Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/autism/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain. […] People with ASD often have problems with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. […] People with ASD may also have different ways of learning, moving, or paying attention. […] Social communication and interaction skills can be challenging for people with ASD. […] Examples of social communication and social interaction characteristics related to ASD can include avoiding or not keeping eye contact, not responding to name by 9 months of age, and not showing facial expressions such as happy, sad, angry, and surprised by 9 months of age. […] People with ASD have behaviors or interests that can seem unusual. […] Examples of restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests related to ASD can include lining up toys or other objects and getting upset when order is changed, repeating words or phrases over and over, and playing with toys the same way every time.

• #1 What is autism

  https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism

  Autism influences how people experience and interact with the world. It is a lifelong neurodivergence and disability. Autistic people are different from each other, but for a diagnosis they must share differences from non-autistic people in how they think, feel and communicate. […] Being autistic means you may feel things and react to them differently to non-autistic people. You may find socialising confusing or tiring, and you may become overwhelmed in loud or busy places. You may have intense interests, prefer order and routine, and use repeated movements or actions to calm yourself or express joy. […] Autism is understood as a spectrum. In the past, people thought the spectrum was a straight line between more and less autistic. This isn’t right. Today we understand the spectrum to mean each autistic person has a unique combination of characteristics. Autistic people can be very different to each other, with different sets of strengths and challenges.

• #1 Autism symptoms | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-symptoms

  The two core autism symptoms are: Challenges with social communication and interaction skills and Restricted and repetitive behaviors. […] While autism spectrum disorder (ASD) looks different from person to person, doctors look for these two symptoms when making a diagnosis. They also rate the severity of these symptoms based on the level of daily support the person requires. Severity levels range from level 1 (“requiring support”) to level 3 (“requiring very substantial support”). Not all people with ASD present these two core symptoms the same way. Additionally, some people without ASD may exhibit these signs. […] Children and adults with autism may have difficulty with social interaction and communication skills, particularly in these three areas: Social interactions, Communication, Developing, maintaining and understanding relationships.

• #1 What is autism

  https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism

  The presence or visibility of characteristics can vary a lot between autistic people. This can also change over time, in different situations or if the person is masking. It is important not to make assumptions about an individual autistic person’s skills, abilities or support needs. […] Autism is not a learning disability or a mental health condition. But around a third of autistic people also have a learning disability. And autistic people are more likely to experience mental health problems. […] There are many signs that a child or adult may be autistic. To get an autism diagnosis, a specialist team must agree that a person shows the core characteristics of autism. These are lifelong differences in communication, behaviours and interests compared to non-autistic people. […] Autistic people may have different communication styles, skills and preferences to non-autistic people. They may use and understand words, tone of voice and body language, such as gesture and facial expressions, differently.

• #1 Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/autism/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Most people with ASD have other related characteristics. […] These might include delayed language skills, delayed movement skills, and delayed cognitive or learning skills. […] Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges.

• #1 Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928

  Each child with autism spectrum disorder is likely to have a unique pattern of behavior and level of severity from low functioning to high functioning. […] Because of the unique mixture of symptoms in each child, severity can sometimes be difficult to determine. It’s generally based on the level of impairments and how they impact the ability to function. […] A child or adult with autism spectrum disorder may have problems with social interaction and communication skills, including any of these signs: Fails to respond to his or her name or appears not to hear you at times, Resists cuddling and holding, and seems to prefer playing alone, retreating into his or her own world, Has poor eye contact and lacks facial expression, Doesn’t speak or has delayed speech, or loses previous ability to say words or sentences, Can’t start a conversation or keep one going, or only starts one to make requests or label items, Speaks with an abnormal tone or rhythm and may use a singsong voice or robot-like speech, Repeats words or phrases verbatim, but doesn’t understand how to use them, Doesn’t appear to understand simple questions or directions, Doesn’t express emotions or feelings and appears unaware of others’ feelings, Doesn’t point at or bring objects to share interest, Inappropriately approaches a social interaction by being passive, aggressive or disruptive, Has difficulty recognizing nonverbal cues, such as interpreting other people’s facial expressions, body postures or tone of voice.

• #1 Signs of autism in adults – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/signs/adults/

  Common signs of autism in adults include: finding it hard to understand what others are thinking or feeling […] getting very anxious about social situations […] finding it hard to make friends or preferring to be on your own […] seeming blunt, rude or not interested in others without meaning to […] finding it hard to say how you feel […] taking things very literally for example, you may not understand sarcasm or phrases like „break a leg” […] having the same routine every day and getting very anxious if it changes […] You may also have other signs, like: not understanding social „rules”, such as not talking over people […] avoiding eye contact […] getting too close to other people, or getting very upset if someone touches or gets too close to you […] noticing small details, patterns, smells or sounds that others do not […] having a very keen interest in certain subjects or activities […] liking to plan things carefully before doing them.

