Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bacterial vaginosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352279

  Bacterial vaginosis happens when the vagina’s natural bacteria levels are out of balance. The bacteria in the vagina are called the vaginal flora. Balanced vaginal flora help keep the vagina healthy. Usually „good” bacteria outnumber „bad” bacteria. The good bacteria are called lactobacilli; the bad bacteria are anaerobes. When there are too many anaerobes, they upset the balance of the flora, causing bacterial vaginosis. […] Having different sex partners or a new sex partner. The link between having sex and bacterial vaginosis isn’t clear. But BV happens more often when someone has different or new sex partners. Also, BV is more common when the sex of both partners is female. […] Douching. The vagina is self-cleaning. So rinsing your vagina with water or something else isn’t needed. It may even cause problems. Douching upsets the vagina’s healthy balance of bacteria. It can lead to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, causing bacterial vaginosis. […] Natural lack of lactobacilli bacteria. If your vagina doesn’t produce enough lactobacilli, you’re more likely to develop bacterial vaginosis.

• #2 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3963-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal infection caused by an overgrowth of bacteria. Every healthy vagina contains bacteria. Typically, these bacteria balance each other. Sometimes, the bad bacteria grow too much and overpower the good bacteria. This throws off the balance of bacteria in your vagina and leads to bacterial vaginosis. […] Specifically, bacterial vaginosis happens when bad bacteria (anaerobes) grow more quickly than good bacteria (lactobacilli). Too much of one type of bacteria leads to an imbalance. […] Researchers know that anything that changes the natural chemistry of your vagina can affect the bacteria in your vagina. Thats why certain activities like douching or unprotected sex can lead to BV. […] Bacterial vaginosis isnt sexually transmitted, but its linked to sexual activity. Researchers think that sex may change the bacterial environment in your vagina. This makes bacterial overgrowth more likely.

• #3 Bacterial Vaginosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459216/

  Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common vaginal infections affecting women worldwide, with significant implications for both reproductive and overall health. The condition stems from an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, where typically dominant Lactobacillus species are overrun by organisms like Gardnerella. […] Bacterial vaginosis results from a reduction in hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli in the vagina, coupled with an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. However, the precise cause of bacterial vaginosis, stemming from the proliferation of Gardnerella and other anaerobic bacteria, remains elusive. […] Various factors may contribute to bacterial vaginosis development, including frequent bathing, douching, smoking, multiple sexual partners, use of over-the-counter intravaginal hygiene products, high stress levels, and increased frequency of sexual activity.

• #4 Bacterial vaginosis: Etiology and modalities of treatment—A brief note

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3249696/

  A large women population of the world is suffering from a vaginal infection commonly known as bacterial vaginosis. The disease is associated with the decrease in the lactobacilli count in the vagina. […] Although the correct etiology of the disease is not known, BV is associated with the loss of the lactobacilli colonies with a subsequent overgrowth of anaerobic polymicrobials within the vaginal lumen. […] It has been observed that there is a corresponding decrease in the population of the lactobacilli species. This results in the increase in the pH of the vaginal lumen due to the reduction in the lactic acid production. […] Scientists and researchers have associated BV with various factors including vaginal douching by the use of scented soaps or perfumed bubble bath and antiseptics during bath, multiple sex partners and/or a new sex partner, smoking and use of contraceptives (e.g., spermacides) which may increase the probability of the infection in a women.

• #5 About Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) | Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bacterial-vaginosis/about/index.html

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina, causing an imbalance. […] Researchers do not know the cause of BV. However, we do know the condition most often occurs in those who are sexually active. BV is a result of an imbalance of „good” and „harmful” bacteria in a vagina. […] Douching, not using condoms, and having new or multiple sex partners can upset the normal balance of vaginal bacteria, increasing your risk for getting BV. […] Healthcare providers and scientists do not completely understand how BV spreads or know how best to prevent it.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a very common condition in women. […] The exact cause of BV is not known. While many good bacteria are normally found in the healthy vagina, BV results from an imbalance between good and harmful bacteria micro-organisms. More specifically, an overgrowth of pathogens such as Gardnerella spp., Prevotella spp., Mobilincus spp., Megaspahera spp., Sneathea spp. and mixed vaginal anaerobes species would eventually replace the beneficial lactobacilli that helps maintain a healthy vaginal environment. […] The exact cause of this imbalance is not known but has been attributed to douching and having unprotected sex with a new or several sex partners. […] Vaginal cleansing and douching can increase the risk of developing BV. Intravaginal practice, e.g. insertion of herbs or other products into the vagina, is another risk factor.

• #7 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Medication

  https://www.medicinenet.com/bacterial_vaginosis_causes_symptoms_treatment/article.htm

  Bacterial vaginosis typically features a reduction in the number of the normal hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli in the vagina. […] Simultaneously, there is an increase in the concentration of other types of bacteria, especially anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen). […] Certain risk factors have been identified that increase the chances of developing bacterial vaginosis. […] These risk factors for BV include: multiple or new sexual partners, IUDs (intrauterine devices) for birth control, recent antibiotic use, vaginal douching, and cigarette smoking. […] However, the role of sexual activity in the development of the condition is not fully understood, and although most experts believe that bacterial vaginosis does not occur in women who have not had sexual intercourse, others feel that the condition can still develop in women who have not had sexual intercourse.

