Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a very common cause of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age. […] BV prevalence varies across countries and population groups, but a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the global BV prevalence among women of reproductive age range from 23-29%. […] BV increases the risk of acquiring HIV, acquisition of and transmission of other STIs and if left untreated can lead to adverse effects of pregnancy. […] Although it occurs globally, it is more common in low-resource settings and areas with limited access to healthcare. […] Clinical and laboratory assessments for bacterial vaginosis can be affected by factors such as recent sexual activity, menstrual cycle, douching, intravaginal practice (insertion of herbs or other products) and use of antimicrobial agents.

• #2 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms among women; it is not clear what role sexual activity plays in the development of BV. The prevalence of BV in the United States is estimated to be 21.2 million (29.2%) among women ages 1449. […] Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms among women, but it is not clear what role sexual activity plays in the development of BV. The prevalence in the United States is estimated to be 21.2 million (29.2%) among women ages 1449. […] A 2013 systematic review reported that BV prevalence varies between and within countries worldwide. […] In South and East Africa, higher rates of BV were estimated (68% in Mozambique, 51% in Lesotho, 44% in Kenya, 37% in Gambia) […] In Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia, the rates of BV were typically greater than 30%

• #3 Bacterial Vaginosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459216/

  Bacterial vaginosis is the most prevalent vaginitis in females of reproductive age, with an estimated occurrence ranging from 5% to 70%. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among females fluctuates from 20% to 60% across various countries. Worldwide, this condition is most common in parts of Africa and is found to be least common in Asia and Europe. In the United States, bacterial vaginosis rates are approximately 30%. Rates are variable between different ethnic groups and are most common in non-white women (51% in African American, 32% in Mexican American). Bacterial vaginosis rates are lowest in Australia, New Zealand, and Western Europe. […] It is important to note that bacterial vaginosis is not currently considered an STI. By definition, an STI is caused by a source that is not endogenous to the vaginal flora. Since an overgrowth of normal vaginal bacteria causes bacterial vaginosis, it does not meet the definition of an STI. Furthermore, bacterial vaginosis can rarely be present in patients who have never had sexual intercourse.

• #4 Bacterial Vaginosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-overview

  BV occurs in one third of adult women in the United States, which represents approximately 22 million women. Each year, women make 10 million office visits for vaginal discharge. An increased prevalence is associated with cigarette smoking, obesity, being single/never married, prior pregnancy, and a history of induced abortion. BV is prevalent among women who have sex with women, especially those who have multiple partners. […] Gardnerella vaginalis has been reported to occur in up to 100% of women with signs and symptoms of BV and in up to 70% of women with no signs or symptoms of BV. […] The incidence of BV in patients attending obstetric clinics is 10-25% and may be as high as 30-65% in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. […] Some studies have shown that BV appears to occur more commonly among Black and Hispanic women than among non-Hispanic White women. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. […] G vaginalis infections typically occur in women of reproductive age. Studies have documented G vaginalis colonization in prepubertal and/or virginal girls and boys and cases of BV occurring in prepubertal and/or virginal girls.

• #5 Bacterial vaginosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis

  BV is the most common infection of the vagina in women of reproductive age. The percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5% and 70%. BV is most common in parts of Africa, and least common in Asia and Europe. In the United States, about 30% of those between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected. Rates vary considerably between ethnic groups within a country. […] The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defines STIs as „a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity.” But the CDC does not specifically identify BV as sexually transmitted infection.

• #6 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) enhances the acquisition and transmission of a range of sexually transmitted infections including human immunodeficiency virus. This systematic review describes the global epidemiology of BV. It summarizes data from peer-reviewed publications detailing the population prevalence of BV as diagnosed by a standardized and reproducible methodology Nugent scoring system. BV prevalences were found to vary considerably between ethnic groups in North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Although BV prevalence is, in general, highest in parts of Africa and lowest in much of Asia and Europe, some populations in Africa have very low BV prevalences and some in Asia and Europe have high rates. […] Both its etiology and the reason for the widely differing prevalences around the world remain unclear. BV has thus been referred to as one of the most prevalent enigmas in the field of medicine.

• #7 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms among women; it is not clear what role sexual activity plays in the development of BV. The prevalence of BV in the United States is estimated to be 21.2 million (29.2%) among women ages 1449. […] Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms among women, but it is not clear what role sexual activity plays in the development of BV. The prevalence in the United States is estimated to be 21.2 million (29.2%) among women ages 1449. […] A 2013 systematic review reported that BV prevalence varies between and within countries worldwide. […] In South and East Africa, higher rates of BV were estimated (68% in Mozambique, 51% in Lesotho, 44% in Kenya, 37% in Gambia) […] In Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia, the rates of BV were typically greater than 30%

• #8 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms among women; it is not clear what role sexual activity plays in the development of BV. The prevalence of BV in the United States is estimated to be 21.2 million (29.2%) among women ages 1449. […] Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms among women, but it is not clear what role sexual activity plays in the development of BV. The prevalence in the United States is estimated to be 21.2 million (29.2%) among women ages 1449. […] A 2013 systematic review reported that BV prevalence varies between and within countries worldwide. […] In South and East Africa, higher rates of BV were estimated (68% in Mozambique, 51% in Lesotho, 44% in Kenya, 37% in Gambia) […] In Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia, the rates of BV were typically greater than 30%

• #9 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Norway (24%), Turkey (23%), and Poland (19%), women have moderately high BV rates […] In Latin America and the Caribbean, lower rates of BV were estimated, except in rural and antenatal populations in Jamaica and Peru (~40%). […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies by race/ethnicity: African-American (51%), Hispanic (32%), Whites (23%). […] As many as one-third of all pregnant women in the United States have bacterial vaginosis. […] The prevalence of BV is associated with lifetime number of sexual partners: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with more than one sex partner in the previous 12 months (recent) and more than one lifetime sex partner was estimated to be 39.6%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one recent sex partner and more than one lifetime partner was estimated to be 29.1%.

• #10 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Norway (24%), Turkey (23%), and Poland (19%), women have moderately high BV rates […] In Latin America and the Caribbean, lower rates of BV were estimated, except in rural and antenatal populations in Jamaica and Peru (~40%). […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies by race/ethnicity: African-American (51%), Hispanic (32%), Whites (23%). […] As many as one-third of all pregnant women in the United States have bacterial vaginosis. […] The prevalence of BV is associated with lifetime number of sexual partners: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with more than one sex partner in the previous 12 months (recent) and more than one lifetime sex partner was estimated to be 39.6%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one recent sex partner and more than one lifetime partner was estimated to be 29.1%.

