Ankylozujące zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa
Etiologia i przyczyny

Ankylozujące zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa (ZZSK) to przewlekła spondyloartropatia charakteryzująca się zapaleniem stawów i więzadeł kręgosłupa, prowadzącym w zaawansowanych stadiach do zesztywnienia. Kluczowym czynnikiem genetycznym jest obecność antygenu HLA-B27, wykrywanego u 90-95% pacjentów z ZZSK pochodzenia kaukaskiego, choć tylko 1-2% nosicieli genu rozwija chorobę. Ryzyko wzrasta do 15-20% u krewnych pierwszego stopnia. Współistniejące geny, takie jak ERAP1, IL1A, IL23R oraz warianty genów TNF, również wpływają na patogenezę. Patomechanizm obejmuje nieprawidłowe fałdowanie białek HLA-B27, reakcje autoimmunologiczne cytotoksycznych limfocytów T oraz mimikrę molekularną z bakteriami Klebsiella pneumoniae. Oś cytokin IL-17/23, wraz z IL-6, IL-10, IL-22 i TNF, odgrywa kluczową rolę w utrzymaniu przewlekłego stanu zapalnego.

Etiologia ankylozującego zapalenia stawów kręgosłupa

Ankylozujące zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa (ZZSK) to przewlekła choroba zapalna z grupy spondyloartropatii, charakteryzująca się zapaleniem stawów i więzadeł kręgosłupa, które w zaawansowanych przypadkach może prowadzić do zesztywnienia kręgosłupa. Mimo znaczących postępów w badaniach, dokładna przyczyna ZZSK nie została jednoznacznie określona. Aktualny stan wiedzy wskazuje, że rozwój choroby jest wynikiem złożonych interakcji między czynnikami genetycznymi a środowiskowymi.12

Czynniki genetyczne

Jednym z najistotniejszych czynników genetycznych związanych z ZZSK jest obecność antygenu HLA-B27, który należy do kompleksu zgodności tkankowej klasy I (MHC I). Obecność tego genu wykryto u około 90-95% osób pochodzenia kaukaskiego z ZZSK i jest on najsilniejszym znanym czynnikiem genetycznym wpływającym na rozwój choroby.34 Obecność genu HLA-B27 zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju ZZSK, jednak warto zaznaczyć, że tylko 1-2% osób posiadających ten gen rzeczywiście rozwija chorobę. Odsetek ten wzrasta do 15-20% u osób, których krewni pierwszego stopnia cierpią na ZZSK.5

Badania bliźniąt wykazały znacznie wyższą zgodność występowania ZZSK wśród bliźniąt jednojajowych (63%) w porównaniu do bliźniąt dwujajowych (23%), co dodatkowo potwierdza genetyczne podłoże choroby.6 Tendencja rodzinna do występowania ZZSK jest wyraźna, z relatywnym ryzykiem wynoszącym 94, 25 i 4 odpowiednio dla krewnych pierwszego, drugiego i trzeciego stopnia.78

Mimo silnego związku HLA-B27 z ZZSK, jego całkowity wkład w dziedziczenie choroby wynosi tylko około 20%, co wskazuje na istnienie innych czynników genetycznych.9 Badania genetyczne zidentyfikowały również inne geny związane z ZZSK, takie jak ERAP1, IL1A, IL23R, ARTS1 oraz warianty genów związanych z TNF.1011 Gen HLA-B27 charakteryzuje się wysokim stopniem polimorfizmu – zidentyfikowano dotychczas ponad 100 podtypów, których rozpowszechnienie różni się w zależności od przynależności etnicznej.12

Mechanizmy patogenetyczne

ZZSK jest chorobą autoimmunologiczną, w której układ odpornościowy atakuje własne tkanki organizmu. Komórki odpornościowe i wrodzone cytokiny odgrywają kluczową rolę w patogenezie ZZSK, szczególnie HLA-B27 i oś interleukiny 23/17.1314

Istnieje kilka teorii dotyczących mechanizmu patologicznego związanego z HLA-B27:

