Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide. […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, M. genitalium, HPV, and HSV-2; complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV. […] Treatment for BV is recommended for women with symptoms. Established benefits of therapy among nonpregnant women are to relieve vaginal symptoms and signs of infection. […] Women should be advised to refrain from sexual activity or to use condoms consistently and correctly during the BV treatment regimen. […] All women with BV should be tested for HIV and other STIs. […] Follow-up visits are unnecessary if symptoms resolve. Because persistent or recurrent BV is common, women should be advised to return for evaluation if symptoms recur.

• #2 Bacterial Vaginosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459216/

  Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common vaginal infections affecting women worldwide, with significant implications for both reproductive and overall health. […] Understanding its causes, symptoms, and diagnosis is crucial for an effective management strategy for bacterial vaginosis, underscoring the collaborative efforts of the healthcare team. […] This course aims to thoroughly explore bacterial vaginosis, covering its microbiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, differential diagnosis, and evidence-based management strategies. Participants will gain the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively recognize, diagnose, and manage bacterial vaginosis in clinical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of care. […] Approximately 30% of bacterial vaginosis cases are known to resolve without treatment. Treatment is not necessary for asymptomatic Gardnerella colonization. […] However, if a patient experiences distress due to the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, it is recommended to pursue treatment using either oral or vaginal medication. Bacterial vaginosis can be treated with either clindamycin or metronidazole. Both of these medications are effective if taken by mouth or applied vaginally. Both are safe to use in pregnant patients.

• #3 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. Additional symptoms of BV include vaginal odor and a burning sensation. BV also increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV. Anyone with symptoms that could be related to BV should be evaluated by a health care provider. […] Treatment of BV is recommended for people with symptoms and people who are having surgery such as hysterectomy (even if they have no symptoms). […] BV is treated with antibiotics. The medications most commonly used are metronidazole and clindamycin. These medications are available in oral and vaginal forms. Oral pills may be more convenient to use but may cause more gastrointestinal side effects. Patients are encourage to complete the recommended therapy in order to lower the risk of symptoms recurring.

• #4 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infection that happens from a change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria. When more harmful bacteria grow than good bacteria, a BV infection can occur. […] BV doesn’t always cause symptoms. But when it does, you might have pain or discomfort when you pee or have sex and a fishy-smelling vaginal discharge. […] Doctors define bacterial vaginosis (BV) as a bacterial infection in the vagina. […] A healthy vagina has a balance of good bacteria and harmful bacteria. Usually, good bacteria keep harmful bacteria in check. But when the normal balance is upset, and the harmful bacteria grow to outnumber the good bacteria, bacterial vaginosis is the result. […] BV is the most common vaginal condition among people ages 15 to 44 who have vaginas. […] Women who have not had anal, oral, or vaginal sex can still be affected, and 19% of those with BV are in that category. Pregnant people make up 25% of those who get BV.

• #5 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide. […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, M. genitalium, HPV, and HSV-2; complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV. […] Treatment for BV is recommended for women with symptoms. Established benefits of therapy among nonpregnant women are to relieve vaginal symptoms and signs of infection. […] Women should be advised to refrain from sexual activity or to use condoms consistently and correctly during the BV treatment regimen. […] All women with BV should be tested for HIV and other STIs. […] Follow-up visits are unnecessary if symptoms resolve. Because persistent or recurrent BV is common, women should be advised to return for evaluation if symptoms recur.

• #6 Bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/bacterial-vaginosis-and-pregnancy

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infection thats easily treated, but it can cause problems for your baby during pregnancy. […] Having BV during pregnancy can increase your babys risk for premature birth and low birthweight. […] Getting treated for BV during pregnancy can help protect your baby. […] If you have BV during pregnancy, your baby is at increased risk for preterm birth and low birthweight. […] BV also can cause pelvic inflammatory diseases (also called PID). PID is an infection in the uterus that can increase your risk for infertility (not being able to get pregnant). […] Treatment with antibiotics for BV is safe for your baby during pregnancy, and it may help reduce your risk for STDs.

• #7 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Your risk of BV is higher if you are sexually active, especially if you don’t use condoms or dental dams. […] Left untreated, bacterial vaginosis has been tied to a higher risk of other health problems. […] While BV isn’t particularly harmful most of the time, it’s important to treat bacterial vaginosis promptly, especially if you’re pregnant. […] There are ways to lower your risk of getting BV: Don’t have sex. […] You can also work to maintain a healthy pH in your vagina, so your lactobacillus levels stay high and bad bacteria can’t take over. […] Most people (84%) who have BV report no symptoms. […] Because BV symptoms mimic symptoms of other vaginal infections, it’s important to get a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. […] To confirm a BV diagnosis, your doctor will check your vagina’s pH or acidity level. A high reading is a sign of BV.

• #8 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/std-prevention/bacterial-vaginosis-bv/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. This changes the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina. […] Some women have no symptoms. Strong “fishy” vaginal odor, especially after sex. Abnormal vaginal discharge – white or grey, watery or foamy. Pain during urination. Vaginal itching. […] It is unclear what causes the imbalance in vaginal bacteria that leads to BV. However, some behaviors can increase a woman’s risk of BV: Having a new sex partner. Having multiple sex partners. Douching. […] In pregnant women, having BV can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Having BV makes it easier to transmit or acquire HIV during sex. […] Avoiding vaginal sex may reduce a woman’s risk of getting BV. Limit the number of sex partners. To maintain “healthy” vaginal bacteria, do not douche. […] Get a test from a medical provider if infection is suspected. BV can be cured using medication prescribed by a medical provider. Male sex partners do not need to be treated at the same time. […] NOTE: BV can recur after treatment.

• #9 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. Additional symptoms of BV include vaginal odor and a burning sensation. BV also increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV. Anyone with symptoms that could be related to BV should be evaluated by a health care provider. […] Treatment of BV is recommended for people with symptoms and people who are having surgery such as hysterectomy (even if they have no symptoms). […] BV is treated with antibiotics. The medications most commonly used are metronidazole and clindamycin. These medications are available in oral and vaginal forms. Oral pills may be more convenient to use but may cause more gastrointestinal side effects. Patients are encourage to complete the recommended therapy in order to lower the risk of symptoms recurring.

• #10 6 contributors to bacterial vaginosis – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/6-contributors-to-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis is a common bacterial infection of the vagina that rarely goes unnoticed. […] With bacterial vaginosis, bacteria growth can cause uncomfortable symptoms, including a change in vaginal discharge or odor—often described as being white or gray in color and having a fish-like odor. […] The first instinct often is to look online for home remedies because it seems too embarrassing to seek medical care. […] Seeing a primary care provider or gynecologist is the best and safest option for treatment. […] It is fairly common for bacterial vaginosis to recur. […] Bacterial vaginosis can be uncomfortable and frustrating to deal with, which is why it’s important to seek medical care. […] See your primary health care provider or OB-GYN if you suspect you have bacterial vaginosis.