• #11 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) enhances the acquisition and transmission of a range of sexually transmitted infections including human immunodeficiency virus. This systematic review describes the global epidemiology of BV. It summarizes data from peer-reviewed publications detailing the population prevalence of BV as diagnosed by a standardized and reproducible methodology Nugent scoring system. BV prevalences were found to vary considerably between ethnic groups in North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Although BV prevalence is, in general, highest in parts of Africa and lowest in much of Asia and Europe, some populations in Africa have very low BV prevalences and some in Asia and Europe have high rates. […] Both its etiology and the reason for the widely differing prevalences around the world remain unclear. BV has thus been referred to as one of the most prevalent enigmas in the field of medicine.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007673531595

  The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, and the correlation of clinical Amsel criteria with Gram Nugent criteria for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in a low risk population of pregnant women. […] Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 1.6% (8/492) women on the basis of clinical criteria, and in 4.5% (22/492) according to Gram stain. […] In accordance with other recent reports, the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis appears to be much lower in certain areas than figures previously suggested. […] In these populations, the correlation of composite clinical criteria defined in groups with high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis appears to be also poor.

• #13 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  One of the most striking features is the extent to which BV prevalences vary by ethnic group within countries. […] BV prevalence in an antenatal population in the United Kingdom was considerably higher in Afro-Caribbeans than whites or Asians. In Canada, BV rates were almost 3 times higher in the aboriginal population than the non-aboriginals. Ethnically defined subpopulations in China, Iran, and Peru all showed evidence of elevated BV prevalences compared to other national groupings. […] In general BV prevalence, as assessed with the summary indicator, covaries fairly closely with regional HIV prevalence. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest BV and HIV prevalence. Latin America and the Caribbean have a somewhat higher prevalence of BV and HIV than the regions in the low HIV prevalence regions. Although BV prevalence tended to be highest in sub-Saharan Africa and lowest in Asia/Australasia/western Europe, there were populations with high and low BV prevalence in all of these regions.

• #14 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Norway (24%), Turkey (23%), and Poland (19%), women have moderately high BV rates […] In Latin America and the Caribbean, lower rates of BV were estimated, except in rural and antenatal populations in Jamaica and Peru (~40%). […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies by race/ethnicity: African-American (51%), Hispanic (32%), Whites (23%). […] As many as one-third of all pregnant women in the United States have bacterial vaginosis. […] The prevalence of BV is associated with lifetime number of sexual partners: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with more than one sex partner in the previous 12 months (recent) and more than one lifetime sex partner was estimated to be 39.6%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one recent sex partner and more than one lifetime partner was estimated to be 29.1%.

• #15 Bacterial Vaginosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-overview

  BV occurs in one third of adult women in the United States, which represents approximately 22 million women. Each year, women make 10 million office visits for vaginal discharge. An increased prevalence is associated with cigarette smoking, obesity, being single/never married, prior pregnancy, and a history of induced abortion. BV is prevalent among women who have sex with women, especially those who have multiple partners. […] Gardnerella vaginalis has been reported to occur in up to 100% of women with signs and symptoms of BV and in up to 70% of women with no signs or symptoms of BV. […] The incidence of BV in patients attending obstetric clinics is 10-25% and may be as high as 30-65% in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. […] Some studies have shown that BV appears to occur more commonly among Black and Hispanic women than among non-Hispanic White women. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. […] G vaginalis infections typically occur in women of reproductive age. Studies have documented G vaginalis colonization in prepubertal and/or virginal girls and boys and cases of BV occurring in prepubertal and/or virginal girls.

• #16 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  One of the most striking features is the extent to which BV prevalences vary by ethnic group within countries. […] BV prevalence in an antenatal population in the United Kingdom was considerably higher in Afro-Caribbeans than whites or Asians. In Canada, BV rates were almost 3 times higher in the aboriginal population than the non-aboriginals. Ethnically defined subpopulations in China, Iran, and Peru all showed evidence of elevated BV prevalences compared to other national groupings. […] In general BV prevalence, as assessed with the summary indicator, covaries fairly closely with regional HIV prevalence. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest BV and HIV prevalence. Latin America and the Caribbean have a somewhat higher prevalence of BV and HIV than the regions in the low HIV prevalence regions. Although BV prevalence tended to be highest in sub-Saharan Africa and lowest in Asia/Australasia/western Europe, there were populations with high and low BV prevalence in all of these regions.

• #17 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  One of the most striking features is the extent to which BV prevalences vary by ethnic group within countries. […] BV prevalence in an antenatal population in the United Kingdom was considerably higher in Afro-Caribbeans than whites or Asians. In Canada, BV rates were almost 3 times higher in the aboriginal population than the non-aboriginals. Ethnically defined subpopulations in China, Iran, and Peru all showed evidence of elevated BV prevalences compared to other national groupings. […] In general BV prevalence, as assessed with the summary indicator, covaries fairly closely with regional HIV prevalence. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest BV and HIV prevalence. Latin America and the Caribbean have a somewhat higher prevalence of BV and HIV than the regions in the low HIV prevalence regions. Although BV prevalence tended to be highest in sub-Saharan Africa and lowest in Asia/Australasia/western Europe, there were populations with high and low BV prevalence in all of these regions.

• #18 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  One of the most striking features is the extent to which BV prevalences vary by ethnic group within countries. […] BV prevalence in an antenatal population in the United Kingdom was considerably higher in Afro-Caribbeans than whites or Asians. In Canada, BV rates were almost 3 times higher in the aboriginal population than the non-aboriginals. Ethnically defined subpopulations in China, Iran, and Peru all showed evidence of elevated BV prevalences compared to other national groupings. […] In general BV prevalence, as assessed with the summary indicator, covaries fairly closely with regional HIV prevalence. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest BV and HIV prevalence. Latin America and the Caribbean have a somewhat higher prevalence of BV and HIV than the regions in the low HIV prevalence regions. Although BV prevalence tended to be highest in sub-Saharan Africa and lowest in Asia/Australasia/western Europe, there were populations with high and low BV prevalence in all of these regions.

• #19 Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-016-0074-5

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Worldwide, it is estimated that 20-30% of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics suffer from BV, and that its prevalence can be as high as 50-60% in high-risk populations (e.g., those who practice commercial sex work (CSW). Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they: 1) have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners; 2) are unmarried; 3) have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age; 4) have engaged in CSW, and 5) practice regular douching. […] In the past decade, several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV. However, it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent.

• #20 Bacterial vaginosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis

  BV is the most common infection of the vagina in women of reproductive age. The percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5% and 70%. BV is most common in parts of Africa, and least common in Asia and Europe. In the United States, about 30% of those between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected. Rates vary considerably between ethnic groups within a country. […] The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defines STIs as „a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity.” But the CDC does not specifically identify BV as sexually transmitted infection.

