Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sore Throat: Treatment, Causes, Diagnosis, Symptoms & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sore-throat

  Sore throats are divided into types pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis based on the part of the throat they affect. […] Pain in the throat is one of the most common symptoms, which accounts for more than 2% of all adult primary care visits each year. […] If you experience severe symptoms or if your sore throat lasts longer than one week, talk to a doctor to determine the cause and best course of treatment for you. […] Call a doctor if you have any of these potentially more serious symptoms: severe sore throat, trouble swallowing, trouble breathing, or pain when you breathe, difficulty opening your mouth, sore joints, a fever higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius), painful or stiff neck, blood in your saliva or phlegm, a sore throat that lasts for more than a week.

• #2 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat. Swallowing often makes it feel worse. The most common cause of a sore throat, also called pharyngitis, is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat from a virus goes away on its own. […] Strep throat, also called a streptococcal infection, is a less common type of sore throat. Bacteria causes it. Strep throat needs treatment with antibiotics. […] Symptoms of a sore throat vary depending on the cause. Symptoms might include: Pain or a scratchy feeling in the throat. Pain that feels worse when swallowing or talking. Trouble swallowing. Sore, swollen glands in the neck or jaw. Swollen, red tonsils. White patches or pus on the tonsils. A hoarse or muffled voice. […] If an infection causes a sore throat, symptoms also might include: Fever. Cough. Runny nose. Sneezing. Body aches. Headache.

• #3 Pharyngitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7145142/

  Sore throat caused by pharyngitis is commonly seen in family medicine clinics and is caused by inflammation of the pharynx and surrounding tissues. Pharyngitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Viral causes are often self-limiting, while bacterial and fungal infections typically require antimicrobial therapy. Rapid antigen detection tests and throat cultures can be used with clinical findings to identify the inciting organism. Pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes is among the most concerning owing to its associated severe complications such as acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Hence, careful diagnosis of pharyngitis is necessary to provide targeted treatment. […] A thorough history is key to diagnosing pharyngitis. Rapid antigen detection tests should be reserved for concerns about antibiotic initiation. Physicians should exercise restraint in antibiotic initiation for pharyngitis, as restraint does not delay recovery or increase the risk of S pyogenes infections.

• #4 Bacterial Pharyngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559007/

  Respiratory viral pathogens predominate as culprits of infectious pharyngitis, characterized by inflammation of the pharynx leading to a sore throat. However, bacterial etiologies hold clinically important significance. Despite most cases being self-limited, identifying bacterial pharyngitis is imperative to avert potential long-term complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Among bacterial causes, Group A -hemolytic Streptococcus or Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause. […] Viral and bacterial pharyngitis have overlapping symptoms. Thus, clinicians should not depend solely on physical examination to establish the diagnosis of group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rapid antigen detection, nucleic acid amplification testing, or throat culture is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

• #5 Pharyngitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0315/p1465.html

  Sore throat is one of the most common reasons for visits to family physicians. While most patients with sore throat have an infectious cause (pharyngitis), fewer than 20 percent have a clear indication for antibiotic therapy (i.e., group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection). […] The optimal approach for differentiating among various causes of pharyngitis requires a problem-focused history, a physical examination, and appropriate laboratory testing. Identifying the cause of pharyngitis, especially group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), is important to prevent potential life-threatening complications. […] When a patient presents with sore throat, the family physician must consider a wide range of illnesses. Infectious causes range from generally benign viruses to GABHS. Inflammatory presentations may be the result of allergy, reflux disease or, rarely, neoplasm or Kawasaki disease.

• #6 Acute pharyngitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/5

  Acute pharyngitis is characterized by acute onset of sore throat; the absence of cough, nasal congestion, and nasal discharge suggests a bacterial etiology. […] Diagnosis begins with history and physical exam and is confirmed by rapid antigen detection tests (in case of group A Streptococcus [GAS] pharyngitis), throat culture, or polymerase chain reaction if needed. […] The goal of treatment of GAS infection is to prevent acute rheumatic fever, reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, and prevent transmission. […] Diagnostic tests include rapid antigen test for group A Streptococcus (GAS) and nucleic acid amplification (via polymerase chain reaction) for group A Streptococcus (GAS). […] Tests to consider include culture of throat swab for group A Streptococcus (GAS) and culture or PCR of throat swab for gonococcus or chlamydia.

• #7 Sore Throat: Treatment, Causes, Diagnosis, Symptoms & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sore-throat

  During the exam, the doctor will ask about your symptoms, and will use a light to check the back of your throat for redness, swelling, and white spots. […] If the doctor suspects you have strep throat, you’ll get a throat culture to diagnose it. […] A throat culture can also help assess for other types of bacterial infections, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. […] Sometimes you might need more tests to figure out the cause of your sore throat. […] Strep throat and other bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. A doctor can use a swab test to find out if you have strep.

• #8 Sore Throat (Pharyngitis): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/sore-throat-pharyngitis/treatment

  How Is a Sore Throat Diagnosed? Diagnosis A sore throat is a symptom of another condition. A primary care doctor will make a pharyngitis diagnosis and investigate the cause of the sore throat based on: […] Physical exam – Your primary care doctor will shine a light on your throat to look for redness and inflammation in your throat, as well as swelling and white patches on your tonsils (a sign of bacterial infection). Your ears and nose also will be examined, and your doctor will check for swollen lymph nodes (glands) in your neck. […] Throat culture – The doctor will swab the back of your throat to test for bacteria. A quick test, with results in a few minutes, can diagnose strep throat. The sample may also be sent to a laboratory to confirm strep throat or identify other types of bacteria. […] Blood tests – If your doctor suspects you have mononucleosis, blood may be drawn from your arm and sent to a lab for testing.

• #9 Pharyngitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0315/p1465.html

  Important historical elements include the onset, duration, progression, and severity of the associated symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, respiratory difficulty, swollen lymph nodes); exposure to infections; and presence of comorbid conditions (e.g., diabetes). […] When streptococcal pharyngitis is suspected, the physician should listen for the presence of a heart murmur and evaluate the patient for hepatosplenomegaly. […] A systematic review of the clinical diagnosis of pharyngitis identified large, blinded, prospective studies using throat cultures as a reference standard. The presence of tonsillar or pharyngeal exudate and a history of exposure to streptococcus in the previous two weeks were the most useful clinical features in predicting current GABHS infection. […] However, no single element in the history or physical examination is sensitive or specific enough to exclude or diagnose strep throat.

• #10 Diagnosis and Management of Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis in the United States, 2011–2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-3835-4

  Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis recommend the use of a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or bacterial culture. […] Accurate diagnosis of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis by clinical symptoms alone is limited due to the overlap of clinical signs and symptoms between bacterial and viral pharyngitis. […] Current guidelines for diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis in the United States recommend the use of a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or bacterial culture of a throat swab. […] RADT assays have the benefits of ease of use, rapid turnaround time ( 10min), and high specificity (95%) but have relatively low sensitivity (70-90%). […] As such, negative RADT results require a confirmatory bacterial culture in pediatric patients, patients at high risk of complications from GAS pharyngitis, and any setting in which clinicians wish to maximize diagnostic sensitivity.

