Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bundle branch block – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bundle-branch-block/symptoms-causes/syc-20370514

  Bundle branch block might not need treatment. When it does, treatment involves managing the underlying health condition, such as heart disease, that caused bundle branch block. […] If one or both of these branch bundles are damaged due to a heart attack, for example the electrical impulses can become blocked. As a result, the heart beats irregularly. […] The cause for bundle branch blocks can differ depending on whether the left or the right bundle branch is affected. Sometimes, there is no known cause. […] Causes can include: […] Heart attack (myocardial infarction) […] High blood pressure (hypertension) […] Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) […] Thickened, stiffened or weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) […] Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism) […] Heart structure problems that are present at birth (congenital heart defects) such as a hole in the wall separating the upper chambers of the heart (atrial septal defect) […] High blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension).

• #2 Bundle branch block – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_branch_block

  A bundle branch block is a partial or complete interruption in the flow of electrical impulses in either of the bundle branches of the heart’s electrical system. […] When a bundle branch or fascicle becomes injured (by underlying heart disease, myocardial infarction, or cardiac surgery), it may cease to conduct electrical impulses appropriately. […] Some people with bundle branch blocks are born with this condition. Many others acquire it as a consequence of heart disease.

• #3 Bundle branch block – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bundle-branch-block/symptoms-causes/syc-20370514

  Bundle branch block might not need treatment. When it does, treatment involves managing the underlying health condition, such as heart disease, that caused bundle branch block. […] If one or both of these branch bundles are damaged due to a heart attack, for example the electrical impulses can become blocked. As a result, the heart beats irregularly. […] The cause for bundle branch blocks can differ depending on whether the left or the right bundle branch is affected. Sometimes, there is no known cause. […] Causes can include: […] Heart attack (myocardial infarction) […] High blood pressure (hypertension) […] Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) […] Thickened, stiffened or weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) […] Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism) […] Heart structure problems that are present at birth (congenital heart defects) such as a hole in the wall separating the upper chambers of the heart (atrial septal defect) […] High blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension).

• #4 Bundle Branch Block: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22938-bundle-branch-block

  A bundle branch block (BBB) is when something blocks or disrupts the electrical signal that causes your heart to beat. This block leads to an abnormal heart rhythm. […] Conditions that can cause a bundle branch block include: Congenital heart disease, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Heart attack (myocardial infarction), Heart disease (coronary artery disease), Heart failure, Heart infection (myocarditis), Heart valve disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Weakened or stiffened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy). […] Right bundle branch block may also result from lung diseases including: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary hypertension (PH). […] Sometimes, a bundle branch block has no known cause. It can happen in people whose hearts otherwise function normally and who have no underlying conditions.

• #5 Bundle Branch Block > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/bundle-branch-block

  A bundle branch block refers to a condition that arises from a blocked electrical pathway in the heart, causing the left and right sides of your heart to beat out of sync. […] Different conditions can cause a bundle branch block, including: High blood pressure (hypertension), Heart disease, Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), Heart-muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), Hardening of the arteries within the heart (arteriosclerosis), A blood clot that enters the lungs (pulmonary embolism), A congenital (or present at birth) heart abnormality. […] Its important to know that in about half of cases, the exact cause of a bundle branch block is unknown. […] Scar tissue, which can form after a heart attack or as a result of inflammation or an infection in the heart, may damage the left or right bundle branch, leading to an abnormal heart rhythm.

• #6 Bundle branch block – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bundle-branch-block/symptoms-causes/syc-20370514

  Bundle branch block might not need treatment. When it does, treatment involves managing the underlying health condition, such as heart disease, that caused bundle branch block. […] If one or both of these branch bundles are damaged due to a heart attack, for example the electrical impulses can become blocked. As a result, the heart beats irregularly. […] The cause for bundle branch blocks can differ depending on whether the left or the right bundle branch is affected. Sometimes, there is no known cause. […] Causes can include: […] Heart attack (myocardial infarction) […] High blood pressure (hypertension) […] Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) […] Thickened, stiffened or weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) […] Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism) […] Heart structure problems that are present at birth (congenital heart defects) such as a hole in the wall separating the upper chambers of the heart (atrial septal defect) […] High blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension).