• #8 Bacterial Vaginosis: Causes, Common Symptoms & Testing For BV

  https://yoursexualhealth.co.uk/blog/bacterial-vaginosis-causes-common-symptoms-testing-for-bv/

  Bacterial Vaginosis is a common infection that affects both sexually active and non-sexually active women. […] BV is caused by an imbalance of unhealthy bacteria in the vagina. Gardnerella vaginalis is an anaerobic bacterium (bacteria) that usually exists in your vagina without causing any harm. However, if the balance of Gardnerella is thrown off, you may start experiencing signs of BV. […] Bacterial vaginosis and Gardnerella are not considered to be STDs, but you’re more likely to contract the condition if you’re sexually active and you’ve had a change of partner. Your vagina’s natural bacteria and pH levels, which should be around 3.8-4.5, can be thrown off by a few things: […] Using products with harsh fragrances and chemicals can throw the bacterial flora in your vagina out of balance.

• #9 Bacterial Vaginosis — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is due to a disturbance of normal bacterial equilibrium (or microbiome) in the vagina. […] It is associated with elevated vaginal pH (4.5). […] In BV, there is an overgrowth of other (often anaerobic) types of bacteria, especially Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum; and Prevotella, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Mobiluncus, and Clostridiales species. […] BV is not generally considered sexually transmitted or contagious. […] There is no singular causative organism, and there is no clear equivalent disease in male partners. […] However, being sexually active is a risk factor for BV, and studies in women who have sex with women suggest that transmission of vaginal bacteria between sexual partners may play a role in some cases.

• #10 Bacterial Vaginosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459216/

  The association between bacterial vaginosis and an increased risk of acquiring future STIs stems from the fact that bacterial vaginosis allows other vaginal pathogens to gain access to the upper genital tract. […] Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring vaginal flora, characterized by both a change in the most common type of bacteria present as well as an increase in the total number of bacteria present. […] Bacterial vaginosis is not currently considered an STI. By definition, an STI is caused by a source that is not endogenous to the vaginal flora. Since an overgrowth of normal vaginal bacteria causes bacterial vaginosis, it does not meet the definition of an STI.

• #11 Bacterial Vaginosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342-overview

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV), or nonspecific vaginitis, was named because bacteria are the etiologic agents and an associated inflammatory response is lacking. Many studies have demonstrated the relation of Gardnerella vaginalis with other bacteria in causing BV, such as Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and anaerobes, including Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, and Eubacterium. Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Streptococcus viridans, and Atopobium vaginae have also been associated with BV. […] Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobic synergistic infection. As described in Pathophysiology, the normally predominant lactobacilli population is reduced in the vagina, while populations of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes are increased. […] Other factors associated in the development of BV include douching, tub bathing (particularly with bubble bath), use of over-the-counter intravaginal hygiene products, multiple sexual partners, high frequency of intercourse, the use of an IUD and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases. The theory for why these factors contribute to the development of BV is that they disrupt the normal vaginal flora. Some evidence shows that hormonal contraception (both combined estrogen/progestin and progestin only) is protective for the development of BV. Recurrent BV may be attributable to previous colonization of the oral cavity or anus with BV-associated bacteria.

• #12 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Medication

  https://www.medicinenet.com/bacterial_vaginosis_causes_symptoms_treatment/article.htm

  Bacterial vaginosis also is referred to as nonspecific vaginitis, is a vaginal condition that can produce vaginal discharge and results from an overgrowth of certain kinds of bacteria in the vagina. […] However, the newer name, bacterial vaginosis, reflects the fact that several species of bacteria naturally live in the vaginal area and may grow to excess, rather than a true infection with foreign bacteria, such as occurs with many sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs). […] The Gardnerella organism is not the sole type of bacteria causing the symptoms. Other kinds of bacteria that can be involved in bacterial vaginosis are Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, as well as several other types. […] Researchers have had difficulty determining exactly what causes bacterial vaginosis. At present, it seems to be that a combination of multiple bacteria must be present together for bacterial vaginosis to develop.

• #13 What causes bacterial vaginosis? | Medzino

  https://www.medzino.com/health-center/what-causes-bacterial-vaginosis/

  BV happens when there are too few lactobacilli in the vagina. This kind of bacteria produces lactic acid that prevents other harmful bacteria from entering and colonizing your vagina. […] Usually, at first, the primary culprit is a bacteria called Gardnerella vaginalis. Gardnerella bacteria are fast to multiply and, when they overtake the lactobacilli in number, they create a coating (biofilm) along the vagina walls. This biofilm then, in turn, is populated by other bad bacteria. Once this excessive bacteria growth reaches a certain stage, symptoms can appear. […] In fact, even though its such a common infection, doctors dont yet fully understand what exactly triggers the bacterial imbalance that leads to BV. But there are several risk factors believed to raise the likelihood of getting BV.

