Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082249/

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. […] There have been recent concerns about increased prevalence, and this article seeks to elaborate on factors that may influence prevalence rates, including recent changes to the diagnostic criteria. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the international prevalence of ASD at 0.76%; however, this only accounts for approximately 16% of the global child population. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates about 1.68% of United States (US) children aged 8 years (or 1 in 59 children) are diagnosed with ASD. […] The prevalence of ASD in the US more than doubled between 2000-2002 and 2010-2012 according to Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) estimates.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders

  Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a diverse group of conditions. They are characterized by some degree of difficulty with social interaction and communication. […] It is estimated that worldwide about 1 in 100 children has autism. This estimate represents an average figure, and reported prevalence varies substantially across studies. […] WHO Comprehensive mental health action plan 20132030 and World Health Assembly Resolution WHA73.10 for global actions on epilepsy and other neurological disorders calls on countries to address the current significant gaps in early detection, care, treatment and rehabilitation for mental and neurodevelopmental conditions, which include autism. It also calls for counties to address the social, economic, educational and inclusion needs of people living with mental and neurological disorders, and their families, and to improve surveillance and relevant research.

• #3 What is autism

  https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism

  Autism is not a learning disability or a mental health condition. But around a third of autistic people also have a learning disability. And autistic people are more likely to experience mental health problems. […] Our understanding of autism is evolving all the time. Most autistic people see being autistic as central to who they are. They may need support to succeed in a world designed for the needs of non-autistic people. But it is the barriers they face in society that are an issue, not being autistic. This is known as the social model of disability. […] To get an autism diagnosis, a specialist team must agree that a person shows the core characteristics of autism. These are lifelong differences in communication, behaviours and interests compared to non-autistic people. […] Autistic people may have different communication styles, skills and preferences to non-autistic people. They may use and understand words, tone of voice and body language, such as gesture and facial expressions, differently.

• #4 What is autism

  https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism

  Autism influences how people experience and interact with the world. It is a lifelong neurodivergence and disability. Autistic people are different from each other, but for a diagnosis they must share differences from non-autistic people in how they think, feel and communicate. […] More than one in 100 people are autistic and there are at least 700,000 autistic adults and children in the UK. These numbers are not the same as the number of people with an autism diagnosis. They are based on research about the true figure, which is likely to be higher. More research is needed to know for sure. […] Autism is understood as a spectrum. In the past, people thought the spectrum was a straight line between more and less autistic. This isn’t right. Today we understand the spectrum to mean each autistic person has a unique combination of characteristics. Autistic people can be very different to each other, with different sets of strengths and challenges.

• #5 The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-epidemiology-and-health-burden-autism-spectrum-findings-global

  In 2021, one in 127 people globally were estimated to be autistic, substantially higher than the one in 271 estimated in 2019. […] High-quality estimates of the epidemiology of the autism spectrum and the health needs of autistic people are necessary for service planners and resource allocators. […] An estimated 618 million individuals (one in every 127 people) were on the autism spectrum globally in 2021. […] Autism spectrum disorder accounted for 115 million DALYs, equivalent to 1476 DALYs per 100000 people (age-standardised) globally. […] The high prevalence and high rank for non-fatal health burden of autism spectrum disorder in people younger than 20 years underscore the importance of early detection and support to autistic young people and their caregivers globally.

• #6 Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082249/

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. […] There have been recent concerns about increased prevalence, and this article seeks to elaborate on factors that may influence prevalence rates, including recent changes to the diagnostic criteria. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the international prevalence of ASD at 0.76%; however, this only accounts for approximately 16% of the global child population. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates about 1.68% of United States (US) children aged 8 years (or 1 in 59 children) are diagnosed with ASD. […] The prevalence of ASD in the US more than doubled between 2000-2002 and 2010-2012 according to Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) estimates.

• #7 The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/epidemiology-and-global-burden-of-autism-spectrum-disorders/1F9C6FD6968D8B09231F2C35E70A46E8

  Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are persistent disabling neurodevelopmental disorders clinically evident from early childhood. For the first time, the burden of ASDs has been estimated for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010). The aims of this study were to develop global and regional prevalence models and estimate the global burden of disease of ASDs. […] In 2010 there were an estimated 52 million cases of ASDs, equating to a prevalence of 7.6 per 1000 or one in 132 persons. After accounting for methodological variations, there was no clear evidence of a change in prevalence for autistic disorder or other ASDs between 1990 and 2010. Worldwide, there was little regional variation in the prevalence of ASDs. Globally, autistic disorders accounted for more than 58 DALYs per 100 000 population and other ASDs accounted for 53 DALYs per 100 000. […] ASDs account for substantial health loss across the lifespan. Understanding the burden of ASDs is essential for effective policy making. An accurate epidemiological description of ASDs is needed to inform public health policy and to plan for education, housing and financial support services.

• #8 The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/epidemiology-and-global-burden-of-autism-spectrum-disorders/1F9C6FD6968D8B09231F2C35E70A46E8

  Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are persistent disabling neurodevelopmental disorders clinically evident from early childhood. For the first time, the burden of ASDs has been estimated for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010). The aims of this study were to develop global and regional prevalence models and estimate the global burden of disease of ASDs. […] In 2010 there were an estimated 52 million cases of ASDs, equating to a prevalence of 7.6 per 1000 or one in 132 persons. After accounting for methodological variations, there was no clear evidence of a change in prevalence for autistic disorder or other ASDs between 1990 and 2010. Worldwide, there was little regional variation in the prevalence of ASDs. Globally, autistic disorders accounted for more than 58 DALYs per 100 000 population and other ASDs accounted for 53 DALYs per 100 000. […] ASDs account for substantial health loss across the lifespan. Understanding the burden of ASDs is essential for effective policy making. An accurate epidemiological description of ASDs is needed to inform public health policy and to plan for education, housing and financial support services.

• #9 Epidemiology of autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism

  The epidemiology of autism is the study of the incidence and distribution of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders found a median prevalence of 1% in children in studies published from 2012 to 2021, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. […] The number of children known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; it is unclear whether prevalence has actually increased; and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out. […] In 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network reported that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States (1 in 34 boys, and 1 in 144 girls) are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, based on data collected in 2016.

• #10 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  1 in 31 children in the U.S. has autism, up from the previous rate of 1 in 36. […] 1 in 45 adults in the U.S. has autism. […] In the U.S., about 4 in 100 boys and 1 in 100 girls have autism. […] Boys are nearly 4 times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls. […] In the U.S., autism prevalence is lower among white children than other racial and ethnic groups: White – 2.7%, Hispanic – 3.3%, Black – 3.7%, Asian or Pacific Islander – 3.8%, American Indian or Alaska Native – 3.8%. […] Around the world, 1 in 100 children are diagnosed with autism. […] These changes reflect an improvement in outreach, screening and de-stigmatization of autism diagnosis among minority communities. […] Autism can be reliably diagnosed by a specialist by age 2, but the average age of autism diagnosis in the U.S. is 5 years.

• #11 Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/autism/data-research/index.html

  About 1 in 31 (3.2%) children aged 8 years has been identified with ASD according to estimates from CDC’s ADDM Network. […] ASD is reported to occur in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. […] ASD is over 3 times more common among boys than among girls. […] CDC’s ADDM Network tracks the number and characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder.

• #12 2022 Surveillance Data Suggests 1 in 31 Identified as Autistic – Autism Research Institute

  https://autism.org/prevalence2025/

  2022 Surveillance Data Suggests 1 in 31 Identified as Autistic […] In an analysis of 2022 data across 16 sites, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that among 4 to 8-year-olds, 1 in 31 were diagnosed autistic. […] The prevalence of autism among children in the United States was updated this week, with the latest data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimating that 1 in every 31 children was diagnosed with the condition in 2022. […] The CDC reported shifts in racial and ethnic disparities in autism prevalence – for the first time in years of CDC data collection, non-white children are identified as having autism at higher rates than white children; […] The findings represent a nearly 20 percent increase over the 1 in 44 estimates based on 2018 data;

• #13 What Do We Know About the Causes of Autism?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/what-do-we-know-about-causes-autism-2025a1000aug

  The latest surveillance data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show a steep rise in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), extending a years-long trend of increasing diagnoses. […] The CDC regularly compiles data on ASD prevalence through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The findings are considered to be among the most reliable snapshots of autism rates in children. The CDCs most recent data from the 2022 ADDM surveillance cycle are based on 393,353 8-year-olds across 16 US sites. […] The CDC report shows that ASD affects 1 in 31 children (32.2 per 1000), up from 1 in 36 in 2020 and 1 in 150 in 2000. ASD continues to be more common in boys than girls (ratio 3.4:1). […] The CDCs latest findings have prompted renewed scrutiny over why ASD prevalence continues to rise.