• #11 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. Additional symptoms of BV include vaginal odor and a burning sensation. BV also increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV. Anyone with symptoms that could be related to BV should be evaluated by a health care provider. […] Treatment of BV is recommended for people with symptoms and people who are having surgery such as hysterectomy (even if they have no symptoms). […] BV is treated with antibiotics. The medications most commonly used are metronidazole and clindamycin. These medications are available in oral and vaginal forms. Oral pills may be more convenient to use but may cause more gastrointestinal side effects. Patients are encourage to complete the recommended therapy in order to lower the risk of symptoms recurring.

• #12 Bacterial vaginosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/

  Bacterial vaginosis does not usually cause any soreness or itching. […] The condition is not usually serious, but if you have it you may need to be treated with antibiotics. […] It’s also important to seek treatment if you’re pregnant as there’s a small chance it can cause complications with pregnancy. […] If you have symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, a GP or sexual health clinic will want to confirm it is bacterial vaginosis and rule out an STI. […] Bacterial vaginosis is usually treated with antibiotic tablets or gels or creams. […] If you keep getting it (you get it more than 4 times in a year), you may be given an antibiotic gel that you put in your vagina. […] A GP or sexual health clinic will recommend how long you need to treat it. […] They can also help identify if something is triggering your bacterial vaginosis, such as sex or your period.

• #13 Bacterial vaginosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352279

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can cause discomfort and pain of the vagina. It happens when natural bacteria levels are out of balance. Balanced levels of bacteria help keep the vagina healthy. But when too much of some bacteria grow, it can lead to BV. […] Make an appointment to see a health care professional if: Your vaginal discharge smells unusual and you have discomfort. Your doctor can help find the cause of your symptoms. […] To help prevent bacterial vaginosis: Don’t use scented products. Wash your genitals with warm water only. Scented soaps and other scented products may inflame vaginal tissues. Use unscented tampons or pads only. […] Douching won’t clear up a vaginal infection. It may even make it worse. Your vagina doesn’t require cleansing other than normal bathing. Douching disrupts the vaginal flora, raising your risk of infection.

• #14 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Researchers and scientists don’t completely understand how BV spreads or know how best to prevent it. […] BV happens when lactobacillus levels drop and more bad bacteria move in. […] You can’t get a bacterial vaginosis infection from a public toilet seat or swimming pool. […] Although they have some similarities, bacterial vaginosis and a vaginal yeast infection aren’t the same thing. […] Bacterial vaginosis is caused by bacteria, whereas a yeast infection is caused by an overgrowth of a fungus called candida. […] BV is not contagious to a male partner but may be spread during sex if both partners have vaginas. […] Yes, BV sometimes can go away without treatment, but more often, the infection will continue or get worse. […] Anyone with a vagina can get BV, but Black women are at the highest risk of BV at 51%.

• #15 Frontiers | Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/reproductive-health/articles/10.3389/frph.2023.1100029/full

  The mechanism of action of oral probiotics, which are more commonly used, is unknown. It is possible that oral probiotics may reach the vaginal microbiome through the gastrointestinal tract. […] Vaginal microbiome transplantation (VMT) is a novel therapeutic option currently under investigation for prevention of recurrent BV. […] Lactobacilli produce lactic acid, which helps maintain a low, acidic, vaginal pH. […] There is no reliable evidence that pH modulators alone are effective at treating BV or that they are more effective than existing antibiotic treatments. […] A cohort study of 956 women found smoking to be a significant risk factor for BV (adjusted odds ratio of 3.0) and various other studies have found smoking to be an independent factor related to BV incidence. […] Both hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives may play a role in BV occurrence.

• #16 Bacterial vaginosis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis can cause discomfort and pain of the vagina. It happens when natural bacteria levels are out of balance. […] Bacterial vaginosis is more common among those who are sexually active. It’s not clear why this is. But activities such as unprotected sex and douching raise your risk of having BV. […] Make an appointment to see a health care professional if: Your vaginal discharge smells unusual and you have discomfort. Your doctor can help find the cause of your symptoms. […] Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis include: Having different sex partners or a new sex partner. The link between having sex and bacterial vaginosis isn’t clear. But BV happens more often when someone has different or new sex partners. […] Douching. The vagina is self-cleaning. So rinsing your vagina with water or something else isn’t needed. It may even cause problems. Douching upsets the vagina’s healthy balance of bacteria.

• #17 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Your risk of BV is higher if you are sexually active, especially if you don’t use condoms or dental dams. […] Left untreated, bacterial vaginosis has been tied to a higher risk of other health problems. […] While BV isn’t particularly harmful most of the time, it’s important to treat bacterial vaginosis promptly, especially if you’re pregnant. […] There are ways to lower your risk of getting BV: Don’t have sex. […] You can also work to maintain a healthy pH in your vagina, so your lactobacillus levels stay high and bad bacteria can’t take over. […] Most people (84%) who have BV report no symptoms. […] Because BV symptoms mimic symptoms of other vaginal infections, it’s important to get a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. […] To confirm a BV diagnosis, your doctor will check your vagina’s pH or acidity level. A high reading is a sign of BV.

• #18 Frontiers | Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/reproductive-health/articles/10.3389/frph.2023.1100029/full

  The mechanism of action of oral probiotics, which are more commonly used, is unknown. It is possible that oral probiotics may reach the vaginal microbiome through the gastrointestinal tract. […] Vaginal microbiome transplantation (VMT) is a novel therapeutic option currently under investigation for prevention of recurrent BV. […] Lactobacilli produce lactic acid, which helps maintain a low, acidic, vaginal pH. […] There is no reliable evidence that pH modulators alone are effective at treating BV or that they are more effective than existing antibiotic treatments. […] A cohort study of 956 women found smoking to be a significant risk factor for BV (adjusted odds ratio of 3.0) and various other studies have found smoking to be an independent factor related to BV incidence. […] Both hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives may play a role in BV occurrence.

• #19 Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-treatment

  BV that does not resolve after one course of treatment may be cured by a second course with the same agent. […] Some women with recurrent episodes of BV may benefit from treatment of Gardnerella vaginalis in their sexual partner if colonization is demonstrated, although this is controversial and not usually supported by the data. […] Therapy with metronidazole or clindamycin may alter the vaginal flora and predispose the patient to development of vaginal candidiasis. […] Discourage douching, bubble baths, and over-the-counter vulvovaginal hygiene products. […] Restriction of activities is not necessary for patients with bacterial vaginosis. […] Correction or modification of the following factors may help reduce the incidence or recurrence of BV: Recent antibiotic use, Decreased estrogen production of the host, Wearing an IUD, Douching, Bubble baths, Feminine hygiene products, Liquid soaps and body washes.