• #14

  https://www.intimaterose.com/blogs/womens-health/5-common-causes-of-bacterial-vaginosis?srsltid=AfmBOoqV2fZ6Kp7B6MdjJlHGWy2qRQUrh5PqwUOFKA1fePYFLMUJeVuh

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is commonly caused by overabundance of the bacteria strain gardnerella vaginalis, the most common type of bacteria found in the vagina. […] Infection of the vagina due to BV is caused by an imbalance of the bad bacteria. […] Chemicals and activities that change the chemistry of the vagina results in vaginal pH imbalance, leading to infection. […] Douching or forcibly over cleansing the vagina and vaginal canal using chemicals. Chemical feminine cleansers and douching alter the pH and lead to BV. […] The bodily fluids of a new partner can cause a change in the pH of the vagina and can result in BV. […] Having heavily perfumed products in direct contact with the vagina can disturb the growth of good bacteria and lead to pH imbalance. […] Smoking can cause a number of changes to the general health of the vaginal canal, namely due to changes in pH.

• #15 Bacterial vaginosis treatment guidelines – Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC)

  https://www.mshc.org.au/health-professionals/treatment-guidelines/bacterial-vaginosis-treatment-guidelines

  Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection caused by a change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age and affects 30% of women globally. It is a polymicrobial syndrome (dysbiosis) characterised by a profound change in the vaginal microbiota from a lactobacilli dominant state to one with high diversity and quantities of anaerobic bacteria including Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus spp, Prevotella spp, and other BV-associated bacteria (BVAB). This vaginal dysbiosis is accompanied by a rise in vaginal pH, proteolytic enzymes and volatile amines, which produce the malodour commonly associated with BV. […] Epidemiological and microbiological data supports sexual transmission of BV. There is a strong association between acquisition of BV and sexual behaviours known to be associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including young age of first sex, increased numbers of sex partners, exposure to new sex partners, penile-vaginal sex and lack of condom use. BVAB are also present in the urethra and on the penile skin more often in male partners of women with BV than without, suggesting these bacteria may be exchanged during intercourse.

• #16 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when there is a change in the number and types of bacteria in the vagina. Lactobacilli are a type of bacteria that are normally found in the vagina. In people with BV, the concentration of lactobacilli is reduced while the numbers of other bacteria increase. The reason for these changes is not known. […] Sexual activity is the main risk factor for BV. BV is considered by many specialists to be a sexually transmitted infection, although not every recurrence of symptoms requires sexual exposure. BV is more common in people who have multiple sex partners, in people whose sex partner also has BV, and in people who do not use condoms. […] Other risk factors for BV include douching and cigarette smoking.

• #17 Patient education: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. […] BV occurs when there is a change in the number and types of bacteria in the vagina. Lactobacilli are a type of bacteria that are normally found in the vagina. In people with BV, the concentration of lactobacilli is reduced while the numbers of other bacteria increase. The reason for these changes is not known. […] Sexual activity is the main risk factor for BV. BV is considered by many specialists to be a sexually transmitted infection, although not every recurrence of symptoms requires sexual exposure. […] BV can be spread through sharing of sex toys, oral-genital contact, and fingers. […] Relapse or repeat BV infections are common. For people who initially improve after initial BV treatment, approximately 1 in 3 will have a recurrence of BV symptoms within three months, and more than half will have a recurrence of symptoms within 12 months. […] Possible reasons for relapse of BV include if treatment is stopped early, if medication is not used correctly, if BV was not completely treated, or if the normal level of protective lactobacilli bacteria did not return. […] The role of lactobacilli is discussed above.

• #18 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bacterial-vaginosis-causes-risk-factors-3132674

  The risk of BV is highest among people with a vagina between the ages of 15 and 44. This age group tends to be more sexually active than younger or older people. Bacterial vaginosis is rare in people who have never been sexually active. […] In some cases, a person’s genetics may contribute to their BV risk, usually by causing lower-than-expected levels of protective lactobacilli in the vagina. […] While the research is nowhere near conclusive, there is evidence that certain genetic mutations may affect the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which plays an important role in regulating immunity and inflammation. […] Sexual practices, vaginal health, and general health all play a part in establishing your personal risk of bacterial vaginosis. […] Having multiple sex partners is one of the major risk factors of BV.

• #19 6 contributors to bacterial vaginosis – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/6-contributors-to-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis is a common bacterial infection of the vagina that rarely goes unnoticed. […] Low levels of the bacteria that cause bacterial vaginosis are normally found in the vagina. It becomes a problem when too much of the bacteria grow. […] Several factors can make increase the number of bacteria, including: Sex. Semen impacts the pH level in the vagina, which can contribute to a higher rate of bacteria growth. Douching. Douching with vinegar or antiseptics causes inflammation and can increase the risk of infections. This also can eliminate some good bacteria. Diet change. Anything that affects the gastrointestinal tract or internal body system can affect the normal balance of bacteria. Also, a poor diet can affect the ability of the body to return to normal state. Nylon underwear/tight yoga pants. Wearing nylon underwear or tight yoga pants can block air movement in the vaginal area, which can cause increased bacteria growth. Heavily perfumed/antibacterial soaps. Using soap with a lot of scent or an antibacterial agent spurs bacteria growth. Sweating. When you work out, your clothes get wet, which encourages bacteria growth.

• #20 What is bacterial vaginosis (BV) and what causes it? | Hey Jane

  https://www.heyjane.com/articles/what-is-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis, commonly referred to as BV, is the most common vaginal infection that people experience. […] Douching, or cleaning inside and around the vagina, can increase the risk for many infections including BV. […] Your vagina’s pH is happiest at 4.5, and semen’s pH hovers around an 8. Exposure to semen can disrupt that natural pH balance, causing bacteria overgrowth and BV. […] Lactobacillus is one of the good balancing bacteria in the vagina which helps keep things in check. Some people have a lower amount of this bacteria, and we don’t quite know why yet, but this can create an environment that makes you more susceptible to BV. […] Pregnancy does not cause BV, but the hormonal changes experienced during pregnancy can impact the natural balance of good bacteria in the vagina.