• #14 What Do We Know About the Causes of Autism?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/what-do-we-know-about-causes-autism-2025a1000aug

  The latest surveillance data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show a steep rise in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), extending a years-long trend of increasing diagnoses. […] The CDC regularly compiles data on ASD prevalence through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The findings are considered to be among the most reliable snapshots of autism rates in children. The CDCs most recent data from the 2022 ADDM surveillance cycle are based on 393,353 8-year-olds across 16 US sites. […] The CDC report shows that ASD affects 1 in 31 children (32.2 per 1000), up from 1 in 36 in 2020 and 1 in 150 in 2000. ASD continues to be more common in boys than girls (ratio 3.4:1). […] The CDCs latest findings have prompted renewed scrutiny over why ASD prevalence continues to rise.

• #15 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years. In 2020, there were 11 ADDM Network sites across the United States. To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. A child met the case definition if their record documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation, 2) a classification of ASD in special education, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. […] For 2020, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 23.1 in Maryland to 44.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 27.6 per 1,000 (one in 36) children aged 8 years and was 3.8 times as prevalent among boys as among girls (43.0 versus 11.4). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White children (24.3) and children of two or more races (22.9) than among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) children (29.3, 31.6, and 33.4 respectively).

• #16 What Do We Know About the Causes of Autism?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/what-do-we-know-about-causes-autism-2025a1000aug

  The latest surveillance data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show a steep rise in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), extending a years-long trend of increasing diagnoses. […] The CDC regularly compiles data on ASD prevalence through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The findings are considered to be among the most reliable snapshots of autism rates in children. The CDCs most recent data from the 2022 ADDM surveillance cycle are based on 393,353 8-year-olds across 16 US sites. […] The CDC report shows that ASD affects 1 in 31 children (32.2 per 1000), up from 1 in 36 in 2020 and 1 in 150 in 2000. ASD continues to be more common in boys than girls (ratio 3.4:1). […] The CDCs latest findings have prompted renewed scrutiny over why ASD prevalence continues to rise.

• #17 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years. In 2020, there were 11 ADDM Network sites across the United States. To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. A child met the case definition if their record documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation, 2) a classification of ASD in special education, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. […] For 2020, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 23.1 in Maryland to 44.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 27.6 per 1,000 (one in 36) children aged 8 years and was 3.8 times as prevalent among boys as among girls (43.0 versus 11.4). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White children (24.3) and children of two or more races (22.9) than among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) children (29.3, 31.6, and 33.4 respectively).

• #18 2022 Surveillance Data Suggests 1 in 31 Identified as Autistic – Autism Research Institute

  https://autism.org/prevalence2025/

  Autism is nearly four times more prevalent in boys; among girls, prevalence is 1 in 88. […] This latest announcement underscores the urgent need to invest in peer-reviewed, biological research about co-occurring conditions and autism and appropriate medical care for individuals across the spectrum. […] Since 1995, the Autism Research Institute (ARI) has brought together leading experts to explore the biological underpinnings and co-occurring medical conditions associated with autism.

• #19 Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/autism/data-research/index.html

  About 1 in 31 (3.2%) children aged 8 years has been identified with ASD according to estimates from CDC’s ADDM Network. […] ASD is reported to occur in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. […] ASD is over 3 times more common among boys than among girls. […] CDC’s ADDM Network tracks the number and characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder.

• #20 Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082249/

  Changing diagnostic criteria may impact prevalence and the full impact of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria has yet to be seen. […] Insurance mandates requiring commercial plans to cover services for ASD along with improved awareness have likely contributed to the increase in ASD prevalence estimates as well as the increased diagnosis of milder cases of ASD in the US. […] ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its diagnosis is far from uniform across these groups. […] The female autism phenotype may play a role in girls being misdiagnosed, diagnosed later, or overlooked. […] Several genetic diagnoses have an increased rate of co-occurring ASD compared to the average population, including fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, among others; however, these known genetic disorders account for a very small amount of overall ASD cases. […] Other risk factors for ASD include increased parental age and prematurity.

• #21 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  1 in 31 children in the U.S. has autism, up from the previous rate of 1 in 36. […] 1 in 45 adults in the U.S. has autism. […] In the U.S., about 4 in 100 boys and 1 in 100 girls have autism. […] Boys are nearly 4 times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls. […] In the U.S., autism prevalence is lower among white children than other racial and ethnic groups: White – 2.7%, Hispanic – 3.3%, Black – 3.7%, Asian or Pacific Islander – 3.8%, American Indian or Alaska Native – 3.8%. […] Around the world, 1 in 100 children are diagnosed with autism. […] These changes reflect an improvement in outreach, screening and de-stigmatization of autism diagnosis among minority communities. […] Autism can be reliably diagnosed by a specialist by age 2, but the average age of autism diagnosis in the U.S. is 5 years.

• #22 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years. In 2020, there were 11 ADDM Network sites across the United States. To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. A child met the case definition if their record documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation, 2) a classification of ASD in special education, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. […] For 2020, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 23.1 in Maryland to 44.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 27.6 per 1,000 (one in 36) children aged 8 years and was 3.8 times as prevalent among boys as among girls (43.0 versus 11.4). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White children (24.3) and children of two or more races (22.9) than among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) children (29.3, 31.6, and 33.4 respectively).

• #23 The CDC’s Autism Surveillance Network Continues to Show an Increase in Autism Prevalence – Waisman Center – UW–Madison

  https://www.waisman.wisc.edu/2023/03/23/the-cdcs-autism-surveillance-network-continues-to-show-an-increase-in-autism-prevalence/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published the most recent numbers from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) that shows an increase in autism prevalence and shifting demographics for diagnosis. The CDC found that 1 in 36 (2.8%) 8-year-old kids were diagnosed with autism which is an increase from the 1 in 44 (2.3%) that was reported in 2018. […] The ADDM Network is a CDC-funded program that collects data to better understand the number and characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities, the CDC writes. […] Alongside the increase in autism prevalence, this was the first time the percentage of 8-year-old Black (2.9%), Hispanic (3.2%), and Asian or Pacific Islander (3.3%) children diagnosed with autism was higher than that of 8-year-old White children (2.4%).

• #24 Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder-canadian-health-survey-children-youth-2019.html

  Prevalence of ASD in children and youth varied by province. […] The crude prevalence of ASD varied across Canada, ranging from 0.8% in Saskatchewan to 4.1% in New Brunswick. […] Prevalence of ASD was highest in the lowest household income quintile (2.6% [2.1, 3.1]) and lowest in the highest household income quintile (1.1% [0.9, 1.4]). […] Just over half (53.7%) of children and youth were diagnosed with ASD before the age of five. […] Children and youth with ASD had less optimal general and mental health compared to those without ASD. […] Children and youth with ASD were three times more likely to have another long-term health condition compared to those without ASD. […] More than three-quarters (78.1%) of school-aged children and youth with ASD had special education needs. […] This report represents the first analysis of Canadian children and youth with ASD using national survey data. According to the 2019 CHSCY, 2.0% of children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings in the ten provinces and three territories were diagnosed with ASD.

• #25 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #26 Epidemiology of autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism

  The epidemiology of autism is the study of the incidence and distribution of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders found a median prevalence of 1% in children in studies published from 2012 to 2021, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. […] The number of children known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; it is unclear whether prevalence has actually increased; and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out. […] In 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network reported that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States (1 in 34 boys, and 1 in 144 girls) are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, based on data collected in 2016.

• #27 Epidemiology of autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism

  ASD diagnoses continue to be over four times more common among boys (1 in 34) than among girls (1 in 154), and they are reported in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Studies have been conducted in several continents (Asia, Europe and North America) that report a prevalence rate of approximately 1 to 2 percent. […] Although incidence rates measure autism prevalence directly, most epidemiological studies report other frequency measures, typically point or period prevalence, or sometimes cumulative incidence. […] Estimates of the prevalence of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. […] Attention has been focused on whether the prevalence of autism is increasing with time. […] The reported increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness. […] There are claims that there is an „autism epidemic” based on the increased number of diagnosed cases. […] Several environmental factors have been proposed to support the hypothesis that the actual frequency of autism has increased.