• #7 Bundle Branch Block > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/bundle-branch-block

  A bundle branch block refers to a condition that arises from a blocked electrical pathway in the heart, causing the left and right sides of your heart to beat out of sync. […] Different conditions can cause a bundle branch block, including: High blood pressure (hypertension), Heart disease, Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), Heart-muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), Hardening of the arteries within the heart (arteriosclerosis), A blood clot that enters the lungs (pulmonary embolism), A congenital (or present at birth) heart abnormality. […] Its important to know that in about half of cases, the exact cause of a bundle branch block is unknown. […] Scar tissue, which can form after a heart attack or as a result of inflammation or an infection in the heart, may damage the left or right bundle branch, leading to an abnormal heart rhythm.

• #8 Bundle Branch Block > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/bundle-branch-block

  A bundle branch block refers to a condition that arises from a blocked electrical pathway in the heart, causing the left and right sides of your heart to beat out of sync. […] Different conditions can cause a bundle branch block, including: High blood pressure (hypertension), Heart disease, Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), Heart-muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), Hardening of the arteries within the heart (arteriosclerosis), A blood clot that enters the lungs (pulmonary embolism), A congenital (or present at birth) heart abnormality. […] Its important to know that in about half of cases, the exact cause of a bundle branch block is unknown. […] Scar tissue, which can form after a heart attack or as a result of inflammation or an infection in the heart, may damage the left or right bundle branch, leading to an abnormal heart rhythm.

• #9 Left Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482167/

  LBBB arises from various factors and conditions that can affect the electrical conduction system. The underlying causes can be broadly categorized into structural heart disease, degenerative changes, and other less common factors. […] Structural heart disease: Coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, cardiomyopathies such as dilated, left ventricular noncompaction, stress, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, and aortic valve diseases like aortic stenosis and regurgitation. […] Degenerative changes: Age-related fibrosis, Lev disease, and Lengre disease. […] Lev disease is a form of idiopathic, age-related progressive cardiac conduction disorder characterized by extensive calcification and fibrosis of the cardiac skeleton, including the aortic valve annulus, mitral valve annulus, and interventricular septum.

• #10 Left Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482167/

  LBBB arises from various factors and conditions that can affect the electrical conduction system. The underlying causes can be broadly categorized into structural heart disease, degenerative changes, and other less common factors. […] Structural heart disease: Coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, cardiomyopathies such as dilated, left ventricular noncompaction, stress, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, and aortic valve diseases like aortic stenosis and regurgitation. […] Degenerative changes: Age-related fibrosis, Lev disease, and Lengre disease. […] Lev disease is a form of idiopathic, age-related progressive cardiac conduction disorder characterized by extensive calcification and fibrosis of the cardiac skeleton, including the aortic valve annulus, mitral valve annulus, and interventricular septum.

• #11 Bundle Branch Block | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bundle-branch-block.html

  A left bundle branch block usually is a sign of an underlying heart disease, including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure, aortic valve disease, coronary artery disease and other heart conditions. While left bundle branch block can appear in healthy people, it most often does not.

• #12 Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/left-bundle-branch-block-lbbb-ecg-library/

  Causes of Left Bundle Branch Block include: Aortic stenosis, Ischaemic heart disease, Hypertension, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Anterior MI, Lengre-Lev disease: primary degenerative disease (fibrosis) of the conducting system, Hyperkalaemia, Digoxin toxicity. […] It is unusual for LBBB to exist in the absence of organic disease. […] New LBBB in the context of chest pain was once considered a STEMI-equivalent and part of the criteria for thrombolysis. However, more up-to-date data suggests that chest pain patients with new LBBB have little increased risk of acute myocardial infarction at the time of presentation.

• #13 Bundle Branch Block | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bundle-branch-block.html

  A left bundle branch block usually is a sign of an underlying heart disease, including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure, aortic valve disease, coronary artery disease and other heart conditions. While left bundle branch block can appear in healthy people, it most often does not.

• #14 Left Bundle Branch Block

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/Encyclopedia/134,551

  Left bundle branch block can result from a number of heart conditions. These include: […] All of these conditions increase the risk for left bundle branch block. Sometimes, though, left bundle branch block happens on its own even when the heart may be structurally normal. Researchers arent sure what causes these cases of left bundle branch block, but they are more often seen in older people. […] Left bundle branch block happens more often in older people. It is rare in healthy young people. It usually happens in people who have some type of underlying heart problem.