• #11 Throat Infection – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-and-throat-disorders/throat-infection

  The diagnosis is based on an examination of the throat. […] Doctors recognize a throat infection by viewing the throat. However, because the throat often looks the same in viral infections and bacterial infections, it is difficult for doctors to know whether the cause is a viral or bacterial infection just by looking at the throat. However, people with a runny nose and cough are more likely to have a viral infection. […] To test for it, doctors swab the person’s throat and do tests to identify streptococcus bacteria. Often, doctors test most children but test adults only if they meet certain criteria, such as having white patches on the tonsils (tonsillar exudates), swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck, fever, and no cough. However, not all experts agree on when testing should be done or even when antibiotics should be given.

• #12 Pharyngitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7145142/

  Diagnosis of the cause of pharyngitis is primarily achieved using key clinical features seen in the modified Centor or FeverPAIN scoring systems and, sparingly, with rapid antigen detection testing. […] Antibiotic stewardship and the low incidence of streptococcal pharyngitis complications suggest that treatments can be largely supportive. Empirical antibiotic use should be limited to patients who are severely ill, have a high risk of complications, or show no signs of improvement within 5 days of presentation.

• #13 Diagnosis and Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0301/p383.html

  The original Centor score uses four signs and symptoms to estimate the probability of acute streptococcal pharyngitis in adults with a sore throat. […] The cumulative score determines the likelihood of streptococcal pharyngitis and the need for antibiotics. […] With correct sampling and plating techniques, a single-swab throat culture is 90 to 95 percent sensitive. […] RADT allows for earlier treatment, symptom improvement, and reduced disease spread. […] Whether negative RADT results in children and adolescents require confirmatory throat culture is controversial. […] Streptococcal antibody titers are not useful for diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis and are not routinely recommended. […] The AAFP, the American College of Physicians (ACP), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend using a clinical prediction model to manage suspected GABHS pharyngitis. […] Several U.S. guidelines recommend confirmatory throat culture for negative RADT in children and adolescents.

• #14 Clinical Guidance for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html

  Patients with clear viral symptoms don’t need testing for group A streptococcal bacteria. […] Confirm a negative rapid antigen detection test with a throat culture for symptomatic children aged 3 years or older. […] Treat group A streptococcal pharyngitis with antibiotics. […] To confirm group A strep pharyngitis, healthcare providers need to use either a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or throat culture. […] RADTs have high specificity for group A strep bacteria but varying sensitivities when compared to throat culture. Throat culture is the gold standard diagnostic test. […] Healthcare providers can use a positive RADT or throat culture as confirmation of group A strep pharyngitis. […] Healthcare providers should follow up a negative RADT with a throat culture. […] Giving antibiotics to children with confirmed group A strep pharyngitis can reduce their risk of developing acute rheumatic fever.

• #15 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4602-strep-throat

  Strep throat is an infection in your throat and tonsils caused by a type of bacteria called group A Streptococcus (group A strep). A healthcare provider can typically diagnose the condition with a rapid strep test or a throat culture. […] Therefore, its important to see a healthcare provider for a prompt diagnosis and treatment. […] If you think you may have strep throat, you should see a healthcare provider. The provider will ask about your symptoms and perform a physical exam. They may also give you a strep test. […] A strep throat test will check for group A Streptococcus bacteria in your throat. […] A rapid strep test takes about 20 minutes. If the test is positive (the swab contained Streptococcus bacteria), you have strep throat. If the test is negative (no signs of Streptococcus on the swab), you may not have strep throat. However, the provider may send the throat swab to a laboratory to double-check the results with a throat culture.

• #16 Sore & Strep Throat Treatment

  https://www.cvs.com/minuteclinic/services/sore-and-strep-throats

  A sore throat can be caused by viral infections, acid reflux and allergies — while strep throat is an infection caused by a group A Streptococcus bacterium. […] While viruses, allergies or irritants cause most sore throats, the Streptococcus bacteria (group A strep) causes strep throat. Strep throat is contagious and requires antibiotic treatment. […] Rapid strep tests look for strep-related antigens. An antigen is a substance that causes the immune system to react. It takes about 10 to 20 minutes to get the results of a rapid test. A health care provider uses a cotton-tipped swab to collect a sample from the back of your throat. […] A throat culture looks for group A Streptococcus bacterium. Since it looks for infection-causing bacteria, a throat culture is slightly more accurate. It takes longer to get the results — about 24 to 48 hours. Like the rapid test, a throat culture requires a sample from the back of your throat.

• #17 Strep Test: Rapid (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/test-rapid-strep.html

  A rapid strep test involves a quick throat swab. Within minutes, the test can detect group A streptococcus bacteria, which can cause strep throat and other infections (including scarlet fever, abscesses, and pneumonia). […] Strep throat is a bacterial infection that affects the back of the throat and the tonsils, which become irritated and swollen. It causes a sore throat that’s especially painful when swallowing. Your child may get white or yellow spots, or a coating on the throat and tonsils, and the lymph nodes in the neck may swell and become tender to touch. […] The rapid strep test is done to help quickly see whether a child’s sore throat is caused by a strep infection vs. other germs (usually viruses) that don’t need antibiotic treatment. […] Sometimes, they do a throat culture instead of a rapid strep test. A throat culture is more accurate than a rapid strep test, but the results take longer (23 days) to come back.

• #18 Strep A Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/strep-a-test/

  Group A Streptococcus, also known as group A strep, is a type of bacteria that often lives in the nose and throat. It causes strep throat and other infections. Strep throat is an infection that affects the throat and tonsils. You can get strep throat at any age, but it’s most common in children ages 5 to 15 years old. […] Strep A tests check for strep A infections. There are two types of strep A tests: […] A strep A test is most often used to find out if a sore throat and other symptoms are being caused by strep throat or by a viral infection. Strep throat needs to be treated with antibiotics to prevent complications. But most sore throats are caused by viruses, and antibiotics don’t work on viral infections. Viral sore throats will usually go away on their own. […] Your provider may order a strep A test if you or your child has symptoms of strep throat. These include: A sudden and severe sore throat, Pain or trouble swallowing, Fever of 101 °F (38 °C) or more, Swollen lymph nodes, Red and swollen tonsils, White patches or streaks of pus on the tonsils, Tiny, red spots on the roof of the mouth, called petechiae.

• #19 Sore throat – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351640

  To diagnose a sore throat, a healthcare professional might: […] A simple test can find streptococcal bacteria, the cause of strep throat. A healthcare professional rubs a sterile swab over the back of the throat to get a sample of mucus. The sample goes to a lab for testing. […] Many clinics have a lab that can get a test result for a test called a rapid antigen test within minutes. But a test called a throat culture might give better results. A throat culture goes to a lab that returns results within 24 to 48 hours. […] If the antigen test shows no strep, a healthcare professional might send a throat culture to a lab to check again for strep throat. […] A sore throat caused by a bacterial infection needs antibiotics to treat it. […] Not taking all the antibiotics to treat strep throat can raise a child’s risk of a disease that can harm the heart, called rheumatic fever, or serious kidney inflammation. […] For sore throats from other illnesses than viral or bacterial infections, treatment depends on the diagnosis.