• #20 Bacterial Vaginosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/vaginal-discharge-female-discharge/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a very common condition caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina. This causes a change in the normal vaginal discharge, which may become more noticeable or develop a fishy smell. […] In women who are having periods, bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of a vaginal discharge. […] BV is a common condition, but we don’t know exactly how often it occurs. It’s been suggested that 1 in 3 women get BV at least once in their lives. […] BV is not caused by poor hygiene. In fact, excessive washing of the vagina (particularly if strong soaps or perfumed deodorants are used) may alter the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina even more, which may make BV more likely to develop or worsen. […] You normally need treatment for BV if it is causing symptoms, or if the characteristic smell is noticeable to you. If you are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or about to have a gynaecological procedure then you may be advised to get treatment for BV.

• #21 New guidelines for bacterial vaginosis diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/cdc-updates-guidelines-for-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-bacterial-vaginosis

  According to the CDC, BV can be diagnosed via Amsels diagnostic criteria or by determining the Nugent score from a vaginal Gram stain. Vaginal Gram stain is the reference standard method for BV diagnosis. […] Updated guidelines recommend various oral and intravaginal treatment methods for women with symptomatic BV. Therapy benefits among nonpregnant women include relief of vaginal symptoms and reduce signs of infection. […] BV treatment is recommended for all symptomatic pregnant women, so as to reduce the possibility of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, intra-amniotic infection, and postpartum endometriosis. […] Women should be advised to refrain from sexual activity or to use condoms consistently and correctly during the BV treatment regimen. Douching might increase the risk for relapse, and no data support the use of douching for treatment or symptom relief.

• #22 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Test: How It’s Done & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22123-bacterial-vaginosis-test

  A bacterial vaginosis test is a way to diagnose a bacterial vaginal infection, a common condition. If the test reveals bacterial vaginosis, you may need antibiotics. […] Healthcare providers use this test to determine if you have bacterial vaginosis, a common bacterial infection. […] A primary care provider (PCP) or gynecologist orders the test and collects a sample of your vaginal discharge in their office. […] If the results of a bacterial vaginosis test are positive, your healthcare provider may recommend treatment with antibiotics. […] Treatment is especially important in pregnant women or women who are trying to become pregnant. Bacterial vaginosis can lead to pregnancy complications like premature birth. […] A bacterial vaginosis test is a quick, painless and risk-free way to diagnose an infection in your vagina. Your provider takes a sample of your vaginal discharge and sends it to a lab for testing. If you have bacterial vaginosis, your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics to clear the infection.

• #23 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0401/p807.html

  Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis are the most common infectious causes of vaginitis. […] Oral and topical clindamycin and metronidazole are equally effective at eradicating bacterial vaginosis. […] Vaginal pH greater than 4.5, positive whiff test, milky discharge, and the presence of clue cells on microscopic examination of vaginal fluid are used for diagnosis. […] Current treatment recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are listed in Table 4. Nonpregnant women with symptomatic disease require antibacterial therapy to relieve vaginal symptoms. […] Metronidazole, 500 mg twice daily for one week, is effective for treating bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis. […] A Cochrane review of 24 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed that clindamycin and metronidazole (Flagyl) are equally effective, achieving clinical cure in 91 and 92 percent of cases, respectively, after two to three weeks of treatment.

• #24 Bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/clinical/bacterial-vaginosis-and-vulvovaginal-candidiasis/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common causes of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. […] Nurses should be aware that the most common causes of vaginal discharge are physiological, for example BV and candida, but STIs should also be considered. […] If a woman presents with a vaginal discharge that she feels is different from what she normally experiences, this should be assessed by taking a clinical history. […] Part of the assessment must include a sexual history to exclude the risk of an STI. […] There are two main methods of diagnosis: […] At least three of these four criteria are present for the diagnosis of BV to be confirmed: […] Treatment for BV is generally very effective if taken according to instructions: […] The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) states in its national guidelines that there is no evidence of teratogenicity from the use of metronidazole in women during the first trimester of pregnancy and symptomatic pregnant women should be treated in the usual way.

• #25 New guidelines for bacterial vaginosis diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/cdc-updates-guidelines-for-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-bacterial-vaginosis

  According to the CDC, BV can be diagnosed via Amsels diagnostic criteria or by determining the Nugent score from a vaginal Gram stain. Vaginal Gram stain is the reference standard method for BV diagnosis. […] Updated guidelines recommend various oral and intravaginal treatment methods for women with symptomatic BV. Therapy benefits among nonpregnant women include relief of vaginal symptoms and reduce signs of infection. […] BV treatment is recommended for all symptomatic pregnant women, so as to reduce the possibility of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, intra-amniotic infection, and postpartum endometriosis. […] Women should be advised to refrain from sexual activity or to use condoms consistently and correctly during the BV treatment regimen. Douching might increase the risk for relapse, and no data support the use of douching for treatment or symptom relief.

• #26 Bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/clinical/bacterial-vaginosis-and-vulvovaginal-candidiasis/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common causes of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. […] Nurses should be aware that the most common causes of vaginal discharge are physiological, for example BV and candida, but STIs should also be considered. […] If a woman presents with a vaginal discharge that she feels is different from what she normally experiences, this should be assessed by taking a clinical history. […] Part of the assessment must include a sexual history to exclude the risk of an STI. […] There are two main methods of diagnosis: […] At least three of these four criteria are present for the diagnosis of BV to be confirmed: […] Treatment for BV is generally very effective if taken according to instructions: […] The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) states in its national guidelines that there is no evidence of teratogenicity from the use of metronidazole in women during the first trimester of pregnancy and symptomatic pregnant women should be treated in the usual way.

• #27 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Your risk of BV is higher if you are sexually active, especially if you don’t use condoms or dental dams. […] Left untreated, bacterial vaginosis has been tied to a higher risk of other health problems. […] While BV isn’t particularly harmful most of the time, it’s important to treat bacterial vaginosis promptly, especially if you’re pregnant. […] There are ways to lower your risk of getting BV: Don’t have sex. […] You can also work to maintain a healthy pH in your vagina, so your lactobacillus levels stay high and bad bacteria can’t take over. […] Most people (84%) who have BV report no symptoms. […] Because BV symptoms mimic symptoms of other vaginal infections, it’s important to get a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. […] To confirm a BV diagnosis, your doctor will check your vagina’s pH or acidity level. A high reading is a sign of BV.