• #15 Left Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482167/

  LBBB arises from various factors and conditions that can affect the electrical conduction system. The underlying causes can be broadly categorized into structural heart disease, degenerative changes, and other less common factors. […] Structural heart disease: Coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, cardiomyopathies such as dilated, left ventricular noncompaction, stress, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, and aortic valve diseases like aortic stenosis and regurgitation. […] Degenerative changes: Age-related fibrosis, Lev disease, and Lengre disease. […] Lev disease is a form of idiopathic, age-related progressive cardiac conduction disorder characterized by extensive calcification and fibrosis of the cardiac skeleton, including the aortic valve annulus, mitral valve annulus, and interventricular septum.

• #16 Right Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507872/

  Idiopathic fibrosis and calcification of the conduction system, called Lenegres disease or Levs disease, is a less common cause of right bundle branch block but most commonly occurs in the elderly. […] In patients with underlying heart disease causing degeneration of the conduction pathway, a tachycardia dependent bundle branch block can occur.

• #17 Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/right-bundle-branch-block-rbbb-ecg-library/

  Causes of Right Bundle Branch Block include: Right ventricular hypertrophy / cor pulmonale […] Pulmonary embolus […] Ischaemic heart disease […] Rheumatic heart disease […] Congenital heart disease (e.g. atrial septal defect) […] Myocarditis […] Cardiomyopathy […] Lengre-Lev disease: primary degenerative disease (fibrosis) of the conducting system. […] There is increasing literature suggesting that in the context of chest pain, a new RBBB is highly concerning for OMI and a potential indication for immediate reperfusion therapy. The right bundle branch is supplied by LAD perforators in most patient populations and thus occlusion of this branch may manifest as a new RBBB +/- LAFB.

• #18 Left Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482167/

  Lengre disease involves age-related, progressive degeneration of the conduction fibers, leading to fibrosis and sclerosis. […] Infiltrative conditions: sarcoidosis or amyloidosis. […] Inflammatory cardiomyopathies: Infectious myocarditis or autoimmune disease. […] Iatrogenic: Following cardiac surgery involving the aortic valve or interventricular septum or after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). […] Electrolyte imbalance: Hyperkalemia. […] Medication: Anti-arrhythmic medications. […] Congenital structural heart disease. […] Idiopathic: Particularly in younger patients or individuals without significant cardiac risk factors.

• #19 Bundle Branch Blocks and Hemiblocks – EKG Essentials: A Student Handbook

  https://uark.pressbooks.pub/ekgmanual/chapter/bundle-branch-blocks-hemiblocks/

  Bundle branch blocks and hemiblocks are conduction abnormalities that affect the hearts electrical system, specifically the bundle of His and its branches. […] A left bundle branch block (LBBB) occurs when conduction through the left bundle branch is impaired or blocked. […] The delay between the right and left ventricles creates distinctive M-shaped R waves in the lateral leads, a hallmark of LBBB. […] Because the delay makes impulses travel first through the right bundle branch to the right ventricle and then to the left ventricle through the septum, this reverses the normal septal activation direction and, thus, removes the lateral Q waves. […] Causes: Anterior MI, Coronary artery disease, Hypertension, Cardiomyopathy, Degenerative conduction system disease, Valvular heart disease, Hyperkalemia and digoxin toxicity.

• #20 Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/left-bundle-branch-block-lbbb-ecg-library/

  Causes of Left Bundle Branch Block include: Aortic stenosis, Ischaemic heart disease, Hypertension, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Anterior MI, Lengre-Lev disease: primary degenerative disease (fibrosis) of the conducting system, Hyperkalaemia, Digoxin toxicity. […] It is unusual for LBBB to exist in the absence of organic disease. […] New LBBB in the context of chest pain was once considered a STEMI-equivalent and part of the criteria for thrombolysis. However, more up-to-date data suggests that chest pain patients with new LBBB have little increased risk of acute myocardial infarction at the time of presentation.