• #1 Autism Spectrum Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder

  Social communication and social interaction behaviors may include: Making little or inconsistent eye contact, Appearing not to look at or listen to people who are talking, Infrequently sharing interest, emotion, or enjoyment of objects or activities (including infrequently pointing at or showing things to others), Not responding or being slow to respond to one’s name or other verbal bids for attention, Having difficulties with the back and forth of conversation, Often talking at length about a subject of interest without considering social cues or conversational give-and-take, Displaying facial expressions, movements, and gestures that do not match what is being said, Having an unusual tone of voice that may sound flat, lacking emotion or tonal variation, Having trouble understanding another person’s point of view or being unable to predict or understand other people’s actions, Difficulties adjusting behavior to different social situations, Difficulties sharing in imaginative play or in making friends.

• #1 Autism symptoms | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-symptoms

  Restricted and repetitive behaviors vary greatly across the spectrum. To get an autism diagnosis, a person must show at least two types of these behaviors: Repetitive movements, play or speech patterns, Insistence on sameness and need for routine, Intense and highly focused interests, Under- or over-sensitivity to sensory stimulation. […] People may also show other characteristics of autism. These might include: Using other kinds of communication besides spoken language, Difficulty with executive functioning, Trouble with fine motor skills and coordination, Needing help with daily living skills, Difficulty regulating and/or communicating emotions, sometimes resulting in harmful or self-injurious behaviors, sensory overload, meltdowns or shutdowns. […] Some autistic people suppress or hide their autism symptoms in order to be accepted or meet societal expectations. This is called masking or camouflaging. Masking might look like pushing through your sensory discomfort in a loud room or forcing eye contact during a conversation. Research shows that masking is more common in girls and women and can cause mental health issues.

• #1 Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928

  A child or adult with autism spectrum disorder may have limited, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, including any of these signs: Performs repetitive movements, such as rocking, spinning or hand flapping, Performs activities that could cause self-harm, such as biting or head-banging, Develops specific routines or rituals and becomes disturbed at the slightest change, Has problems with coordination or has odd movement patterns, such as clumsiness or walking on toes, and has odd, stiff or exaggerated body language, Is fascinated by details of an object, such as the spinning wheels of a toy car, but doesn’t understand the overall purpose or function of the object, Is unusually sensitive to light, sound or touch, yet may be indifferent to pain or temperature, Doesn’t engage in imitative or make-believe play, Fixates on an object or activity with abnormal intensity or focus, Has specific food preferences, such as eating only a few foods, or refusing foods with a certain texture.

• #1 Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928

  Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication. The disorder also includes limited and repetitive patterns of behavior. The term „spectrum” in autism spectrum disorder refers to the wide range of symptoms and severity. […] Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood and eventually causes problems functioning in society socially, in school and at work, for example. Often children show symptoms of autism within the first year. A small number of children appear to develop normally in the first year, and then go through a period of regression between 18 and 24 months of age when they develop autism symptoms. […] Some children show signs of autism spectrum disorder in early infancy, such as reduced eye contact, lack of response to their name or indifference to caregivers. Other children may develop normally for the first few months or years of life, but then suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose language skills they’ve already acquired. Signs usually are seen by age 2 years.

• #1 Autism: Symptoms, Causes, Types, and Testing

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/understanding-autism-basics

  Autism appears before age 3 and persists throughout a persons life. It’s a spectrum disorder, which means it affects people in different ways and in varying degrees. […] Symptoms of autism usually appear before a child turns 3. Some people show signs from birth. […] In adults, autism may show up in specific ways. Common symptoms can include: Trouble understanding what other people are thinking or feeling, Choosing to be on your own or having a hard time making friends, Anxiety about social activities, Keeping a daily routine and getting upset if it changes, Having a hard time expressing how you feel, Taking things literally or not understanding sarcasm, Coming off as blunt, uninterested, or rude to others without meaning to. […] Children may show different signs of autism. They may include: Not responding to their name by 9 months old, Not showing facial expressions by 9 months old, Not wanting to play simple games (like pat-a-cake) by 12 months old, Doesn’t use gestures (like waving hello) by 12 months old, Doesn’t understand when other people are sad or mad by 24 month old, Doesn’t notice or want to join other children to play by 36 months old, Doesn’t sing, act, or dance for you by 60 months old, Lines up toys in a specific order and gets upset if the order is changed, Shows obsessive interests, Rocks their body, flaps their hands, or spins in circles, Delayed language, movement, learning, or cognitive skills, Odd sleeping or eating habits, Less or more fear toward things than would ordinarily be expected.