• #21 Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-016-0074-5

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Worldwide, it is estimated that 20-30% of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics suffer from BV, and that its prevalence can be as high as 50-60% in high-risk populations (e.g., those who practice commercial sex work (CSW). Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they: 1) have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners; 2) are unmarried; 3) have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age; 4) have engaged in CSW, and 5) practice regular douching. […] In the past decade, several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV. However, it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent.

• #22 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Norway (24%), Turkey (23%), and Poland (19%), women have moderately high BV rates […] In Latin America and the Caribbean, lower rates of BV were estimated, except in rural and antenatal populations in Jamaica and Peru (~40%). […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies by race/ethnicity: African-American (51%), Hispanic (32%), Whites (23%). […] As many as one-third of all pregnant women in the United States have bacterial vaginosis. […] The prevalence of BV is associated with lifetime number of sexual partners: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with more than one sex partner in the previous 12 months (recent) and more than one lifetime sex partner was estimated to be 39.6%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one recent sex partner and more than one lifetime partner was estimated to be 29.1%.

• #23 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Norway (24%), Turkey (23%), and Poland (19%), women have moderately high BV rates […] In Latin America and the Caribbean, lower rates of BV were estimated, except in rural and antenatal populations in Jamaica and Peru (~40%). […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies by race/ethnicity: African-American (51%), Hispanic (32%), Whites (23%). […] As many as one-third of all pregnant women in the United States have bacterial vaginosis. […] The prevalence of BV is associated with lifetime number of sexual partners: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with more than one sex partner in the previous 12 months (recent) and more than one lifetime sex partner was estimated to be 39.6%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one recent sex partner and more than one lifetime partner was estimated to be 29.1%.

• #24 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one sex partner in the last 12 months and one lifetime partner was estimated to be 22.4%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women who never had sex was estimated to be 18.8%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is reportedly high among HIV-positive and infertile women.

• #25 Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-016-0074-5

  A recent ecological study conducted by Kenyon and Colebunders among males in 11 countries reported a moderate correlation between the number of partners and BV prevalence (R2=0.57). […] A recent large cross-sectional study conducted among 53,652 rural married women in China reported that over 35 days of the menstrual cycle, less than 3 days of menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and usage of an intrauterine device were associated with BV. […] Despite 60 years of research since the work of Leopold, Gardner and Dukes in the 1950s, the causative or etiologic agent(s) of BV has not been definitively established. Therefore, it is difficult to state that BV constitutes a STI or condition, although there is growing evidence supporting the hypothesis that BV is sexually transmitted. […] Considered together, multiple studies report BV as a risk factor or at least an important contributor in subsequent gonorrhea or chlamydia infection. It is important to note that the observation that BV increases the risk of chlamydia or gonorrhea was mainly seen in high-risk women (e.g., CSWs, women attending STI clinics, and/or women at risk for unplanned pregnancies).

• #26 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide (972). […] BV prevalence increases during menses (979,980). […] BV prevalence has been reported to increase among women with copper-containing IUDs (972,982). […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis (977), M. genitalium (986), HPV (987), and HSV-2 (988); complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV (971,989991). […] Although BV-associated bacteria can be identified on male genitalia (996,997), treatment of male sex partners has not been beneficial in preventing the recurrence of BV (998). […] Data from earlier clinical trials indicate that a woman’s response to therapy and the likelihood of relapse or recurrence are not affected by treatment of her sex partner (998). Therefore, routine treatment of sex partners is not recommended.

• #27 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide (972). […] BV prevalence increases during menses (979,980). […] BV prevalence has been reported to increase among women with copper-containing IUDs (972,982). […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis (977), M. genitalium (986), HPV (987), and HSV-2 (988); complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV (971,989991). […] Although BV-associated bacteria can be identified on male genitalia (996,997), treatment of male sex partners has not been beneficial in preventing the recurrence of BV (998). […] Data from earlier clinical trials indicate that a woman’s response to therapy and the likelihood of relapse or recurrence are not affected by treatment of her sex partner (998). Therefore, routine treatment of sex partners is not recommended.

• #28 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide (972). […] BV prevalence increases during menses (979,980). […] BV prevalence has been reported to increase among women with copper-containing IUDs (972,982). […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis (977), M. genitalium (986), HPV (987), and HSV-2 (988); complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV (971,989991). […] Although BV-associated bacteria can be identified on male genitalia (996,997), treatment of male sex partners has not been beneficial in preventing the recurrence of BV (998). […] Data from earlier clinical trials indicate that a woman’s response to therapy and the likelihood of relapse or recurrence are not affected by treatment of her sex partner (998). Therefore, routine treatment of sex partners is not recommended.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a very common cause of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age. […] BV prevalence varies across countries and population groups, but a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the global BV prevalence among women of reproductive age range from 23-29%. […] BV increases the risk of acquiring HIV, acquisition of and transmission of other STIs and if left untreated can lead to adverse effects of pregnancy. […] Although it occurs globally, it is more common in low-resource settings and areas with limited access to healthcare. […] Clinical and laboratory assessments for bacterial vaginosis can be affected by factors such as recent sexual activity, menstrual cycle, douching, intravaginal practice (insertion of herbs or other products) and use of antimicrobial agents.

• #30 Gardnerella vaginalis-associated bacterial vaginosis in Bulgarian women | The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

  https://www.bjid.org.br/en-gardnerella-vaginalis-associated-bacterial-vaginosis-in-articulo-S1413867013000664

  So far all studies revealed different and sometimes conflicting results for BV epidemiology. […] The high frequency of G. vaginalis detected by PCR was evident such that this pathogen had a very important role in the aetiology of BV. […] The high frequency in Bulgarian young women found in this study is alarming, since BV increases woman’s susceptibility to HIV, HPV and other important sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore BV has to be correctly and timely diagnosed in order to be adequately treated. […] To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study utilizing three different laboratory methods that focuses on the epidemiology of G. vaginalis-associated BV in Bulgaria.

• #31 Relationship between Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Coincidence, Consequence or Co-Transmission?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2470

  Although bacterial vaginosis is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection, this dysbiotic condition may be associated with an increased risk of contracting a wide range of sexually transmitted infections. For example, a cohort study of 255 non-pregnant women showed that bacterial vaginosis was associated with a 3.4- and 4-fold increased risk of positive tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, respectively. Similarly, Brotman et al. demonstrated that women with bacterial-vaginosis-associated vaginal microbiota or low levels of lactobacilli had the highest relative proportion of human-papillomavirus-positive samples. […] Bacterial vaginosis flora was significantly associated with microorganisms involved in sexually transmitted infections. Indeed, the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in women with bacterial vaginosis flora was 36% (18/50) vs. 10.8% (26/240) in women without bacterial vaginosis flora. C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were significantly more frequently detected in the 50 women with bacterial vaginosis flora than the 240 without. The distribution of co-infections due to sexually transmitted infection-causing microorganisms was also substantially related to the state of the vaginal flora. In women without bacterial vaginosis flora, the prevalence of monoinfections with sexually transmitted infection-causing microorganisms was 8.8% compared to 28% in women with bacterial vaginosis flora.