  • Nieprawidłowe fałdowanie białek HLA-B27 wewnątrz komórek, co może prowadzić do uwolnienia przez układ odpornościowy chemikaliów wywołujących stan zapalny15
  • Agregacja HLA-B27 z peptydami w stawie, co prowadzi do kaskady degeneracyjnej16
  • Reakcja autoimmunologiczna cytotoksycznych limfocytów T skierowana przeciwko HLA-B2717
  • Mimikra molekularna – regiony wiążące antygen niektórych podtypów genotypowych HLA-B27, szczególnie HLA-B2705, wykazują podobieństwo sekwencji aminokwasowej do nitrogenazy z Klebsiella pneumoniae, co sugeruje możliwy mechanizm patogenezy ZZSK u genetycznie podatnych gospodarzy18

Złożona dynamiczna zależność związana z cytokinami zapalnymi w rozwoju ZZSK obejmuje oś IL17/23, która jest najlepiej zbadanym szlakiem, ale także IL6, IL10, IL22 i czynnik martwicy nowotworu uznawane są za przyczyniające się do przewlekłego stanu zapalnego.19

Czynniki środowiskowe

Chociaż predyspozycja do ZZSK ma silny komponent genetyczny, inne czynniki są niezbędne do rozwoju choroby. Natura tych czynników nie została jednoznacznie udowodniona, ale najbardziej prawdopodobnym czynnikiem środowiskowym jest infekcja.20

Infekcje mikrobiologiczne mogą działać jako czynnik wyzwalający wrodzony układ odpornościowy gospodarza i rozwój ZZSK. Teoria ta sugeruje, że ZZSK może rozpoczynać się od rozpadu naturalnych mechanizmów obronnych w jelitach, co pozwala bakteriom przedostać się do krwioobiegu. To z kolei może wywołać zmiany w odpowiedzi immunologicznej prowadzące do ZZSK.21

Związek między ZZSK a chorobami zapalnymi jelit (IBD) sugeruje, że mikrobiom i zaburzenia równowagi mikroflory jelitowej mogą odgrywać rolę w patogenezie choroby.22 Bakterie jelitowe z rodzaju Klebsiella są często wymieniane jako potencjalny czynnik wyzwalający, szczególnie u osób z genem HLA-B27.23

Inne potencjalne czynniki środowiskowe obejmują:

  • Ekspozycję na określone toksyny i zanieczyszczenia24
  • Powtarzający się stres mechaniczny kręgosłupa, np. z powodu wymagającej fizycznie pracy25
  • Infekcje dróg oddechowych w dzieciństwie26
  • Palenie tytoniu, które może zaostrzać objawy ZZSK i przyspieszać postęp choroby2728
  • Przewlekły stres i stany lękowe29

Czynniki endokrynologiczne i metaboliczne

Już w 1973 roku zasugerowano etiologiczny związek między czynnikami endokrynologicznymi a ZZSK, ponieważ występowanie HLA-B27 i ZZSK różni się w zależności od płci.30 ZZSK występuje 2-3 razy częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, a jego przebieg jest zwykle cięższy u mężczyzn.3132

Metaanalizy sugerują, że niedobór witaminy D może być związany z rozwojem ZZSK.33 Badania wykazują, że odpowiedni poziom witaminy D przyczynia się do zmniejszenia aktywności choroby u osób już zdiagnozowanych z ZZSK.34

Czynniki ryzyka ZZSK

Do głównych czynników ryzyka rozwoju ankylozującego zapalenia stawów kręgosłupa należą:

Podsumowanie aktualnego stanu wiedzy

Etiologia ankylozującego zapalenia stawów kręgosłupa pozostaje nie w pełni wyjaśniona, jednak obecne badania wskazują na złożoną interakcję między czynnikami genetycznymi, układem odpornościowym, infekcjami patogennymi, zaburzeniami endokrynologicznymi i innymi czynnikami.42

Gen HLA-B27 jest kluczowym czynnikiem w rozwoju ZZSK, jednak nie jest jedynym determinantem choroby. Inne geny, niezwiązane z HLA-B27, również odgrywają istotną rolę w patogenezie. Zaburzenia immunologiczne, w tym działanie prozapalnych cytokin, prowadzą do przewlekłego stanu zapalnego, który jest charakterystyczny dla ZZSK.