• #21 Bacterial vaginosis treatment guidelines – Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC)

  https://www.mshc.org.au/health-professionals/treatment-guidelines/bacterial-vaginosis-treatment-guidelines

  In women who have sex with women or couples where both people have a vagina, studies show very high concordance for BV within partnerships and an association with a range of sexual activities. […] In addition, post treatment recurrence of BV has been associated with exposure to an ongoing sex partner and lack of condom use for penile-vaginal sex.

• #22 Bacterial Vaginosis – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal infection caused by an overgrowth of harmful, pathological bacteria. […] Douching or unprotected sex can cause bacterial vaginosis (BV) by disrupting the balance of bacteria in the vagina. […] The vagina naturally contains a variety of bacteria, but some types of bacteria are more harmful than others. Lactobacilli are „good” bacteria that help to maintain a healthy vaginal pH and keep harmful bacteria in check. Anaerobes are „bad” bacteria that can overgrow and cause BV. Douching can remove the good bacteria from the vagina, making it easier for anaerobes to overgrow. Unprotected sex can also introduce new bacteria into the vagina, which can also lead to BV. […] BV is not considered a sexually transmitted disease (STD), but sexual intercourse can increase the risk of developing BV.

• #23 Conditions – The Centers for Vulvovaginal Disorders

  https://vulvodynia.com/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Almost all women, at least once in their lives, experience the uncomfortable symptoms of vaginal itching, burning, and discharge. […] The most common vaginal infection is not yeast, it is instead an infection caused by bacteria called bacterial vaginosis. […] Approximately 30 to 35% of all vaginitis is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina called bacterial vaginosis, […] As most women are aware of yeast infections, but not aware of bacterial vaginosis and Trichomonas, there is a tendency for women to consider vulvovaginal candidiasis for their vaginal symptoms and not the more common diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. […] A pH of greater than 4.5 is more likely to be bacterial vaginosis or Trichomonas.

• #24 Bacterial Vaginosis: Causes, Common Symptoms & Testing For BV

  https://yoursexualhealth.co.uk/blog/bacterial-vaginosis-causes-common-symptoms-testing-for-bv/

  Semen is alkaline and the vagina is acidic, so your partner’s natural genital chemistry may change the balance of bacteria within your vagina. […] The practice of rinsing inside the vagina with water or soap can very easily throw off the natural balance of your vagina. Douching actually causes the good vagina bacteria to be washed away. […] An overproduction of Gardnerella vaginallis can lead to infections such as BV, or even make you susceptible to STDs, like chlamydia. […] No, bacterial vaginosis isn’t an STD. However, you may increase your chances of getting the infection if you regularly change your sexual partners, as that increases the chance of your natural vagina flora being out of balance.

• #25 Bacterial vaginosis

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition caused by changes in the amount of certain types of bacteria in your vagina. […] BV can develop when your vagina has more harmful bacteria than good bacteria. […] Researchers are still studying how women get BV. You can get BV without having sex, but BV is more common in women who are sexually active. Having a new sex partner or multiple sex partners, as well as douching, can upset the balance of good and harmful bacteria in your vagina. This raises your risk of getting BV. […] Douching upsets the balance of good and harmful bacteria in your vagina. This may raise your risk of BV. It may also make it easier to get BV again after treatment. […] Researchers think that your risk of getting BV goes up with the number of partners you have.

• #26 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3963-bacterial-vaginosis

  You cant prevent bacterial vaginosis. However, taking these precautions could reduce your risk: Avoid douching. It changes the natural balance of bacteria in your vagina. […] Bacterial vaginosis doesnt typically cause serious complications. But if left untreated it could lead to: Complications during pregnancy: If youre pregnant and have BV, it may lead to premature birth. […] Yes. About 25% of pregnant women will get BV. This is due to all the hormonal changes that occur in pregnancy.

• #27 What Causes Bacterial Vaginosis?

  https://www.medicalparkinternational.com/what-causes-bacterial-vaginosis

  The use of scented personal care or hygiene products (soaps, body washes, bubble baths, or vaginal deodorants) alters the vaginal biome by causing irritation and disturbing its pH balance. These two factors lead to bacterial overgrowth. […] Hormonal fluctuations (menstruation, menopause, pregnancy, etc.) in females can lead to an imbalance of the vaginal flora, making them more susceptible to bacterial vaginosis. […] Prolonged use of antibiotics due to any reason can decrease the number of good bacteria in the vagina. Females being treated for other infections may develop bacterial vaginosis for this reason. […] Research suggests that due to the impact of smoking on the immune system, it is highly likely that it will cause an imbalance in the bacterial flora of the vagina. […] Females with multiple sexual partners, or with a new partner are more prone to the disruption of the vaginal flora. However, bacterial vaginosis is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection.