• #21 Bundle Branch Block | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bundle-branch-block.html

  A block in the right bundle branch can occur in people who otherwise seem normal. If it happens with a heart attack, it can be a sign of serious heart muscle damage. […] Right bundle branch block happens more often in older people. It is rare in healthy young people. It may occur with natural degeneration of the hearts conduction system that occurs with age. It can also occur in people who have another underlying heart or lung problem. It may also be caused as a result of a heart procedure. […] A right bundle branch block only occurs in medical conditions that affect the right side of the heart or lungs. Finding a right bundle branch block is a signal to your doctor to look for other conditions, including: Blood clots in the lung, Chronic lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, Disease of the heart muscle, known as cardiomyopathy, Defects of the wall between the upper chambers or lower chambers of the heart (atrial and ventricular septal defects).

• #22 Bundle Branch Block | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bundle-branch-block.html

  A block in the right bundle branch can occur in people who otherwise seem normal. If it happens with a heart attack, it can be a sign of serious heart muscle damage. […] Right bundle branch block happens more often in older people. It is rare in healthy young people. It may occur with natural degeneration of the hearts conduction system that occurs with age. It can also occur in people who have another underlying heart or lung problem. It may also be caused as a result of a heart procedure. […] A right bundle branch block only occurs in medical conditions that affect the right side of the heart or lungs. Finding a right bundle branch block is a signal to your doctor to look for other conditions, including: Blood clots in the lung, Chronic lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, Disease of the heart muscle, known as cardiomyopathy, Defects of the wall between the upper chambers or lower chambers of the heart (atrial and ventricular septal defects).

• #23 Bundle Branch Block | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bundle-branch-block.html

  A block in the right bundle branch can occur in people who otherwise seem normal. If it happens with a heart attack, it can be a sign of serious heart muscle damage. […] Right bundle branch block happens more often in older people. It is rare in healthy young people. It may occur with natural degeneration of the hearts conduction system that occurs with age. It can also occur in people who have another underlying heart or lung problem. It may also be caused as a result of a heart procedure. […] A right bundle branch block only occurs in medical conditions that affect the right side of the heart or lungs. Finding a right bundle branch block is a signal to your doctor to look for other conditions, including: Blood clots in the lung, Chronic lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, Disease of the heart muscle, known as cardiomyopathy, Defects of the wall between the upper chambers or lower chambers of the heart (atrial and ventricular septal defects).

• #24 Right Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507872/

  Right bundle branch block is associated with structural changes from stretch or ischemia to the myocardium. […] A right bundle branch block is typically caused by disease processes that change the myocardium of the right bundle branch, for example, structural changes, trauma, and infiltrative processes. Rarely, hyperkalemia can alter the conduction physiology by slowing electrical impulse conduction through cardiac tissue, causing a right bundle branch block. […] Infections such as myocarditis or myocardial infarction can cause direct cellular damage to the right bundle branch. […] Increased right intraventricular pressure, either acutely by pulmonary embolism or chronically as in cor pulmonale, can stretch the right bundle branch causing a bundle branch block. […] RBBB can also be induced iatrogenically from right heart catheterizations and by ethanol ablation for a septal reduction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #25 Bundle Branch Block: What to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/bundle-branch-block

  Impulses, or electrical signals, travel through both the left and right chambers of your heart to make it pump. But if the pathway is blocked, the impulses may move slower than normal or irregularly. This is called a bundle branch block. […] Your risk of having a bundle branch block goes up with age or if you have other health issues. […] If your cardiologist (a heart doctor) spots RBBB through a test called an electrocardiogram (EKG), they may look for underlying heart or lung conditions that could be causing the issue. […] These include: Pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs), Heart attack, Congenital heart defect (problems you were born with, like a hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart), High blood pressure in the arteries, Infection of the heart muscle (myocarditis).

• #26 Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/right-bundle-branch-block-rbbb-ecg-library/

  Causes of Right Bundle Branch Block include: Right ventricular hypertrophy / cor pulmonale […] Pulmonary embolus […] Ischaemic heart disease […] Rheumatic heart disease […] Congenital heart disease (e.g. atrial septal defect) […] Myocarditis […] Cardiomyopathy […] Lengre-Lev disease: primary degenerative disease (fibrosis) of the conducting system. […] There is increasing literature suggesting that in the context of chest pain, a new RBBB is highly concerning for OMI and a potential indication for immediate reperfusion therapy. The right bundle branch is supplied by LAD perforators in most patient populations and thus occlusion of this branch may manifest as a new RBBB +/- LAFB.

