similar and commonly overlap each other. […] Rhinovirus and adenovirus are the most common etiological agents, and each accounts for 6-20% of all cases of pharyngitis, both viral and nonviral. […] Less common etiological agents include EBV, HSV, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus. […] Uncommon etiological agents include enterovirus (eg, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus), RSV, CMV, rotavirus, reovirus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, measles virus, and HIV-1.

• #10 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat. Swallowing often makes it feel worse. The most common cause of a sore throat, also called pharyngitis, is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat from a virus goes away on its own. […] Strep throat, also called a streptococcal infection, is a less common type of sore throat. Bacteria causes it. Strep throat needs treatment with antibiotics. […] Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats. […] Many viral illnesses cause a sore throat such as: Common cold. Flu, also called influenza. Mono, also called mononucleosis. Measles. Chickenpox. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Croup, a common childhood illness that causes a harsh, barking cough.

• #11 Sore Throat: An Overview

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-sore-throat-basics

  There are many causes of sore throat. The most common are bacterial and viral infections like the cold and flu. […] Viral infections This is the most common cause of a sore throat. It happens when a virus gets in your body and makes you sick. […] Some viruses that can cause sore throats are: Common cold, COVID-19, Flu (influenza), Chickenpox, Measles, Mono (mononucleosis), Croup. […] Bacterial infections Not all infections are caused by viruses. Some are caused by a different type of germ called bacteria. There are many different kinds of bacteria, but the one most likely to cause a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus), or „strep” for short. Some cases of sinus infections or tonsillitis are also caused by bacteria. […] Allergies Some people get sore throats from allergies. Common culprits include pet dander, dust, and pollen. Allergies can trigger a postnasal drip, which is when mucus drips down your throat. And if you breathe out of your mouth because of a stuffy nose, the dry air also can irritate your throat.

• #12 Pharyngitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/PhryngtsCs.htm

  Common Causes […] Rhinovirus (Spring and fall, mild Symptoms) […] Coronavirus (Winter, mild Symptoms) […] Other Causes […] Adenovirus (Moderate Symptoms, Conjunctivitis) […] Influenza (Epidemics) […] Parainfluenza (Types 1-4) […] Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, Mononucleosis) […] Coxsackievirus […] Cytomegalovirus (CMV, Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome) […] Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Stomatitis […] Acute HIV Infection (Acute Retroviral Syndrome) […] Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) […] Myxovirus […] Reovirus […] Enteric virus […] Mumps […] Rabies […] Fungal […] Common Causes […] Candida albicans […] Other Causes […] Rhinosporidium […] Cryptococcus […] Histoplasma […] Blastomyces […] Paracoccidioides […] Nasal and paranasal Disease […] Allergic Rhinitis

• #13 Viral Pharyngitis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225362-clinical

  Sore throat is the chief symptom in patients with viral pharyngitis. Patients may have additional symptoms that vary based on the causal pathogen. These symptoms generally are not useful in discriminating between the causes of viral pharyngitis because the symptoms produced by the numerous viruses that cause pharyngitis are so similar and commonly overlap each other. […] Rhinovirus and adenovirus are the most common etiological agents, and each accounts for 6-20% of all cases of pharyngitis, both viral and nonviral. […] Less common etiological agents include EBV, HSV, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus. […] Uncommon etiological agents include enterovirus (eg, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus), RSV, CMV, rotavirus, reovirus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, measles virus, and HIV-1.

• #14 Sore throat | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/

  glandular fever you may also feel very tired, have a fever and swollen glands in your neck. […] It may also be caused by something irritating your throat. For example, smoke, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (where acid leaks up from the stomach) and allergies. […] Less often, a sore throat can be a sign of: a painful collection of pus at the back of the throat (quinsy) the pain may be severe and you may also have difficulty opening your mouth or difficulty swallowing […] inflammation of the flap of tissue at the back of the throat (epiglottitis) the pain may be severe and you may have difficulty breathing and difficulty swallowing.

• #15 Pharyngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519550/

  Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oropharynx. In most cases, it is caused by an infection, either bacterial or viral. Other less common causes of pharyngitis include allergies, trauma, cancer, reflux, and certain toxins. […] About 50% to 80% of pharyngitis, or sore throat, symptoms are viral in origin and include a variety of viral pathogens. These pathogens are predominantly rhinovirus, influenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza. Less common viral pathogens include herpes, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coxsackievirus. More severe cases tend to be bacterial and may develop after an initial viral infection. […] The most common bacterial infection is Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, which causes 5% to 36% of cases of acute pharyngitis. Other bacterial etiologies include Group B C streptococci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Candida, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Environmental allergies and chemical exposures may also cause acute pharyngitis.

• #16 Pharyngitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/PhryngtsCs.htm

  Common Causes […] Rhinovirus (Spring and fall, mild Symptoms) […] Coronavirus (Winter, mild Symptoms) […] Other Causes […] Adenovirus (Moderate Symptoms, Conjunctivitis) […] Influenza (Epidemics) […] Parainfluenza (Types 1-4) […] Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, Mononucleosis) […] Coxsackievirus […] Cytomegalovirus (CMV, Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome) […] Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Stomatitis […] Acute HIV Infection (Acute Retroviral Syndrome) […] Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) […] Myxovirus […] Reovirus […] Enteric virus […] Mumps […] Rabies […] Fungal […] Common Causes […] Candida albicans […] Other Causes […] Rhinosporidium […] Cryptococcus […] Histoplasma […] Blastomyces […] Paracoccidioides […] Nasal and paranasal Disease […] Allergic Rhinitis

• #17 Viral Pharyngitis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225362-clinical

  Sore throat is the chief symptom in patients with viral pharyngitis. Patients may have additional symptoms that vary based on the causal pathogen. These symptoms generally are not useful in discriminating between the causes of viral pharyngitis because the symptoms produced by the numerous viruses that cause pharyngitis are so similar and commonly overlap each other. […] Rhinovirus and adenovirus are the most common etiological agents, and each accounts for 6-20% of all cases of pharyngitis, both viral and nonviral. […] Less common etiological agents include EBV, HSV, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus. […] Uncommon etiological agents include enterovirus (eg, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus), RSV, CMV, rotavirus, reovirus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, measles virus, and HIV-1.