• #28 Bacterial Vaginosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459216/

  Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common vaginal infections affecting women worldwide, with significant implications for both reproductive and overall health. […] Understanding its causes, symptoms, and diagnosis is crucial for an effective management strategy for bacterial vaginosis, underscoring the collaborative efforts of the healthcare team. […] This course aims to thoroughly explore bacterial vaginosis, covering its microbiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, differential diagnosis, and evidence-based management strategies. Participants will gain the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively recognize, diagnose, and manage bacterial vaginosis in clinical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of care. […] Approximately 30% of bacterial vaginosis cases are known to resolve without treatment. Treatment is not necessary for asymptomatic Gardnerella colonization. […] However, if a patient experiences distress due to the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, it is recommended to pursue treatment using either oral or vaginal medication. Bacterial vaginosis can be treated with either clindamycin or metronidazole. Both of these medications are effective if taken by mouth or applied vaginally. Both are safe to use in pregnant patients.

• #29

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh2668

  Bacterial vaginosis is a condition in which there is excess growth of certain bacteria that are normally found in the vagina. […] While bacterial vaginosis may go away on its own, most doctors use antibiotics to treat it. You may have been prescribed pills or vaginal cream. With treatment, bacterial vaginosis usually clears up in 5 to 7 days. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have a fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You have new or worse vaginal itching or discharge.

• #30 Bacterial Vaginosis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.bacterial-vaginosis-care-instructions.uh2668

  Bacterial vaginosis is a condition in which there is excess growth of certain bacteria that are normally found in the vagina. Symptoms often include abnormal gray or yellow discharge with a „fishy” odor. It is not considered an infection that is spread through sexual contact. […] While bacterial vaginosis may go away on its own, most doctors use antibiotics to treat it. You may have been prescribed pills or vaginal cream. With treatment, bacterial vaginosis usually clears up in 5 to 7 days. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics.

• #31 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. Additional symptoms of BV include vaginal odor and a burning sensation. BV also increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV. Anyone with symptoms that could be related to BV should be evaluated by a health care provider. […] Treatment of BV is recommended for people with symptoms and people who are having surgery such as hysterectomy (even if they have no symptoms). […] BV is treated with antibiotics. The medications most commonly used are metronidazole and clindamycin. These medications are available in oral and vaginal forms. Oral pills may be more convenient to use but may cause more gastrointestinal side effects. Patients are encourage to complete the recommended therapy in order to lower the risk of symptoms recurring.

• #32 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3963-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection that happens when some normal bacteria that live in your vagina overgrow, causing a bacterial imbalance. Symptoms include an off-white or gray vaginal discharge that smells fishy. BV is easily treatable with antibiotics from a healthcare provider. […] Your healthcare provider will prescribe antibiotics, typically metronidazole or clindamycin. These medications come in a gel or cream you insert into your vagina. Some antibiotics are pills you can take orally (by swallowing them). […] Its important to finish the antibiotic and take it as your provider prescribes. Stopping early because your symptoms go away increases your risk of getting BV again. […] If you have bacterial vaginosis (BV), your provider can prescribe medication thats safe to use during pregnancy. You should get treated for the infection whether or not you have symptoms. BV can cause pregnancy complications, such as premature birth or having a baby that weighs less than average (low birth weight). […] Call your provider if you have: Vaginal discharge that changes color or consistency. Vaginal discharge that smells different than usual. Vaginal itching, burning, swelling or soreness.

• #33 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Bacterial vaginosis is treated with oral metronidazole, intravaginal metronidazole, or intravaginal clindamycin. […] Treatment of bacterial vaginosis is recommended for resolving symptoms, as well as reducing the risk of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections. […] First-line therapy includes seven-day courses of oral metronidazole (Flagyl), intravaginal metronidazole (Metrogel), or intravaginal clindamycin. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved a single-dose oral therapy for bacterial vaginosis, secnidazole (Solosec), which will be available in 2018. […] Treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy improves symptoms but does not reduce the risk of preterm birth. […] Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is common. Women should be advised to return for treatment if symptoms recur. […] Routine testing in asymptomatic women and retesting (test of cure) are not recommended because these bacteria can be part of normal flora.

• #34 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. Additional symptoms of BV include vaginal odor and a burning sensation. BV also increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV. Anyone with symptoms that could be related to BV should be evaluated by a health care provider. […] Treatment of BV is recommended for people with symptoms and people who are having surgery such as hysterectomy (even if they have no symptoms). […] BV is treated with antibiotics. The medications most commonly used are metronidazole and clindamycin. These medications are available in oral and vaginal forms. Oral pills may be more convenient to use but may cause more gastrointestinal side effects. Patients are encourage to complete the recommended therapy in order to lower the risk of symptoms recurring.

• #35 Bacterial Vaginosis: Treatments, Symptoms, and FAQ

  https://www.healthline.com/health/home-remedies-forbacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis is common in people with a vagina. Although it can clear up on its own, getting treatment can lower your chance of complications and health risks. […] A doctor will usually begin a BV treatment regimen by prescribing antibiotic bacterial vaginosis medication. […] Your doctor may prescribe several bacterial vaginosis medications as initial BV treatment. They are antibiotics available in pill, cream, or suppository form. […] One of the best prescription treatments for BV is an antibiotic called metronidazole. You can take it as a pill or gel. […] If you have BV that recurs, a doctor may prescribe 500 mg of oral medication for 10-14 days. Another option is to use vaginal gel for 10 days, then twice weekly for 3-6 months. […] Clindamycin is another effective prescription treatment for BV. It’s an antibiotic that you can take as a pill, cream, or ovule suppository.

• #36

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh2668

  Bacterial vaginosis is a condition in which there is excess growth of certain bacteria that are normally found in the vagina. […] While bacterial vaginosis may go away on its own, most doctors use antibiotics to treat it. You may have been prescribed pills or vaginal cream. With treatment, bacterial vaginosis usually clears up in 5 to 7 days. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have a fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You have new or worse vaginal itching or discharge.

• #37 Bacterial vaginosis (BV) – symptoms, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common condition caused by a change in the balance of healthy bacteria in your vagina. […] BV can be easily treated with antibiotics. […] You should see your doctor if you have symptoms of BV, or a change in your normal vaginal discharge. […] BV is usually treated with antibiotics. These may be given as tablets, or as a vaginal antibiotic cream or gel. […] It’s important to take the full course of antibiotics, even if your symptoms go away quickly. Stopping treatment early may increase your risk of the infection coming back. […] If you have BV and are pregnant, it’s important to get treatment to avoid complications. […] There are some things you can do to help prevent BV: only use water to clean your vagina, use barrier contraception, such as condoms, during any type of sex, avoid douching, don’t use perfumed talcum powder or deodorants around your vagina, stop smoking or vaping. […] See your doctor or midwife if you have symptoms of BV during pregnancy. Treatment of BV can help prevent pregnancy complications.