• #27 Right Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507872/

  Right bundle branch block is associated with structural changes from stretch or ischemia to the myocardium. […] A right bundle branch block is typically caused by disease processes that change the myocardium of the right bundle branch, for example, structural changes, trauma, and infiltrative processes. Rarely, hyperkalemia can alter the conduction physiology by slowing electrical impulse conduction through cardiac tissue, causing a right bundle branch block. […] Infections such as myocarditis or myocardial infarction can cause direct cellular damage to the right bundle branch. […] Increased right intraventricular pressure, either acutely by pulmonary embolism or chronically as in cor pulmonale, can stretch the right bundle branch causing a bundle branch block. […] RBBB can also be induced iatrogenically from right heart catheterizations and by ethanol ablation for a septal reduction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #28 Right Bundle Branch Block: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21692-right-bundle-branch-block

  Right bundle branch block can be complete or incomplete. Unlike complete right bundle branch block, incomplete right bundle branch block doesnt increase your risk of heart attack and death. […] There are several causes of right bundle branch block, including: Myocarditis. Trauma to your chest. Heart attack (myocardial infarction). Right heart catheterization or other procedures. Changes in branch structure, such as stretching. Diseases (like Levs disease or Lenegres disease). […] If you have no symptoms and no heart disease, a right bundle branch block is not serious. But if youve already had heart failure or a heart attack along with right bundle branch block, it puts you at a higher risk of death.

• #29 Pediatric Right Bundle Branch Block: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/894927-overview

  Right bundle branch block (RBBB) occurs when transmission of the electrical impulse is delayed or not conducted along the right bundle branch. […] Right bundle branch block occurs when the electrical impulse from the bundle of His does not conduct along the right bundle branch. […] Exercise-induced right bundle branch block has been rarely noted and appears to be benign. […] Hereditary right bundle branch block (RBBB) was observed in four Lebanese families and has been mapped to chromosome 19. […] A subset of patients with Brugada syndrome have mutations in SCN5A, the gene that encodes for the voltage-gated cardiac sodium channel. […] In children, most cases of right bundle branch block occur after intracardiac surgery, such as congenital heart surgery associated with repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and tetralogy of Fallot, as well as cardiac transplantation.

• #30 Right bundle branch block: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/right-bundle-branch-block

  Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is a conduction abnormality affecting the electrical signals in the right ventricle of the heart. This causes a delay in the contraction of the right ventricle compared with the left ventricle. […] Several situations that lead to changes in the heart muscle or tissues may cause RBBB. These may include: […] Some people are born with congenital heart abnormalities. Others may experience certain conditions that cause structural changes to the heart that lead to RBBB development. […] Sometimes, physical injury, such as an impact to the chest, can cause changes that affect the heart and cause RBBB. […] This is the medical term for high potassium levels in the blood. In rare cases, it can affect the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart and cause RBBB.

• #31 Right Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507872/

  Idiopathic fibrosis and calcification of the conduction system, called Lenegres disease or Levs disease, is a less common cause of right bundle branch block but most commonly occurs in the elderly. […] In patients with underlying heart disease causing degeneration of the conduction pathway, a tachycardia dependent bundle branch block can occur.

• #32 Right Bundle Branch Block: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21692-right-bundle-branch-block

  Right bundle branch block can be complete or incomplete. Unlike complete right bundle branch block, incomplete right bundle branch block doesnt increase your risk of heart attack and death. […] There are several causes of right bundle branch block, including: Myocarditis. Trauma to your chest. Heart attack (myocardial infarction). Right heart catheterization or other procedures. Changes in branch structure, such as stretching. Diseases (like Levs disease or Lenegres disease). […] If you have no symptoms and no heart disease, a right bundle branch block is not serious. But if youve already had heart failure or a heart attack along with right bundle branch block, it puts you at a higher risk of death.

• #33 Structural Causes of Right Bundle Branch Block—Time for a Closer Look?

  https://opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/4/PAGE/105/

  Right bundle branch block is an electrocardiographic phenomenon with specific criteria. […] A vast array of pathologies can cause proximal, distal or even combined forms of right bundle branch block. […] In this study it is suggested that a third type of right bundle branch block exist: one caused by a subaortic muscular tendon in the left ventricle, leading to an increased velocity of conduction in the left ventricle, with a resultant relative right bundle branch block. […] RBBB is the electrocardiographic reflection of delayed conduction in the right ventricle, caused by sclerosis (Lenegre`s disease), fibrosis (Lev`s disease) or necrosis of the right bundle branch. […] Recently, Shah et al. described a case of a septal branch aneurysm which caused a right bundle branch block by causing direct pressure on the right bundle branch near its subendocardial course on the right ventricular side of the interventricular septum.