• #18 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat. Swallowing often makes it feel worse. The most common cause of a sore throat, also called pharyngitis, is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat from a virus goes away on its own. […] Strep throat, also called a streptococcal infection, is a less common type of sore throat. Bacteria causes it. Strep throat needs treatment with antibiotics. […] Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats. […] Many viral illnesses cause a sore throat such as: Common cold. Flu, also called influenza. Mono, also called mononucleosis. Measles. Chickenpox. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Croup, a common childhood illness that causes a harsh, barking cough.

• #19 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat. Swallowing often makes it feel worse. The most common cause of a sore throat, also called pharyngitis, is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat from a virus goes away on its own. […] Strep throat, also called a streptococcal infection, is a less common type of sore throat. Bacteria causes it. Strep throat needs treatment with antibiotics. […] Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats. […] Many viral illnesses cause a sore throat such as: Common cold. Flu, also called influenza. Mono, also called mononucleosis. Measles. Chickenpox. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Croup, a common childhood illness that causes a harsh, barking cough.

• #20 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Irritants. Irritants in outdoor and indoor air, also called air pollution, can cause an ongoing sore throat. These include tobacco smoke, chemicals and dust, pollen, and mold. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate the throat. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD causes stomach acid to back up in the food pipe, also called the esophagus. Other symptoms might include heartburn, hoarseness, stomach contents going back up the food pipe and the feeling of having a lump in the throat. […] A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear soon after someone is infected with HIV. Someone who is HIV-positive might have a constant sore throat or one that keeps coming back. […] Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box, also called the larynx, can cause a sore throat. Other symptoms might include hoarseness, trouble swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck and bloody mucus. […] Rarely, an infected area of tissue, also called an abscess, in the throat can cause a sore throat. So can swelling of the flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing, also called the epiglottis. Either can block the airway, which is a medical emergency.

• #21 Sore throat – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat

  Sore throat, also known as throat pain, is pain or irritation of the throat. The majority of sore throats are caused by a virus, for which antibiotics are not helpful. […] For sore throat caused by bacteria (GAS), treatment with antibiotics may help the person get better faster, reduce the risk that the bacterial infection spreads, prevent retropharyngeal abscesses and quinsy, and reduce the risk of other complications such as rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. […] Approximately 35% of childhood sore throats and 525% of cases in adults are caused by a bacterial infection from group A streptococcus. […] Causes of sore throat include: viral infections, group A streptococcal infection (GAS) bacterial infection, pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat), tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils), or dehydration, which leads to the throat drying up.

• #22 Pharyngitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0315/p1465.html

  Sore throat is one of the most common reasons for visits to family physicians. While most patients with sore throat have an infectious cause (pharyngitis), fewer than 20 percent have a clear indication for antibiotic therapy (i.e., group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection). […] Sore throat most often is caused by direct infection of the pharynx (pharyngitis), primarily by viruses or bacteria. GABHS pharyngitis accounts for 15 to 30 percent of cases in children and 5 to 15 percent of cases in adults. […] This article focuses on infectious causes of sore throat (pharyngitis). If patients do not have any other signs of infection or do not respond as expected to treatment of pharyngitis, physicians should investigate noninfectious causes. […] Viral pharyngitis, the most common cause of sore throat, has a wide differential.

• #23 Pharyngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519550/

  Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oropharynx. In most cases, it is caused by an infection, either bacterial or viral. Other less common causes of pharyngitis include allergies, trauma, cancer, reflux, and certain toxins. […] About 50% to 80% of pharyngitis, or sore throat, symptoms are viral in origin and include a variety of viral pathogens. These pathogens are predominantly rhinovirus, influenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza. Less common viral pathogens include herpes, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coxsackievirus. More severe cases tend to be bacterial and may develop after an initial viral infection. […] The most common bacterial infection is Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, which causes 5% to 36% of cases of acute pharyngitis. Other bacterial etiologies include Group B C streptococci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Candida, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Environmental allergies and chemical exposures may also cause acute pharyngitis.

• #24 Sore throat – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat

  The most common cause (80%) is acute viral pharyngitis, a viral infection of the throat. Other causes include other bacterial infections (such as group A streptococcus or streptococcal pharyngitis), trauma, and tumors. […] In children, streptococcal pharyngitis is the cause of 3537% of sore throats.

• #25 Pharyngitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0315/p1465.html

  Sore throat is one of the most common reasons for visits to family physicians. While most patients with sore throat have an infectious cause (pharyngitis), fewer than 20 percent have a clear indication for antibiotic therapy (i.e., group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection). […] Sore throat most often is caused by direct infection of the pharynx (pharyngitis), primarily by viruses or bacteria. GABHS pharyngitis accounts for 15 to 30 percent of cases in children and 5 to 15 percent of cases in adults. […] This article focuses on infectious causes of sore throat (pharyngitis). If patients do not have any other signs of infection or do not respond as expected to treatment of pharyngitis, physicians should investigate noninfectious causes. […] Viral pharyngitis, the most common cause of sore throat, has a wide differential.

• #26 Pharyngitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764304-overview

  With infectious pharyngitis, bacteria or viruses may directly invade the pharyngeal mucosa, causing a local inflammatory response. Other viruses, such as rhinovirus and coronavirus, can cause irritation of pharyngeal mucosa secondary to nasal secretions. […] Streptococcal infections are characterized by local invasion and release of extracellular toxins and proteases. In addition, M protein fragments of certain serotypes of GAS are similar to myocardial sarcolemma antigens and are linked to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart valve damage. […] Acute glomerulonephritis may result from antibody-antigen complex deposition in glomeruli. […] Children experience more than 5 upper respiratory infections (URIs) per year and an average of one streptococcal infection every 4 years. The occurrence in adults is about one half that rate. The most significant bacterial agent causing pharyngitis in both adults and children is GAS infection (Streptococcus pyogenes), and the most common viruses are rhinovirus and adenovirus. […] Other sequelae of streptococcal pharyngitis include acute glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess, and toxic shock syndrome.