• #38 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a highly prevalent condition and the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide. […] Women with BV are at increased risk for STI acquisition, such as HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, M. genitalium, HPV, and HSV-2; complications after gynecologic surgery; complications of pregnancy; and recurrence of BV. […] Treatment for BV is recommended for women with symptoms. Established benefits of therapy among nonpregnant women are to relieve vaginal symptoms and signs of infection. […] Women should be advised to refrain from sexual activity or to use condoms consistently and correctly during the BV treatment regimen. […] All women with BV should be tested for HIV and other STIs. […] Follow-up visits are unnecessary if symptoms resolve. Because persistent or recurrent BV is common, women should be advised to return for evaluation if symptoms recur.

• #39 Bacterial vaginosis – aftercare: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000687.htm

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a type of vaginal infection. The vagina normally contains both healthy bacteria and unhealthy bacteria. BV occurs when more unhealthy bacteria grow than healthy bacteria. […] If you have BV, your provider may prescribe: Antibiotic pills that you swallow, Antibiotic creams or suppositories that you insert into your vagina. Be sure you use the medicine exactly as prescribed and follow the instructions on the label. Drinking alcohol with some medicines may upset your stomach, give you strong stomach cramps, or make you sick. Do not skip a day or stop taking any medicine early, because the infection may come back. […] To help ease vaginal irritation: Stay out of hot tubs or whirlpool baths, Wash your vagina and anus with a gentle, non-deodorant soap, Rinse completely and gently dry your genitals well, Use unscented tampons or pads, Wear loose-fitting clothing and cotton underwear. Avoid wearing pantyhose, Wipe from front to back after you use the bathroom.

• #40 Bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/bacterial-vaginosis-and-pregnancy

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infection thats easily treated, but it can cause problems for your baby during pregnancy. […] Having BV during pregnancy can increase your babys risk for premature birth and low birthweight. […] Getting treated for BV during pregnancy can help protect your baby. […] If you have BV during pregnancy, your baby is at increased risk for preterm birth and low birthweight. […] BV also can cause pelvic inflammatory diseases (also called PID). PID is an infection in the uterus that can increase your risk for infertility (not being able to get pregnant). […] Treatment with antibiotics for BV is safe for your baby during pregnancy, and it may help reduce your risk for STDs.

• #41 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV treatment is recommended for all symptomatic pregnant women because symptomatic BV has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, intra-amniotic infection, and postpartum endometritis. […] Women with HIV infection and BV should receive the same treatment regimen as those who do not have HIV.

• #42 New guidelines for bacterial vaginosis diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/cdc-updates-guidelines-for-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-bacterial-vaginosis

  Metronidazole therapy poses a low risk during pregnancy, according to data from multiple cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies of pregnant women. Although it crosses the placenta, no evidence of teratogenicity or mutagenic effects among infants has been found. […] Studies show that, for pregnant women at low risk for preterm delivery, asymptomatic BV treatment does not reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, asymptomatic BV treatment of pregnant women at high risk for preterm delivery, according to seven studies, produced mixed results: one revealed harm, two reported no benefit, and four demonstrated benefit.

• #43 Bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/clinical/bacterial-vaginosis-and-vulvovaginal-candidiasis/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common causes of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. […] Nurses should be aware that the most common causes of vaginal discharge are physiological, for example BV and candida, but STIs should also be considered. […] If a woman presents with a vaginal discharge that she feels is different from what she normally experiences, this should be assessed by taking a clinical history. […] Part of the assessment must include a sexual history to exclude the risk of an STI. […] There are two main methods of diagnosis: […] At least three of these four criteria are present for the diagnosis of BV to be confirmed: […] Treatment for BV is generally very effective if taken according to instructions: […] The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) states in its national guidelines that there is no evidence of teratogenicity from the use of metronidazole in women during the first trimester of pregnancy and symptomatic pregnant women should be treated in the usual way.

• #44 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics/print

  People who are having surgery that involves the vagina should be treated if BV is present, even if they do not have symptoms. […] Pregnant people with BV are at increased risk of preterm birth. However, there does not appear to be a benefit to routinely testing and/or treating all pregnant people for BV. Pregnant people with symptoms of infection should be tested; some experts also recommend testing pregnant people who have a history of a previous preterm birth. […] People with a confirmed relapse of BV are retreated with an antibiotic. The antibiotic can be the same as the initial treatment or one that hasn’t yet been used (for example, the person might try a vaginal medication instead of an oral pill). […] While the best ways to reduce the risk of BV coming back are not known, a few basic steps can be helpful, including: Finish the entire course of treatment for BV, even if the symptoms resolve after a few doses.

• #45 Frontiers | Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/reproductive-health/articles/10.3389/frph.2023.1100029/full

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of vaginitis worldwide and is associated with serious reproductive health outcomes, including increased risk of preterm birth, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The current and only FDA-approved treatment regimens for BV are antibiotics, such as metronidazole and clindamycin. Antibiotics provide a short-term cure for bacterial vaginosis; however, fail to provide a consistent long-term cure for many women. Fifty to eighty percent of women experience a BV recurrence within a year of completing antibiotic treatment. This may be because after antibiotic treatment, beneficial strains of Lactobacillus, such as L. crispatus, do not recolonize the vagina. […] In the absence of an effective long-term cure, patients, providers, and researchers are exploring different approaches to treatment and prevention, resulting in a rapid evolution of perspectives on BV pathogenesis and approaches to management. Current areas of investigation for BV management include probiotics, vaginal microbiome transplantation, pH modulation, and biofilm disruption. Behavioral modifications that may help include smoking cessation, condom use and hormonal contraception.

• #46 Bacterial vaginosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352285

  To treat bacterial vaginosis, your doctor may prescribe one of the following medicines: […] Take your medicine or use the cream or gel for as long as prescribed, even if your symptoms go away. If you stop treatment early, BV may come back. This is called recurrent bacterial vaginosis. […] It’s common for bacterial vaginosis to come back within 3 to 12 months even with proper treatment. Researchers are exploring options for recurrent BV. If your symptoms return soon after treatment, talk with your care team. It might be possible for you to take extended-use metronidazole therapy. […] For bacterial vaginosis, some basic questions to ask include: […] Don’t hesitate to ask questions during your appointment if you don’t understand something.