• #20 How Strep Throat Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/strep-throat-diagnosis-1958921

  A throat culture has long been considered the diagnostic gold standard of strep throat infection, with the main disadvantage being a 24- to 48-hour delay in culture results. […] A rapid antigen test is typically done in the doctor’s office and is also performed by swabbing the back of the throat. […] Positive or negative, you should get the results in about 10 to 20 minutes. […] Rapid antigen tests have much lower sensitivity than throat cultures, which means that they are more likely to mistakenly miss strep infection than throat cultures are. […] It is estimated that rapid antigen tests have about a 14 to 20% false-negative rate. […] For this reason, if there is a strong chance of strep throat infection, it is recommended that a negative result from a rapid antigen test be followed up with a throat culture (for confirmation).

• #21 Streptococcal pharyngitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis

  Strep throat is spread by respiratory droplets from an infected person, spread by talking, coughing or sneezing, or by touching something that has droplets on it and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. […] The diagnosis is made based on the results of a rapid antigen detection test or throat culture. […] A throat culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis, with a sensitivity of 90-95%. […] A rapid strep test (also called rapid antigen detection testing or RADT) may also be used. […] A positive throat culture or RADT in association with symptoms establishes a positive diagnosis in those in which the diagnosis is in doubt. […] The modified Centor criteria are a set of five criteria; the total score indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection. […] The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against routine antibiotic treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate when given after a positive test.

• #22 Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/group-a-streptococcal

  The gold-standard test is bacterial culture from a swab of the tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall. […] Although GAS pharyngitis is self-limited, treatment is indicated within 9 days of symptom onset to prevent ARF and suppurative complications. […] Testing for GAS pharyngitis is recommended for children presenting with moderate to severe sore throat, fever, absence of cough and rhinorrhea, and purulent and/or inflamed tonsils. […] Microbiological confirmation of GAS pharyngitis using RADT and/or culture is recommended before initiating antimicrobial therapy in low-risk populations. […] Treatment of first choice for GAS pharyngitis is 10 days of amoxicillin or penicillin. […] In communities at high risk for ARF (and specifically in northern or Indigenous communities), testing should be considered in any child 3 years of age presenting with sore throat.

• #23 Patient education: Sore throat in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sore-throat-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Throat culture — A throat culture involves swabbing the throat, sending the swab to a laboratory, and waiting 24 to 48 hours for the results. Throat cultures are slightly more accurate than the rapid test. […] Could I have COVID-19? — It is important to be tested for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) if you have a sore throat, even if you have already been vaccinated or previously had COVID-19. Contact your health care provider; they can tell you whether you should be seen or go elsewhere for testing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also provides helpful recommendations about testing for suspected COVID-19.

• #24 Diagnosis and Management of Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis in the United States, 2011–2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-3835-4

  Bacterial culture is both highly sensitive and specific (90-95%) when performed correctly, but is labor intensive and costly and requires an experienced clinical laboratory to grow and accurately test the bacteria, resulting in reporting delays of 1 to 5 days. […] Given the low sensitivity rates of RADT and the delays in result reporting (or unavailability) of culture testing, clinicians are often left with the difficult decision of whether or not to prescribe antibiotics when using rapid antigen assays while waiting for confirmatory results, or simply treating (or not treating) the patient without the use of a diagnostic test and accepting any negative clinical consequences or follow-up care. […] A number of nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) assays for GAS pharyngitis diagnosis have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance over the last 3 years.

• #25 Patient education: Sore throat in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sore-throat-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  If the rapid test or culture is positive for GAS, the child will be treated with an antibiotic. For most rapid tests, when results are negative, a throat culture must be done to confirm that GAS is not present. One kind of rapid test (nucleic acid amplification) provides definitive results and does not require a confirmatory throat culture when it is negative. Although the individual test is more costly than most other rapid tests, this is balanced by the cost savings associated with having a definitive result at the first encounter, which facilitates initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment.

• #26 Diagnosis and Management of Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis in the United States, 2011–2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-3835-4

  NAAT has shown equivalent sensitivity and specificity to those of bacterial culture and improved sensitivity compared with RADT when diagnosing GAS pharyngitis. […] Current GAS pharyngitis guidelines do not yet provide guidance on the use of NAAT; however, a recent report from the American Academy of Microbiology suggested that practice guidelines could inform providers that the nucleic acid tests perform on par with gold standard laboratory testing and encourage their use. […] The current study evaluated the diagnosis and treatment of GAS pharyngitis in the United States from 2011 through 2015 in over 11 million patients and investigated the relationship between antibiotic prescribing and provider type, place of service, and GAS pharyngitis diagnostic testing methods. […] Overall, antibiotics were used for 49.3% of events and were prescribed at higher rates among adults (54.4%) than among children (45.0%).

• #27 Strep Throat Rapid Tests, Symptoms & Treatment | Abbott Point of Care

  https://www.globalpointofcare.abbott/us/en/knowledge-insights/consumer-education/strep-throat.html

  A rapid molecular strep test will give you answers in minutes without the need for a follow-up throat culture, helping your clinician determine whether you need antibiotics so you can begin treatment sooner. […] A sore throat that starts quickly, pain with swallowing and fever are all common signs and symptoms of strep throat. […] It is important for clinicians to have a clear and accurate strep throat diagnosis before prescribing antibiotics. This can help reduce overuse of antibiotics. […] Strep throat cannot be diagnosed just by examining you. With a traditional rapid strep throat test, a follow-up test in a lab may be required to confirm results, which can take at least 24-48 hours for your clinician to get results back. […] Rapid molecular tests for strep throat can return accurate answers in as little as two minutes, without the need for a follow-up throat culture lab test. Your clinician can diagnose strep and confidently prescribe treatment in the same office visit.

• #28 Strep Throat: What You Need to Know About Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/blog/strep-throat-what-you-need-to-know

  Sore throat is a common symptom for many different illnesses, from allergies to viruses and bacterial infections. It’s most frequently associated with strep throat, or more specifically, group A Streptococcus, which is a contagious bacteria that causes inflammation and pain in the throat. […] To determine what kind of illness is causing your sore throat, a healthcare provider will conduct a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Depending on your symptoms, your provider may recommend several different tests to determine if you have strep throat, or another illness, such as RSV, COVID-19, or the flu. […] Traditional strep throat tests involve an antigen test called a throat culture, which looks for a specific protein in the bacteria. […] In contrast, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests look for the DNA of the virus with high sensitivity, making the test about 97% to 99% accurate.