• #27 Pharyngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519550/

  Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oropharynx. In most cases, it is caused by an infection, either bacterial or viral. Other less common causes of pharyngitis include allergies, trauma, cancer, reflux, and certain toxins. […] About 50% to 80% of pharyngitis, or sore throat, symptoms are viral in origin and include a variety of viral pathogens. These pathogens are predominantly rhinovirus, influenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza. Less common viral pathogens include herpes, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coxsackievirus. More severe cases tend to be bacterial and may develop after an initial viral infection. […] The most common bacterial infection is Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, which causes 5% to 36% of cases of acute pharyngitis. Other bacterial etiologies include Group B C streptococci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Candida, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Environmental allergies and chemical exposures may also cause acute pharyngitis.

• #28 Pharyngitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/PhryngtsCs.htm

  Bacterial (Persists slightly longer than viral) […] Common Bacterial Causes […] Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis […] Pneumococcus […] Staphylococcus Aureus (also Bacterial Tracheitis) […] Haemophilus Influenzae (also Epiglottitis) […] Moraxella catarrhalis […] Other Bacterial Causes […] Fusobacterium necrophorium (Fusobacterium Pharyngitis) […] Causes 10% of Pharyngitis cases in young adults and adolescents […] Risk of Lemierre Syndrome (high morbidity and mortality) […] Consider empiric treatment in young patients with severe, prolonged cases 5 days […] Other Streptococcal species (Groups B, C, G) […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae […] Chlamydia pneumoniae […] Klebsiella […] Moraxella […] Mycoplasma […] Corynebacterium diphtheriae […] Mycobacterium […] Viral (Pharyngitis lasts 5-7 days)

• #29

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pharyngitis/

  Bacteria that cause pharyngitis include Group A beta hemolytic Streptococci, Group B and Group C Streptococci, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Corynebacterium diptheriae.

• #30 Bacterial Pharyngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559007/

  The exact prevalence of M pneumoniae and C pneumoniae is unknown. […] Most pharyngeal infections with N gonorrhea are asymptomatic. […] Recognizing the diverse bacterial causes of acute pharyngitis is essential for effective treatment. […] Each pathogen’s unique infectious mechanisms require tailored approaches to ensure proper management and reduce the risk of complications. […] The goals of treating bacterial pharyngitis are to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. […] Patients should also get adequate rest and fluids and eat a soft diet, taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for fever and pain relief. […] Most cases of acute bacterial pharyngitis resolve spontaneously within 3 to 5 days without treatment. […] Successful treatment of confirmed GABS pharyngitis with the appropriate antibiotics generally leads to a favorable prognosis, with rare instances of associated complications.

• #31 Pharyngitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/PhryngtsCs.htm

  Bacterial (Persists slightly longer than viral) […] Common Bacterial Causes […] Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis […] Pneumococcus […] Staphylococcus Aureus (also Bacterial Tracheitis) […] Haemophilus Influenzae (also Epiglottitis) […] Moraxella catarrhalis […] Other Bacterial Causes […] Fusobacterium necrophorium (Fusobacterium Pharyngitis) […] Causes 10% of Pharyngitis cases in young adults and adolescents […] Risk of Lemierre Syndrome (high morbidity and mortality) […] Consider empiric treatment in young patients with severe, prolonged cases 5 days […] Other Streptococcal species (Groups B, C, G) […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae […] Chlamydia pneumoniae […] Klebsiella […] Moraxella […] Mycoplasma […] Corynebacterium diphtheriae […] Mycobacterium […] Viral (Pharyngitis lasts 5-7 days)

• #32 Pharyngitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/PhryngtsCs.htm

  Common Causes […] Rhinovirus (Spring and fall, mild Symptoms) […] Coronavirus (Winter, mild Symptoms) […] Other Causes […] Adenovirus (Moderate Symptoms, Conjunctivitis) […] Influenza (Epidemics) […] Parainfluenza (Types 1-4) […] Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, Mononucleosis) […] Coxsackievirus […] Cytomegalovirus (CMV, Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome) […] Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Stomatitis […] Acute HIV Infection (Acute Retroviral Syndrome) […] Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) […] Myxovirus […] Reovirus […] Enteric virus […] Mumps […] Rabies […] Fungal […] Common Causes […] Candida albicans […] Other Causes […] Rhinosporidium […] Cryptococcus […] Histoplasma […] Blastomyces […] Paracoccidioides […] Nasal and paranasal Disease […] Allergic Rhinitis

• #33 Sore Throat 101: Know About the 8 Common Causes of Sore Throat

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/sore-throat-101-know-about-the-8-common-causes-of-sore-throat?srsltid=AfmBOop4Y8ANeS2uVQCrIV5oiESuwtyvi-r1FP-h3l8MoQB4Ot4U1NXD

  Allergies trigger symptoms like nasal congestion, watery eyes, sneezing and throat irritation. […] Dry air can drain the moisture from the throat and mouth, leaving them feeling dry and scratchy. […] Different types of chemicals and other harmful substances in the environment can irritate the throat, including: Smoke, including tobacco smoke, Air pollution, Cleaning products and other chemicals, Air fresheners. […] Certain injuries can result in pain in the throat. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition where acid from the stomach backs up into the oesophagus. […] A tumour growth in the throat, voice box or tongue is a rare cause of a sore throat. […] A person who is HIV positive may have a chronic or recurring sore throat due to a fungal infection called oral thrush or a viral infection called cytomegalovirus (CMV).