Środowiskowe czynniki wyzwalające, takie jak infekcje bakteryjne, zaburzenia mikrobiomu jelitowego, przewlekły stres mechaniczny i niedobory witaminy D, mogą być potrzebne do zainicjowania procesu chorobowego u osób z genetyczną predyspozycją. Zrozumienie tych złożonych interakcji jest niezbędne dla rozwoju bardziej ukierunkowanych terapii, które mogłyby zmodyfikować przebieg choroby, a nie tylko łagodzić jej objawy.43

Obecne badania koncentrują się na lepszym zrozumieniu mechanizmów molekularnych leżących u podstaw ZZSK, co może prowadzić do identyfikacji nowych celów terapeutycznych i potencjalnie nawet zapobiegania rozwojowi choroby u osób z grup ryzyka.44

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common type of spondyloarthropathy, is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly affects spine joints, causing severe, chronic pain; additionally, in more advanced cases, it can cause spine fusion. […] Immune cells and innate cytokines have been suggested to be crucial in the pathogenesis of AS, especially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)B27 and the interleukin23/17 axis. However, the pathogenesis of AS remains unclear. The current study reviewed the etiology and pathogenesis of AS, including genome-wide association studies and cytokine pathways. […] As an autoimmune disease, AS develops through complex interactions between genetic background and environmental factors. Although significant progress has been achieved in the past decades, the etiology of AS remains unclear to some extent. To date, studies have revealed some factors that may be related to the occurrence of AS, including genetic background, immune reaction, microbial infection, and endocrinal abnormity.
  • #2 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments | Bone Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-019-0057-8
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common type of spondyloarthropathy, is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly affects spine joints, causing severe, chronic pain; additionally, in more advanced cases, it can cause spine fusion. […] Significant progress in its pathophysiology and treatment has been achieved in the last decade. […] Immune cells and innate cytokines have been suggested to be crucial in the pathogenesis of AS, especially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)B27 and the interleukin23/17 axis. However, the pathogenesis of AS remains unclear. […] The current study reviewed the etiology and pathogenesis of AS, including genome-wide association studies and cytokine pathways. […] As an autoimmune disease, AS develops through complex interactions between genetic background and environmental factors. Although significant progress has been achieved in the past decades, the etiology of AS remains unclear to some extent. To date, studies have revealed some factors that may be related to the occurrence of AS, including genetic background, immune reaction, microbial infection, and endocrinal abnormity.
  • #3 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    Genetic factors have been acknowledged as crucial in the genesis of AS. The correlation between AS and genetics has been a perpetual topic since hereditary factors of AS were first confirmed within families in 1961. […] One of the most important genetic factors is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele HLA-B27, which was discovered in 1973. […] Despite the unclear pathomechanism, HLA-B27 has been associated with the prevalence of AS in different populations around the world. […] The familial tendency of AS was remarkable with relative risks of 94, 25, and 4 for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively. […] Even as the most emphasized genetic factor, the overall contribution of HLA-B27 to AS heritability is only ~20%, indicating that other genetic influences contribute to AS.
  • #4 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments | Bone Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-019-0057-8
    Genetic factors have been acknowledged as crucial in the genesis of AS. […] The correlation between AS and genetics has been a perpetual topic since hereditary factors of AS were first confirmed within families in 1961. […] Twin studies have revealed significantly higher concordance between monozygotic twins (63%) than between dizygotic twins (23%). […] One of the most important genetic factors is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele HLA-B27, which was discovered in 1973. […] Despite the unclear pathomechanism, HLA-B27 has been associated with the prevalence of AS in different populations around the world. […] Studies have shown that 90%95% of AS patients are HLA-B27 positive, while 1%2% of HLA-B27-positive populations develop AS. […] The familial tendency of AS was remarkable with relative risks of 94, 25, and 4 for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively.