• #29 Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/group-a-streptococcal

  Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis is a common clinical syndrome in primary care, yet controversy remains regarding the best approach to diagnosis and treatment, including the benefits of antibiotics. […] Children who are likely to have GAS pharyngitis based on history or physical examination should have a throat swab and, when positive, be treated with amoxicillin or penicillin. […] GAS pharyngitis is characterized by fever 38.0C, moderate to severe sore throat, very tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, absence of cough and rhinorrhea, and inflamed and/or purulent tonsils. […] Positive throat cultures in children with symptoms of viral upper respiratory infection (i.e., rhinorrhea, cough) and sore throat often indicate GAS carriage in the setting of viral pharyngitis. […] For children with a high pre-test probability of having GAS pharyngitis (e.g., a CENTOR score 3), microbiological diagnosis is important to limit inappropriate antibiotic use.

• #30 Strep Throat Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/strep-throat/symptoms-strep-throat-how-its-diagnosed/

  Strep throat is an infection caused by bacteria known as Group A streptococcus. […] Its important to get tested for, and diagnosed with, strep throat before starting any treatment for your infection. […] Once you receive a diagnosis of strep throat, its important to begin treatment with antibiotics promptly to prevent any complications. […] To diagnose or rule out strep throat, your doctor will first ask about your history of symptoms and perform a physical examination. […] If your doctor suspects strep throat based on this examination, a throat swab will be tested for the presence of strep bacteria. […] Typically, doctors will recommend a test for most children but only test adults if they meet two or more strep criteria, such as having white patches on the tonsils (tonsillar exudates), swollen and tender lymph nodes, fever, or an absence of cough.

• #31 2 The diagnostic tests | Rapid tests for group A streptococcal infections in people with a sore throat | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg38/chapter/2-The-diagnostic-tests

  The purpose of this assessment is to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of using rapid tests to detect strep A infection in people with a sore throat aged 5 and over, to help appropriate prescribing of antibiotics. These tests are only intended for people who are identified as more or most likely to benefit from antibiotics by clinical scoring tools such as FeverPAIN or Centor. […] The purpose of the rapid tests is to increase diagnostic confidence of a suspected strep A infection and guide antimicrobial prescribing decisions. The tests are for people identified as more or most likely to benefit from antibiotics by clinical scoring tools. They have a faster turnaround time than laboratory culture of throat swabs. This could allow a prescribing decision in the initial consultation (but some tests might need confirmation of negative test results by laboratory culture). This may contribute to improved antimicrobial stewardship. The tests are suitable for all settings where patients present with an acute sore throat. This includes both primary and secondary care, and community pharmacies. […] The reference standard for assessing the accuracy of the rapid strep A tests is microbiological culture of throat swabs. The reference standard is unlikely to be 100% accurate. Its accuracy may depend on the culture media and swabbing technique used to collect the sample.

• #32 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Many bacterial infections can cause a sore throat. The most common bacterium that causes a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus. This bacterium causes strep throat and other illnesses. Strep throat is most common in school-age children and teens. […] Rarely, an infected area of tissue, also called an abscess, in the throat can cause a sore throat. So can swelling of the flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing, also called the epiglottis. Either can block the airway, which is a medical emergency.

• #33 Patient education: Sore throat in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sore-throat-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  SORE THROAT DIAGNOSIS […] Most cases of sore throat are caused by viruses and do not require treatment. However, it is important to recognize and treat children with strep throat to prevent the spread of infection and also to prevent potentially serious complications of group A Streptococcus (GAS) (eg, rheumatic fever). […] It is difficult for a caregiver to know whether their child’s sore throat is caused by GAS or a virus. Caregivers are encouraged to call their child’s health care provider to determine if the child needs to be examined, especially if one or more of the following is present: […] ● Temperature is ≥101°F or 38.3°C […] ● Season is late fall, winter, or early spring […] ● The child does not have a cough […] ● Child’s age is between 5 and 15 years […] ● Recent exposure to someone with strep throat

• #34

• #34 Sore throat

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sore-throat/

  Have severe symptoms and are getting worse quickly. […] If you have a sore throat you might have a painful throat, especially when swallowing. […] A dry, scratchy throat. […] Redness in the back of your mouth. […] Bad breath. […] A mild cough. […] Swollen neck glands. […] Sore throats are usually caused by viruses (like cold or flu) or from smoking. […] Very occasionally they can be caused by bacteria. […] A sore throat can also be caused by laryngitis. […] Tonsillitis. […] Strep throat (a bacterial throat infection). […] Glandular fever.

• #35 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/understanding-strep-throat-basics

  Strep throat is an infection of the throat and tonsils caused by a bacteria called group A streptococcus, which is also known as Streptococcus pyogenes. […] Strep throat typically appears as pus or inflammation at the back of your throat. While you can usually treat sore throats caused by something other than strep on your own, it’s important to see a doctor if you think you have strep throat. […] To see whether you have strep throat, contact your health care professional. They will ask about your or your child’s symptoms. The only sure way to tell strep from viruses that cause a sore throat is to do a test. […] There are two kinds of strep throat tests: Rapid strep test and throat culture. […] If the test is positive, which means strep is there, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat it.

• #36 Clinical Guidance for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html

  Patients, regardless of age, who have a positive RADT or throat culture need antibiotics. […] Don’t treat viral pharyngitis with antibiotics. […] Using a recommended antibiotic regimen to treat group A strep pharyngitis shortens the duration of symptoms. […] These complications occur after the original infection resolves and involve sites distant to the initial group A strep infection site. They’re thought to be the result of the immune response and not of direct group A strep infection. […] Good hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette can reduce the spread of group A strep bacteria.

• #37 Strep A Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/strep-a-test/

  To find out what type of illness you have, your provider will first ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam. If your provider thinks you might have strep throat, they will swab your throat to test for strep throat. […] If the rapid test is positive, it means you or your child has strep throat or another strep A infection. No further testing will be needed. […] If you or your child is diagnosed with strep throat, you will need to take antibiotics. Most often you will need to take them for 10 days. After a day or two of taking the medicine, you or your child should start to feel better. Most people are no longer contagious after taking antibiotics for 24 hours. […] It’s important to take the antibiotics as prescribed and to finish the medicine even if you start feeling better. If you stop taking them too soon, some bacteria may survive and re-infect you. […] People can get strep throat more than once. Having strep throat does not protect someone from getting it again in the future.

• #38 Strep Test: Rapid (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/test-rapid-strep.html

  If the rapid strep test indicates a strep infection, the doctor will prescribe antibiotics. But some negative rapid strep test results are false (meaning someone actually has a strep throat infection even though the rapid strep results were negative). So, the health care provider might then do a throat culture to make sure the results are accurate.

• #39 Pharyngitis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764304-workup

  This is the preferred method for diagnosing GAS infection in the emergency department because of difficulties with culture follow-up. […] Only patients with a high clinical likelihood of GAS pharyngitis should be tested. […] The sensitivity of the GABHS rapid antigen detection test is 70-90%, and the specificity is 90-100%, depending on the manufacturer. […] The use of a GABHS rapid antigen detection test can decrease the use of unnecessary antibiotics in pediatric patients when used properly. […] Adults do not need follow-up culture after a negative antigen test because of the low incidence of GAS in this population. […] This is the criterion standard for diagnosis of GAS infection (90-99% sensitive). […] Although less expensive than the rapid antigen detection test, it is not the best test to use in the emergency department because of difficulty with follow-up.