• #28 Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082249/

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. […] There have been recent concerns about increased prevalence, and this article seeks to elaborate on factors that may influence prevalence rates, including recent changes to the diagnostic criteria. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the international prevalence of ASD at 0.76%; however, this only accounts for approximately 16% of the global child population. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates about 1.68% of United States (US) children aged 8 years (or 1 in 59 children) are diagnosed with ASD. […] The prevalence of ASD in the US more than doubled between 2000-2002 and 2010-2012 according to Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) estimates.

• #29 Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082249/

  Changing diagnostic criteria may impact prevalence and the full impact of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria has yet to be seen. […] Insurance mandates requiring commercial plans to cover services for ASD along with improved awareness have likely contributed to the increase in ASD prevalence estimates as well as the increased diagnosis of milder cases of ASD in the US. […] ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its diagnosis is far from uniform across these groups. […] The female autism phenotype may play a role in girls being misdiagnosed, diagnosed later, or overlooked. […] Several genetic diagnoses have an increased rate of co-occurring ASD compared to the average population, including fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, among others; however, these known genetic disorders account for a very small amount of overall ASD cases. […] Other risk factors for ASD include increased parental age and prematurity.

• #30 What Do We Know About the Causes of Autism?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/what-do-we-know-about-causes-autism-2025a1000aug

  CDC investigators noted several factors that may be driving the increase, including broader diagnostic criteria, greater awareness among parents and pediatricians, and improved access to specialized services. […] The Autism Society of America finds the administrations claim that we will know what has caused the Autism epidemic and well be able to eliminate those exposures to be harmful, misleading, and unrealistic. […] NIH is also investing $50 million to launch a comprehensive research effort aimed at understanding the causes of ASD and improving treatments by leveraging large-scale data resources and fostering cross-sector collaboration.

• #31 Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082249/

  Changing diagnostic criteria may impact prevalence and the full impact of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria has yet to be seen. […] Insurance mandates requiring commercial plans to cover services for ASD along with improved awareness have likely contributed to the increase in ASD prevalence estimates as well as the increased diagnosis of milder cases of ASD in the US. […] ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its diagnosis is far from uniform across these groups. […] The female autism phenotype may play a role in girls being misdiagnosed, diagnosed later, or overlooked. […] Several genetic diagnoses have an increased rate of co-occurring ASD compared to the average population, including fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, among others; however, these known genetic disorders account for a very small amount of overall ASD cases. […] Other risk factors for ASD include increased parental age and prematurity.

• #32 Epidemiology of autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism

  ASD diagnoses continue to be over four times more common among boys (1 in 34) than among girls (1 in 154), and they are reported in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Studies have been conducted in several continents (Asia, Europe and North America) that report a prevalence rate of approximately 1 to 2 percent. […] Although incidence rates measure autism prevalence directly, most epidemiological studies report other frequency measures, typically point or period prevalence, or sometimes cumulative incidence. […] Estimates of the prevalence of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. […] Attention has been focused on whether the prevalence of autism is increasing with time. […] The reported increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness. […] There are claims that there is an „autism epidemic” based on the increased number of diagnosed cases. […] Several environmental factors have been proposed to support the hypothesis that the actual frequency of autism has increased.

• #33 Epidemiology of autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism

  ASD diagnoses continue to be over four times more common among boys (1 in 34) than among girls (1 in 154), and they are reported in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Studies have been conducted in several continents (Asia, Europe and North America) that report a prevalence rate of approximately 1 to 2 percent. […] Although incidence rates measure autism prevalence directly, most epidemiological studies report other frequency measures, typically point or period prevalence, or sometimes cumulative incidence. […] Estimates of the prevalence of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. […] Attention has been focused on whether the prevalence of autism is increasing with time. […] The reported increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness. […] There are claims that there is an „autism epidemic” based on the increased number of diagnosed cases. […] Several environmental factors have been proposed to support the hypothesis that the actual frequency of autism has increased.

• #34 Epidemiology of autism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism

  ASD diagnoses continue to be over four times more common among boys (1 in 34) than among girls (1 in 154), and they are reported in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Studies have been conducted in several continents (Asia, Europe and North America) that report a prevalence rate of approximately 1 to 2 percent. […] Although incidence rates measure autism prevalence directly, most epidemiological studies report other frequency measures, typically point or period prevalence, or sometimes cumulative incidence. […] Estimates of the prevalence of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. […] Attention has been focused on whether the prevalence of autism is increasing with time. […] The reported increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness. […] There are claims that there is an „autism epidemic” based on the increased number of diagnosed cases. […] Several environmental factors have been proposed to support the hypothesis that the actual frequency of autism has increased.

• #35 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288022/

  The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased dramatically in recent decades, supporting the claim of an autism epidemic. […] Systematic monitoring of ASD allows estimating prevalence and identifying potential sources of variation over time and geographical areas. […] At present, ASD prevalence estimates are available worldwide, coming either from surveillance systems using existing health and educational databases or from population studies specifically performed. […] Studies that estimate ASD prevalence result in wide variability of prevalence rates that call for paying attention on possible reasons for the observed changes in prevalence, and advice for caution when claiming that there is an autism epidemic. […] One important source of variation in prevalence estimates are the methodological differences in case definition and case-finding procedures.

• #36 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288022/

  In particular, some studies are carried out on existing administrative databases such as special education data, health or social records of national registers for case identification, or specific condition registers. […] Other studies rely on a two-stage or multistage approach to identify cases in underlying populations; the first stage is often based on questionnaire requesting behavioural descriptions or checklist based on DSM, where informants could be in turn teachers, parents or health professionals. […] Finally, some studies are surveys based on interviews to parents or teachers, who are required to state if the child presents a condition that can be related to ASD. […] Indeed, surveyed areas vary in terms of service development as a function of the specific educational or health care systems of each country and of the year of the study.

• #37 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288022/

  In particular, some studies are carried out on existing administrative databases such as special education data, health or social records of national registers for case identification, or specific condition registers. […] Other studies rely on a two-stage or multistage approach to identify cases in underlying populations; the first stage is often based on questionnaire requesting behavioural descriptions or checklist based on DSM, where informants could be in turn teachers, parents or health professionals. […] Finally, some studies are surveys based on interviews to parents or teachers, who are required to state if the child presents a condition that can be related to ASD. […] Indeed, surveyed areas vary in terms of service development as a function of the specific educational or health care systems of each country and of the year of the study.

• #38 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288022/

  Moreover, socio economic factors and autism awareness can influence assessment of the case and consequently prevalence estimate. […] In the present paper, we present a brief narrative review of the most recent ASD prevalence estimates worldwide. […] The analysis of the literature on ASD prevalence studies published since 2014 confirms a high variability of prevalence estimates worldwide. […] This variability is still accompanied by methodological differences among the performed studies that concern how cases are detected, which population is involved in, and, to a lesser measure, how cases are defined. […] The regression analyses present obvious limitations, due to the low number of studies, especially in relation to the large number of combinations of area, source of data, and age of children levels, making it difficult to disentangle the effects of the different factors.

• #39 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288022/

  Moreover, socio economic factors and autism awareness can influence assessment of the case and consequently prevalence estimate. […] In the present paper, we present a brief narrative review of the most recent ASD prevalence estimates worldwide. […] The analysis of the literature on ASD prevalence studies published since 2014 confirms a high variability of prevalence estimates worldwide. […] This variability is still accompanied by methodological differences among the performed studies that concern how cases are detected, which population is involved in, and, to a lesser measure, how cases are defined. […] The regression analyses present obvious limitations, due to the low number of studies, especially in relation to the large number of combinations of area, source of data, and age of children levels, making it difficult to disentangle the effects of the different factors.

• #40 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288022/

  Moreover, socio economic factors and autism awareness can influence assessment of the case and consequently prevalence estimate. […] In the present paper, we present a brief narrative review of the most recent ASD prevalence estimates worldwide. […] The analysis of the literature on ASD prevalence studies published since 2014 confirms a high variability of prevalence estimates worldwide. […] This variability is still accompanied by methodological differences among the performed studies that concern how cases are detected, which population is involved in, and, to a lesser measure, how cases are defined. […] The regression analyses present obvious limitations, due to the low number of studies, especially in relation to the large number of combinations of area, source of data, and age of children levels, making it difficult to disentangle the effects of the different factors.