• #28 What is bacterial vaginosis (BV) and what causes it? | Hey Jane

  https://www.heyjane.com/articles/what-is-bacterial-vaginosis

  Vaginal bleeding, like when you’re on your period or during a medication abortion, can disrupt the natural pH of your vagina and trigger a BV infection. […] Using a condom prevents semen from interacting with your vagina, which can alter its natural pH and trigger bacterial vaginosis. […] Douching can alter your vagina’s natural balance of bacteria, changing the acidic environment that normally protects against infections. Douching can create an environment where certain types of bacteria overgrow, causing BV.

• #29 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms & 5 Natural Treatments

  https://drbrighten.com/bacterial-vaginosis-symptoms/

  In fact, douching makes it easier for harmful critters to grow! All of which are recipes for bacterial vaginosis. […] Intercourse (Especially Unprotected) […] Unfortunately, semen isn’t the same pH and can make us susceptible to bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections. […] Antibiotics kill the harmful bacteria that cause infections. However, they also kill the good bacteria that we need to stay healthy. […] This lack of good bacteria can destroy the acidic environment of the vagina, which can lead to bacterial vaginosis. […] Period Blood […] But your blood must maintain a specific pH in order for enzymes and other metabolic processes to function optimally this is vital for your health. […] The pH of blood is just above 7 meaning that, like semen, period blood is slightly alkaline. Therefore, it can alter the pH of the vagina, potentially leading to BV.

• #30 Bacterial Vaginosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/vaginal-discharge-female-discharge/bacterial-vaginosis

  You are more likely to get BV if you are sexually active. […] If you have a past history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). […] If you smoke. […] If you have a copper coil for contraception – an intrauterine contraceptive device (the coil). […] If you are a Black woman. Black women are more likely to get BV. It’s not clear why. […] Following hormonal changes. In some women BV seems to be triggered by the hormonal changes of puberty, pregnancy or the menopause. […] Following courses of antibiotics. Courses of antibiotics tend to kill off all our good bacteria. […] No. BV can affect any woman, including those who do not have (or who have never had) sex or those who have multiple sex partners. […] A woman can’t 'catch’ BV from intercourse with a man, but BV is more likely to develop after a change in sexual partner, as – for reasons we don’t really understand – this can affect the balance of normal germs (bacteria) in the vagina.

• #31 Bacterial Vaginosis: Causes, symptoms & treatment – Flo

  https://flo.health/health-articles/diseases/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an overgrowth of normal vaginal bacteria, Dr. Kallen explains. […] Bacterial vaginosis can occur when there is an imbalance of good and harmful bacteria. Usually, it’s because your levels of good bacteria drop, and other bacteria reproduce quickly. […] We don’t quite know the cause [for this imbalance], Dr. Kallen explains. But we know that some people are at higher risk. […] There are a few things that can upset your normal vaginal bacterial levels and increase your risk of developing BV, including: Pregnancy, Douching or washing the inside of your vagina with water or soap, Having sex without using a condom, Having an intrauterine device (also known as the IUD or contraceptive coil) placed, Having sex with a new person, Having sex with different people, Having sex with someone with a vagina.

• #32 What causes bacterial vaginosis? | Prescription Doctor

  https://www.prescriptiondoctor.com/blog/what-causes-bacterial-vaginosis

  According to the NHS and the CDC, women who chose the Copper Intrauterine Device or IUD as a form of sexual protection were more likely to experience Bacterial Vaginosis than those who did not. […] Completing a course of antibiotics can kill off 'good’ bacteria in the body alongside the bad, and thus can contribute to a bacterial imbalance.

• #32 What causes bacterial vaginosis? | Prescription Doctor

  https://www.prescriptiondoctor.com/blog/what-causes-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial Vaginosis is caused when the vagina’s natural bacterial levels are disturbed, leading to symptoms such as a strong, fishy smell and abnormal discharge. […] BV is triggered when lactobacilli levels drop and the vagina loses its natural acidic pH balance, becoming more alkaline. This change in bacterial and pH level allows for the growth of abnormal bacteria. […] Although not all the links are completely clear when it comes to how sexual activity affects the onset of BV, there is strong evidence to suggest that having multiple sexual partners and same-sex female relationships increases the risk of developing BV. […] There is substantial evidence to demonstrate that smoking increases the chances of contracting Bacterial Vaginosis. This is because both the presence of Benzopyrene Diol-Epoxide (BPDE) and the anti-estrogenic effect of smoking itself reduces the number of lactobacilli in the vagina allowing for the introduction of harmful bacteria.

• #33 Bacterial Vaginosis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/bv.htm

  BV is a vaginal dysbiosis resulting from replacement of normal hydrogen peroxide and lactic-acidproducing Lactobacillus species in the vagina with high concentrations of anaerobic bacteria, including G. vaginalis, Prevotella species, Mobiluncus species, A. vaginae, and other BV-associated bacteria. […] The cause of the microbial alteration that precipitates BV is not fully understood, and whether BV results from acquisition of a single sexually transmitted pathogen is unknown. […] BV prevalence has been reported to increase among women with copper-containing IUDs. […] Hormonal contraception does not increase risk for BV and might protect against BV development. […] Vitamin D deficiency has not been reported to be a risk factor for BV. […] Treatment for BV is recommended for women with symptoms. […] Other potential benefits of treatment include reduction in the risk for acquiring C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. vaginalis, M. genitalium, HIV, HPV, and HSV-2.