• #34 Sore Throat – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/symptoms-of-nose-and-throat-disorders/sore-throat

  A sore throat usually results from infection (see table Some Infectious Causes and Features of Sore Throat). The most common cause is […] Much less common but more serious causes of sore throat are […] Abscess, epiglottitis, and tumors are of particular concern because they may block the airway. […] Throat irritation and mild soreness can also be caused by dryness, irritants, postnasal drip from allergic rhinitis or chronic rhinosinusitis, gastroesophageal disease (GERD), and vocal strain (such as from yelling). […] Tonsillopharyngitis is usually caused by a virus, typically one of the same viruses that causes the common cold. […] About 10% of sore throats in adults (and slightly more in children) are caused by a type of Streptococcus bacteria (streptococci). […] Rare bacterial causes include anaerobic infections that may cause Lemierre syndrome (a frequent cause of acute recurrent sore throats), gonorrhea, and diphtheria (in countries with low vaccination rates).

• #35 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Many bacterial infections can cause a sore throat. The most common bacterium that causes a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus. This bacterium causes strep throat and other illnesses. Strep throat is most common in school-age children and teens. […] Other causes of a sore throat include: Allergies. Allergic reactions can cause a sore throat. The reaction might be to molds, dust, pollen or flecks of skin shed by dogs, cats, and other animals with fur or feathers, also called pet dander. Mucus that builds up and drips down the back of the nose and throat, also called postnasal drip, can make a sore throat worse. […] Dryness. Dry indoor air can make the throat feel rough and scratchy. Breathing through the mouth also can cause a dry, sore throat. An ongoing stuffy nose can cause breathing through the mouth.

• #36 Sore Throat (Pharyngitis): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8274-sore-throat-pharyngitis

  Most sore throats happen because of a viral infection, like the common cold or flu. […] Many things cause pharyngitis, from viral and bacterial infections to allergies and sleeping with your mouth open. […] Most sore throats are acute pharyngitis. […] Causes of a sore throat range from common conditions like infections and allergies to habits like mouth breathing. […] Most sore throats happen because you have a viral infection, like the common cold or flu. Less often, a sore throat (pharyngitis) may be a sign of the following conditions or issues: […] Bacterial infection: Conditions like strep throat and bacterial sinus infections may cause a sore throat. […] Tonsillitis occurs when your tonsils become infected and inflamed. Bacteria and viruses can both cause tonsillitis. […] Allergic reactions from pollen, dust mites, pets or mold can cause mucus from your nose to drip down the back of your throat (postnasal drip). This can lead to a sore throat.

• #37 Chronic Pharyngitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/chronic-pharyngitis/

  Another common cause of persistent sore throat is an infection of the structures in or surrounding the throat. […] Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever and is a condition in which the body’s immune system responds aggressively to harmless particles such as pollen, mold or pet dander. […] Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a disorder associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which reflux of digestive acids from the stomach reaches the back of the throat and the nasal airway. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis is a disorder of the esophagus, in which allergic reactions cause the esophagus to become irritated and sometimes to narrow. […] Throat cancer is a fairly rare cause of chronic sore throat, but is nevertheless quite serious should it occur. Throat cancer generally begins in the larynx (voice-box) or the pharynx, and throat pain is only one of a number of symptoms.

• #38 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Irritants. Irritants in outdoor and indoor air, also called air pollution, can cause an ongoing sore throat. These include tobacco smoke, chemicals and dust, pollen, and mold. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate the throat. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD causes stomach acid to back up in the food pipe, also called the esophagus. Other symptoms might include heartburn, hoarseness, stomach contents going back up the food pipe and the feeling of having a lump in the throat. […] A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear soon after someone is infected with HIV. Someone who is HIV-positive might have a constant sore throat or one that keeps coming back. […] Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box, also called the larynx, can cause a sore throat. Other symptoms might include hoarseness, trouble swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck and bloody mucus. […] Rarely, an infected area of tissue, also called an abscess, in the throat can cause a sore throat. So can swelling of the flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing, also called the epiglottis. Either can block the airway, which is a medical emergency.

• #39 Sore Throat (Pharyngitis): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8274-sore-throat-pharyngitis

  People with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) feel burning and pain in their throats. This pain, called heartburn, happens when acid from your stomach backs up into your food tube (esophagus). […] You can strain your throat by yelling or screaming. […] You may have a sore throat if you breathe through your mouth instead of your nose when you’re sleeping. […] Although a sore throat rarely means cancer, it’s one potential symptom of throat cancer or benign (noncancerous) growths.

• #40 Chronic Pharyngitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/chronic-pharyngitis/

  Another common cause of persistent sore throat is an infection of the structures in or surrounding the throat. […] Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever and is a condition in which the body’s immune system responds aggressively to harmless particles such as pollen, mold or pet dander. […] Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a disorder associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which reflux of digestive acids from the stomach reaches the back of the throat and the nasal airway. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis is a disorder of the esophagus, in which allergic reactions cause the esophagus to become irritated and sometimes to narrow. […] Throat cancer is a fairly rare cause of chronic sore throat, but is nevertheless quite serious should it occur. Throat cancer generally begins in the larynx (voice-box) or the pharynx, and throat pain is only one of a number of symptoms.

• #41 Sore throat or Pharyngitis – Causes, Treatment and Prevention | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/sore-throat

  Allergies: Nasal congestion and allergic responses to animal fur, mold, and dust can lead to a sore throat. […] Dry air: Chronic nasal congestion leads to mouth breathing, causing pain and dryness in the throat. […] Air pollution: Environmental irritants such as chemicals in tobacco smoke, chewing tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and spicy food can play a role in the irritation of the throat. […] Muscle strain: Yelling and talking loudly and for a long time can strain your throat muscles.