• #41 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288022/

  The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased dramatically in recent decades, supporting the claim of an autism epidemic. […] Systematic monitoring of ASD allows estimating prevalence and identifying potential sources of variation over time and geographical areas. […] At present, ASD prevalence estimates are available worldwide, coming either from surveillance systems using existing health and educational databases or from population studies specifically performed. […] Studies that estimate ASD prevalence result in wide variability of prevalence rates that call for paying attention on possible reasons for the observed changes in prevalence, and advice for caution when claiming that there is an autism epidemic. […] One important source of variation in prevalence estimates are the methodological differences in case definition and case-finding procedures.

• #42 Autism: Epidemiology | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/autism/according-experts/epidemiological-surveys-autism-spectrum-disorders

  Epidemiological surveillance of ASD is increasingly contemplated by public health agencies. […] ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is more common than once thought. The prevalence ranges from 1% to 2% with some countries having even higher rates. […] ASD occurs everywhere in the world and there is no evidence that it is either more rare or more frequent in any country, nor that its clinical manifestations vary according to the cultural context.

• #43 The CDC’s Autism Surveillance Network Continues to Show an Increase in Autism Prevalence – Waisman Center – UW–Madison

  https://www.waisman.wisc.edu/2023/03/23/the-cdcs-autism-surveillance-network-continues-to-show-an-increase-in-autism-prevalence/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published the most recent numbers from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) that shows an increase in autism prevalence and shifting demographics for diagnosis. The CDC found that 1 in 36 (2.8%) 8-year-old kids were diagnosed with autism which is an increase from the 1 in 44 (2.3%) that was reported in 2018. […] The ADDM Network is a CDC-funded program that collects data to better understand the number and characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities, the CDC writes. […] Alongside the increase in autism prevalence, this was the first time the percentage of 8-year-old Black (2.9%), Hispanic (3.2%), and Asian or Pacific Islander (3.3%) children diagnosed with autism was higher than that of 8-year-old White children (2.4%).

• #44 Pennsylvania Autism Surveillance Project | Department of Human Services | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dhs/resources/intellectual-disabilities-autism/autism-services/pasp.html

  The Pennsylvania Autism Surveillance Project (PASP) is conducting public health surveillance as part of the Autism Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, under funding provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] ADDM is the only collaborative network to track the number and characteristics of children on the autism spectrum in multiple communities in the United States. […] Provides a snapshot of autism prevalence in our state. […] Review the latest data from participating ADDM sites across the US in the CDC 2023 Community Report on Autism.

• #45 Pennsylvania Autism Surveillance Project | Department of Human Services | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dhs/resources/intellectual-disabilities-autism/autism-services/pasp.html

  The Pennsylvania Autism Surveillance Project (PASP) is conducting public health surveillance as part of the Autism Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, under funding provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] ADDM is the only collaborative network to track the number and characteristics of children on the autism spectrum in multiple communities in the United States. […] Provides a snapshot of autism prevalence in our state. […] Review the latest data from participating ADDM sites across the US in the CDC 2023 Community Report on Autism.

• #46 Determining and Monitoring Autism Prevalence

  https://neurosciences.ucsd.edu/centers-programs/autism/about-autism/prevalence.html

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is a collaborative network of programs funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to estimate and track the number and characteristics of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities living in different areas of the United States. […] The ADDM Network is the only collaborative network to track the number and characteristics of children with ASD in multiple communities in the US. […] The ADDM Network, however, utilizes a comprehensive, multiple source, records-based population surveillance system. Each site works with local health, education, and early intervention providers to determine the number of children with ASD in their community and to understand the characteristics of those children in order to better understand what it means to have an Autism Spectrum Disorder. […] Prevalence rates from each organization vary considerably due to how and from whom they collect data.

• #47 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years. In 2020, there were 11 ADDM Network sites across the United States. To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. A child met the case definition if their record documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation, 2) a classification of ASD in special education, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. […] For 2020, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 23.1 in Maryland to 44.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 27.6 per 1,000 (one in 36) children aged 8 years and was 3.8 times as prevalent among boys as among girls (43.0 versus 11.4). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White children (24.3) and children of two or more races (22.9) than among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) children (29.3, 31.6, and 33.4 respectively).

• #48 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years. In 2020, there were 11 ADDM Network sites across the United States. To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. A child met the case definition if their record documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation, 2) a classification of ASD in special education, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. […] For 2020, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 23.1 in Maryland to 44.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 27.6 per 1,000 (one in 36) children aged 8 years and was 3.8 times as prevalent among boys as among girls (43.0 versus 11.4). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White children (24.3) and children of two or more races (22.9) than among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) children (29.3, 31.6, and 33.4 respectively).

• #49 CDC Releases New Autism Prevalence: 1 in 31 Children in the U.S. Identified with Autism – Southwest Autism Research & Resource Center (SARRC)

  https://autismcenter.org/autismprevalence/

  CDC Releases New Autism Prevalence: 1 in 31 Children in the U.S. Identified with Autism […] On Tuesday, April 15, 2025, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released new data from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) reporting that about 1 in 31 8-year-old children in the U.S. were identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in 2022. This new rate is up from the reported 2020 prevalence of 1 in 36. […] According to the CDC, a total of 16 sites (located in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Tennessee, Texas [two sites: Austin and Laredo], Utah, and Wisconsin) conducted surveillance for ASD among children aged 4 and 8 years and suspected ASD among children aged 4 years. Surveillance included children who lived in the surveillance area at any time during 2022.

• #50 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years. In 2020, there were 11 ADDM Network sites across the United States. To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. A child met the case definition if their record documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation, 2) a classification of ASD in special education, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. […] For 2020, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 23.1 in Maryland to 44.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 27.6 per 1,000 (one in 36) children aged 8 years and was 3.8 times as prevalent among boys as among girls (43.0 versus 11.4). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White children (24.3) and children of two or more races (22.9) than among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) children (29.3, 31.6, and 33.4 respectively).

• #51 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years. In 2020, there were 11 ADDM Network sites across the United States. To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. A child met the case definition if their record documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation, 2) a classification of ASD in special education, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. […] For 2020, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 23.1 in Maryland to 44.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 27.6 per 1,000 (one in 36) children aged 8 years and was 3.8 times as prevalent among boys as among girls (43.0 versus 11.4). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White children (24.3) and children of two or more races (22.9) than among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) children (29.3, 31.6, and 33.4 respectively).

• #52 Determining and Monitoring Autism Prevalence

  https://neurosciences.ucsd.edu/centers-programs/autism/about-autism/prevalence.html

  The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is a collaborative network of programs funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to estimate and track the number and characteristics of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities living in different areas of the United States. […] The ADDM Network is the only collaborative network to track the number and characteristics of children with ASD in multiple communities in the US. […] The ADDM Network, however, utilizes a comprehensive, multiple source, records-based population surveillance system. Each site works with local health, education, and early intervention providers to determine the number of children with ASD in their community and to understand the characteristics of those children in order to better understand what it means to have an Autism Spectrum Disorder. […] Prevalence rates from each organization vary considerably due to how and from whom they collect data.

• #53 National Autism Spectrum Disorder Surveillance System (NASS) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/mandate/about-agency/access-information-privacy/national-autism-spectrum-disorder-surveillance-system.html

  The National Autism Spectrum Disorder Surveillance System (NASS) collects anonymized case-level data to examine and report Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) prevalence, characteristics and related outcomes. […] NASS collects case-level information on children with ASD from participating provincial and territorial partners, from administrative records.

• #54 National Autism Spectrum Disorder Surveillance System (NASS) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/mandate/about-agency/access-information-privacy/national-autism-spectrum-disorder-surveillance-system.html

  The National Autism Spectrum Disorder Surveillance System (NASS) collects anonymized case-level data to examine and report Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) prevalence, characteristics and related outcomes. […] NASS collects case-level information on children with ASD from participating provincial and territorial partners, from administrative records.