• #32 Relationship between Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Coincidence, Consequence or Co-Transmission?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2470

  Although bacterial vaginosis is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection, this dysbiotic condition may be associated with an increased risk of contracting a wide range of sexually transmitted infections. For example, a cohort study of 255 non-pregnant women showed that bacterial vaginosis was associated with a 3.4- and 4-fold increased risk of positive tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, respectively. Similarly, Brotman et al. demonstrated that women with bacterial-vaginosis-associated vaginal microbiota or low levels of lactobacilli had the highest relative proportion of human-papillomavirus-positive samples. […] Bacterial vaginosis flora was significantly associated with microorganisms involved in sexually transmitted infections. Indeed, the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in women with bacterial vaginosis flora was 36% (18/50) vs. 10.8% (26/240) in women without bacterial vaginosis flora. C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were significantly more frequently detected in the 50 women with bacterial vaginosis flora than the 240 without. The distribution of co-infections due to sexually transmitted infection-causing microorganisms was also substantially related to the state of the vaginal flora. In women without bacterial vaginosis flora, the prevalence of monoinfections with sexually transmitted infection-causing microorganisms was 8.8% compared to 28% in women with bacterial vaginosis flora.

• #33 The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-10-81

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been most consistently linked to sexual behaviour, and the epidemiological profile of BV mirrors that of established sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] It remains a matter of debate however whether BV pathogenesis does actually involve sexual transmission of pathogenic micro-organisms from men to women. […] Several observations also point at female-to-male rather than at male-to-female transmission of G. vaginalis, presumably explaining the high concordance rates of G. vaginalis carriage among couples. […] Though male-to-female transmission cannot be ruled out, overall there is little evidence that BV acts as an STD. Rather, we suggest BV may be considered a sexually enhanced disease (SED), with frequency of intercourse being a critical factor. […] Failure to control the high prevalence of BV has therefore now become a global issue of concern.

• #34 The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour

  https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/941709

  Several observations also point at female-to-male rather than at male-to-female transmission of G. vaginalis, presumably explaining the high concordance rates of G. vaginalis carriage among couples. […] Male antibiotic treatment has not been found to protect against BV, condom use is slightly protective, whereas male circumcision might protect against BV. […] BV is also common among women-who-have-sex-with-women and this relates at least in part to non-coital sexual behaviours. […] Though male-to-female transmission cannot be ruled out, overall there is little evidence that BV acts as an STD. […] Rather, we suggest BV may be considered a sexually enhanced disease (SED), with frequency of intercourse being a critical factor. […] This may relate to two distinct pathogenetic mechanisms: (1) in case of unprotected intercourse alkalinisation of the vaginal niche enhances a shift from lactobacilli-dominated microflora to a BV-like type of microflora and (2) in case of unprotected and protected intercourse mechanical transfer of perineal enteric bacteria is enhanced by coitus.

• #35 The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-10-81

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been most consistently linked to sexual behaviour, and the epidemiological profile of BV mirrors that of established sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] It remains a matter of debate however whether BV pathogenesis does actually involve sexual transmission of pathogenic micro-organisms from men to women. […] Several observations also point at female-to-male rather than at male-to-female transmission of G. vaginalis, presumably explaining the high concordance rates of G. vaginalis carriage among couples. […] Though male-to-female transmission cannot be ruled out, overall there is little evidence that BV acts as an STD. Rather, we suggest BV may be considered a sexually enhanced disease (SED), with frequency of intercourse being a critical factor. […] Failure to control the high prevalence of BV has therefore now become a global issue of concern.

• #36 The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour

  https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/941709

  Several observations also point at female-to-male rather than at male-to-female transmission of G. vaginalis, presumably explaining the high concordance rates of G. vaginalis carriage among couples. […] Male antibiotic treatment has not been found to protect against BV, condom use is slightly protective, whereas male circumcision might protect against BV. […] BV is also common among women-who-have-sex-with-women and this relates at least in part to non-coital sexual behaviours. […] Though male-to-female transmission cannot be ruled out, overall there is little evidence that BV acts as an STD. […] Rather, we suggest BV may be considered a sexually enhanced disease (SED), with frequency of intercourse being a critical factor. […] This may relate to two distinct pathogenetic mechanisms: (1) in case of unprotected intercourse alkalinisation of the vaginal niche enhances a shift from lactobacilli-dominated microflora to a BV-like type of microflora and (2) in case of unprotected and protected intercourse mechanical transfer of perineal enteric bacteria is enhanced by coitus.

• #37 The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour

  https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/941709

  Several observations also point at female-to-male rather than at male-to-female transmission of G. vaginalis, presumably explaining the high concordance rates of G. vaginalis carriage among couples. […] Male antibiotic treatment has not been found to protect against BV, condom use is slightly protective, whereas male circumcision might protect against BV. […] BV is also common among women-who-have-sex-with-women and this relates at least in part to non-coital sexual behaviours. […] Though male-to-female transmission cannot be ruled out, overall there is little evidence that BV acts as an STD. […] Rather, we suggest BV may be considered a sexually enhanced disease (SED), with frequency of intercourse being a critical factor. […] This may relate to two distinct pathogenetic mechanisms: (1) in case of unprotected intercourse alkalinisation of the vaginal niche enhances a shift from lactobacilli-dominated microflora to a BV-like type of microflora and (2) in case of unprotected and protected intercourse mechanical transfer of perineal enteric bacteria is enhanced by coitus.

• #38 The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour

  https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/941709

  The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been most consistently linked to sexual behaviour, and the epidemiological profile of BV mirrors that of established sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] It remains a matter of debate however whether BV pathogenesis does actually involve sexual transmission of pathogenic microorganisms from men to women. […] G. vaginalis carriage and BV occurs rarely with children, but has been observed among adolescent, even sexually non-experienced girls, contradicting that sexual transmission is a necessary prerequisite to disease acquisition. […] G. vaginalis carriage is enhanced by penetrative sexual contact but also by non-penetrative digitogenital contact and oral sex, again indicating that sex per se, but not necessarily coital transmission is involved.

• #39 Bacterial vaginosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis

  BV is the most common infection of the vagina in women of reproductive age. The percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5% and 70%. BV is most common in parts of Africa, and least common in Asia and Europe. In the United States, about 30% of those between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected. Rates vary considerably between ethnic groups within a country. […] The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defines STIs as „a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity.” But the CDC does not specifically identify BV as sexually transmitted infection.