• #47 Bacterial Vaginosis – CDC Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/10/16/bv-cdc-diagnosis-treatment-recommendations/

  Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) occurs when normal hydrogen peroxide producing Lactobacillus sp. is replaced by an overgrowth of facultative anaerobic bacteria. If a woman presents with symptoms, including vaginal discharge, irritation and malodor […] Treatment is recommended for women with symptoms, including discharge, irritation and malodor and may reduce the risk for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. vaginalis, HIV, and herpes simplex type 2. […] Test all women with BV for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) […] Follow-up visits are unnecessary if symptoms resolve […] Routine treatment of sex partners in not recommended […] Using a different recommended treatment regimen can be considered in women who have a recurrence […] Retreatment with the same recommended regimen is an acceptable approach for treating persistent or recurrent BV after the first occurrence. […] Recurrent BV: At least 3 documented, separate episodes of BV in one year […] 0.75% metronidazole gel twice weekly for 4–6 months has been shown to reduce recurrences, although this benefit might not persist when suppressive therapy is discontinued.

• #48 Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-treatment

  BV that does not resolve after one course of treatment may be cured by a second course with the same agent. […] Some women with recurrent episodes of BV may benefit from treatment of Gardnerella vaginalis in their sexual partner if colonization is demonstrated, although this is controversial and not usually supported by the data. […] Therapy with metronidazole or clindamycin may alter the vaginal flora and predispose the patient to development of vaginal candidiasis. […] Discourage douching, bubble baths, and over-the-counter vulvovaginal hygiene products. […] Restriction of activities is not necessary for patients with bacterial vaginosis. […] Correction or modification of the following factors may help reduce the incidence or recurrence of BV: Recent antibiotic use, Decreased estrogen production of the host, Wearing an IUD, Douching, Bubble baths, Feminine hygiene products, Liquid soaps and body washes.

• #49 Bacterial Vaginosis – CDC Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/10/16/bv-cdc-diagnosis-treatment-recommendations/

  Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) occurs when normal hydrogen peroxide producing Lactobacillus sp. is replaced by an overgrowth of facultative anaerobic bacteria. If a woman presents with symptoms, including vaginal discharge, irritation and malodor […] Treatment is recommended for women with symptoms, including discharge, irritation and malodor and may reduce the risk for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. vaginalis, HIV, and herpes simplex type 2. […] Test all women with BV for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) […] Follow-up visits are unnecessary if symptoms resolve […] Routine treatment of sex partners in not recommended […] Using a different recommended treatment regimen can be considered in women who have a recurrence […] Retreatment with the same recommended regimen is an acceptable approach for treating persistent or recurrent BV after the first occurrence. […] Recurrent BV: At least 3 documented, separate episodes of BV in one year […] 0.75% metronidazole gel twice weekly for 4–6 months has been shown to reduce recurrences, although this benefit might not persist when suppressive therapy is discontinued.

• #50 Home remedies for bacterial vaginosis: Probiotics, garlic, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317562

  Probiotics help the body grow beneficial bacteria that can fight the bacteria associated with BV. A 2019 review concluded that probiotic therapy might have both short- and long-term benefits in treating BV. […] Taking probiotics, garlic supplements, or vaginal suppositories containing boric acid are ways a person may be able to treat bacterial vaginosis at home. […] Bacterial vaginosis is usually curable with prescription antibiotics that can help readjust the balance of bacteria in the vagina. […] Prevention is also key to stopping BV from returning. Practicing safe sex by using condoms, urinating immediately after intercourse, avoiding scented vaginal products, and abstaining from douching are ways a person can prevent BV. […] Options for home treatments include practicing safe hygiene, using barrier protection during intercourse, and taking probiotic supplements. […] However, anyone experiencing symptoms of BV should always contact a medical professional as the first course of action.

• #51 Bacterial vaginosis treatment guidelines – Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC)

  https://www.mshc.org.au/health-professionals/treatment-guidelines/bacterial-vaginosis-treatment-guidelines

  Douching and intravaginal cleaning practices have been associated with a non-optimal vaginal microbiota and should be avoided. […] Treatment is recommended in symptomatic pregnant women to alleviate symptoms. […] Partner treatment can now be offered to women with male partners. […] BV recurrence is common with 50% of women experiencing post-treatment recurrence within 3-12 months. […] Partner treatment should be offered to individuals in ongoing relationships. […] If a patient using an IUD develops BV treat as recommended above AND If the patient experiences recurrent BV with a copper IUD consider switching to an alternative method or removal and re-treatment prior to re-insertion. […] Couples should be advised to synchronise treatment where possible, and abstain from all sexual contact until both partners have completed treatment. […] Testing of female partners should be offered in order to detect and treat BV in the partner. […] Where appropriate, consider treating all sexual partners simultaneously to reduce the risk of reinfection.

• #52 Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-treatment

  BV that does not resolve after one course of treatment may be cured by a second course with the same agent. […] Some women with recurrent episodes of BV may benefit from treatment of Gardnerella vaginalis in their sexual partner if colonization is demonstrated, although this is controversial and not usually supported by the data. […] Therapy with metronidazole or clindamycin may alter the vaginal flora and predispose the patient to development of vaginal candidiasis. […] Discourage douching, bubble baths, and over-the-counter vulvovaginal hygiene products. […] Restriction of activities is not necessary for patients with bacterial vaginosis. […] Correction or modification of the following factors may help reduce the incidence or recurrence of BV: Recent antibiotic use, Decreased estrogen production of the host, Wearing an IUD, Douching, Bubble baths, Feminine hygiene products, Liquid soaps and body washes.

• #53 Bacterial vaginosis treatment guidelines – Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC)

  https://www.mshc.org.au/health-professionals/treatment-guidelines/bacterial-vaginosis-treatment-guidelines

  Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection caused by a change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria. […] Treatment is indicated in: Symptomatic women. […] Women undergoing an invasive upper genital tract procedure such as termination of pregnancy or insertion of IUD, where feasible, to reduce the risk of PID/endometritis. […] Asymptomatic women requesting treatment. […] Male partner treatment has now been shown to improve BV cure. […] Metronidazole can cause nausea. Patients should be advised to have their medication with food and to avoid drinking alcohol whilst on treatment and for 48 hours after completion. […] Women should avoid sexual contact or are recommended to use condoms consistently during treatment. […] Partner treatment can now be offered to women with male partners.

• #54 Bacterial vaginosis – aftercare: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000687.htm

  You can help prevent bacterial vaginosis by: Not having sex, Limiting your number of sex partners, Always using a condom when you have sex, Not douching. Douching removes the healthy bacteria in your vagina that protect against infection. […] Contact your provider if: Your symptoms are not improving, You have pelvic pain or a fever.

• #55 Bacterial vaginosis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  To help prevent bacterial vaginosis: Don’t use scented products. Wash your genitals with warm water only. Scented soaps and other scented products may inflame vaginal tissues. […] Don’t douche. Douching won’t clear up a vaginal infection. It may even make it worse. Your vagina doesn’t require cleansing other than normal bathing. […] To treat bacterial vaginosis, your doctor may prescribe one of the following medicines: Metronidazole (Flagyl, Metrogel-Vaginal, others). This medicine comes as a pill or topical gel. […] Usually, treatment isn’t needed for a sex partner whose sex is male. But BV can spread to partners whose sex is female. So testing and treatment may be needed if a female partner has symptoms. […] It’s common for bacterial vaginosis to come back within 3 to 12 months even with proper treatment.