• #55 Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder-canadian-health-survey-children-youth-2019.html

  This report provides an overview of Canadian children and youth with diagnosed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using data from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth (CHSCY). It includes information on prevalence, age at diagnosis, health status, co-occurring long-term health conditions, functional difficulties and school experiences. This information will be used to build the evidence base required to inform public health action aimed to improve the health and well-being of Canadian children and youth with ASD and their caregivers. […] According to the 2019 CHSCY, 1 in 50 (or 2.0%) Canadian children and youth aged 1 to 17 years were diagnosed with ASD. […] Note: Prevalence estimates in this report differ from those in the Public Health Agency of Canada’s 2018 National Autism Spectrum Disorder Surveillance System report due to differences in the year data were collected, age groups included, geographical coverage and methods/criteria used to identify ASD.

• #56 Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder-canadian-health-survey-children-youth-2019.html

  Prevalence of ASD in children and youth varied by province. […] The crude prevalence of ASD varied across Canada, ranging from 0.8% in Saskatchewan to 4.1% in New Brunswick. […] Prevalence of ASD was highest in the lowest household income quintile (2.6% [2.1, 3.1]) and lowest in the highest household income quintile (1.1% [0.9, 1.4]). […] Just over half (53.7%) of children and youth were diagnosed with ASD before the age of five. […] Children and youth with ASD had less optimal general and mental health compared to those without ASD. […] Children and youth with ASD were three times more likely to have another long-term health condition compared to those without ASD. […] More than three-quarters (78.1%) of school-aged children and youth with ASD had special education needs. […] This report represents the first analysis of Canadian children and youth with ASD using national survey data. According to the 2019 CHSCY, 2.0% of children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings in the ten provinces and three territories were diagnosed with ASD.

• #57 List of States with Mandated Autism Databases as RFK Jr.’s 'Registry’ Faces Backlash  – Newsweek

  https://www.newsweek.com/autism-registry-state-mandate-rfk-jr-2063082

  Delaware law requires that any physician, surgeon, dentist, podiatrist or other health care practitioner who diagnoses a child with autism under the age of 18 report such information on the Delaware Autism Surveillance and Registration/Autism Registry, overseen by the state’s Department of Health Social Services and Division of Public Health. […] „The purpose of the Autism Registry is to provide an accurate and continuing source of data concerning autism to provide information to Public Health officials to help to ultimately decrease the autism morbidity burden associated with the disorder,” the state’s health website states. „The Autism Registry will gather data to assist with: prevalence estimation, cluster investigation, risk factor identification, and outcome assessment.” […] North Dakota’s database records all individuals diagnosed with autism regardless of age, with collected information used to complete epidemiological surveys, research and analysis, and provide services to individuals with ASD. […] The West Virginia Autism Spectrum Disorders Registry (WVASDR) was established in 2002. Since 2004, it has required registration for only newly diagnosed people. However, people of all ages, including newly diagnosed adults, are also required to register.

• #58 Developmental surveillance for autism | Autism CRC

  https://www.autismcrc.com.au/our-work/early-years/developmental-surveillance-autism

  Prospective identification of autism in infants and toddlers: Social Attention and Communication Surveillance. The importance of early recognition and diagnosis of autism is well established as this facilitates access to targeted early learning and functional supports for very young children. Despite increased knowledge on early presentations of autism in infancy and toddlerhood, children in Australia are rarely diagnosed with autism prior to four years of age. In this project, our aim was to train primary care nurses in Victoria and Tasmania on the early signs of autism at 12-, 18- and 24-months using Social Attention and Communication Surveillance Revised (SACS-R), so that they can monitor children as part of routine child health assessments at these ages. […] The study found that universal developmental surveillance of young children by trained early childhood professionals has the potential to identify those at high likelihood of autism and other developmental conditions.

• #59 The Social Attention and Communication Surveillance (SACS) tool, Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, Our research, Identification and diagnosis, La Trobe University

  https://www.latrobe.edu.au/otarc/research/autism-detection-diagnosis/social-attention-communication

  The results were compelling: the SACS (R+PR) programs exhibited very high diagnostic accuracy for early autism detection. This population-based developmental surveillance program has shown promise not only for national application, but has potential to transform early autism identification and detection globally. […] The SACS tool, a cornerstone of early autism detection, has been implemented in 16 countries and is available to complete online.

• #60 Parental experience of an early developmental surveillance programme for autism within Australian general practice: a qualitative study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/11/e064375

  Objectives Implementing support and services early in the life course has been shown to promote positive developmental outcomes for children at high likelihood of developmental conditions including autism. This study examined parents/caregivers experiences and perceptions about a digital developmental surveillance pathway for autism, the autism surveillance pathway (ASP), and usual care, the surveillance as usual (SaU) pathway, in the primary healthcare general practice setting. […] The findings support the use of digital screening tools for developmental surveillance, including for autism, using opportunistic contacts in the general practice setting. […] The early identification of developmental conditions that emerge in early childhood can facilitate children reaching their full developmental potential.

• #61 Developmental surveillance with your pediatrician: When autism becomes a concern | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/wellness/developmental-surveillance-your-pediatrician-when-autism-becomes-concern

  Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the conditions that comes up regularly in my discussions with parents when we review their child’s development. […] When a diagnosis is not conclusive or when other concerns outside of speech and social development are found, your child’s doctor may refer you to a Developmental Pediatrician. […] Early intervention is key. The sooner a diagnosis can be made, the more help your child can receive. […] Is there a test to show why my child developed autism? There is no test to provide an unequivocal answer. Autism is considered to be a complex genetic disorder, and it is not clear what role environmental factors play in its development. […] Did vaccines cause autism or will they make the condition worse? The answer is no. Vaccines do not cause autism.

• #62 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  1 in 31 children in the U.S. has autism, up from the previous rate of 1 in 36. […] 1 in 45 adults in the U.S. has autism. […] In the U.S., about 4 in 100 boys and 1 in 100 girls have autism. […] Boys are nearly 4 times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls. […] In the U.S., autism prevalence is lower among white children than other racial and ethnic groups: White – 2.7%, Hispanic – 3.3%, Black – 3.7%, Asian or Pacific Islander – 3.8%, American Indian or Alaska Native – 3.8%. […] Around the world, 1 in 100 children are diagnosed with autism. […] These changes reflect an improvement in outreach, screening and de-stigmatization of autism diagnosis among minority communities. […] Autism can be reliably diagnosed by a specialist by age 2, but the average age of autism diagnosis in the U.S. is 5 years.

• #63 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  1 in 31 children in the U.S. has autism, up from the previous rate of 1 in 36. […] 1 in 45 adults in the U.S. has autism. […] In the U.S., about 4 in 100 boys and 1 in 100 girls have autism. […] Boys are nearly 4 times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls. […] In the U.S., autism prevalence is lower among white children than other racial and ethnic groups: White – 2.7%, Hispanic – 3.3%, Black – 3.7%, Asian or Pacific Islander – 3.8%, American Indian or Alaska Native – 3.8%. […] Around the world, 1 in 100 children are diagnosed with autism. […] These changes reflect an improvement in outreach, screening and de-stigmatization of autism diagnosis among minority communities. […] Autism can be reliably diagnosed by a specialist by age 2, but the average age of autism diagnosis in the U.S. is 5 years.

• #64 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #65 Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder-canadian-health-survey-children-youth-2019.html

  Prevalence of ASD in children and youth varied by province. […] The crude prevalence of ASD varied across Canada, ranging from 0.8% in Saskatchewan to 4.1% in New Brunswick. […] Prevalence of ASD was highest in the lowest household income quintile (2.6% [2.1, 3.1]) and lowest in the highest household income quintile (1.1% [0.9, 1.4]). […] Just over half (53.7%) of children and youth were diagnosed with ASD before the age of five. […] Children and youth with ASD had less optimal general and mental health compared to those without ASD. […] Children and youth with ASD were three times more likely to have another long-term health condition compared to those without ASD. […] More than three-quarters (78.1%) of school-aged children and youth with ASD had special education needs. […] This report represents the first analysis of Canadian children and youth with ASD using national survey data. According to the 2019 CHSCY, 2.0% of children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings in the ten provinces and three territories were diagnosed with ASD.