• #1 Signs of autism | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/signs-autism

  The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the leading pediatric health organization in the United States, recommends that all children be screened for autism at ages 18 months and 24 months, in addition to undergoing developmental and behavioral screenings during their regular well-child visits at 9 months, 18 months and 30 months. Research shows that by age 2, an ASD diagnosis by an experienced professional can be considered reliable.

• #1 Signs of autism in children – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/signs/children/

  Signs of autism in young children include: not responding to their name, avoiding eye contact, not smiling when you smile at them, getting very upset if they do not like a certain taste, smell or sound, repetitive movements, such as flapping their hands, flicking their fingers or rocking their body, not talking as much as other children, not doing as much pretend play, repeating the same phrases. […] Signs of autism in older children include: not seeming to understand what others are thinking or feeling, unusual speech, such as repeating phrases and talking at others, liking a strict daily routine and getting very upset if it changes, having a very keen interest in certain subjects or activities, getting very upset if you ask them to do something, finding it hard to make friends or preferring to be on their own, taking things very literally for example, they may not understand phrases like „break a leg”, finding it hard to say how they feel. […] Autism can sometimes be different in girls and boys. […] This means autism can be harder to spot in girls. […] Getting diagnosed can help your child get any extra support they might need.

• #1 Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928

  As they mature, some children with autism spectrum disorder become more engaged with others and show fewer disturbances in behavior. Some, usually those with the least severe problems, eventually may lead normal or near-normal lives. Others, however, continue to have difficulty with language or social skills, and the teen years can bring worse behavioral and emotional problems. […] Signs of autism spectrum disorder often appear early in development when there are obvious delays in language skills and social interactions. Your doctor may recommend developmental tests to identify if your child has delays in cognitive, language and social skills, if your child: Doesn’t respond with a smile or happy expression by 6 months, Doesn’t mimic sounds or facial expressions by 9 months, Doesn’t babble or coo by 12 months, Doesn’t gesture such as point or wave by 14 months, Doesn’t say single words by 16 months, Doesn’t play „make-believe” or pretend by 18 months, Doesn’t say two-word phrases by 24 months, Loses language skills or social skills at any age.

• #1 Does Autism Get Worse With Age?: The Progression of Autism

  https://www.empowerbh.com/blog/does-autism-get-worse-with-age/

  Research into the progression of autism is ongoing, but the evidence suggests that autism does not necessarily get worse with age. […] A study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders found that while some children with autism may experience an increase in symptom severity over time, others may see a decrease or no change at all. […] The study also found that intellectual disability and the presence of certain medical conditions may be predictors of increased symptom severity over time. […] While autism itself does not necessarily get worse with age, there are some factors that may contribute to a decline in functioning or an increase in autism symptom severity over time. […] Puberty and adolescence can be a challenging time for all children, but for those with autism, the transition to adolescence may be particularly difficult. Hormonal changes and social pressures can exacerbate existing symptoms and may contribute to a decline in functioning. […] Changes in routine, such as moving to a new home or school, may be stressful and may contribute to an increase in symptom severity.

• #1 Changes in Autism Symptoms Across Childhood – Autism Research Institute

  https://autism.org/changes-in-autism-symptoms-across-childhood/

  Changes in Autism Symptoms Across Childhood […] Dr. Waizbard-Bartov discusses changes in autism symptoms across childhood. She outlines the Autism Phenome Project and study methods for her recent work. The speaker presents findings on the frequency, patterns, and predictors of symptom severity changes across childhood periods in autism. Waizbard-Bartov touches on the intersection of autism symptom severity, assigned sex, and environmental factors. She summarizes presentation findings and considers pathways of future research before the Q&A. […] Researchers divided children into three groups based on observed changes in symptom severity across the first two time points (early childhood; ages 3 – 6). Of these, 54% remained stable, 29% significantly decreased, and 17% increased dramatically in symptom severity across early childhood. When assessments were extended to the third time point (middle childhood; around age 11.5), the same three groups were identified, where 49% remained stable, 27% experienced a consistent decrease, and 24% experienced a consistent increase in symptom severity. Waizbard-Bartov reiterates that about half of children in the study demonstrated changes in severity across early and middle childhood, suggesting that such changes may be expected in autism.