• #42 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Many bacterial infections can cause a sore throat. The most common bacterium that causes a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus. This bacterium causes strep throat and other illnesses. Strep throat is most common in school-age children and teens. […] Other causes of a sore throat include: Allergies. Allergic reactions can cause a sore throat. The reaction might be to molds, dust, pollen or flecks of skin shed by dogs, cats, and other animals with fur or feathers, also called pet dander. Mucus that builds up and drips down the back of the nose and throat, also called postnasal drip, can make a sore throat worse. […] Dryness. Dry indoor air can make the throat feel rough and scratchy. Breathing through the mouth also can cause a dry, sore throat. An ongoing stuffy nose can cause breathing through the mouth.

• #43 Sore throat or Pharyngitis – Causes, Treatment and Prevention | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/sore-throat

  Allergies: Nasal congestion and allergic responses to animal fur, mold, and dust can lead to a sore throat. […] Dry air: Chronic nasal congestion leads to mouth breathing, causing pain and dryness in the throat. […] Air pollution: Environmental irritants such as chemicals in tobacco smoke, chewing tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and spicy food can play a role in the irritation of the throat. […] Muscle strain: Yelling and talking loudly and for a long time can strain your throat muscles.

• #44 Sore Throat: An Overview

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-sore-throat-basics

  GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a condition when stomach acid backs up into your throat. You might feel a burning sensation and get a sore throat. Some other signs your sore throat is caused by acid reflux are heartburn, hoarse voice, and a lump-like feeling in your throat. […] Smoking or being around people who smoke Tobacco and other chemicals can irritate your throat, even if you’re only breathing in someone else’s smoke. Plus, smoking raises your risk of getting throat, tongue, or mouth cancer. […] Other things that can cause a sore throat include: Dry air. This can dry out your throat, making it feel scratchy. […] Mouth breathing. Breathing through your mouth, usually when you’re asleep or have a stuffy nose, also can dry your throat out. […] Pollution. Chemicals in the air can irritate your throat.

• #45 Persistent Sore Throat: Causes and Treatment Options

  https://www.healthline.com/health/persistent-sore-throat

  If youre experiencing a prolonged sore throat and are unable to find relief, its possible you may have an infection like tonsillitis. […] Another cause of sore throat and tonsillitis, mononucleosis (or mono for short), results from an infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] If you live in an area like a large city, its possible to form a persistent sore throat from smog, a collection of airborne pollutants. […] Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke can cause a scratchy or sore throat, along with worsened respiratory conditions, such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.

• #46 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Irritants. Irritants in outdoor and indoor air, also called air pollution, can cause an ongoing sore throat. These include tobacco smoke, chemicals and dust, pollen, and mold. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate the throat. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD causes stomach acid to back up in the food pipe, also called the esophagus. Other symptoms might include heartburn, hoarseness, stomach contents going back up the food pipe and the feeling of having a lump in the throat. […] A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear soon after someone is infected with HIV. Someone who is HIV-positive might have a constant sore throat or one that keeps coming back. […] Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box, also called the larynx, can cause a sore throat. Other symptoms might include hoarseness, trouble swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck and bloody mucus. […] Rarely, an infected area of tissue, also called an abscess, in the throat can cause a sore throat. So can swelling of the flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing, also called the epiglottis. Either can block the airway, which is a medical emergency.

• #47 Sore Throat: An Overview

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-sore-throat-basics

  Spicy foods. Eating spicy foods can trigger a sore throat. […] Overuse. Shouting, talking loudly, and singing can tire out your throat muscles, causing them to feel sore. […] Some cancers. Tumors in your throat or tongue can cause a sore throat. Keep an eye out for hoarseness, trouble swallowing, loud breathing, a lump on your neck, and blood in your spit or phlegm.

• #48 When to worry about a sore throat

  https://www.bcm.edu/news/when-to-worry-about-a-sore-throat

  Other health conditions that can cause sore throat are reflux, tonsil stones, muscle tension, and mononucleosis, also known as mono. Acid reflux can cause heartburn and if the acid reaches the throat it can also lead to throat discomfort. Tonsil stones refer to food debris that get stuck in the tonsils resulting in inflammation and irritation. […] Sore throats are very common. While viral infections are the most common cause, severe or persistent pain may be indicative of a more serious problem. If your throat pain lasts longer than 3 weeks or if you are concerned, visit your local doctor.

• #49 Chronic Pharyngitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/chronic-pharyngitis/

  Another common cause of persistent sore throat is an infection of the structures in or surrounding the throat. […] Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever and is a condition in which the body’s immune system responds aggressively to harmless particles such as pollen, mold or pet dander. […] Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a disorder associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which reflux of digestive acids from the stomach reaches the back of the throat and the nasal airway. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis is a disorder of the esophagus, in which allergic reactions cause the esophagus to become irritated and sometimes to narrow. […] Throat cancer is a fairly rare cause of chronic sore throat, but is nevertheless quite serious should it occur. Throat cancer generally begins in the larynx (voice-box) or the pharynx, and throat pain is only one of a number of symptoms.

• #50 Pharyngitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/PhryngtsCs.htm

  Sinusitis […] Malignancy […] Adenocarcinoma […] Leukemia […] Lymphoma […] Sarcoma […] Squamous Cell Carcinoma […] Autoimmune and Allergic Conditions […] Behcet’s Syndrome […] Reiter’s Syndrome […] Kawasaki’s Disease […] Erythema Multiforme Major (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome) […] Pemphigus […] Angioedema […] Miscellaneous […] Trauma […] Accidents […] Child Abuse […] Structure fire or smoke exposure […] Post-procedure (e.g. Bronchoscopy, Endoscopy or Endotracheal Intubation) […] Chemical Burns […] Caustic Ingestion […] Medication related (e.g. Aspirin) […] Thermal Injury (Hot foods or liquids) […] Contact Stomatitis […] Mouth breathing […] Vocal cord Granuloma […] Toxins […] Cigarette or Marijuana smoke […] Smog or environmental pollutants […] Snorting or sniffing other illicit substances […] Gastroesophageal Reflux (Heartburn) […] Laryngopharyngeal reflux.