• #66 General practitioners’ perspectives regarding early developmental surveillance for autism within the australian primary healthcare setting: a qualitative study | BMC Primary Care | Full Text

  https://bmcprimcare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-023-02121-6

  Significant challenges remain in the early identification of child developmental disabilities in the community. Implementing supports and services early in the life course has been shown to promote positive developmental outcomes for children at high likelihood of developmental disabilities, including autism. The early identification of developmental disabilities including autism is vital as it can lead to children accessing appropriate and timely evidence-based supports and services. Developmental surveillance offers opportunities to identify children with developmental differences, including the early signs of autism in a systematic way through health and developmental monitoring, thereby facilitating opportunities for early supports and services. There is also increasing evidence to suggest that early identification, diagnosis, and supports/services are efficacious, cost-effective, and may help reduce the health inequality and disparities needed to break the cycles of intergenerational disadvantage. In Australia, the average age of autism diagnosis for children under seven years is 49 months, substantially higher than 24 months the recognised age at which autism can be reliably diagnosed. Such delays in identification and diagnosis can also result in increased parental stress and significant delays in initiating early supports, which can result in less-than-optimal outcomes over time. In the current study, general practitioners (GPs) were engaged and involved in an early developmental surveillance program for developmental disabilities, including autism, using a digital developmental surveillance framework during opportunistic contacts in the general practice setting. This qualitative study aimed to ascertain, and evaluate participating stakeholders (both parents/caregivers and GPs) perspectives of the enablers, barriers, and suggestions for improvements in the implementation of the integrated model of developmental surveillance and referral used in the intervention (Autism Surveillance Pathway [ASP]) arm of the trial, including the uptake of recommendations, service access and satisfaction. The study highlighted the need for practice and policy changes, including further training of GPs alongside sufficient time to complete developmental checks and appropriate financial remuneration through a Medicare billing item. Further research is needed on implementation and scale up of a national surveillance program for early identification of developmental disabilities, including autism.

• #67 Wisconsin Surveillance of Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities System – WISADDS – UW–Madison

  https://wisadds.waisman.wisc.edu/

  The Wisconsin Surveillance of Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities System (WISADDS) is part of the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network funded through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). WISADDS is a multi-source public health surveillance project that monitors the prevalence of autism spectrums disorders (ASDs), cerebral palsy (CP), and co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) in 4- and 8-year-old children within an 8-county area in southeastern Wisconsin. […] The percentage of 8-year-old children identified with autism increased in southeastern Wisconsin, from 2.8% in 2020 to 3.8% in 2022. […] Only 53% of 8-year-old children identified with autism received a comprehensive developmental evaluation by age 3 years. […] Autism prevalence among 8-year-olds was higher among children living in lower-income neighborhoods compared with those in higher-income neighborhoods.

• #68 U.S. Autism Rates Up 10 Percent in New CDC Report | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2020/us-autism-rates-up-10-percent-in-new-cdc-report

  For the first time in ADDMs history, researchers found no statistically significant difference in the ASD prevalence between black and white children. […] Although the gap related to the prevalence of racial and ethnic differences is closing, disparities in early intervention persist for racial and ethnic minorities, Lee said. […] In Maryland, the prevalence of ASD was 1 in 52 children: 1 in 33 for boys and 1 in 128 for girls. […] ASD can be diagnosed as early as 24 months of age. In Maryland, however, only 48.3 percent of children with ASD received a comprehensive evaluation by 36 months, and the median age at earliest ASD diagnosis was 48 months. […] The CDC recommends that parents track their childs development, act quickly, and get their child screened if they have a concern.

• #69 Autism Spectrum Disorder

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/autism/?srsltid=AfmBOopf1Oc3fdDtGn3PQj6_WtJmHVX7SsswGpSn8KTGolvOYkihwi9A

  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 in 31 children 8 years of age has been identified with a diagnosis of ASD. […] The AAP recommends that all children be screened for ASD at ages 18 and 24 months, along with regular developmental surveillance. Toddlers and children should be referred for diagnostic evaluation when increased risk for developmental disorders (including ASD) is identified through screening and/or surveillance.

• #70 Autism Spectrum Disorder

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/autism/?srsltid=AfmBOopf1Oc3fdDtGn3PQj6_WtJmHVX7SsswGpSn8KTGolvOYkihwi9A

  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 in 31 children 8 years of age has been identified with a diagnosis of ASD. […] The AAP recommends that all children be screened for ASD at ages 18 and 24 months, along with regular developmental surveillance. Toddlers and children should be referred for diagnostic evaluation when increased risk for developmental disorders (including ASD) is identified through screening and/or surveillance.

• #71 Autism screening | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-screening

  There is no medical autism test, like a blood test, to diagnose autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Instead, experienced medical professionals examine a person’s developmental history and behavior, interview and observe the person and their loved ones, and use professional screening and diagnostic tools to make a diagnosis. […] While an autism diagnosis can only be given by a health care professional, there are several screening tools that can alert parents, caregivers and autistic people to potential autism symptoms. Early screening for autism can impact access to services and supports, which in turn can influence future outcomes for autistic individuals. […] The screening tools below are designed to help identify children and adults who might have ASD. This list is not exhaustive and other tests are available. Please note that a positive result on a screening tool is NOT a diagnosis. A positive screening result should be followed by a thorough assessment by a health care professional.

• #72 Autism screening | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-screening

  There is no medical autism test, like a blood test, to diagnose autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Instead, experienced medical professionals examine a person’s developmental history and behavior, interview and observe the person and their loved ones, and use professional screening and diagnostic tools to make a diagnosis. […] While an autism diagnosis can only be given by a health care professional, there are several screening tools that can alert parents, caregivers and autistic people to potential autism symptoms. Early screening for autism can impact access to services and supports, which in turn can influence future outcomes for autistic individuals. […] The screening tools below are designed to help identify children and adults who might have ASD. This list is not exhaustive and other tests are available. Please note that a positive result on a screening tool is NOT a diagnosis. A positive screening result should be followed by a thorough assessment by a health care professional.

• #73 Early detection for autism spectrum disorder in young children | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/asd-early-detection

  Developmental surveillance is a flexible process whereby knowledgeable clinicians gather relevant information over time from multiple sources (including parents and by direct observation) toward the goal of identifying and addressing developmental concerns, including those related to ASD. The Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) and other professional organizations recommend developmental surveillance at every scheduled health visit and any time a parent or caregiver raises concerns about a child’s language or other skills development. […] There have been several comprehensive reviews evaluating measures used as ASD screens, specifically for accuracy in particular test populations and contexts, and the evidence for (and against) their impact on age of diagnosis, access to intervention services, and long-term outcomes.

• #74 The Social Attention and Communication Surveillance (SACS) tool, Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, Our research, Identification and diagnosis, La Trobe University

  https://www.latrobe.edu.au/otarc/research/autism-detection-diagnosis/social-attention-communication

  Associate Professor Josephine Barbaro, Principal Research Fellow at the Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, has been working on the early signs of autism in babies and toddlers for more than 18 years. The Social Attention and Communication Surveillance (SACS) approach, developed during her PhD, has been translated into 8 languages and disseminated across more than 15 countries. In Australia, the SACS has been used to monitor over 45,000 infants and toddlers in the Victorian and Tasmanian Maternal and Child Health (MCH) systems alone. […] The SACS is the most effective autism screening tool in the world – read the open access article. […] The SACS method currently has the best psychometric properties of any Autism identification tool, with an accuracy of 83%. […] The SACS tool has demonstrated exceptional diagnostic accuracy in early autism detection. According to a comprehensive OTARC study published in 2022, the SACS-Revised (SACS-R) and SACS-Preschool (SACS-PR) tools showed greater accuracy compared with other commonly used autism screening tools for community-based samples.

• #75 Parental experience of an early developmental surveillance programme for autism within Australian general practice: a qualitative study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/11/e064375

  There have been few studies that have examined the uptake of developmental surveillance programmes; one such programme, the Watch Me Grow (WMG) study found that while up to 30% of children are at developmental risk by their 18-month well-child check, only 30%-50% of these children attending primary healthcare have their developmental surveillance record completed. […] In this context, a user-friendly digital developmental surveillance programme, the Watch Me Grow-Electronic (WMG-E), was trialled using opportunistic general practitioner (GP) visits with automated reminders for ongoing monitoring and was found to be feasible and acceptable. […] This study suggests that there is a need for parents/caregivers to be educated about child developmental conditions, including autism. […] The current national government-run Medicare programme funds Australian primary healthcare services by reimbursing GPs set consultations fees using a convoluted system of Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) item numbers, which also sets the duration of the consultation and the types of services which can be delivered.