• #34 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bacterial-vaginosis-causes-risk-factors-3132674

  New sex partners pose a risk simply by introducing you to bacteria and other microorganisms your body may not be unaccustomed to. […] Unprotected oral, vaginal, and anal sex contribute by removing the barrier of protection that condoms and dental dams provide. […] Douching places you at risk by stripping the vagina of its protective flora. […] Smoking is known to deplete two bacteria vital to your vaginal health: Lactobacillus iners and Lactobacillus crispatus. […] Copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUDs), while effective in preventing pregnancy, can double the risk of BV in certain women. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is caused by an imbalance in the vaginal flora that allows unhealthy bacteria to proliferate. […] While scientists haven’t pinpointed an exact cause, BV can be the result of several different potential risk factors, such as douching, smoking, using certain IUDs, and having multiple sex partners. Genetics also plays a big role. […] No, BV is not considered an STI because it is not technically caused by a pathogen, such as a virus or bacterium. BV simply develops when „bad” bacteria that are often found in the vagina overgrow and throw off the delicate flora balance.

• #35 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition in which there is an alteration in the types and quantity of normal bacteria found in your vagina. One type of bacteria overgrows and disrupts the normal balance resulting in a vaginal infection. […] Some studies have identified the overgrowth of the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis and some other anaerobic bacteria over lactobacillus. Having multiple sexual partners, douching, decreased estrogen levels are some of the etiologic factors behind its evolution. […] Recent use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic may affect the normal flora of the vagina and cause bacterial vaginosis. […] Pregnancy is accompanied by many changes in the body, hormones, and fluids to prepare the body to nurture a baby. These changes can lead to bacterial vaginosis. […] Co-occurrence of other sexually transmitted diseases may lead to the development of bacterial vaginosis. […] According to some studies, having sex with females may increase your chances of bacterial vaginosis as it may spread from one female to the other.

• #36 Bacterial Vaginosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | K Health

  https://khealth.com/learn/bacterial-vaginosis/what-is/

  Bacterial vaginosis occurs when too much bacteria grows in the vagina and causes a shift in the vaginas natural pH balance. […] While researchers continue to study why women get BV, there are several known factors that can upset the pH balance of the vagina. […] Women who have multiple sexual partners or a new sexual partner can be more likely to experience BV, although researchers are still unsure why. […] This practice of rinsing out your vagina with water or a cleanser can upset the natural balance. […] For some women, their natural vaginal environment doesnt produce enough of the good lactobacilli bacteria which can lead to higher amounts of anaerobes. […] Menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause can cause the vaginal pH to fluctuate. […] About one in four pregnant women get BV due to the hormonal changes that occur in the body. […] BV is twice as common in black women as it is in white women.

• #37 BV Causes | LifeMD

  https://lifemd.com/learn/bacterial-vaginosis-exploring-causes-and-addressing-misconceptions

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) develops when there is an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. […] While the direct cause of BV is not entirely understood, medical experts have identified several factors that can contribute to the development of the infection. […] When a woman develops BV, it means there is a significant reduction in Lactobacillus, and generally an overgrowth of bad bacteria Gardnerella Vaginalis. […] There is a potential connection between a womans stress levels and her chances of developing BV. […] It is important to note that BV is not a result of poor hygiene as the vagina is self-cleaning and balances its own pH. […] While exposure to a new sexual partner is one of the possible factors that can lead to the development of BV, there are several other causes that are entirely plausible in a monogamous sexual relationship. […] Because the exact origin of BV is not fully understood, there is no surefire way to prevent the infection. […] The condition can be caused by multiple factors and can be influenced by countless small aspects of a womans life.

• #38

  https://vagibiom.com/blogs/news/bacterial-vaginosis-bv-causes-risk-factors-and-symptoms?srsltid=AfmBOopZTBaXSyfYvS4721aMTCqGPJf_9L4JcT2vQibgJwk1ia-E1PYn

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by an overgrowth of harmful bacteria. […] BV is caused by an imbalance of the vaginal flora (Vaginal Dysbiosis), usually caused by a change in pH of the slightly acidic vaginal environment. […] Routine activities such as douching, menstruation, and even swimming can alter the vaginal pH enough to lead to BV. […] Unprotected sex is, however, the most common cause of BV, as semen is naturally alkaline and therefore compromises the acidic composition of the vaginal cavity. […] In addition to the above, genetics may also play a role in a woman’s susceptibility to getting BV. […] Recent studies indicate that women with abnormal levels of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), the hormone regulating immunity and inflammation, are more likely to have imbalanced vaginal flora, which makes them more vulnerable to bacterial overgrowth and the development of BV.

• #39 What Is Bacterial Vaginosis? Everything You Need to Know About Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bacterial-vaginosis/guide/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common condition that can be caused by an imbalance between the good and harmful bacteria that are normally found in a woman’s vagina. […] BV happens when there’s an imbalance between good (healthy) and bad (disease-causing) bacteria in the vagina. Gardnerella is the bacteria most often associated with bacterial vaginosis; between the lack of good bacteria, such as lactobacilli, and the overgrowth of Gardnerella or other harmful bacteria, symptoms of BV infection can result. Anything that alters the vagina’s pH balance can alter bacteria levels and set the stage for BV. This means that douching or using vaginal deodorants can lead to BV. […] Research from 2019 found that women who are overweight or obese have a greater occurrence of BV than lean women do. […] Having a new sex partner or multiple partners can increase a woman’s risk of developing bacterial vaginosis.