• #40 Strep Throat Test – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/strep-throat-test/

  To determine if your sore throat is strep throat, an infection caused by group A streptococcus (GAS) bacteria. […] A rapid strep test and/or a throat culture is used to diagnose group A strep as the cause of symptoms so your health care practitioner can prescribe the proper antibiotics for treatment. […] Strep tests are used to determine whether your sore throat is strep throat, an infection of the throat and tonsils caused by group A strep (GAS). […] A positive rapid strep test means you have strep throat. […] A throat culture that is positive for group A strep means you have strep throat. […] Testing may not be done when you also have symptoms more closely associated with a viral infection. […] If the rapid strep test is negative, and your healthcare practitioner still suspects strep, a throat culture may be performed. […] A throat culture that is negative means it is most likely that the sore throat is due to a viral infection that will resolve on its own.

• #41 Sore throat DDx • LITFL • CCC Differential Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/sore-throat-ddx/

  Sore throat can be more than a viral pharyngitis! […] Most patients with sore throat will have a viral or short-lived bacterial infection. However, clinicians need to be able to identify patients at risk of having group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections as appropriate treatment may prevent complications. […] Less common and/or dangerous causes of a sore throat include: Lemierre syndrome due to Fusobacterium necrophorum, Retropharyngeal abscess, Epiglottis, Scarlet fever, Diphtheria, Bacterial Tracheitis, Ludwigs Angina, Angioedema or anaphylaxis, Painful cervical lymphadenopathy, Trauma, e.g. foreign body or caustic ingestion.

• #42 Sore Throat (Clinical Resource)

  https://patient.info/doctor/sore-throat-pro

  Sore throat is a symptom resulting from inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Four regions are principally involved – the pharynx, the larynx, the tonsils and (rarely) the epiglottis. […] Sore throat is a symptom rather than a diagnosis and so estimates of incidence vary. The symptom is in any case likely to be under-reported, as it is often self-limiting and a clinician may not be consulted. […] The most common bacterial agent is Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (GABS). In children, it accounts for 20-40% of cases of sore throats; in adults around 10%. […] Examination of the throat using a tongue depressor should not be attempted in patients with stridor, as epiglottitis may be present and examination may provoke laryngeal obstruction. […] Differentiating a viral sore throat from that caused by GABS on the basis of examination is difficult. The Centor Criteria were developed to help predict bacterial infection clinically.

• #43 Sore throat (pharyngitis) – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sore-throat

  A sore throat, or pharyngitis, is when the throat is red, swollen and painful, especially when you swallow. […] The most common cause of a sore throat is a virus, but some sore throats are caused by the bacteria streptococcus pyogenes this is a 'group A streptococcus’, sometimes called 'strep A’. […] If the sore throat is caused by bacteria, you may benefit from antibiotics. […] If you or your child has a sore throat and you are worried about the symptoms, see your doctor. […] The doctor will look at your throat with a torch and feel your neck for swollen glands. They may take a throat swab to try and find the cause of infection. Swabs can test for a range of viruses and bacteria. […] You should see your doctor if your child: has a sore throat lasting longer than 2 days. […] If the sore throat is caused by bacteria, you may benefit from antibiotics.

• #44 Sore throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

  Take your child to a healthcare professional if the sore throat doesn’t go away after taking a drink in the morning. […] Get immediate care for a child who has severe symptoms such as: Trouble breathing. Not being able to swallow. Unusual drooling, which might be from not being able to swallow. […] If you’re an adult, see a healthcare professional for a sore throat and any of the following problems: A bad sore throat that lasts longer than a week. Not being able to swallow. Trouble breathing. Trouble opening the mouth. Joint pain. Earache. Rash. Fever higher than 101 F (38.3 C). Bloody mucus. Repeated sore throats. A lump in the neck. Hoarseness that lasts more than two weeks. Swelling in the neck or face. […] Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats.

• #45 Sore Throat – Causes & Symptoms | Harley Street Health Centre

  https://www.harleyhealthcentre.com/conditions/sore-throat

  In rarer cases, sore throats can be caused by adenovirus (which also causes conjunctivitis), herpes simplex virus type 1 (the cold sore virus), Epstein Barr (EBV), the virus which causes glandular fever mononucleosis (or mono). […] In the case of a sore throat with a fever, other possible causes are epiglottis (an inflammation of throat tissue, which can affect breathing), abscess, or laryngitis. […] Smoking breathing in second-hand cigarette smoke is also a common cause.

• #46 Sore Throat: Diagnosing Common Pharyngeal Ailments | EB Medicine

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/heent/pharyngitis-strep-throat

  However, as the incidence of acute rheumatic fever has declined greatly in the United States and other developed countries, the importance of treatment to prevent this complication has come into question. […] This leads to many questions that the emergency clinician must be able to answer, including: Does this patient have strep throat? Are antibiotics needed? What else, if anything, can we use to treat pain? […] While many guidelines exist, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines from 2012, the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guideline from 2012, the American Heart Association/American Academy of Pediatrics (AHA/AAP) guideline, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Family Physicians/American College of Physicians (CDC/AAFP/ACP) guideline from 2001, the recommendations conflict, causing confusion about best practices, and this contributes to broad practice variability.

• #47 Sore Throat – Causes & Symptoms | Harley Street Health Centre

  https://www.harleyhealthcentre.com/conditions/sore-throat

  Sore throat, or pharyngitis, features discomfort, pain, or difficulty swallowing, and is usually caused by viral or bacterial infection, most commonly a cold or flu. […] At our clinic, a doctor can diagnose the cause of your sore throat discuss treatment options with you. If necessary, we can perform a throat swab to determine the nature of the infection prescribe the correct antibiotics. […] In some cases of sore throat, no cause can be found. Around 25% of sore throats are a symptom of infection with a common cold or flu virus such as rhinovirus or parainfluenza virus, are not long-lasting. […] If your sore throat is more persistent, you may need to take specific antibiotics to clear your infection. Strep throat, which is an infection with streptococcal bacteria, is another frequent cause, as well as tonsillitis.