• #56 Frontiers | Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/reproductive-health/articles/10.3389/frph.2023.1100029/full

  The mechanism of action of oral probiotics, which are more commonly used, is unknown. It is possible that oral probiotics may reach the vaginal microbiome through the gastrointestinal tract. […] Vaginal microbiome transplantation (VMT) is a novel therapeutic option currently under investigation for prevention of recurrent BV. […] Lactobacilli produce lactic acid, which helps maintain a low, acidic, vaginal pH. […] There is no reliable evidence that pH modulators alone are effective at treating BV or that they are more effective than existing antibiotic treatments. […] A cohort study of 956 women found smoking to be a significant risk factor for BV (adjusted odds ratio of 3.0) and various other studies have found smoking to be an independent factor related to BV incidence. […] Both hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives may play a role in BV occurrence.

• #57 Bacterial vaginosis: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/bacterial-vaginosis-diagnosis-and-management

  Pharmacists play an essential role in the management of BV by identifying the condition, providing advice on self-care and signposting patients to medical care at early stages. Additionally, pharmacists can recommend and supply appropriate treatment options, such as antibiotics, to women with confirmed BV diagnosis or recurrent infections. […] Treatment is indicated for symptomatic women and women undergoing gynaecological surgical or invasive diagnostic procedures. Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and BASHH recommend the use of topical or oral metronidazole or clindamycin as first-line treatments for BV. […] Pharmacists should provide a non-judgmental and accessible point of contact for women seeking advice and treatment; […] Patients should be advised that bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not a sexually transmitted infection and cannot be passed on to sexual partners; […] Pharmacists can help reduce the burden of this condition on women’s health and wellbeing.

• #58 Bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/clinical/bacterial-vaginosis-and-vulvovaginal-candidiasis/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common causes of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. […] Nurses should be aware that the most common causes of vaginal discharge are physiological, for example BV and candida, but STIs should also be considered. […] If a woman presents with a vaginal discharge that she feels is different from what she normally experiences, this should be assessed by taking a clinical history. […] Part of the assessment must include a sexual history to exclude the risk of an STI. […] There are two main methods of diagnosis: […] At least three of these four criteria are present for the diagnosis of BV to be confirmed: […] Treatment for BV is generally very effective if taken according to instructions: […] The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) states in its national guidelines that there is no evidence of teratogenicity from the use of metronidazole in women during the first trimester of pregnancy and symptomatic pregnant women should be treated in the usual way.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10110/influence_of_nursing_intervention_on_patients_with.28.aspx

  In conclusion, the data in this study indicate that the nursing intervention improves recurrent bacterial vaginosis and the quality of life of patients treated with sucrose gel. […] Nursing intervention can increase the cure rate, change adverse cognition, and improve the quality of life of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis patients treated with the ATP-infrared bio-effect technique. […] To evaluate the effect of a structured nursing intervention program on recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis in patients treated with sucrose gel over a 6-month period, quality of life measures in patients with recurrent bacterial vaginosis, adherence to treatment regimens and lifestyle modifications. […] The nursing intervention included routine nursing and additional care. Additional care scheme includes guidance, teaching and counseling, medication management, clinical treatments, treatment planning patient education, and surveillance categories.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10110/influence_of_nursing_intervention_on_patients_with.28.aspx

  Bacterial vaginosis significantly affects gynecological health of women, and recurrence is common with a high prevalence in patients who received sucrose gel treatment. Evidence has found that nursing intervention has benefits in improving the rate of recurrence of gynecological diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of nursing intervention on patients with recurrent bacterial vaginosis treated with sucrose gel. […] Our results indicate that the nursing intervention was associated with significant improvements in physical functioning, depression, mental health, bodily vitality pain, and symptoms related to bacterial vaginosis compared to the control group patients. Nursing intervention significantly decreased the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis via improvement quality of life and psychological states.

• #61

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10110/influence_of_nursing_intervention_on_patients_with.28.aspx

  The results demonstrated that the nursing intervention was effective in eliminating 4 Amsel criteria, and a statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups. […] The data in the current study found that the nursing intervention not only improved bacterial vaginosis-related symptoms, but also improved quality of life and recurrence rate during the 6-month period in patients with sucrose gel-treated bacterial vaginosis. […] Importantly, a good positive frame of mind may enhance immunity for patients with bacterial vaginosis, which reverses the therapeutic effects of sucrose gel and further leads to the inhibition of pathogens. […] The results further show that the nursing intervention improves the recurrence of the nursing intervention, the quality of life, the 4 criteria of Amsel, and reduces the symptoms related to bacterial vaginosis, suggesting that it may be an ideal adjuvant therapy for preventing recurrence of patients with sucrose gel-treated with bacterial vaginosis.

• #62

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10110/influence_of_nursing_intervention_on_patients_with.28.aspx

  Bacterial vaginosis significantly affects gynecological health of women, and recurrence is common with a high prevalence in patients who received sucrose gel treatment. Evidence has found that nursing intervention has benefits in improving the rate of recurrence of gynecological diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of nursing intervention on patients with recurrent bacterial vaginosis treated with sucrose gel. […] Our results indicate that the nursing intervention was associated with significant improvements in physical functioning, depression, mental health, bodily vitality pain, and symptoms related to bacterial vaginosis compared to the control group patients. Nursing intervention significantly decreased the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis via improvement quality of life and psychological states.

• #63 Bacterial vaginosis

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is easily treatable with medicine from your doctor or nurse. […] BV is treated with antibiotics prescribed by your doctor. […] If you think you have BV: See a doctor or nurse. Antibiotics will treat BV. […] All pregnant women with symptoms of BV should be tested and treated if they have it. […] The medicine used to treat BV is safe for pregnant women. […] If you do have BV, you can be treated safely at any stage of your pregnancy. […] Douching upsets the balance of good and harmful bacteria in your vagina. This may raise your risk of BV. […] Researchers think that your risk of getting BV goes up with the number of partners you have. […] If your partner has BV, you might be able to lower your risk by using protection during sex.

• #64 Bacterial Vaginosis | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases/std-fact-sheets/bacterial-vaginosis.html

  BV can cause some serious health risks, including: Increasing your chance of getting HIV if you have sex with someone who is infected with HIV; If you are HIV positive, increasing your chance of passing HIV to your sex partner; Making it more likely that you will deliver your baby too early if you have BV while pregnant; Increasing your chance of getting other STDs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. These bacteria can sometimes cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can make it difficult or impossible for you to have children.