• #40 What Is BV? The Ultimate Guide to Bacterial Vaginosis | Evvy

  https://www.evvy.com/blog/what-is-bv

  Bacterial vaginosis is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and you can develop it without ever having sex. […] That said, sex itself (or really putting anything in your vagina) can introduce new bacteria and/or change the vaginal pH, allowing opportunistic bacteria to overgrow and cause bacterial vaginosis. […] Hormones play a role in the composition of the vaginal microbiome. Estrogen, in particular, is an important variable in the health of your lactobacilli, the bacteria that create a lactic acid-dominant environment in the vagina. […] Recurrent bacterial vaginosis is pretty common because it tends to resist treatment or come back after successfully treating it. […] One potential reason why your BV is being stubborn is that a biofilm has formed in your vaginal microbiome.

• #41 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications

  https://www.webmd.com/women/what-is-bacterial-vaginosis

  If you keep getting BV, youre not alone. Researchers arent sure why, but recurrent BV is very common. Nearly 50% of people with BV will get it again within one year. […] You can reduce your risk of having BV in the future by using condoms, not douching, keeping sex toys clean, and reducing your number of sex partners.

• #42 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis

  Your risk of BV is higher if you: […] Are sexually active, especially if you dont use condoms or dental dams. BV isnt sexually transmitted, but researchers think that sex may change the balance of bacteria in your vagina, which makes an overgrowth of unhealthy bacteria more likely. […] Left untreated, bacterial vaginosis has been tied to a higher risk of other health problems. […] While BV isn’t particularly harmful most of the time, it’s important to treat bacterial vaginosis promptly, especially if you’re pregnant. Research shows that BV is linked to an increased risk of certain pregnancy-related complications. […] Having bacterial vaginosis while pregnant can also put you at risk of chorioamnionitis, an inflammation of the membranes around the baby in the uterus. This condition can increase your chance of a preterm birth and puts the infant at higher-than-normal risk of cerebral palsy, a movement and balance disorder. […] To treat BV, your provider can prescribe a form of antibiotics. […] Researchers arent sure why, but recurrent BV is very common. Half of all people with BV will get it again within one year, even if the original infection clears up. Sometimes, BV can even become chronic.

• #43 Bacterial vaginosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/

  Bacterial vaginosis is caused by a change in the natural balance of bacteria in your vagina. […] What causes this to happen is not fully known, but you’re more likely to get it if: […] Bacterial vaginosis is not an STI, even though it can be triggered by sex. […] You’re more likely to get an STI if you have bacterial vaginosis. This may be because it makes your vagina less acidic and reduces your natural defences against infection.

• #44 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Bacterial vaginosis is traditionally diagnosed with Amsel criteria, although Gram stain is the diagnostic standard. Newer laboratory tests that detect Gardnerella vaginalis DNA or vaginal fluid sialidase activity have similar sensitivity and specificity to Gram stain. […] Treatment of bacterial vaginosis is recommended for resolving symptoms, as well as reducing the risk of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections. Shifts in vaginal flora have been associated with increased risk of these infections, leading researchers to conclude that treatment of bacterial vaginosis may decrease susceptibility to these infections. […] Treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy improves symptoms but does not reduce the risk of preterm birth.

• #45 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/std-prevention/bacterial-vaginosis-bv/

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. This changes the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina. […] It is unclear what causes the imbalance in vaginal bacteria that leads to BV. However, some behaviors can increase a woman’s risk of BV: Having a new sex partner, Having multiple sex partners, Douching. […] In pregnant women, having BV can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Having BV makes it easier to transmit or acquire HIV during sex. […] Avoiding vaginal sex may reduce a woman’s risk of getting BV. Limit the number of sex partners. To maintain “healthy” vaginal bacteria, do not douche. […] BV can be cured using medication prescribed by a medical provider.

• #46 Bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/bacterial-vaginosis-and-pregnancy

  Bacterial vaginosis (also called BV or vaginitis) is an infection caused when theres too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. Its the most common vaginal infection in women ages 15 to 44. […] We dont know for sure what causes BV. Any woman can get it, but youre at increased risk for BV if you: […] Pregnant women are at increased risk for BV because of hormone changes that happen during pregnancy. […] If you have BV during pregnancy, your baby is at increased risk for preterm birth and low birthweight. […] BV also can cause pelvic inflammatory diseases (also called PID). PID is an infection in the uterus that can increase your risk for infertility (not being able to get pregnant).

• #47 Bacterial Vaginosis Causes, Symptoms & 5 Natural Treatments

  https://drbrighten.com/bacterial-vaginosis-symptoms/

  Some research has linked bacterial vaginosis and other gynecological diseases (pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic endometritis) to infertility. […] BV has actually been found to be three times more common in women with fertility problems, but that doesn’t necessarily mean it directly causes infertility. […] Untreated bacterial vaginosis can also cause problems during pregnancy, so it’s important to see a doctor if you are pregnant and suspect that you have BV. […] According to a study of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), BV significantly increases the risk of miscarriage in the first trimester, compared to women with normal vaginal flora. […] BV can cause a woman to go into preterm (early) labor, and may also cause low birth weight in the baby. […] If left untreated, bacterial vaginosis can cause pelvic infections, lead to a greater risk of contracting STIs, and cause miscarriage or preterm labor in pregnant women.