• #48 Sore Throat – Society for Pediatric Urgent Care

  https://urgentcarepeds.org/sore-throat/

  Sore Throat […] AGE CONSIDERATIONS […] Strep pharyngitis risk 2yrs Gonococcal Chlamydial pharyngitis Adolescents […] DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS […] Viral pharyngitis […] Herpangina […] Coxsackie […] GABHS pharyngitis […] EBV […] Post-nasal drip […] Gonococcal pharyngitis […] Chlamydia pharyngitis […] Peritonsillar abscess/cellulitis […] Retropharyngeal abscess […] GERD […] Epiglottitis […] PFAPA syndrome (Periodic fever, Aphthous ulcers, Pharyngitis, cervical adenitis) […] Pharyngeal Foreign Body Trauma […] EVALUATION […] HISTORY […] Onset and quality of pain, associated fever, timing, URI s/sx, malaise, headache, abdominal pain/vomiting, associated neck pain […] PHYSICAL EXAM […] HEENT: otoscopic findings, oropharynx, neck, lymph nodes

• #49 How to Test, Diagnose and Detect Throat Cancer

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/throat-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  Throat cancers are typically discovered due to the symptoms they cause, so its important to watch for early signs and symptoms. […] If a doctor suspects throat cancer based on symptoms or possible pre-cancerous signs, they may refer the patient to an ENT (ear, nose and throat) doctor, also known as an otolaryngologist. […] If they cant determine the cause of the sore throat, they may recommend a throat swab culture (using a swab to gather a sample of any bacteria and other organisms present in the throat). More commonly, throat cultures help diagnose infections like strep throat. But they may be useful in spotting abnormalities that require further testing, including those below. […] The results from imaging tests and a biopsy help confirm a cancer diagnosis, including where it may be located and whether it has spread. […] Many of the tests performed to help diagnose throat cancer also help determine the stage. Throat cancer stages range from 1 to 4. The stage of the cancer indicates how far it has spread from its original location, which will impact how the cancer will be treated and how serious it is.

• #50 Sore Throat? Free 3-Min Quiz Identifies Causes | Ubie

  https://ubiehealth.com/symptoms/sore-throat

  Start the Sore Throat test with our free AI Symptom Checker. […] A sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when swallowing. […] Seek professional care if you experience any of the following symptoms: Difficulty breathing / breathlessness, Chest pain during swallowing, Dysphagia, Peripheral cyanosis, Fever. […] Generally, Sore throat can be related to: Acute Tonsillitis / Pharyngitis, Subacute Thyroiditis, Pharyngoconjunctival Fever, COVID-19, Pharyngeal Tumor. […] Sometimes, Sore throat may be related to these serious diseases: Peritonsillar Abscess / Deep Neck Abscess, Acute Epiglottitis, Pharyngeal Foreign Body, Infectious Mononucleosis, Streptococcal infection. […] Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom: Do you have a sore throat? When did you first notice your sore throat? How often do you experience a sore throat? On a scale of 1 to 10, how severe was your sore throat at its worst? How is your sore throat now?

• #51 Sore Throat – Society for Pediatric Urgent Care

  https://urgentcarepeds.org/sore-throat/

  CT neck […] MANAGEMENT […] TRANSFER/ADMISSION CONSIDERATIONS […] Significant tonsillar edema with concern for progression to airway compromise […] Peritonsillar or Retropharyngeal abscess […] Dehydration […] Foreign body […] Epiglotitis […] Trauma […] COMPLICATIONS […] Peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess […] Uvulitis […] Cervical lymphadenitis […] Otitis Media/Mastoiditis […] Acute rheumatic fever, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and acute post-streptococcal arthritis with Group A strep […] EBV-induced reactive arthritis […] Vascular injury (trauma) […] PROGNOSIS, COMPLICATIONS […] Typically self-resolves […] Can progress to peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess […] GABHS PHARYNGITIS […] TREATMENT

• #52 Sore Throat – Society for Pediatric Urgent Care

  https://urgentcarepeds.org/sore-throat/

  Abdomen […] Skin […] DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS […] Pharynx: erythema, edema, exudate, uvular positioning, lesions, strawberry tongue, palatal petechiae, trismus […] Neck/Lymph: ROM, lymphadenopathy […] Abdomen: tenderness, assess for splenomegaly Skin: rash […] CONCERNING FINDINGS […] Peritonsillar/Retropharyngeal abscess: assymetry, uvular deviation, trismus, drooling […] EBV: splenomegaly, ill appearing […] Epiglotitis: tongue protruding, drooling, tripod-sit, ill appearing, anxious […] Foreign body: airway compromise, Trauma: bleeding, airway compromise, shock […] DIAGNOSTIC TESTS […] LAB TESTS […] Rapid strep […] Throat culture […] Viral throat culture […] Monospot, EBVserology (IgG, IgM) […] CBC […] IMAGING […] Lateral neck xray

• #53 Sore Throat (Pharyngitis): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8274-sore-throat-pharyngitis

  Testing is important in case your provider cant tell from your symptoms alone if your sore throat is related to a virus or bacteria. The results determine what treatments youll need. […] Treatment depends on whats causing your pharyngitis. Viral infections usually clear up on their own within a week. In the meantime, your healthcare provider may recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medicines to ease your sore throat. […] Contact your healthcare provider if your sore throat lasts longer than a week. Reach out if you have any of the following symptoms: Severe throat pain. […] If you have a sore throat that lasts more than a week or keeps coming back, talk to a healthcare provider.

• #54 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4602-strep-throat

  Strep throat treatment includes antibiotics. An antibiotic is a type of medicine that kills the bacteria that cause an infection. […] If youre not getting better, let your healthcare provider know right away. You shouldnt stop taking your antibiotic unless directed by your provider. […] Strep throat can lead to more serious illnesses if not treated, so its important to start on antibiotics immediately. […] Its important that you receive a proper diagnosis and treatment. So speak with a healthcare provider to get started on antibiotics.

• #55 Sore throat (pharyngitis) – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sore-throat

  The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care has developed a guide which can be used with your doctor to help you decide whether to use antibiotics when you or your child has a sore throat. […] Most sore throats go away without treatment and don’t cause complications. Sometimes, when the sore throat is caused by strep A, complications can occur. […] Another complication is rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can develop after the sore throat has gone away. You may have fever, joint pain, rash, inflammation of the heart and other symptoms. […] To find out more information on the signs, causes, diagnosis and treatment of sore throats, visit: SA Health for information on the treatment and prevention of streptococcal sore throat.

• #56 Rapid Strep Throat Testing | Quick Diagnosis for Sore Throat

  https://paloshealthcarecenter.com/health-articles-primary-urgent-cardiovascular-care/rapid-strep-throat-testing/

  Prompt diagnosis with a rapid strep test or throat culture is essential to start antibiotic treatment, which helps prevent complications like rheumatic fever and kidney inflammation. […] If you experience a sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, or white patches in your throat without coughing, it may indicate strep throat. For an accurate diagnosis, visit our office in Palos Hills. Our team ensures precise strep testing with reliable rapid strep tests and expert care to get you back to health quickly. […] If the test is positive, your healthcare provider will prescribe an antibiotic regimen, typically penicillin or amoxicillin, to help treat the infection. Its essential to complete the full course of antibiotics even if symptoms improve, as this ensures the infection is fully eradicated.

• #57 Diagnosis and Management of Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis in the United States, 2011–2015 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-3835-4

  Diagnostics, in particular sensitive and specific POC diagnostics, can help clinicians to avoid prescribing unnecessary antibiotics. […] As such, the use of POC NAAT assays or RADT plus confirmatory culture testing may help to limit the inappropriate use of antibiotics and development of bacterial resistance. […] These real-world data suggest that clinical guidelines should consider the role of newer diagnostic methods such as NAAT to improve the accuracy of GAS pharyngitis diagnosis as well as stress the overall value of diagnostic use along with clinical symptoms to confirm bacterial infections that require antibiotic treatment.