• #1 Changes in Autism Symptoms Across Childhood – Autism Research Institute

  https://autism.org/changes-in-autism-symptoms-across-childhood/

  To understand patterns of symptom change across time, the presenter and her team compared early childhood severity changes to those of middle childhood (third time point). Results showed increases in symptom severity are equally as likely to occur during early and middle childhood, while decreases in severity are significantly more likely to occur in early childhood only. Researchers also found that more than 60% of the sample showed different patterns of change across childhood periods (i.e., decreased in early childhood and stable or increasing during middle childhood). Waizbard-Bartov summarizes these findings, asserting that patterns of severity change across periods of childhood in autism. […] Results showed that children with decreased severity in early childhood had a higher IQ at the first two time points and exhibited IQ gains over time. Comparatively, those with increased severity had lower IQ at both time points that remained stable across time. The speaker asserts that these findings suggest a strong association between cognitive abilities and symptom severity during early development.

• #1 Changes in Autism Symptoms Across Childhood – Autism Research Institute

  https://autism.org/changes-in-autism-symptoms-across-childhood/

  Researchers found in female-presenting participants, symptom severity is likely to decrease or remain stable. However, for male-presenting participants, increases and decreases in severity are equally likely to occur. Further, calibrated severity scores revealed that female-presenting individuals show significant severity decreases in total symptoms and, more specifically, in RRB, especially during middle school. Conversely, male-presenting individuals show stable total symptom and RRB scores across childhood. […] Waizbard-Bartov summarizes research findings, underscoring that the severity of autism symptoms can change substantially across childhood periods and that patterns of change are not linear. She highlights that a child’s characteristics and environment can predict directional changes and that children have the potential for different severity trajectories regardless of their initial levels.

• #1 Autism Symptoms in Children Early Signs and Indicators

  https://moveupaba.com/blog/autism-symptoms-in-children/

  Toddlers with ASD often exhibit delays in speech and language development. […] Many children with autism engage in repetitive movements or behaviors, such as hand-flapping, rocking, or repetitive speech (echolalia). […] Autistic children may become upset or anxious when there are changes to their daily routine. […] Recognizing autism symptoms in children is the first step toward obtaining a proper autism diagnosis. Early intervention is critical, as research shows that addressing autism spectrum disorder symptoms in the early years can significantly improve outcomes for autistic children. […] Children with autism may lag behind their peers in reaching developmental milestones. […] One of the primary tools used in diagnosing autism is the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).

• #1 The Emergence of Autism Symptoms Prior to 18 Months of Age: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7954747/

  Various ASD signs and symptoms begin to emerge in the first year of life and can be detected between 6 and 18 months of age, however the average age of diagnosis is 4 years of age or older across North America (Centre for Disease Control 2019). […] Improving the identification of very early Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms is a priority amongst autism researchers, as earlier identification allows for earlier intervention, which is in turn key for maximizing a child’s potential and achieving optimal outcomes. More in detail, optimal outcomes in children with ASD are linked to the age at which intervention begins, with the most significant gains being observed in children who begin behavioral intervention prior to 2 years of age (Ben-Itzchak Zachor 2007; Landa 2018; MacDonald et al. 2014).

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-020-04618-w

  Early intervention is essential for children to maximize their developmental trajectory and reach full potential (Landa et al. 2018; Reinchow et al. 2012) however one of the biggest barriers to early intervention is early detection. […] The current study aims to extend the aforementioned review by examining the subsequent 6 years and adding to our understanding of early identification of ASD by using a systematic approach and limiting studies exclusively to prospective designs that examined symptoms which were significantly differentiated before 18 months of age in a HR-ASD sample. […] The frequency and severity of autism symptoms in the HR-No ASD group often falls in the middle between the LR group and the HR-ASD group. […] The 26 included studies have been categorized into three domains on the basis of the symptoms identified in each study: social communication (12 studies), motor behaviors (7 studies), and parental reports (8 studies) with Ozonoff et al. (2018) appearing in both the social communication and parental report domains, as there were two unique components to this study.

• #1 Autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism

  Increased estimates of autism prevalence since the 1990s are primarily attributed to broader criteria and increased awareness, although a true rise in prevalence is possible. The World Health Organization estimates about 1 in 100 children were diagnosed between 2012 and 2021, noting an increasing trend. […] Autism frequently co-occurs with ADHD, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. […] There is no known cure for autism; many in the autistic community oppose the pursuit of one. Interventions such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy can help autistic people gain self-care, social, and language skills. […] The diagnostic manuals DSM-5 and ICD-11 define autism as a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder that is generally thought to cover a broad and deep spectrum, manifesting very differently from one person to another.