  • #5 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    The confusion in diagnosis and lack of disease-modifying therapeutics, including anti-TNF- and anti-IL-17 treatment of AS, are largely due to the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis, which may involve immunity, heredity and other factors. […] Studies have shown that 90%-95% of AS patients are HLA-B27 positive, while 1%-2% of HLA-B27-positive populations develop AS. This number increased to 15%-20% for those with an affected first-degree relative. […] AS is related to a series of autoimmune diseases, including IBD, anterior uveitis and psoriasis, which suggests that they may share a genetic basis and some common immunological processes. […] Microbial infection acts as a triggering factor of the host innate immune system and AS development. […] Early in 1973, an etiological association between endocrine factors and AS was hypothesized because the presence of HLA-B27 and AS differed with sex. […] Meta-analyses have suggested that vitamin D deficiency may be related to AS development.
  • #6 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments | Bone Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-019-0057-8
    Genetic factors have been acknowledged as crucial in the genesis of AS. […] The correlation between AS and genetics has been a perpetual topic since hereditary factors of AS were first confirmed within families in 1961. […] Twin studies have revealed significantly higher concordance between monozygotic twins (63%) than between dizygotic twins (23%). […] One of the most important genetic factors is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele HLA-B27, which was discovered in 1973. […] Despite the unclear pathomechanism, HLA-B27 has been associated with the prevalence of AS in different populations around the world. […] Studies have shown that 90%95% of AS patients are HLA-B27 positive, while 1%2% of HLA-B27-positive populations develop AS. […] The familial tendency of AS was remarkable with relative risks of 94, 25, and 4 for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively.
  • #7 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    Genetic factors have been acknowledged as crucial in the genesis of AS. The correlation between AS and genetics has been a perpetual topic since hereditary factors of AS were first confirmed within families in 1961. […] One of the most important genetic factors is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele HLA-B27, which was discovered in 1973. […] Despite the unclear pathomechanism, HLA-B27 has been associated with the prevalence of AS in different populations around the world. […] The familial tendency of AS was remarkable with relative risks of 94, 25, and 4 for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively. […] Even as the most emphasized genetic factor, the overall contribution of HLA-B27 to AS heritability is only ~20%, indicating that other genetic influences contribute to AS.
  • #8 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments | Bone Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-019-0057-8
    Genetic factors have been acknowledged as crucial in the genesis of AS. […] The correlation between AS and genetics has been a perpetual topic since hereditary factors of AS were first confirmed within families in 1961. […] Twin studies have revealed significantly higher concordance between monozygotic twins (63%) than between dizygotic twins (23%). […] One of the most important genetic factors is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele HLA-B27, which was discovered in 1973. […] Despite the unclear pathomechanism, HLA-B27 has been associated with the prevalence of AS in different populations around the world. […] Studies have shown that 90%95% of AS patients are HLA-B27 positive, while 1%2% of HLA-B27-positive populations develop AS. […] The familial tendency of AS was remarkable with relative risks of 94, 25, and 4 for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively.
  • #9 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    Genetic factors have been acknowledged as crucial in the genesis of AS. The correlation between AS and genetics has been a perpetual topic since hereditary factors of AS were first confirmed within families in 1961. […] One of the most important genetic factors is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele HLA-B27, which was discovered in 1973. […] Despite the unclear pathomechanism, HLA-B27 has been associated with the prevalence of AS in different populations around the world. […] The familial tendency of AS was remarkable with relative risks of 94, 25, and 4 for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively. […] Even as the most emphasized genetic factor, the overall contribution of HLA-B27 to AS heritability is only ~20%, indicating that other genetic influences contribute to AS.
  • #10 Ankylosing spondylitis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/ankylosing-spondylitis/