• #51 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Irritants. Irritants in outdoor and indoor air, also called air pollution, can cause an ongoing sore throat. These include tobacco smoke, chemicals and dust, pollen, and mold. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate the throat. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD causes stomach acid to back up in the food pipe, also called the esophagus. Other symptoms might include heartburn, hoarseness, stomach contents going back up the food pipe and the feeling of having a lump in the throat. […] A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear soon after someone is infected with HIV. Someone who is HIV-positive might have a constant sore throat or one that keeps coming back. […] Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box, also called the larynx, can cause a sore throat. Other symptoms might include hoarseness, trouble swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck and bloody mucus. […] Rarely, an infected area of tissue, also called an abscess, in the throat can cause a sore throat. So can swelling of the flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing, also called the epiglottis. Either can block the airway, which is a medical emergency.

• #52 Sore throat | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/

  glandular fever you may also feel very tired, have a fever and swollen glands in your neck. […] It may also be caused by something irritating your throat. For example, smoke, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (where acid leaks up from the stomach) and allergies. […] Less often, a sore throat can be a sign of: a painful collection of pus at the back of the throat (quinsy) the pain may be severe and you may also have difficulty opening your mouth or difficulty swallowing […] inflammation of the flap of tissue at the back of the throat (epiglottitis) the pain may be severe and you may have difficulty breathing and difficulty swallowing.

• #53 Sore Throat – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/symptoms-of-nose-and-throat-disorders/sore-throat

  A collection of pus (abscess) may form beneath or near one of the tonsils (peritonsillar abscess). […] The epiglottis can become infected by certain bacteria (epiglottitis). This infection causes severe pain and swelling. […] Doctors treat any specific cause of sore throat. For example, people with strep throat or other bacterial infections are given antibiotics. […] Most sore throats are caused by viral tonsillopharyngitis and resolve without treatment. […] Occasionally, sore throats are caused by certain bacteria (particularly streptococci) and result in strep throat. […] It is difficult for doctors to distinguish viral from bacterial causes of tonsillopharyngitis without testing. […] Abscess and epiglottitis are rare but serious causes of sore throat.

• #54 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Irritants. Irritants in outdoor and indoor air, also called air pollution, can cause an ongoing sore throat. These include tobacco smoke, chemicals and dust, pollen, and mold. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate the throat. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD causes stomach acid to back up in the food pipe, also called the esophagus. Other symptoms might include heartburn, hoarseness, stomach contents going back up the food pipe and the feeling of having a lump in the throat. […] A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear soon after someone is infected with HIV. Someone who is HIV-positive might have a constant sore throat or one that keeps coming back. […] Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box, also called the larynx, can cause a sore throat. Other symptoms might include hoarseness, trouble swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck and bloody mucus. […] Rarely, an infected area of tissue, also called an abscess, in the throat can cause a sore throat. So can swelling of the flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing, also called the epiglottis. Either can block the airway, which is a medical emergency.

• #55 Sore throat – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351640

  A sore throat caused by a bacterial infection needs antibiotics to treat it. […] A simple test can find streptococcal bacteria, the cause of strep throat. […] Usually, a sore throat caused by a virus goes away on its own in 5 to 7 days and doesn’t need treatment. Antibiotics don’t treat a virus. […] Not taking all the antibiotics to treat strep throat can raise a child’s risk of a disease that can harm the heart, called rheumatic fever, or serious kidney inflammation.

• #56 Sore Throat: 10 Causes, Treatment, No Fever, Pain & Last

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/sore_throat/article_em.htm

  Rheumatic fever (a condition that can cause damage to the heart, nerves, skin, and joints) and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (a form of kidney inflammation) are rare complications of untreated strep throat. […] Antibiotics can cure bacterial infections but are not effective in viral infections. […] Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the cause is viral or bacterial, so antibiotics may be prescribed as a precaution. Rely on your physician’s recommendation of whether antibiotics are needed. […] Only in very rare cases are sore throats due to serious conditions. […] Although rare, complications of strep throat such as rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and epiglottitis can cause serious illness or death.

• #57 Pharyngitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764304-overview

  With infectious pharyngitis, bacteria or viruses may directly invade the pharyngeal mucosa, causing a local inflammatory response. Other viruses, such as rhinovirus and coronavirus, can cause irritation of pharyngeal mucosa secondary to nasal secretions. […] Streptococcal infections are characterized by local invasion and release of extracellular toxins and proteases. In addition, M protein fragments of certain serotypes of GAS are similar to myocardial sarcolemma antigens and are linked to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart valve damage. […] Acute glomerulonephritis may result from antibody-antigen complex deposition in glomeruli. […] Children experience more than 5 upper respiratory infections (URIs) per year and an average of one streptococcal infection every 4 years. The occurrence in adults is about one half that rate. The most significant bacterial agent causing pharyngitis in both adults and children is GAS infection (Streptococcus pyogenes), and the most common viruses are rhinovirus and adenovirus. […] Other sequelae of streptococcal pharyngitis include acute glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess, and toxic shock syndrome.

• #58 Sore throat (pharyngitis) – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sore-throat

  A sore throat, or pharyngitis, is when the throat is red, swollen and painful, especially when you swallow. […] The most common cause of a sore throat is a virus, but some sore throats are caused by the bacteria streptococcus pyogenes this is a 'group A streptococcus’, sometimes called 'strep A’. […] Less than 1 in 3 sore throats is caused by a bacterial infection. Some sore throats are caused by the bacteria streptococcus pyogenes (strep A). This is sometimes called 'strep throat’. […] Sometimes a sore throat can be caused by tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils), mouth ulcers or allergies. […] Most sore throats go away without treatment and don’t cause complications. Sometimes, when the sore throat is caused by strep A, complications can occur. […] One complication is an abscess (a pocket of pus), which develops next to the tonsils or in the back of the throat. […] Another complication is rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can develop after the sore throat has gone away. You may have fever, joint pain, rash, inflammation of the heart and other symptoms. […] You may also develop problems with your kidney after having a strep infection.