• #58 Sore throat

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sore-throat/

  You do not normally need antibiotics for a sore throat because they will not usually relieve your symptoms or speed up your recovery. […] You’ll only be given antibiotics if you could have a bacterial infection. […] Speak to a GP if your sore throat does not improve after a week. […] You often get a sore throat. […] Ask for an urgent GP appointment or get advice from 111 now if you’re worried about your sore throat. […] You have a sore throat and a very high temperature, or you feel hot and shivery. […] You have a weakened immune system for example, because of diabetes or chemotherapy. […] Have difficulty breathing or are unable to swallow. […] Are drooling this can be a sign of not being able to swallow. […] Are making a high-pitched sound as you breathe (called stridor).

• #59 How Do I Know If My Sore Throat Is Viral or Bacterial?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/how_do_i_know_my_sore_throat_is_viral_or_bacterial/article.htm

  To eliminate the possibility of a false negative on the rapid strep test, doctors may also use a throat culture. […] If your lab results indicate a viral sore throat, your doctor wont prescribe any antibiotics. […] A sore throat is often the first warning sign of an infection. The most common cause of a sore throat is a viral infection. Rarely, a bacterial infection can cause a sore throat. […] A sudden, severe sore throat without coughing, sneezing, or other cold symptoms may be an indication of a bacterial infection, usually caused by Streptococcus bacteria. […] Antibiotics cannot treat a sore throat if it is caused by a viral infection. […] A doctor may prescribe antibiotics such as penicillin if a sore throat is caused by a bacterial infection.

• #60 How do you know if it’s strep throat or sore throat?menu iconsearch iconsubscribe iconsearch iconarrow up right icon

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/how-do-you-know-if-its-strep-throat-or-sore-throat/2024/12

  If the throat swab comes back positive for strep, it’s usually treated with antibiotics. Most people will get better without antibiotics, but if it’s not treated, there’s a risk of developing acute rheumatic fever. Antibiotics also help patients feel better faster. […] Antibiotics should only be given if you or your child has a positive strep test and has symptoms. It’s important not to use antibiotics when they’re not needed. […] Routine sore throats typically start fading away in about five days. However, if symptoms don’t go away, or you or your child have a fever of at least 101° F that lasts a few days, call your primary care provider.

• #61 Strep A (Group A streptococcus)

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/strep-a/

  Strep A can cause infections in your respiratory system (nose, throat and lungs). […] Possible infections include: tonsillitis, pharyngitis. […] Strep A infections cause symptoms such as sore throat. […] Most people with a high temperature or a sore throat have a virus and not strep A. […] Antibiotics are not usually needed if you have a sore throat or high temperature due to a virus. But your GP may prescribe antibiotics if they think that you have strep A. […] If you or your child has a strep A infection, you should stay away from nursery, school or work for 24 hours after you start taking antibiotics. This will help stop the infection spreading to other people.

• #62 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/understanding-strep-throat-basics

  Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria that cause the infection. Most treatments last about 10 days. The medicine can make symptoms go away faster and help prevent complications. […] Treating strep throat with antibiotics is strongly recommended, as they can reduce the severity of your illness, limit contagiousness, and prevent complications. […] With antibiotics, you or your child should feel better within a couple of days. Call your doctor if that’s not the case. After treatment, you should be less contagious in about a day. If you don’t get treated with antibiotics, you can remain contagious for several weeks.

• #63 Sore Throat – Society for Pediatric Urgent Care

  https://urgentcarepeds.org/sore-throat/

  First Line […] Penicillin VK […] Amoxicillin (40-50 mg/kg divided BID for 10 days) […] IM Penicillin G […] Second Line […] Erthromycin/Azithromycin […] Cephalexin (5% cross reactivity with PCN allergy) […] Clindamycin […] FOLLOW UP […] Anticipatory Guidance […] Pain reliever […] May take 48-72 hours for pain and fever to stop […] Signs and Symptoms to return […] Persistent fever, sore throat, fatigue/malaise […] Persistent vomiting, decreased urine output […] Increasing pain […] Trismus, drooling […] Activity, Diet […] No school/work until 24 hours on antibiotics […] Activity as tolerated […] Increase fluids […] PROGNOSIS, COMPLICATIONS […] Typically responds well to antibiotics […] Can progress to peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess […] Can progress to acute rheumatic fever if untreated

• #64 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by IDSA

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/streptococcal-pharyngitis/

  The guideline is intended for use by healthcare providers who care for adult and pediatric patients with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. […] The guideline updates the 2002 Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline and discusses diagnosis and management, and recommendations are provided regarding antibiotic choices and dosing. […] Penicillin or amoxicillin remain the treatments of choice, and recommendations are made for the penicillin-allergic patient, which now include clindamycin.

• #65 Strep Throat (Bacterial): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/strep-throat

  Strep throat is a bacterial infection that causes sore throat, fever, headache and stomach pain. It is contagious and can be treated with antibiotics. […] The doctor or health care provider will examine your child, ask about signs and symptoms, and test for strep. […] There are 2 tests used to diagnose strep throat. Both use the same soft swab. The doctor or health care provider will brush 1 or 2 swabs over the back of the throat. Your child may gag a little. […] A positive rapid strep test or positive throat culture means that your child has strep throat caused by the harmful bacteria. […] If your child has a positive strep test, they will start to take antibiotic medicine right away, by mouth or by injection. […] Your child must take all medicine as prescribed, without stopping, even if they start to feel better. Stopping too early, taking too much, or missing doses can cause antibiotic resistance.

• #66 Patient education: Sore throat in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sore-throat-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Sore throat in adults (Beyond the Basics) […] SORE THROAT DIAGNOSIS […] Most people with a sore throat get better without treatment. There is no specific treatment for a sore throat caused by usual cold viruses. […] Is it strep or not? — A combination of symptoms (fever, enlarged glands in the neck, white patches on your tonsils, and no cough) can help in determining if you have strep. If you have two or more symptoms, a rapid test or throat culture may be done. People with fewer than two symptoms usually do not need testing or treatment for strep throat, though they may benefit from treatment with modalities for symptom reduction. […] Rapid test — The rapid test determines if there are Streptococcus bacteria on a throat swab. The test may be done in a clinician’s office, and the results are available within a few minutes. The test is accurate in most cases, although a small percentage of tests are falsely negative (the bacteria are present but the test is negative).

• #67 Sore Throat (Clinical Resource)

  https://patient.info/doctor/sore-throat-pro

  NICE has recently released guidelines for this and recommends three possible options: No antibiotics, Delayed antibiotics, Possible immediate prescription of antibiotics. […] A discussion with patients/parents/carers should take place as to which strategy is best for individual patients. […] A Cochrane review concluded that antibiotics reduce symptoms and the likelihood of complications in the treatment of sore throat, but that the absolute benefits are modest. […] 90% of cases of sore throat are better within a week (whether treated with antibiotics or not) and irrespective of whether the cause is viral or streptococcal.