• #34 Pediatric Right Bundle Branch Block: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/894927-overview

  Right bundle branch block (RBBB) occurs when transmission of the electrical impulse is delayed or not conducted along the right bundle branch. […] Right bundle branch block occurs when the electrical impulse from the bundle of His does not conduct along the right bundle branch. […] Exercise-induced right bundle branch block has been rarely noted and appears to be benign. […] Hereditary right bundle branch block (RBBB) was observed in four Lebanese families and has been mapped to chromosome 19. […] A subset of patients with Brugada syndrome have mutations in SCN5A, the gene that encodes for the voltage-gated cardiac sodium channel. […] In children, most cases of right bundle branch block occur after intracardiac surgery, such as congenital heart surgery associated with repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and tetralogy of Fallot, as well as cardiac transplantation.

• #35 Structural Causes of Right Bundle Branch Block—Time for a Closer Look?

  https://opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/4/PAGE/105/

  In this study a third cause of RBBB is proposed neither proximal, nor distal, but one caused by increased conduction to the left ventricle by a subaortic muscular tendon in this way causing a pseudo RBBB. […] In this study, it is proposed that there exists a third type of right bundle branch block neither proximal, nor distal, but one caused by an increased velocity of conduction to the left ventricle, effected by a muscular sub-aortic tendon coursing between the sub-aortic portion of the interventricular septum and the apex of the left ventricle, in this way leading to a relative RBBB as conduction in the right ventricle lags behind the increased conduction in the left ventricle. […] Thus, in the assessment of structural causes for right bundle branch block it is suggested that it is time to take a closer look at endoventricular structures and specifically at muscular structures traversing the cavity of the left ventricle.

• #36 Pediatric Right Bundle Branch Block: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/894927-overview

  Right bundle branch block (RBBB) occurs when transmission of the electrical impulse is delayed or not conducted along the right bundle branch. […] Right bundle branch block occurs when the electrical impulse from the bundle of His does not conduct along the right bundle branch. […] Exercise-induced right bundle branch block has been rarely noted and appears to be benign. […] Hereditary right bundle branch block (RBBB) was observed in four Lebanese families and has been mapped to chromosome 19. […] A subset of patients with Brugada syndrome have mutations in SCN5A, the gene that encodes for the voltage-gated cardiac sodium channel. […] In children, most cases of right bundle branch block occur after intracardiac surgery, such as congenital heart surgery associated with repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and tetralogy of Fallot, as well as cardiac transplantation.

• #37 Bundle Branch Blocks and Hemiblocks – EKG Essentials: A Student Handbook

  https://uark.pressbooks.pub/ekgmanual/chapter/bundle-branch-blocks-hemiblocks/

  Causes: Often linked to coronary artery disease or MI, Conditions like cardiomyopathy can lead to left posterior hemiblock. […] A bifascicular block involves a conduction delay in two of the hearts three fascicles. […] A trifascicular block describes a bifascicular block combined with a first-degree AV block.

• #38 Bundle Branch Block and Fascicular Block – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/bundle-branch-block-and-fascicular-block

  Presence of bifascicular or trifascicular block after myocardial infarction implies extensive cardiac damage. […] Nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects are diagnosed when the QRS complex is prolonged, but the QRS pattern is not typical of LBBB or RBBB. The conduction delay may occur beyond the Purkinje fibers and result from slow cell-to-cell myocyte conduction. Risk of subsequent cardiac events and mortality with nonspecific intraventricular conduction defect is similar to that of a LBBB.