• #1 Autism Spectrum Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder

  Restrictive/repetitive behaviors may include: Repeating certain behaviors or having unusual behaviors, such as repeating words or phrases (a behavior called echolalia), Having a lasting intense interest in specific topics, such as numbers, details, or facts, Showing overly focused interests, such as with moving objects or with parts of objects, Becoming upset by slight changes in a routine and having difficulty with transitions. […] People with ASD also may experience sleep problems and irritability. […] Health care providers diagnose ASD by evaluating a person’s behavior and development. ASD can usually be reliably diagnosed by the age of 2. It is important to seek an evaluation as soon as possible. The earlier ASD is diagnosed, the sooner treatments and services can begin. […] Diagnosis in young children is often a two-stage process.

• #1 How Do Autism Symptoms Typically Change Over Time? | Amen Clinics Amen Clinics

  https://www.amenclinics.com/blog/how-do-autism-symptoms-typically-change-over-time/

  By contrast, when autism goes undetected or untreated, symptoms typically worsen as time passes. In addition, as children grow into adolescence and adulthood, they may develop mental health issues. A 2019 study in JAMA Pediatrics concluded that people with ASD are more likely to be diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder compared with people who don’t have the condition. Other research points to an increased risk for ADD/ADHD and substance abuse among those with ASD. These issues can negatively impact a person’s quality of life and exacerbate negative symptoms.

• #2 Autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism

  The spectrum model should not be understood as a continuum running from mild to severe, but instead means that autism can present very differently in each person, with support needs depending on context and changing over time. […] Autism spectrum disorder is characterised by persistent deficits in the ability to initiate and to sustain reciprocal social interaction and social communication, and by a range of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour, interests or activities that are clearly atypical or excessive for the individual’s age and sociocultural context. The onset of the disorder occurs during the developmental period, typically in early childhood, but symptoms may not become fully manifest until later, when social demands exceed limited capacities. […] Individuals along the spectrum exhibit a full range of intellectual functioning and language abilities.

• #2 Signs of autism in adults – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/signs/adults/

  Common signs of autism in adults include: finding it hard to understand what others are thinking or feeling […] getting very anxious about social situations […] finding it hard to make friends or preferring to be on your own […] seeming blunt, rude or not interested in others without meaning to […] finding it hard to say how you feel […] taking things very literally for example, you may not understand sarcasm or phrases like „break a leg” […] having the same routine every day and getting very anxious if it changes […] You may also have other signs, like: not understanding social „rules”, such as not talking over people […] avoiding eye contact […] getting too close to other people, or getting very upset if someone touches or gets too close to you […] noticing small details, patterns, smells or sounds that others do not […] having a very keen interest in certain subjects or activities […] liking to plan things carefully before doing them.

• #2 Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928

  Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication. The disorder also includes limited and repetitive patterns of behavior. The term „spectrum” in autism spectrum disorder refers to the wide range of symptoms and severity. […] Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood and eventually causes problems functioning in society socially, in school and at work, for example. Often children show symptoms of autism within the first year. A small number of children appear to develop normally in the first year, and then go through a period of regression between 18 and 24 months of age when they develop autism symptoms. […] Some children show signs of autism spectrum disorder in early infancy, such as reduced eye contact, lack of response to their name or indifference to caregivers. Other children may develop normally for the first few months or years of life, but then suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose language skills they’ve already acquired. Signs usually are seen by age 2 years.

• #2 Autism Spectrum Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder

  Social communication and social interaction behaviors may include: Making little or inconsistent eye contact, Appearing not to look at or listen to people who are talking, Infrequently sharing interest, emotion, or enjoyment of objects or activities (including infrequently pointing at or showing things to others), Not responding or being slow to respond to one’s name or other verbal bids for attention, Having difficulties with the back and forth of conversation, Often talking at length about a subject of interest without considering social cues or conversational give-and-take, Displaying facial expressions, movements, and gestures that do not match what is being said, Having an unusual tone of voice that may sound flat, lacking emotion or tonal variation, Having trouble understanding another person’s point of view or being unable to predict or understand other people’s actions, Difficulties adjusting behavior to different social situations, Difficulties sharing in imaginative play or in making friends.

• #2 Autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism

  Increased estimates of autism prevalence since the 1990s are primarily attributed to broader criteria and increased awareness, although a true rise in prevalence is possible. The World Health Organization estimates about 1 in 100 children were diagnosed between 2012 and 2021, noting an increasing trend. […] Autism frequently co-occurs with ADHD, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. […] There is no known cure for autism; many in the autistic community oppose the pursuit of one. Interventions such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy can help autistic people gain self-care, social, and language skills. […] The diagnostic manuals DSM-5 and ICD-11 define autism as a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder that is generally thought to cover a broad and deep spectrum, manifesting very differently from one person to another.

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