• #40 Vaginitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/257141-overview

  Vaginitis is common in adult women and uncommon in prepubertal girls. Bacterial vaginosis accounts for 40-50% of vaginitis cases; vaginal candidiasis, 20-25%; and trichomoniasis, 15-20%. […] In US women of childbearing age, bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection. An estimated 7.4 million new cases of bacterial vaginosis occur each year. National data show that the prevalence is 29%. However, the rate varies in different subpopulations: it is 5-25% in college students and 12-61% in patients with STDs. In the United States, as many as 16% of pregnant women have bacterial vaginosis. A 50-60% prevalence is found in female prison inmates and commercial sex workers. […] Eighty-five percent of those with bacterial vaginosis are asymptomatic. More than a billion dollars is estimated to be spent annually on both self-treatment and visits to a medical provider.

• #41 Relationship between Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Coincidence, Consequence or Co-Transmission?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2470

  Bacterial vaginosis is a disturbance of the vaginal ecosystem, characterised by a significant depletion of the lactobacilli due to a strong proliferation of anaerobic bacteria, which are less abundant in the normal vaginal flora, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Fannyhessea (formerly Atopobium) vaginae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Prevotella, Peptoniphilus, Megasphaera, Mobiluncus, and several fastidious bacteria characterised as “Bacterial Vaginosis Associated Bacteria” (BVAB-1, BVAB-2, and BVAB-3). The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies between countries around the world, ranging from around 10% to 30% among women who have sex with men (WSM) and 25% to 50% among women who have sex with women (WSW), with the significant majority of women with bacterial vaginosis being asymptomatic. The highest prevalence is reported in sub-Saharan Africa. In Europe, the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is much lower. Bacterial vaginosis occurs frequently in women of childbearing age.

• #42 Bacterial Vaginosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-overview

  BV occurs in one third of adult women in the United States, which represents approximately 22 million women. Each year, women make 10 million office visits for vaginal discharge. An increased prevalence is associated with cigarette smoking, obesity, being single/never married, prior pregnancy, and a history of induced abortion. BV is prevalent among women who have sex with women, especially those who have multiple partners. […] Gardnerella vaginalis has been reported to occur in up to 100% of women with signs and symptoms of BV and in up to 70% of women with no signs or symptoms of BV. […] The incidence of BV in patients attending obstetric clinics is 10-25% and may be as high as 30-65% in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. […] Some studies have shown that BV appears to occur more commonly among Black and Hispanic women than among non-Hispanic White women. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. […] G vaginalis infections typically occur in women of reproductive age. Studies have documented G vaginalis colonization in prepubertal and/or virginal girls and boys and cases of BV occurring in prepubertal and/or virginal girls.

• #43 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one sex partner in the last 12 months and one lifetime partner was estimated to be 22.4%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women who never had sex was estimated to be 18.8%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is reportedly high among HIV-positive and infertile women.

• #44 Bacterial vaginosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bacterial_vaginosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Norway (24%), Turkey (23%), and Poland (19%), women have moderately high BV rates […] In Latin America and the Caribbean, lower rates of BV were estimated, except in rural and antenatal populations in Jamaica and Peru (~40%). […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies by race/ethnicity: African-American (51%), Hispanic (32%), Whites (23%). […] As many as one-third of all pregnant women in the United States have bacterial vaginosis. […] The prevalence of BV is associated with lifetime number of sexual partners: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with more than one sex partner in the previous 12 months (recent) and more than one lifetime sex partner was estimated to be 39.6%. […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women with no or one recent sex partner and more than one lifetime partner was estimated to be 29.1%.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a very common cause of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age. […] BV prevalence varies across countries and population groups, but a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the global BV prevalence among women of reproductive age range from 23-29%. […] BV increases the risk of acquiring HIV, acquisition of and transmission of other STIs and if left untreated can lead to adverse effects of pregnancy. […] Although it occurs globally, it is more common in low-resource settings and areas with limited access to healthcare. […] Clinical and laboratory assessments for bacterial vaginosis can be affected by factors such as recent sexual activity, menstrual cycle, douching, intravaginal practice (insertion of herbs or other products) and use of antimicrobial agents.

• #46 Bacterial Vaginosis: Prevalence in Sexually Active Women Living i

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/bacterial-vaginosis-prevalence-in-sexually-active-women-living-in-the-city-of-franceville-gabon-and-its-surroundings-61110.html

  Bacterial vaginosis is very high in the city of Franceville and its surroundings. […] The overall prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is 64.59% based on the Nugent score which is the reference method. […] The high prevalence among 25-35-year-olds in our study is similar to that of Garba, 2014 who reported a prevalence of 35.8% among the 26-30-year-old group in Nigeria in 2014. […] The prevalence of BV encountered in women who have had an abortion or had an ectopic pregnancy (EGU) of 40.08% is because they probably belong to the age group most affected by BV. […] Our results show that bacterial vaginosis is very predominant in women who do not consume alcohol or tobacco (35.40%), thus agreeing with those of Hellberg and Nilsson, 2001 who reported that alcohol does was not significantly associated with BV in a study in Sweden.

• #47 Gardnerella vaginalis-associated bacterial vaginosis in Bulgarian women | The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

  https://www.bjid.org.br/en-gardnerella-vaginalis-associated-bacterial-vaginosis-in-articulo-S1413867013000664

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age. […] The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of BV in Bulgarian pregnant and nonpregnant women from several age ranges and to compare three different laboratory methods for Gardnerella vaginalis detection in patents suffering from BV. […] This is the first comparative investigation on the epidemiology of G. vaginalis-associated BV in Bulgaria. […] The established highest frequency in the young Bulgarian women (21-30 years) is alarming and should be considered in prophylaxis and reproductive programmes. […] We found that BV occurs in approximately equal proportions when evaluated with the microscopic method for both pregnant and nonpregnant symptomatic and pregnant and nonpregnant asymptomatic women.