• #65 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics

  People who are having surgery that involves the vagina should be treated if BV is present, even if they do not have symptoms. […] Pregnant people with BV are at increased risk of preterm birth. However, there does not appear to be a benefit to routinely testing and/or treating all pregnant people for BV. Pregnant people with symptoms of infection should be tested; some experts also recommend testing pregnant people who have a history of a previous preterm birth. […] While the best ways to reduce the risk of BV coming back are not known, a few basic steps can be helpful, including: Finish the entire course of treatment for BV, even if the symptoms resolve after a few doses. Use condoms correctly and consistently for all types of sexual activity. […] Complications of BV — BV itself is not harmful, although it has been associated with some health problems. For example: Pregnant people with BV are at higher risk of preterm delivery. […] Any antibiotic therapy may be followed by typical symptoms caused by vaginal yeast infection. If a patient develops symptoms, they should be evaluated to exclude yeast infection or relapse of bacterial vaginosis.

• #66 Bacterial Vaginosis | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases/std-fact-sheets/bacterial-vaginosis.html

  BV can cause some serious health risks, including: Increasing your chance of getting HIV if you have sex with someone who is infected with HIV; If you are HIV positive, increasing your chance of passing HIV to your sex partner; Making it more likely that you will deliver your baby too early if you have BV while pregnant; Increasing your chance of getting other STDs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. These bacteria can sometimes cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can make it difficult or impossible for you to have children.

• #67 Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-treatment

  BV that does not resolve after one course of treatment may be cured by a second course with the same agent. […] Some women with recurrent episodes of BV may benefit from treatment of Gardnerella vaginalis in their sexual partner if colonization is demonstrated, although this is controversial and not usually supported by the data. […] Therapy with metronidazole or clindamycin may alter the vaginal flora and predispose the patient to development of vaginal candidiasis. […] Discourage douching, bubble baths, and over-the-counter vulvovaginal hygiene products. […] Restriction of activities is not necessary for patients with bacterial vaginosis. […] Correction or modification of the following factors may help reduce the incidence or recurrence of BV: Recent antibiotic use, Decreased estrogen production of the host, Wearing an IUD, Douching, Bubble baths, Feminine hygiene products, Liquid soaps and body washes.

• #68 Bacterial Vaginosis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.bacterial-vaginosis-care-instructions.uh2668

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have a fever. You have new or worse pain in your vagina or pelvis. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have new or worse vaginal itching or discharge. You have unexpected vaginal bleeding. You are not getting better as expected. Your symptoms return after you finish the course of your medicine.

• #69 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3963-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection that happens when some normal bacteria that live in your vagina overgrow, causing a bacterial imbalance. Symptoms include an off-white or gray vaginal discharge that smells fishy. BV is easily treatable with antibiotics from a healthcare provider. […] Your healthcare provider will prescribe antibiotics, typically metronidazole or clindamycin. These medications come in a gel or cream you insert into your vagina. Some antibiotics are pills you can take orally (by swallowing them). […] Its important to finish the antibiotic and take it as your provider prescribes. Stopping early because your symptoms go away increases your risk of getting BV again. […] If you have bacterial vaginosis (BV), your provider can prescribe medication thats safe to use during pregnancy. You should get treated for the infection whether or not you have symptoms. BV can cause pregnancy complications, such as premature birth or having a baby that weighs less than average (low birth weight). […] Call your provider if you have: Vaginal discharge that changes color or consistency. Vaginal discharge that smells different than usual. Vaginal itching, burning, swelling or soreness.

• #70 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3963-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection that happens when some normal bacteria that live in your vagina overgrow, causing a bacterial imbalance. Symptoms include an off-white or gray vaginal discharge that smells fishy. BV is easily treatable with antibiotics from a healthcare provider. […] Your healthcare provider will prescribe antibiotics, typically metronidazole or clindamycin. These medications come in a gel or cream you insert into your vagina. Some antibiotics are pills you can take orally (by swallowing them). […] Its important to finish the antibiotic and take it as your provider prescribes. Stopping early because your symptoms go away increases your risk of getting BV again. […] If you have bacterial vaginosis (BV), your provider can prescribe medication thats safe to use during pregnancy. You should get treated for the infection whether or not you have symptoms. BV can cause pregnancy complications, such as premature birth or having a baby that weighs less than average (low birth weight). […] Call your provider if you have: Vaginal discharge that changes color or consistency. Vaginal discharge that smells different than usual. Vaginal itching, burning, swelling or soreness.

• #71 Bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/bacterial-vaginosis-and-pregnancy

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infection thats easily treated, but it can cause problems for your baby during pregnancy. […] Having BV during pregnancy can increase your babys risk for premature birth and low birthweight. […] Getting treated for BV during pregnancy can help protect your baby. […] If you have BV during pregnancy, your baby is at increased risk for preterm birth and low birthweight. […] BV also can cause pelvic inflammatory diseases (also called PID). PID is an infection in the uterus that can increase your risk for infertility (not being able to get pregnant). […] Treatment with antibiotics for BV is safe for your baby during pregnancy, and it may help reduce your risk for STDs.

• #72

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10110/influence_of_nursing_intervention_on_patients_with.28.aspx

  The results demonstrated that the nursing intervention was effective in eliminating 4 Amsel criteria, and a statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups. […] The data in the current study found that the nursing intervention not only improved bacterial vaginosis-related symptoms, but also improved quality of life and recurrence rate during the 6-month period in patients with sucrose gel-treated bacterial vaginosis. […] Importantly, a good positive frame of mind may enhance immunity for patients with bacterial vaginosis, which reverses the therapeutic effects of sucrose gel and further leads to the inhibition of pathogens. […] The results further show that the nursing intervention improves the recurrence of the nursing intervention, the quality of life, the 4 criteria of Amsel, and reduces the symptoms related to bacterial vaginosis, suggesting that it may be an ideal adjuvant therapy for preventing recurrence of patients with sucrose gel-treated with bacterial vaginosis.

• #73 Frontiers | Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/reproductive-health/articles/10.3389/frph.2023.1100029/full

  Contraceptive choice is very individual, however if a person with recurrent BV is interested in a hormonal contraceptive method rather than a copper IUD, this may reduce the risk for BV. […] Bacterial vaginosis is a common medical diagnosis that significantly impacts women’s quality of life and reproductive health. Antibiotics, the only approved treatment for BV, have high recurrence rates, negative side effects, and after antibiotic treatment, there is limited recolonization of the vaginal microbiota with beneficial Lactobacillus species. Despite high prevalence of BV worldwide and the inability of antibiotics to provide a long-term cure, few effective alternative treatment options exist.

Zobacz więcej