• #76 What is autism

  https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism

  Autism is not a learning disability or a mental health condition. But around a third of autistic people also have a learning disability. And autistic people are more likely to experience mental health problems. […] Our understanding of autism is evolving all the time. Most autistic people see being autistic as central to who they are. They may need support to succeed in a world designed for the needs of non-autistic people. But it is the barriers they face in society that are an issue, not being autistic. This is known as the social model of disability. […] To get an autism diagnosis, a specialist team must agree that a person shows the core characteristics of autism. These are lifelong differences in communication, behaviours and interests compared to non-autistic people. […] Autistic people may have different communication styles, skills and preferences to non-autistic people. They may use and understand words, tone of voice and body language, such as gesture and facial expressions, differently.

• #77 Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder-canadian-health-survey-children-youth-2019.html

  Prevalence of ASD in children and youth varied by province. […] The crude prevalence of ASD varied across Canada, ranging from 0.8% in Saskatchewan to 4.1% in New Brunswick. […] Prevalence of ASD was highest in the lowest household income quintile (2.6% [2.1, 3.1]) and lowest in the highest household income quintile (1.1% [0.9, 1.4]). […] Just over half (53.7%) of children and youth were diagnosed with ASD before the age of five. […] Children and youth with ASD had less optimal general and mental health compared to those without ASD. […] Children and youth with ASD were three times more likely to have another long-term health condition compared to those without ASD. […] More than three-quarters (78.1%) of school-aged children and youth with ASD had special education needs. […] This report represents the first analysis of Canadian children and youth with ASD using national survey data. According to the 2019 CHSCY, 2.0% of children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings in the ten provinces and three territories were diagnosed with ASD.

• #78 Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder-canadian-health-survey-children-youth-2019.html

  Prevalence of ASD in children and youth varied by province. […] The crude prevalence of ASD varied across Canada, ranging from 0.8% in Saskatchewan to 4.1% in New Brunswick. […] Prevalence of ASD was highest in the lowest household income quintile (2.6% [2.1, 3.1]) and lowest in the highest household income quintile (1.1% [0.9, 1.4]). […] Just over half (53.7%) of children and youth were diagnosed with ASD before the age of five. […] Children and youth with ASD had less optimal general and mental health compared to those without ASD. […] Children and youth with ASD were three times more likely to have another long-term health condition compared to those without ASD. […] More than three-quarters (78.1%) of school-aged children and youth with ASD had special education needs. […] This report represents the first analysis of Canadian children and youth with ASD using national survey data. According to the 2019 CHSCY, 2.0% of children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings in the ten provinces and three territories were diagnosed with ASD.

• #79 Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder-canadian-health-survey-children-youth-2019.html

  Prevalence of ASD in children and youth varied by province. […] The crude prevalence of ASD varied across Canada, ranging from 0.8% in Saskatchewan to 4.1% in New Brunswick. […] Prevalence of ASD was highest in the lowest household income quintile (2.6% [2.1, 3.1]) and lowest in the highest household income quintile (1.1% [0.9, 1.4]). […] Just over half (53.7%) of children and youth were diagnosed with ASD before the age of five. […] Children and youth with ASD had less optimal general and mental health compared to those without ASD. […] Children and youth with ASD were three times more likely to have another long-term health condition compared to those without ASD. […] More than three-quarters (78.1%) of school-aged children and youth with ASD had special education needs. […] This report represents the first analysis of Canadian children and youth with ASD using national survey data. According to the 2019 CHSCY, 2.0% of children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings in the ten provinces and three territories were diagnosed with ASD.

• #80 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #81 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #82 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #83 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #84 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #85 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #86 Autism statistics and facts | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-statistics-asd

  The average age of first intervention in the U.S. is 4.7 years. […] The average age of diagnosis for children in lower income households is 4.7 years compared to 5.2 years in higher income households. […] 74% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a diploma, versus 86% of all students. […] 19% of autistic students in the U.S. graduate with a certificate. […] 8% of autistic students in the U.S. don’t finish high school, versus 5% of all students. […] Only 21% of people with disabilities, including autism, are employed. […] Nearly 60% of people with autism in the U.S. are employed after receiving vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. […] 70% of eligible autistic individuals in the U.S. receive VR. […] 50% of autistic youth in the U.S. who receive VR begin those services in high school. […] The average costs of common autism services in the U.S. are: Adaptive behavior – $82.25, Developmental screening – $165.95, Emergency department – $1,397.22, Physical therapy – $74.99, Psychiatry – $253.40, Speech/Language – $174.80, Therapeutic behavioral – $175.44.

• #87 What is autism

  https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism

  Evidence suggests that autism is genetic. Scientists have been attempting to identify which genes mean someone is autistic. It is likely that there are multiple genes rather than a single gene. […] Autistic people are disabled. Disability is a 'protected characteristic’ in UK law. This means autistic people have legal protections against discrimination. It also means they are entitled to the support they need in education, at work or to access services.

• #88 What is autism

  https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism

  Autism is not a learning disability or a mental health condition. But around a third of autistic people also have a learning disability. And autistic people are more likely to experience mental health problems. […] Our understanding of autism is evolving all the time. Most autistic people see being autistic as central to who they are. They may need support to succeed in a world designed for the needs of non-autistic people. But it is the barriers they face in society that are an issue, not being autistic. This is known as the social model of disability. […] To get an autism diagnosis, a specialist team must agree that a person shows the core characteristics of autism. These are lifelong differences in communication, behaviours and interests compared to non-autistic people. […] Autistic people may have different communication styles, skills and preferences to non-autistic people. They may use and understand words, tone of voice and body language, such as gesture and facial expressions, differently.

• #89 The Social Attention and Communication Surveillance (SACS) tool, Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, Our research, Identification and diagnosis, La Trobe University

  https://www.latrobe.edu.au/otarc/research/autism-detection-diagnosis/social-attention-communication

  The results were compelling: the SACS (R+PR) programs exhibited very high diagnostic accuracy for early autism detection. This population-based developmental surveillance program has shown promise not only for national application, but has potential to transform early autism identification and detection globally. […] The SACS tool, a cornerstone of early autism detection, has been implemented in 16 countries and is available to complete online.

• #90 What Do We Know About the Causes of Autism?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/what-do-we-know-about-causes-autism-2025a1000aug

  CDC investigators noted several factors that may be driving the increase, including broader diagnostic criteria, greater awareness among parents and pediatricians, and improved access to specialized services. […] The Autism Society of America finds the administrations claim that we will know what has caused the Autism epidemic and well be able to eliminate those exposures to be harmful, misleading, and unrealistic. […] NIH is also investing $50 million to launch a comprehensive research effort aimed at understanding the causes of ASD and improving treatments by leveraging large-scale data resources and fostering cross-sector collaboration.

• #91 A comparison of machine learning algorithms for the surveillance of autism spectrum disorder | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0222907

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) coordinates a labor-intensive process to measure the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children in the United States. […] The surveillance case definition, which serves a different purpose than a medical diagnosis, allows the ADDM Network to identify children who have descriptions of the requisite behavioral features documented in their records, but do not necessarily have an ASD diagnosis. […] The ADDM network has yielded crucial insights into the epidemiology of ASD in terms of understanding prevalence, disparities in diagnosis, and the contribution of risk factors to the changes in prevalence over time. […] To explore ways of making the review process more efficient, Maenner et al. developed a machine learning algorithm for automatically determining whether children meet the ADDM surveillance case definition for ASD based solely on the text contained in their written evaluations.

• #92 A comparison of machine learning algorithms for the surveillance of autism spectrum disorder | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0222907

  We discuss ways in which these models may be used effectively to enhance autism surveillance. […] For surveillance purposes, accuracy or F1 scores may have less practical importance than the number of positive calls, which public health practitioners often use to generate model-based prevalence estimates. […] Although more sophisticated models do not appear to be necessary for improving the autism surveillance workflow, these and other deep models could be useful in the general sense for other public health applications; CDC, for example, maintains several large databases containing unstructured text for which these methods might improve the efficiency of surveillance systems.

• #93 A comparison of machine learning algorithms for the surveillance of autism spectrum disorder | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0222907

  We discuss ways in which these models may be used effectively to enhance autism surveillance. […] For surveillance purposes, accuracy or F1 scores may have less practical importance than the number of positive calls, which public health practitioners often use to generate model-based prevalence estimates. […] Although more sophisticated models do not appear to be necessary for improving the autism surveillance workflow, these and other deep models could be useful in the general sense for other public health applications; CDC, for example, maintains several large databases containing unstructured text for which these methods might improve the efficiency of surveillance systems.