• #48 Gardnerella vaginalis-associated bacterial vaginosis in Bulgarian women | The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

  https://bjid.org.br/en-gardnerella-vaginalis-associated-bacterial-vaginosis-in-articulo-resumen-S1413867013000664

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age. […] This is the first comparative investigation on the epidemiology of G. vaginalis-associated BV in Bulgaria. […] The established highest frequency in the young Bulgarian women (21-30 years) is alarming and should be considered in prophylaxis and reproductive programmes. […] We found that BV occurs in approximately equal proportions when evaluated with the microscopic method for both pregnant and nonpregnant symptomatic and pregnant and nonpregnant asymptomatic women. […] BV in Bulgarian pregnant and nonpregnant women was predominantly diagnosed in the age range of 21-25 years (28.21% of all positive samples) and similarly but to a slight lesser extent in the age group of 26-30 years (26.82%). […] The high frequency in Bulgarian young women found in this study is alarming, since BV increases woman’s susceptibility to HIV, HPV and other important sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore BV has to be correctly and timely diagnosed in order to be adequately treated.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a very common cause of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age. […] BV prevalence varies across countries and population groups, but a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the global BV prevalence among women of reproductive age range from 23-29%. […] BV increases the risk of acquiring HIV, acquisition of and transmission of other STIs and if left untreated can lead to adverse effects of pregnancy. […] Although it occurs globally, it is more common in low-resource settings and areas with limited access to healthcare. […] Clinical and laboratory assessments for bacterial vaginosis can be affected by factors such as recent sexual activity, menstrual cycle, douching, intravaginal practice (insertion of herbs or other products) and use of antimicrobial agents.

• #50 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  A significant omission in the literature on BV is a study describing the global epidemiology of BV. […] An important development in BV epidemiology in the last 2 decades has been the development and validation of a standardized, reproducible, reliable, and widely used method of assessing the presence or absence of BV. Nugent scoring system (NSS) bases the diagnosis of BV on the interpretation of a Gram stain of vaginal secretions. The objective of this article is to describe the global epidemiology of BV by reviewing the available evidence of the prevalences of BV in different populations around the world. […] Comparisons of the prevalence of BV by geographic area or country are hampered by a number of factors including differences in how the samples were selected and differences in the type of population surveyed such as age composition and pregnancy. Despite these difficulties, certain trends are apparent.

• #51 Bacterial vaginosis: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/bacterial-vaginosis-diagnosis-and-management

  Patients with symptoms suggestive of BV present to a broad number of healthcare settings, including community pharmacies, general practice and integrated sexual health clinics. The availability of diagnostics in these settings varies from syndromic to microscopic, and while stratification of diagnostics might provide more directed treatment, restricting the number of settings woman have access to that are able to make a diagnosis of BV may result in healthcare inequity. […] In GUM or integrated sexual health clinics, the diagnosis of BV follows British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) guidelines. Vaginal smears are Gram stained and viewed under light microscopy. The Hay/Ison criteria are used to grade microscopic findings from one to three, based on the morphologic appearance of vaginal lactobacilli and the presence or absence of Gardnerella and/or Mobiluncus morphotypes. UK guidance favours this over the Amsel criteria, which combine symptomatic presentation, wet microscopy findings and near-patient pH and KOH testing (for fungal infection).

• #52 Bacterial Vaginosis: Prevalence in Sexually Active Women Living i

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/bacterial-vaginosis-prevalence-in-sexually-active-women-living-in-the-city-of-franceville-gabon-and-its-surroundings-61110.html

  Bacterial vaginosis has been the subject of numerous studies to assess its impact on vaginal health. It is a very common vaginal syndrome in women who are sexually active in general and of childbearing age in particular. This study was conducted in the city of Franceville and its surroundings to establish the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis. […] The diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis using the Nugent score gave a prevalence of 64.59% while the use of Amsel criteria alone provided prevalence of 26.07% with a statistically significant difference between two methods (p=2.2.10-16). […] The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was significantly high in participants who had at least two weekly sexual relationships (p=0.003), in those who relapsed (p=9.5.10-13), in those who consulted without apparent symptoms (p=0.026) and in its association with urogenital mycoplasmas (p=0.027) and in those who are pregnant (p=0.044).

• #53

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  WHO works with partners and Member States to reduce the burden of bacterial vaginosis globally. This work includes developing research and evidence to better understand the epidemiology, burden and impact of BV, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2021, the Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes at WHO published Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections to provide updated, evidence-informed clinical and practical recommendations on case management of people with STIs. […] In 2024, WHO published Recommendations for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Candida albicans, bacterial vaginosis and human papillomavirus (anogenital warts) to provide evidence-informed clinical and practical recommendations on case management of BV.

• #54 Aerobic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58654-y

  Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are a persistent public health threat worldwide, particularly among women in low-income countries of Africa, including Ethiopia, where drug resistance is also a growing problem. […] The overall rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was 65.71% (n=69). […] The overall rate of MDR bacterial isolates necessitates the implementation of an effective surveillance program in the study setting. […] The prevalence of other RTIs in Ethiopia remains the highest in African nations; evidence is scarce concerning the existing rates of lower RTIs, particularly BV, AV, and VC. […] Unfortunately, routine surveillance of RTIs is not performed in the country, and thus, the estimation of cumulative prevalence is difficult. […] The overall prevalence of RTIs was 49.7% (n=198) (95% CI 44.7, 54.8).

• #55 The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/the-global-epidemiology-of-bacterial-vaginosis-a-systematic-review/

  A significant omission in the literature on BV is a study describing the global epidemiology of BV. […] An important development in BV epidemiology in the last 2 decades has been the development and validation of a standardized, reproducible, reliable, and widely used method of assessing the presence or absence of BV. Nugent scoring system (NSS) bases the diagnosis of BV on the interpretation of a Gram stain of vaginal secretions. The objective of this article is to describe the global epidemiology of BV by reviewing the available evidence of the prevalences of BV in different populations around the world. […] Comparisons of the prevalence of BV by geographic area or country are hampered by a number of factors including differences in how the samples were selected and differences in the type of population surveyed such as age composition and pregnancy. Despite these difficulties, certain trends are apparent.

• #56 Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002511

  Global estimates of BV occurrence are limited. […] The first strategic direction of the Global Strategy is to increase information, including STI prevalence estimates, for focused public health action. […] Given these limitations, a WHO Consultation on Methods for Improved Global STI Estimates highlighted the importance of exploring potential data available through clinical research studies and trial networks to improve estimates. […] We used individual-level data from 18 HIV prevention studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, which tested over 37,000 HIV-negative women for 1 or more STIs or BV at baseline. […] Findings from this study strengthen our understanding of STI/BV epidemiology among sub-Saharan African women. […] Existing data from research studies provide an opportunity to obtain critical information on STI/BV prevalence and can be used where routine STI surveillance and stand-alone STI studies are limited.

• #57 Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002511

  Global estimates of BV occurrence are limited. […] The first strategic direction of the Global Strategy is to increase information, including STI prevalence estimates, for focused public health action. […] Given these limitations, a WHO Consultation on Methods for Improved Global STI Estimates highlighted the importance of exploring potential data available through clinical research studies and trial networks to improve estimates. […] We used individual-level data from 18 HIV prevention studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, which tested over 37,000 HIV-negative women for 1 or more STIs or BV at baseline. […] Findings from this study strengthen our understanding of STI/BV epidemiology among sub-Saharan African women. […] Existing data from research studies provide an opportunity to obtain critical information on STI/BV prevalence and can be used where routine STI surveillance and stand-alone STI studies are limited.