    Ankylosing spondylitis is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, most of which have not been identified. […] The HLA-B gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays an important role in the immune system. […] A normal variant of the HLA-B gene called HLA-B27 significantly increases the risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis. […] Variations in several additional genes, including ERAP1, IL1A, and IL23R, have also been associated with ankylosing spondylitis. […] Changes in genes that have not yet been identified also likely affect the chances of developing ankylosing spondylitis and influence the progression of the disorder. […] Although ankylosing spondylitis can occur in more than one person in a family, it is not a purely genetic disease. Multiple genetic and environmental factors likely play a part in determining the risk of developing this disorder.
  • #11 Ankylosing spondylitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ankylosing-spondylitis-1?lang=us
    Ankylosing spondylitis is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy, which results in fusion (ankylosis) of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints, although involvement is also seen in large and small joints. […] HLA-B27 is the gene with the strongest association. Other possibly contributing genes include ERAP-1, IL23R and TNF-associated genes. Although approximately 90% of Caucasian individuals with ankylosing spondylitis have the HLA-B27 gene, it is important to note this gene is present in 8-9% of people of Northern European ancestry. Overall, ~5% of people positive for HLA-B27 develop ankylosing spondylitis.
  • #12 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments | Bone Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-019-0057-8
    In addition to the association with the genesis of AS, HLA-B27-positive patients showed a significantly lower average onset age and a higher prevalence of acute anterior uveitis than did HLA-B27-negative patients. […] HLA-B27 has a high degree of polymorphism. […] Over 100 subtypes have been identified thus far, with differing prevalence rates among different ethnicities, especially between those of East Asian and Caucasian descent. […] Genetic influence is not alone in the development of AS. […] The confusion in diagnosis and lack of disease-modifying therapeutics, including anti-TNF- and anti-IL-17 treatment of AS, are largely due to the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis, which may involve immunity, heredity and other factors. […] The etiology of ankylosing spondylitis may be related to genetic background, immune function, pathogenic infection, endocrine abnormalities and other factors. […] HLA-B27 is the gene crucial to the development of ankylosing spondylitis, while the non-HLA-B27 gene is also important in its pathogenesis.
  • #13 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common type of spondyloarthropathy, is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly affects spine joints, causing severe, chronic pain; additionally, in more advanced cases, it can cause spine fusion. […] Immune cells and innate cytokines have been suggested to be crucial in the pathogenesis of AS, especially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)B27 and the interleukin23/17 axis. However, the pathogenesis of AS remains unclear. The current study reviewed the etiology and pathogenesis of AS, including genome-wide association studies and cytokine pathways. […] As an autoimmune disease, AS develops through complex interactions between genetic background and environmental factors. Although significant progress has been achieved in the past decades, the etiology of AS remains unclear to some extent. To date, studies have revealed some factors that may be related to the occurrence of AS, including genetic background, immune reaction, microbial infection, and endocrinal abnormity.
  • #14 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments | Bone Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-019-0057-8
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common type of spondyloarthropathy, is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly affects spine joints, causing severe, chronic pain; additionally, in more advanced cases, it can cause spine fusion. […] Significant progress in its pathophysiology and treatment has been achieved in the last decade. […] Immune cells and innate cytokines have been suggested to be crucial in the pathogenesis of AS, especially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)B27 and the interleukin23/17 axis. However, the pathogenesis of AS remains unclear. […] The current study reviewed the etiology and pathogenesis of AS, including genome-wide association studies and cytokine pathways. […] As an autoimmune disease, AS develops through complex interactions between genetic background and environmental factors. Although significant progress has been achieved in the past decades, the etiology of AS remains unclear to some extent. To date, studies have revealed some factors that may be related to the occurrence of AS, including genetic background, immune reaction, microbial infection, and endocrinal abnormity.
  • #15 Ankylosing spondylitis | Symptoms, causes, treatments
    https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/ankylosing-spondylitis/