• #59 Pharyngitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764304-overview

  With infectious pharyngitis, bacteria or viruses may directly invade the pharyngeal mucosa, causing a local inflammatory response. Other viruses, such as rhinovirus and coronavirus, can cause irritation of pharyngeal mucosa secondary to nasal secretions. […] Streptococcal infections are characterized by local invasion and release of extracellular toxins and proteases. In addition, M protein fragments of certain serotypes of GAS are similar to myocardial sarcolemma antigens and are linked to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart valve damage. […] Acute glomerulonephritis may result from antibody-antigen complex deposition in glomeruli. […] Children experience more than 5 upper respiratory infections (URIs) per year and an average of one streptococcal infection every 4 years. The occurrence in adults is about one half that rate. The most significant bacterial agent causing pharyngitis in both adults and children is GAS infection (Streptococcus pyogenes), and the most common viruses are rhinovirus and adenovirus. […] Other sequelae of streptococcal pharyngitis include acute glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess, and toxic shock syndrome.

• #60 About Strep Throat | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/strep-throat.html

  Strep throat is a bacterial infection in the throat and tonsils. […] Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) cause strep throat and are contagious. […] Close contact with another person with strep throat is the most common risk factor for illness.

• #61 About Strep Throat | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/strep-throat.html

  Strep throat is a bacterial infection in the throat and tonsils. […] Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) cause strep throat and are contagious. […] Close contact with another person with strep throat is the most common risk factor for illness.

• #62 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Many bacterial infections can cause a sore throat. The most common bacterium that causes a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus. This bacterium causes strep throat and other illnesses. Strep throat is most common in school-age children and teens. […] Other causes of a sore throat include: Allergies. Allergic reactions can cause a sore throat. The reaction might be to molds, dust, pollen or flecks of skin shed by dogs, cats, and other animals with fur or feathers, also called pet dander. Mucus that builds up and drips down the back of the nose and throat, also called postnasal drip, can make a sore throat worse. […] Dryness. Dry indoor air can make the throat feel rough and scratchy. Breathing through the mouth also can cause a dry, sore throat. An ongoing stuffy nose can cause breathing through the mouth.

• #63 Pharyngitis – sore throat Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pharyngitis-sore-throat

  Pharyngitis, or sore throat, is discomfort, pain, or scratchiness in the throat. It often makes it painful to swallow. […] Pharyngitis is caused by swelling in the back of the throat (pharynx) between the tonsils and the voice box (larynx). Most sore throats are caused by colds, the flu, coxsackie virus or mono (mononucleosis). […] Bacteria that can cause pharyngitis in some cases: Strep throat is caused by group A streptococcus. Less commonly, bacterial diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause sore throat. […] Most cases of pharyngitis occur during the colder months. The illness often spreads among family members and close contacts.

• #64 Common Causes of a Sore Throat | Strepsils NZ

  https://www.strepsils.co.nz/sore-throat/sore-throat-causes/index.html

  It is possible to get a sore throat from smoking by breathing in or passively smoking tobacco smoke from others around us. […] For people who have a weakened immune system, there may be a heightened risk of acquiring infections that can cause a sore throat. […] Many of the infectious causes of sore throat can be spread easily through close contact and crowded conditions.

• #65 Common Causes of a Sore Throat | Strepsils NZ

  https://www.strepsils.co.nz/sore-throat/sore-throat-causes/index.html

  It is possible to get a sore throat from smoking by breathing in or passively smoking tobacco smoke from others around us. […] For people who have a weakened immune system, there may be a heightened risk of acquiring infections that can cause a sore throat. […] Many of the infectious causes of sore throat can be spread easily through close contact and crowded conditions.

• #66 How do you know if it’s strep throat or sore throat?menu iconsearch iconsubscribe iconsearch iconarrow up right icon

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/how-do-you-know-if-its-strep-throat-or-sore-throat/2024/12

  Sore throats are pretty common. In fact, they make up about 6% of all primary care visits. Of those appointments, only about 20-30% of people test positive for strep. […] Many different viral illnesses can cause sore throat. Some common ones are rhinovirus (common cold), flu, adenovirus, and coronaviruses, like COVID-19. These typically lead to redness and rawness in the back of the throat. […] One virus that really mimics strep throat is the Epstein-Barr virus, the virus that causes mono. Both of them cause a lot of inflammation in the back of the throat and lead to „white stuff” in the back of the throat. […] Strep throat is caused by a bacteria that is spread through respiratory droplets. The most common causes of strep infection include: Breathing it in through respiratory droplets in the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. Sharing items that contain saliva (i.e. eating utensils, toothbrush, etc.) from a person with strep infection. Direct contact with infected sores on an infected person’s skin.

• #67 Pharyngitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764304-overview

  With infectious pharyngitis, bacteria or viruses may directly invade the pharyngeal mucosa, causing a local inflammatory response. Other viruses, such as rhinovirus and coronavirus, can cause irritation of pharyngeal mucosa secondary to nasal secretions. […] Streptococcal infections are characterized by local invasion and release of extracellular toxins and proteases. In addition, M protein fragments of certain serotypes of GAS are similar to myocardial sarcolemma antigens and are linked to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart valve damage. […] Acute glomerulonephritis may result from antibody-antigen complex deposition in glomeruli. […] Children experience more than 5 upper respiratory infections (URIs) per year and an average of one streptococcal infection every 4 years. The occurrence in adults is about one half that rate. The most significant bacterial agent causing pharyngitis in both adults and children is GAS infection (Streptococcus pyogenes), and the most common viruses are rhinovirus and adenovirus. […] Other sequelae of streptococcal pharyngitis include acute glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess, and toxic shock syndrome.