• #58

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a very common cause of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age. […] BV prevalence varies across countries and population groups, but a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the global BV prevalence among women of reproductive age range from 23-29%. […] BV increases the risk of acquiring HIV, acquisition of and transmission of other STIs and if left untreated can lead to adverse effects of pregnancy. […] Although it occurs globally, it is more common in low-resource settings and areas with limited access to healthcare. […] Clinical and laboratory assessments for bacterial vaginosis can be affected by factors such as recent sexual activity, menstrual cycle, douching, intravaginal practice (insertion of herbs or other products) and use of antimicrobial agents.

• #59 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide (972). […] BV prevalence increases during menses (979,980). […] BV prevalence has been reported to increase among women with copper-containing IUDs (972,982). […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis (977), M. genitalium (986), HPV (987), and HSV-2 (988); complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV (971,989991). […] Although BV-associated bacteria can be identified on male genitalia (996,997), treatment of male sex partners has not been beneficial in preventing the recurrence of BV (998). […] Data from earlier clinical trials indicate that a woman’s response to therapy and the likelihood of relapse or recurrence are not affected by treatment of her sex partner (998). Therefore, routine treatment of sex partners is not recommended.

• #60

  https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ejms/article/view/63504

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most-common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age, though many are asymptomatic. […] BV has assumed increasing public health importance through associations with numerous adverse outcomes in both gravid and non-gravid women. […] Risk factors for BV include smoking, non-White race, prior BV, current other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), inserting items in the vagina (e.g., sex, douching), and menses. […] Symptomatic BV has been associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, premature labor and delivery, postpartum endometritis, and post-hysterectomy vaginal cuff cellulitis. […] BV has also been independently associated with an increased risk of acquiring STDs, including acquiring and transmitting HIV. […] BV is not an STD, though recent sexual intercourse and multiple sex partners are risk factors.

• #61 Bacterial vaginosis: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/bacterial-vaginosis-diagnosis-and-management

  Women undergoing testing for BV, who are sexually active, should undergo testing for STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas, to rule out additional causes for their symptoms. […] While existing treatments are effective and the majority of acute episodes of BV will resolve, recurrence rates are high. It is important that expected recurrence is not labelled as resistant BV or treatment failure, as this may cause unnecessary distress. Women with persistent recurrence of BV that impacts their quality of life should be referred to specialist care for elimination of alternative diagnoses (e.g. STIs) and to discuss additional treatment options, such as boric acid; however, there can be minimal access and limited data for these options. […] Women with PID may have a high prevalence of BV but it does not appear to be a reliable predictor of subsequent PID. However, there is an association with endometritis and PID following termination of pregnancy in women with pre-procedural BV. In pregnancy, there is an association with late miscarriage, pre-term birth and premature rupture of membranes.

• #62 Vaginitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/257141-overview

  Vaginitis is common in adult women and uncommon in prepubertal girls. Bacterial vaginosis accounts for 40-50% of vaginitis cases; vaginal candidiasis, 20-25%; and trichomoniasis, 15-20%. […] In US women of childbearing age, bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection. An estimated 7.4 million new cases of bacterial vaginosis occur each year. National data show that the prevalence is 29%. However, the rate varies in different subpopulations: it is 5-25% in college students and 12-61% in patients with STDs. In the United States, as many as 16% of pregnant women have bacterial vaginosis. A 50-60% prevalence is found in female prison inmates and commercial sex workers. […] Eighty-five percent of those with bacterial vaginosis are asymptomatic. More than a billion dollars is estimated to be spent annually on both self-treatment and visits to a medical provider.

• #63 Vaginitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/257141-overview

  Vaginitis is common in adult women and uncommon in prepubertal girls. Bacterial vaginosis accounts for 40-50% of vaginitis cases; vaginal candidiasis, 20-25%; and trichomoniasis, 15-20%. […] In US women of childbearing age, bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection. An estimated 7.4 million new cases of bacterial vaginosis occur each year. National data show that the prevalence is 29%. However, the rate varies in different subpopulations: it is 5-25% in college students and 12-61% in patients with STDs. In the United States, as many as 16% of pregnant women have bacterial vaginosis. A 50-60% prevalence is found in female prison inmates and commercial sex workers. […] Eighty-five percent of those with bacterial vaginosis are asymptomatic. More than a billion dollars is estimated to be spent annually on both self-treatment and visits to a medical provider.

• #64

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  WHO works with partners and Member States to reduce the burden of bacterial vaginosis globally. This work includes developing research and evidence to better understand the epidemiology, burden and impact of BV, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2021, the Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes at WHO published Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections to provide updated, evidence-informed clinical and practical recommendations on case management of people with STIs. […] In 2024, WHO published Recommendations for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Candida albicans, bacterial vaginosis and human papillomavirus (anogenital warts) to provide evidence-informed clinical and practical recommendations on case management of BV.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  WHO works with partners and Member States to reduce the burden of bacterial vaginosis globally. This work includes developing research and evidence to better understand the epidemiology, burden and impact of BV, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2021, the Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes at WHO published Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections to provide updated, evidence-informed clinical and practical recommendations on case management of people with STIs. […] In 2024, WHO published Recommendations for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Candida albicans, bacterial vaginosis and human papillomavirus (anogenital warts) to provide evidence-informed clinical and practical recommendations on case management of BV.

• #66 Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72644-0

  The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis ranges between 8 and 75% with higher magnitudes in parts of Africa. Commonly, the problem occurs among pregnant women, and studies have consistently shown BV to be a risk factor for adverse obstetric and gynecological outcomes such as pre-term labor and delivery, premature rupture of membranes, and low birth weight. […] Bacterial vaginosis is still prevalent among pregnant women. Since most cases remain asymptomatic, early detection is essential for timely treatment and prevention of related complications and poor pregnancy outcomes. Hence, screening of symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women by taking vaginal swabs plays a vital role. […] The current study revealed a high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the study settings. Pregnant women in rural areas were at increased risk of bacterial vaginosis. Marital status other than married was significantly associated with reduced bacterial vaginosis. Considering the high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, we recommend that pregnant women attending antenatal care should be screened and treated to prevent possible adverse outcomes.