• #48 Bacterial Vaginosis – Delaware Health and Social Services – State of Delaware

  https://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dph/dpc/bv.html

  Pregnant women are at increased risk for complications of BV. […] The bacteria that cause BV can sometimes infect the uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes (egg canals). This type of infection is called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause infertility or damage the fallopian tubes enough to increase the future risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility. […] BV can increase a woman’s susceptibility to HIV infection if she is exposed to the virus. […] BV can increase a woman’s susceptibility to other STDs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Although BV will sometimes clear up without treatment, all women with symptoms of BV should be treated to avoid such complications as PID. […] BV is treatable with antimicrobial medicines prescribed by a health care provider. […] BV is not completely understood by scientists, and the best ways to prevent it are unknown. However, enough is known to show that BV is associated with having a new sex partner or having multiple sex partners.

• #49 Bacterial Vaginosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/vaginal-discharge-female-discharge/bacterial-vaginosis

  BV is more common in women who are having problems getting pregnant. […] If you have untreated BV, the chance of developing an infection of the womb is slightly higher following certain operations. […] Untreated BV may slightly increase the risk of you acquiring HIV infection if you have sex with someone who has HIV. […] BV can affect pregnancy. If you have untreated BV during pregnancy, you have a slightly increased risk of developing some health problems. […] BV is more common in women who are having problems getting pregnant. […] If you have persistent BV and a same-sex partner then treating both of you at the same time is likely to be helpful in preventing persistence and recurrence – even if your partner does not have symptoms.

• #50 Bacterial Vaginosis Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/bacterial-vaginosis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Many women develop bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. […] There is a link between bacterial vaginosis and both preterm delivery and low birth weight in babies, so it’s important to be treated quickly if you’re pregnant. […] Another possible complication of untreated BV: Having it at the time of a gynecological surgery like a hysterectomy can put you at risk for developing a bacterial infection at the surgical site post-operation.

• #51 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0401/p807.html

  Bacterial vaginosis occurs when the normal lactobacilli of the vagina are replaced by mostly anaerobic bacteria. […] The underlying cause of bacterial vaginosis is not fully understood. […] Bacterial vaginosis is associated with late miscarriages, premature rupture of membranes, and preterm birth. […] Bacterial vaginosis, even when asymptomatic, is associated with a high incidence of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease following abortion and gynecologic procedures in the general population. […] The fishy odor caused by production of amines from anaerobic bacteria found in many of these patients is predictive of bacterial vaginosis. […] Bacterial vaginosis is the most prevalent cause of vaginal discharge or malodor, occurring in up to 30 percent of women.

• #52 Bacterial Vaginosis vs. Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bacterial-vaginosis-vs-yeast-infection

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and yeast infections are both common forms of vaginitis. […] Simply put, a yeast infection is fungal in nature, whereas BV is bacterial. […] An overgrowth of one of the kinds of bacteria in your vagina causes BV. […] A change in your vaginal pH may trigger BV. A change in pH can cause the bacteria that naturally grow inside your vagina to become more dominant than it should. […] The most common culprit is an overgrowth of the Gardnerella vaginalis bacteria. […] Your vaginal pH can fluctuate for many reasons, including hormonal changes, such as menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause; douching or other excessive cleansing methods; having penile-vaginal intercourse with a new partner. […] If left untreated, BV can increase your risk for repeat infections and STIs. […] If you’re pregnant, having BV puts you at higher risk for delivering prematurely. […] If you have HIV, BV can also make it more likely for you to transmit HIV to any sexual partner who has a penis.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11908-009-0021-7

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection worldwide. It has been linked to serious public health consequences including preterm birth, postoperative infections, and the acquisition and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. The etiology of BV remains unknown. […] In this article, controversies about sexual transmission, microbial pathogens, and heterogeneity of BV as a disease entity are discussed.

• #54 Bacterial vaginosis: Etiology and modalities of treatment—A brief note

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3249696/

  The microflora found in the case of BV do not follow the Koch’s postulates and are resistant to that approach. […] The pathogenesis of BV is not clear, the management of BV is a challenging aspect for the clinicians and throughout the world, and it is becoming a very common syndrome in women in the reproductive age. […] If proper care is not taken in the early phase of BV, then it may lead to secondary complications.

• #55 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/vaginitis/what-bacterial-vaginosis

  Healthy vaginas come with bacteria in them. But changes in the balance of the different kinds of bacteria in your vagina can lead to bacterial vaginosis (BV). […] Bacterial vaginosis usually called BV is a bacterial infection. It happens when the different kinds of healthy bacteria in your vagina get out of balance and grow too much. BV is often caused by gardnerella vaginalis, the most common type of bacteria in your vagina. […] Anything that changes the chemistry of your vaginas pH balance can mess with bacteria levels and lead to infection like douching or using vaginal deodorants and other irritating products. […] Bacterial vaginosis isnt a sexually transmitted infection. But having sex with a new partner, or multiple partners, may increase your risk for BV. And sex sometimes leads to BV if your partner’s natural genital chemistry changes the balance in your vagina and causes bacteria to grow.

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