• #39 Masquerading bundle branch block: an often missed electrophysiological event | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/16/12/e254953

  Masquerading bundle branch block is an easily overlooked pattern on the ECG that indicates severe disease of the atrioventricular nodal conduction pathway. It is often caused by coronary artery disease, infiltrative diseases of the heart and idiopathic degeneration of the atrioventricular nodal conduction pathways. […] The presence of a MBBB pattern on the electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates severe fibrotic degeneration of the left bundle pathways and a remarkably elevated risk of progression to complete atrioventricular dissociation. It is associated with high mortality (41.4%) and pacemaker insertion (38.9%), with combined endpoints of 80.2% over 4 years. […] MBBB is a mixed pattern of RBBB in precordial leads and LBBB in limb leads with qR or absent S waves in lead aVR or I. […] It is most commonly caused by ischaemic/coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, long-standing hypertension, Lenegre-Lev disease and Chagas myocarditis.

• #40 Masquerading bundle branch block: an often missed electrophysiological event | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/16/12/e254953

  The presence of this specific bundle branch block pattern indicates severe fibrosis of the left bundle pathways and a remarkably elevated risk of progression to complete atrioventricular dissociation than seen in the standard bifascicular block. […] Regardless of the presence or absence of trifascicular block, MBBB indicates significant degeneration of the conduction system, leading to a poor outcome.

• #41 Bundle Branch Block: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/bundle-branch-block

  Bundle branch block can be caused by a heart attack, as well as other heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. A heart attack can cause damage to the heart muscles, which can disrupt the electrical signals that regulate the heart’s rhythm. […] There is evidence that genetic factors may contribute to the development of bundle branch block. Certain gene mutations may alter the structure or function of the heart’s conduction system, leading to electrical abnormalities in the heart. […] Certain lifestyle factors may increase the risk of developing bundle branch block, such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes can also increase the risk of developing heart disease, which can in turn lead to bundle branch block.

• #42 Bundle Branch Block: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/bundle-branch-block

  Bundle branch block can be caused by a heart attack, as well as other heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. A heart attack can cause damage to the heart muscles, which can disrupt the electrical signals that regulate the heart’s rhythm. […] There is evidence that genetic factors may contribute to the development of bundle branch block. Certain gene mutations may alter the structure or function of the heart’s conduction system, leading to electrical abnormalities in the heart. […] Certain lifestyle factors may increase the risk of developing bundle branch block, such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes can also increase the risk of developing heart disease, which can in turn lead to bundle branch block.

• #43 Bundle Branch Blocks (LBBB, LAFB, RBBB, Trifascicular Block) : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/bundle-branch-blocks-lbbb-lafb-rbbb-trifascicular-block/

  Bundle branch blocks can occur idiopathically as people age and the conduction system wears out, but can also be the result of infarction, ischemia, HTN, cardiomyopathies, endocarditis with abscess, etc. […] Heart blocks are often the result of degeneration of the conduction system over time, but in some cases can be secondary to neuromuscular conditions, ischemia or infarction or reversible causes.

• #44 ECG (EKG) – bundle branch block – Oxford Medical Education

  https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/ecgs/bundle-branch-block/

  Right bundle branch block (RBBB) may indicate problems with the right side of the heart. […] Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is always pathological and relates to left heart disease. If acute it may indicate acute myocardial infarction and is one of the indications for thrombolysis or transfer for PCI. […] Causes of bundle branch blocks (BBBs) include ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, and myocarditis for LBBB, while RBBB can be normal in young, tall thin people, idiopathic, or due to right ventricular strain.

• #45 Left Bundle Branch Block – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482167/

  Lengre disease involves age-related, progressive degeneration of the conduction fibers, leading to fibrosis and sclerosis. […] Infiltrative conditions: sarcoidosis or amyloidosis. […] Inflammatory cardiomyopathies: Infectious myocarditis or autoimmune disease. […] Iatrogenic: Following cardiac surgery involving the aortic valve or interventricular septum or after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). […] Electrolyte imbalance: Hyperkalemia. […] Medication: Anti-arrhythmic medications. […] Congenital structural heart disease. […] Idiopathic: Particularly in younger patients or individuals without significant cardiac risk factors.

• #46 Bundle Branch Block: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/bundle-branch-block

  The prognosis can be different for left vs. right bundle branch block. Left bundle branch block is typically associated with a higher risk of complications, such as heart failure and sudden cardiac death, than right bundle branch block. […] Early detection and treatment of bundle branch block can potentially improve the prognosis. Treatment may include addressing underlying heart disease, managing symptoms, and using medications or other interventions to regulate heart rate and rhythm. […] Some preventative measures for Bundle Branch Block include regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, managing underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and taking steps to reduce stress.

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