• #67 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide (972). […] BV prevalence increases during menses (979,980). […] BV prevalence has been reported to increase among women with copper-containing IUDs (972,982). […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis (977), M. genitalium (986), HPV (987), and HSV-2 (988); complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV (971,989991). […] Although BV-associated bacteria can be identified on male genitalia (996,997), treatment of male sex partners has not been beneficial in preventing the recurrence of BV (998). […] Data from earlier clinical trials indicate that a woman’s response to therapy and the likelihood of relapse or recurrence are not affected by treatment of her sex partner (998). Therefore, routine treatment of sex partners is not recommended.

• #68 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide (972). […] BV prevalence increases during menses (979,980). […] BV prevalence has been reported to increase among women with copper-containing IUDs (972,982). […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis (977), M. genitalium (986), HPV (987), and HSV-2 (988); complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV (971,989991). […] Although BV-associated bacteria can be identified on male genitalia (996,997), treatment of male sex partners has not been beneficial in preventing the recurrence of BV (998). […] Data from earlier clinical trials indicate that a woman’s response to therapy and the likelihood of relapse or recurrence are not affected by treatment of her sex partner (998). Therefore, routine treatment of sex partners is not recommended.

• #69 Bacterial Vaginosis

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/bacterial-vaginosis.html

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. In the United States, BV is common in pregnant women. […] Although BV will sometimes clear up without treatment, all women diagnosed with BV should be treated to avoid such complications as PID. Treatment is especially important for pregnant women. All pregnant women, regardless of symptoms, who have ever had a premature delivery or low birth weight baby should be considered for a BV examination and be treated when necessary. […] BV is not completely understood by scientists, and the best ways to prevent it are unknown. However, it is known that BV is associated with having a new sex partner or having multiple sex partners.

• #70 Aerobic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58654-y

  The extent of BV and AV diagnosed by Nugent and AV scoring criteria was 29.4% (n=117) (95% CI 25, 34.1) and 30.7% (n=122) (95% CI 26.2, 35.4), respectively. […] The high prevalence found in our study warrants an urgent intervention so that associated morbidities and complications can be minimized. […] The pathogenic microbiota in the vagina of AV patients is very complex, and precise detection of aetiological agents is challenging but vital for the better management of the cases. […] The Gram-negative isolates were the prominent group of causative agents of AV, as in the case of previous studies from Gondar and Addis Ababa. […] Alarmingly, all these isolates were found to be methicillin-resistant too, which is quite contrary to a few studies done in the nation earlier. […] The most alarming observation in this study is that 65.71% of the isolates were MDR, which is much higher than the values reported in a couple of cities in the country.

• #71 Aerobic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58654-y

  Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are a persistent public health threat worldwide, particularly among women in low-income countries of Africa, including Ethiopia, where drug resistance is also a growing problem. […] The overall rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was 65.71% (n=69). […] The overall rate of MDR bacterial isolates necessitates the implementation of an effective surveillance program in the study setting. […] The prevalence of other RTIs in Ethiopia remains the highest in African nations; evidence is scarce concerning the existing rates of lower RTIs, particularly BV, AV, and VC. […] Unfortunately, routine surveillance of RTIs is not performed in the country, and thus, the estimation of cumulative prevalence is difficult. […] The overall prevalence of RTIs was 49.7% (n=198) (95% CI 44.7, 54.8).

• #72 Bacterial vaginosis: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/bacterial-vaginosis-diagnosis-and-management

  Women undergoing testing for BV, who are sexually active, should undergo testing for STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas, to rule out additional causes for their symptoms. […] While existing treatments are effective and the majority of acute episodes of BV will resolve, recurrence rates are high. It is important that expected recurrence is not labelled as resistant BV or treatment failure, as this may cause unnecessary distress. Women with persistent recurrence of BV that impacts their quality of life should be referred to specialist care for elimination of alternative diagnoses (e.g. STIs) and to discuss additional treatment options, such as boric acid; however, there can be minimal access and limited data for these options. […] Women with PID may have a high prevalence of BV but it does not appear to be a reliable predictor of subsequent PID. However, there is an association with endometritis and PID following termination of pregnancy in women with pre-procedural BV. In pregnancy, there is an association with late miscarriage, pre-term birth and premature rupture of membranes.

• #73

  https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/fulltext/2019/02000/the_biofilm_in_bacterial_vaginosis__implications.7.aspx

  Bacterial vaginosis is conventionally appreciated as a temporary community disturbance of the vaginal microbiota, though really involving self-organization as a resilient biofilm community. […] The putative sexually transmitted disease profile of bacterial vaginosis inferred from epidemiologic research, may concur with its biofilm nature, notably involving spread of dispersed cells or cell aggregates between hosts. […] Biofilm assays may not only aid epidemiologic research, but also add to monitoring therapeutic efficacy of novel treatments. […] Bacterial vaginosis research will further benefit from biofilm assays complementing taxonomy-based data, and this already translates in a novel treatment paradigm.

• #74 Association of Bacterial Vaginosis With Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Among Women in Mombasa, Kenya: A Nested Case-Control Study | Department of Epidemiology

  https://epi.washington.edu/epi_research/association-of-bacterial-vaginosis-with-chlamydia-trachomatis-infection-among-women-in-mombasa-kenya-a-nested-case-control-study/

  Objective: Evidence is mixed regarding the relationship between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) acquisition; therefore, we assessed the relationship between recent BV and subsequent CT infection. […] In this population of individuals at increased risk for CT exposure, recent BV was associated with subsequent CT infection. Further research is needed to assess how BV-associated bacteria and communities may enhance susceptibility to CT infection.

• #75 Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Relationship and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56549

  Women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota were at an increased risk of acquiring STDs compared to women with a normal vaginal microbiota; it seems that the risk of STD acquisition increased with higher Nugent score category. […] So that BV management in terms of restoring vaginal microflora such as in healthy women seems to be pivotal in STDs primary prevention: taking into account that almost one-third of the women worldwide are affected by asymptomatic and symptomatic BV and that most of them are undiagnosed, untreated, or treated with the only available standard of care, BV management could represent a new/old cost-effective modality to primary prevent STDs.

• #76 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250116/New-research-identifies-key-subtype-of-bacterial-vaginosis-that-increases-chlamydia-risk.aspx

  Detecting and treating these infections could substantially reduce the incidence of chlamydia and its serious consequences including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and miscarriage. […] Regularly screening for and treating BV would go a long way toward preventing chlamydia. […] Our findings suggest that only a subset of BV cases may require treatment to prevent subsequent infections with chlamydia.

• #77 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250116/New-research-identifies-key-subtype-of-bacterial-vaginosis-that-increases-chlamydia-risk.aspx

  Detecting and treating these infections could substantially reduce the incidence of chlamydia and its serious consequences including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and miscarriage. […] Regularly screening for and treating BV would go a long way toward preventing chlamydia. […] Our findings suggest that only a subset of BV cases may require treatment to prevent subsequent infections with chlamydia.

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