• #94 The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/epidemiology-and-global-burden-of-autism-spectrum-disorders/1F9C6FD6968D8B09231F2C35E70A46E8

  Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are persistent disabling neurodevelopmental disorders clinically evident from early childhood. For the first time, the burden of ASDs has been estimated for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010). The aims of this study were to develop global and regional prevalence models and estimate the global burden of disease of ASDs. […] In 2010 there were an estimated 52 million cases of ASDs, equating to a prevalence of 7.6 per 1000 or one in 132 persons. After accounting for methodological variations, there was no clear evidence of a change in prevalence for autistic disorder or other ASDs between 1990 and 2010. Worldwide, there was little regional variation in the prevalence of ASDs. Globally, autistic disorders accounted for more than 58 DALYs per 100 000 population and other ASDs accounted for 53 DALYs per 100 000. […] ASDs account for substantial health loss across the lifespan. Understanding the burden of ASDs is essential for effective policy making. An accurate epidemiological description of ASDs is needed to inform public health policy and to plan for education, housing and financial support services.

• #95 The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-epidemiology-and-health-burden-autism-spectrum-findings-global

  In 2021, one in 127 people globally were estimated to be autistic, substantially higher than the one in 271 estimated in 2019. […] High-quality estimates of the epidemiology of the autism spectrum and the health needs of autistic people are necessary for service planners and resource allocators. […] An estimated 618 million individuals (one in every 127 people) were on the autism spectrum globally in 2021. […] Autism spectrum disorder accounted for 115 million DALYs, equivalent to 1476 DALYs per 100000 people (age-standardised) globally. […] The high prevalence and high rank for non-fatal health burden of autism spectrum disorder in people younger than 20 years underscore the importance of early detection and support to autistic young people and their caregivers globally.

• #96 The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-epidemiology-and-health-burden-autism-spectrum-findings-global

  In 2021, one in 127 people globally were estimated to be autistic, substantially higher than the one in 271 estimated in 2019. […] High-quality estimates of the epidemiology of the autism spectrum and the health needs of autistic people are necessary for service planners and resource allocators. […] An estimated 618 million individuals (one in every 127 people) were on the autism spectrum globally in 2021. […] Autism spectrum disorder accounted for 115 million DALYs, equivalent to 1476 DALYs per 100000 people (age-standardised) globally. […] The high prevalence and high rank for non-fatal health burden of autism spectrum disorder in people younger than 20 years underscore the importance of early detection and support to autistic young people and their caregivers globally.

• #97 Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082249/

  Changing diagnostic criteria may impact prevalence and the full impact of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria has yet to be seen. […] Insurance mandates requiring commercial plans to cover services for ASD along with improved awareness have likely contributed to the increase in ASD prevalence estimates as well as the increased diagnosis of milder cases of ASD in the US. […] ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its diagnosis is far from uniform across these groups. […] The female autism phenotype may play a role in girls being misdiagnosed, diagnosed later, or overlooked. […] Several genetic diagnoses have an increased rate of co-occurring ASD compared to the average population, including fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, among others; however, these known genetic disorders account for a very small amount of overall ASD cases. […] Other risk factors for ASD include increased parental age and prematurity.

• #98 CDC Reports Profound Autism Statistics For The First Time – Autism Science Foundation CDC Reports Profound Autism Statistics For The First Time – Autism Science Foundation

  https://autismsciencefoundation.org/press_releases/cdc-profound-autism-statistics/

  CDC Reports Profound Autism Statistics For The First Time […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) today reported 26.7 percent of people with autism spectrum disorder have profound autism. […] The report, titled “The Prevalence and Characteristics of Children with Profound Autism, 15 Sites, United States, 2000-2016,” was published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Public Health Reports, the official journal of the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General, and the U.S. Public Health Service. […] The paper analyzed population-based surveillance data from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network for 20,135 children aged 8 with autism during 2000-2016. […] The report found that the percentage of 8-year-old children with profound autism among those with autism was 26.7 percent.

• #99 Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7202a1.htm

  For 2020, one in 36 children aged 8 years (approximately 4% of boys and 1% of girls) was estimated to have ASD. These estimates are higher than previous ADDM Network estimates during 2000-2018. […] The continued increase among children identified with ASD, particularly among non-White children and girls, highlights the need for enhanced infrastructure to provide equitable diagnostic, treatment, and support services for all children with ASD.

• #100 A comparison of machine learning algorithms for the surveillance of autism spectrum disorder | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0222907

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) coordinates a labor-intensive process to measure the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children in the United States. […] The surveillance case definition, which serves a different purpose than a medical diagnosis, allows the ADDM Network to identify children who have descriptions of the requisite behavioral features documented in their records, but do not necessarily have an ASD diagnosis. […] The ADDM network has yielded crucial insights into the epidemiology of ASD in terms of understanding prevalence, disparities in diagnosis, and the contribution of risk factors to the changes in prevalence over time. […] To explore ways of making the review process more efficient, Maenner et al. developed a machine learning algorithm for automatically determining whether children meet the ADDM surveillance case definition for ASD based solely on the text contained in their written evaluations.

• #101 The CDC’s Autism Surveillance Network Continues to Show an Increase in Autism Prevalence – Waisman Center – UW–Madison

  https://www.waisman.wisc.edu/2023/03/23/the-cdcs-autism-surveillance-network-continues-to-show-an-increase-in-autism-prevalence/

  This is also the first year where the CDC reported that the prevalence of autism in girls has exceeded one percent. […] Across the nation and especially in Wisconsin, the number of Hispanic kids with autism has risen dramatically. […] The work that Durkin, WISADDS, and the ADDM Network do continues to provide important data on autism prevalence that may lead to a better understanding of the condition, spotlights on areas of need, and new directions for resources and interventions.

• #102 Report to Congress 2014 – 2018 – Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder | IACC

  https://iacc.hhs.gov/publications/report-to-congress/2018/prevalence.shtml

  CDC’s autism surveillance provides important information on the numbers of children affected with ASD and helps describe the characteristics of the population. Surveillance tracks trends over time and is an essential building block for population-based research providing clues about potential risk factors that warrant further study. Surveillance also provides critically important data for communities to use when planning for services. Ultimately, surveillance helps evaluate the progress of prevention and intervention programs. […] The ADDM Network has estimated prevalence of ASD among 8-year-old children every two years since 2000 in communities located in states across the United States; states that participated in at least one surveillance year include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Estimated ASD prevalence at age 8 has ranged from 1 in 150 children born in 1992 and 1994 to 1 in 68 children born in 2004. The ADDM Network published a new report for surveillance year 2014, showing that the estimated prevalence in 11 participating communities was 1 in 59 for 8-year-olds born in 2006.

• #103 The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-epidemiology-and-health-burden-autism-spectrum-findings-global

  In 2021, one in 127 people globally were estimated to be autistic, substantially higher than the one in 271 estimated in 2019. […] High-quality estimates of the epidemiology of the autism spectrum and the health needs of autistic people are necessary for service planners and resource allocators. […] An estimated 618 million individuals (one in every 127 people) were on the autism spectrum globally in 2021. […] Autism spectrum disorder accounted for 115 million DALYs, equivalent to 1476 DALYs per 100000 people (age-standardised) globally. […] The high prevalence and high rank for non-fatal health burden of autism spectrum disorder in people younger than 20 years underscore the importance of early detection and support to autistic young people and their caregivers globally.

• #104 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Buenos Aires, Argentina: Insights from Unique Disability ID Issuance Trends | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.23292383v1.full

  Purpose Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) prevalence rates vary greatly across regions and studies. Some countries, such as Argentina, have unknown rates. Due to this high heterogeneity in ASD prevalence worldwide, it is important to study its prevalence and characteristics in such countries to develop effective policies. […] The prevalence of ASD varies widely across different regions. According to a review of 71 studies conducted in the United States and different countries in Europe between 2012 and 2021, the prevalence of ASD ranged from 1 to 436 per 10.000 people (Zeidan et al., 2022). In Latin America, however, the estimated prevalence was between 25 and 30 per 10.000 people, based on data from 2011 to 2013 (Fajardo et al. 2021). Additionally, in many low- and middle-income countries, such as Argentina, the prevalence of ASD is largely unknown (Elsabbagh et al., 2012; Valdez et al., 2021; WHO, 2023), which can hinder the development of effective policies to support individuals with ASD and their families. Therefore, it is imperative to obtain further epidemiological data in these countries to adequately address this matter.

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