• #68 Pharyngitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0315/p1465.html

  Patients with bacterial pharyngitis generally do not have rhinorrhea, cough, or conjunctivitis. The incidence of bacterial pharyngitis is increased in temperate climates during winter and early spring. […] GABHS is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis. […] Symptoms of strep throat may include pharyngeal erythema and swelling, tonsillar exudate, edematous uvula, palatine petechiae, and anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. […] The incidence of complications with GABHS infection, such as rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess, is much lower than generally perceived. […] Diphtheria is an acute upper respiratory tract illness that is characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent grayish membrane with surrounding inflammation of the tonsils, pharynx, or nasal passages. […] When a patient presents with sore throat, the family physician must consider a wide range of illnesses. Infectious causes range from generally benign viruses to GABHS.

• #69 Patient education: Sore throat in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sore-throat-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the name of the bacterium that causes strep throat. Although other bacteria can cause a sore throat, GAS is the most common bacterial cause; up to 30 percent of children with a sore throat in the winter will have GAS. […] Other common causes of sore throat that are not related to infection include breathing dry air through the mouth (especially during the winter) and allergies (allergic rhinitis). […] Most cases of sore throat are caused by viruses and do not require treatment. However, it is important to recognize and treat children with strep throat to prevent the spread of infection and also to prevent potentially serious complications of group A Streptococcus (GAS) (eg, rheumatic fever).

• #70 Pharyngitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0315/p1465.html

  Sore throat is one of the most common reasons for visits to family physicians. While most patients with sore throat have an infectious cause (pharyngitis), fewer than 20 percent have a clear indication for antibiotic therapy (i.e., group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection). […] Sore throat most often is caused by direct infection of the pharynx (pharyngitis), primarily by viruses or bacteria. GABHS pharyngitis accounts for 15 to 30 percent of cases in children and 5 to 15 percent of cases in adults. […] This article focuses on infectious causes of sore throat (pharyngitis). If patients do not have any other signs of infection or do not respond as expected to treatment of pharyngitis, physicians should investigate noninfectious causes. […] Viral pharyngitis, the most common cause of sore throat, has a wide differential.

• #71 Bacterial Pharyngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559007/

  Respiratory viral pathogens predominate as culprits of infectious pharyngitis, characterized by inflammation of the pharynx leading to a sore throat. However, bacterial etiologies hold clinically important significance. […] Among bacterial causes, Group A -hemolytic Streptococcus or Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause. […] Acute pharyngitis is quite common in children and adults. Common noninfectious causes are allergic rhinitis or sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke, and exposure to dry air. […] GABS are gram-positive cocci arranged in chains or pairs and are the most common bacterial etiology of pharyngitis, producing what is commonly referred to as „strep throat.” […] Identifying the underlying cause is essential for appropriate management and prevention of complications. […] Pharyngitis has a broad differential, encompassing both infectious and noninfectious etiologies, thus requiring careful evaluation of symptoms and risk factors.

• #72 Sore Throat – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-nasal-and-pharyngeal-symptoms/sore-throat

  Sore throat results from infection; the most common cause is […] Less commonly, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and postnasal drip from allergic rhinitis or chronic rhinosinusitis may lead to a sore throat. […] The main bacterial cause of sore throat is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS), mainly Streptococcus pyogenes species, which, although estimates vary, causes perhaps 10 to 25% of all sore throats in adults and slightly more in children. […] An abscess in the pharyngeal area (peritonsillar, parapharyngeal, and, in children, retropharyngeal) is uncommon but causes significant throat pain. The usual causative organism is GABHS. […] Epiglottitis, perhaps better termed supraglottitis, used to occur primarily in children and usually was caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB). Now, because of widespread childhood vaccination against HiB, supraglottitis/epiglottitis has almost been eradicated in children; more cases occur in adults. Causal organisms in children and adults include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, nontypeable H. influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

• #73 Sore throat – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351640

  A sore throat caused by a bacterial infection needs antibiotics to treat it. […] A simple test can find streptococcal bacteria, the cause of strep throat. […] Usually, a sore throat caused by a virus goes away on its own in 5 to 7 days and doesn’t need treatment. Antibiotics don’t treat a virus. […] Not taking all the antibiotics to treat strep throat can raise a child’s risk of a disease that can harm the heart, called rheumatic fever, or serious kidney inflammation.

• #74 Bacterial Pharyngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559007/

  The exact prevalence of M pneumoniae and C pneumoniae is unknown. […] Most pharyngeal infections with N gonorrhea are asymptomatic. […] Recognizing the diverse bacterial causes of acute pharyngitis is essential for effective treatment. […] Each pathogen’s unique infectious mechanisms require tailored approaches to ensure proper management and reduce the risk of complications. […] The goals of treating bacterial pharyngitis are to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. […] Patients should also get adequate rest and fluids and eat a soft diet, taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for fever and pain relief. […] Most cases of acute bacterial pharyngitis resolve spontaneously within 3 to 5 days without treatment. […] Successful treatment of confirmed GABS pharyngitis with the appropriate antibiotics generally leads to a favorable prognosis, with rare instances of associated complications.

• #75 Sore throat (pharyngitis) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/sore-throat-pharyngitis.html

  A sore throat, also called a throat infection or pharyngitis, is a painful inflammation of the back part of the throat (pharynx). The most common cause of sore throat is infection with bacteria or a virus. About 90 percent of throat infections are caused by a virus. In cases of infectious pharyngitis that are not viral, the cause is almost always a bacterium — usually a group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, which causes what is commonly called strep throat. […] Unlike most forms of viral pharyngitis, however, untreated strep throat can lead to serious complications, such as glomerulonephritis (a kidney disorder) and rheumatic fever (a potentially serious illness that can damage heart valves).

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