• #68 Strep Throat (Bacterial): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/strep-throat

  If anyone in the family gets a sore throat, they should be checked by their doctor or health care provider for strep. […] Call your child’s doctor or health care provider if they have started taking antibiotics and they: Develop a rash or diarrhea. […] If your doctor suspects your child has strep throat, a throat culture may be done. This test shows whether germs (bacteria) are causing your child’s sore throat.

• #69 Strep Throat: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention | Rochester Regional Health

  https://www.rochesterregional.org/hub/strep-throat-2023

  A throat culture takes more time than a rapid strep test, but can identify some strep infections that a rapid test might miss. […] Most cases of strep throat are treated using antibiotics. […] After a positive strep test, patients are prescribed an antibiotic, either in liquid or capsule form. […] Within 24-48 hours, most patients will experience reduced symptoms. […] If symptoms are not improving after 48 hours, patients should contact their primary care provider. […] Antibiotics should be used exactly as prescribed. […] Even if someone starts feeling better and no longer has symptoms, they still need to finish the prescribed dosage of antibiotic medication to fully eliminate the bacterial infection.

• #70 Strep throat vs. sore throat: Compare causes, symptoms, treatments, & more

  https://www.singlecare.com/blog/strep-throat-vs-sore-throat/

  There is no lab diagnosis for sore throat. […] A patient with no fever, no swollen lymph nodes, and a lack of irritation of the tonsils or pharynx will be presumed to have a sore throat. […] Strep throat is treated with antibiotics. […] Antibiotics are unnecessary, and even harmful, if used for sore throats. […] You should seek medical attention if you have any distinguishing symptoms of strep throat such as fever or swollen lymph nodes. […] If you are experiencing fever, feel swollen lymph nodes, have white spots in the back of your throat, or have a visible rash, you should see a doctor to be evaluated for strep throat. […] Strep throat is a more serious concern. […] Symptoms can resolve on their own eventually, however, untreated strep throat leaves a person at increased risk of severe complications such as acute rheumatic fever, peritonsillar abscess, and mastoiditis.

• #71 Sore Throat (Pharyngitis): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8274-sore-throat-pharyngitis

  A sore throat (pharyngitis) is a scratchy or burning feeling in the back of your throat. It may hurt to swallow or talk. Most sore throats happen because of a viral infection, like the common cold or flu. Most sore throat symptoms go away within three to 10 days. […] If you have a sore throat, it may hurt to swallow or talk. […] Most sore throat symptoms go away with home care within a few days. But you should contact a healthcare provider if your sore throat lasts longer than a week, gets worse or you develop symptoms like a fever or swollen lymph nodes. […] Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms. Theyll perform a physical exam that involves looking at your throat, tongue and possibly your ears. They may do a strep test to check for the bacteria that causes strep throat.

• #72

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/Pages/When-a-Sore-Thoat-is-a-More-Serious-Infection.aspx

  If your child complains of a sore throat that does not improve over the course of the dayespecially after drinking wateryou should call your pediatrician. This is especially true if there there’s a fever, headache, stomachache, drooling (because it hurts to swallow), or signs of dehydration. Your child’s pediatrician may want him or her to come in for to determine if a strep test is needed.

• #73 Patient education: Sore throat in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sore-throat-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  ● Difficulty breathing or swallowing […] ● Child’s voice sounds muffled […] ● Stiff neck or difficulty opening the mouth […] ● Caregiver has questions or concerns about child’s symptoms […] Laboratory testing — If the provider suspects that the child could have strep throat, a test may be done to confirm the diagnosis. If the child does not have signs or symptoms of strep throat, testing is not usually necessary. […] There are two main types of tests available to diagnose strep throat: a rapid test and a culture. Both tests require the provider to swab the back and sides of the child’s throat. […] Results of the rapid test are available quickly, usually within a few minutes. Results of the culture are not available for 24 to 48 hours. The best test depends upon the individual child’s situation and how quickly results are needed.

• #74 Sore throat

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/sore_throat/

  Despite periodic surges in the incidence of invasive GAS (iGAS), there is no current evidence that treatment of suspected GAS pharyngitis with antibiotics will prevent invasive disease. However, clinicians are encouraged to consider iGAS in children who present with more severe illness and provide appropriate treatment. […] Any patient with impending airway obstruction should have minimal handling and be referred early to an experienced clinician for definitive airway management. […] Throat swab is not routinely recommended for sore throat. […] Streptococcal serology has no role in diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis. […] Supportive management is adequate for most sore throats. […] Empiric antibiotic treatment of all children presenting with a sore throat is not recommended. […] Antimicrobial recommendations may vary according to local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

• #75 Differential Diagnosis of Sore Throat

  https://ddxof.com/sore-throat/

  17 year-old female presenting to the pediatric ED with sore throat for 2 days. […] The patient reports steadily worsening sore throat over the past 2 days, associated with a sensation of swelling. […] 17yo female with no significant PMH with acute pharyngitis for 2 days. The most likely cause of the patients symptoms is viral pharyngitis, potentially herpangina (given the appearance of the tonsillar lesion). […] A more serious viral/bacterial pharyngitis is less likely given the absence of fever or significant erythema/exudate. […] There was no uvular deviation to suggest peritonsillar abscess and no evidence of airway obstruction to suggest other acute processes (epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscess). […] Differential Diagnosis of Acute Pharyngitis: Acute Pharyngitis. […] Evaluation (history): Respiratory distress: epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscess, peritonsillar abscess, EBV (obstruction in or near pharynx). […] Evaluation (physical examination): Asymmetry: peritonsillar abscess. […] Stridor, drooling, respiratory distress: airway obstruction.

• #76 Sore throat

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sore-throat/

  Have severe symptoms and are getting worse quickly. […] If you have a sore throat you might have a painful throat, especially when swallowing. […] A dry, scratchy throat. […] Redness in the back of your mouth. […] Bad breath. […] A mild cough. […] Swollen neck glands. […] Sore throats are usually caused by viruses (like cold or flu) or from smoking. […] Very occasionally they can be caused by bacteria. […] A sore throat can also be caused by laryngitis. […] Tonsillitis. […] Strep throat (a bacterial throat infection). […] Glandular fever.

• #77 Strep Throat: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/strep-throat/?srsltid=AfmBOoogw3s3c1mW8a6Q8TEixmZ12H2koLGun1DpJCvqXgbhp1Xs3aBv

  Diagnostic tests include rapid antigen detection test (RADT), which can detect group A streptococcus within minutes, and throat culture, which may be done to confirm the diagnosis if the RADT is negative but suspicion remains. […] Nursing diagnosis/risk for includes acute pain related to throat inflammation and infection, risk for deficient fluid volume related to fever and reduced oral intake, risk for infection transmission related to contagiousness of strep throat, and anxiety (parental or patient) related to diagnosis and symptom severity. […] Education is a necessary step to prevent the spread of strep throat and ensure successful treatment. Emphasize the importance of completing antibiotics, infection control, symptom relief, and when to seek further medical care.

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