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis that mainly affects the back, by causing inflammation in the spine. […] We dont yet know what causes ankylosing spondylitis. To some extent its related to your genes, but the condition isnt passed directly from a parent to their children. You cant catch it from anyone else. […] Previous research has shown that ankylosing spondylitis has a strong genetic component and were currently funding several research projects to further understand this. Previously, we part funded research that identified a specific gene, called IL23R, thats linked to the condition. […] Were funding a project investigating the protein HLA-B27. This protein is found in over 90% of people with ankylosing spondylitis. Its thought that HLA-B27 proteins tend to fold incorrectly inside cells, which may lead to the immune system releasing chemicals that cause inflammation. This research aims to generate HLA-B27 specific treatments that overcome the problems associated with current treatment options.
  • #16
    https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2044/ankylosing-spondylitis
    Ankylosing Spondylitis is a chronic seronegative autoimmune spondyloarthropathy characterized by bridging spinal osteophyte formation, enthesitis, sacroiliitis, and uveitis. […] exact mechanism is unknown, but most likely due to an autoimmune reaction to an environmental pathogen in a genetically susceptible individual. […] theories of relation to HLA-B27 include HLA-B27 aggregates with peptides in the joint and leads to a degenerative cascade. […] cytotoxic T-cell autoimmune reaction against HLA-B27. […] there is a genetic predisposition, but mode of inheritance is unknown.
  • #17
    https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2044/ankylosing-spondylitis
    Ankylosing Spondylitis is a chronic seronegative autoimmune spondyloarthropathy characterized by bridging spinal osteophyte formation, enthesitis, sacroiliitis, and uveitis. […] exact mechanism is unknown, but most likely due to an autoimmune reaction to an environmental pathogen in a genetically susceptible individual. […] theories of relation to HLA-B27 include HLA-B27 aggregates with peptides in the joint and leads to a degenerative cascade. […] cytotoxic T-cell autoimmune reaction against HLA-B27. […] there is a genetic predisposition, but mode of inheritance is unknown.
  • #18 Ankylosing Spondylitis Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85619
    Theories and emerging evidence in the literature are reviewed. […] The complex dynamic relationship involved with inflammatory cytokines in the development of AS includes the IL17/23 axis, which is the most well studied of these pathways, but IL6, IL10, IL22 and tumour necrosis factor are also recognised as contributing to chronic inflammation. […] The role of infection in development of spondyloarthritis and AS specifically is well documented in medical literature. Research demonstrates infections significantly increase the risks of AS. […] The antigen-binding region of several HLAB27 genotypic subtypes, especially HLA B2705 share an amino acid sequence with nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. This has led to a theory that molecular mimicry following certain infections is a possible mechanism for pathogenesis of AS in genetically susceptible hosts. […] The relationship between various ethnicities and prevalence of the HLA-B27 gene as well as development of AS, is well reported in the literature.
  • #19 Ankylosing Spondylitis Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85619
    Theories and emerging evidence in the literature are reviewed. […] The complex dynamic relationship involved with inflammatory cytokines in the development of AS includes the IL17/23 axis, which is the most well studied of these pathways, but IL6, IL10, IL22 and tumour necrosis factor are also recognised as contributing to chronic inflammation. […] The role of infection in development of spondyloarthritis and AS specifically is well documented in medical literature. Research demonstrates infections significantly increase the risks of AS. […] The antigen-binding region of several HLAB27 genotypic subtypes, especially HLA B2705 share an amino acid sequence with nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. This has led to a theory that molecular mimicry following certain infections is a possible mechanism for pathogenesis of AS in genetically susceptible hosts. […] The relationship between various ethnicities and prevalence of the HLA-B27 gene as well as development of AS, is well reported in the literature.
  • #20 Ankylosing Spondylitis causes
    https://www.bjchealth.com.au/what-causes-ankylosing-spondylitis
    Although HLA B27 is the most important genetic aspect of the disease, there is active interest in other genetic factors. […] Although, the susceptibility for AS has a strong genetic component, other factors are necessary for the development of the disease. The nature of these other factors has not been definitively proven, but the most likely environmental agent thought responsible is infection. However, it is not known which specific infection triggers the onset of AS. […] Therefore, the concluding remark regarding the cause of Ankylosing Spondylitis as we understand it at present is that it likely relates to an unknown environmental trigger, most likely an infection, occurring in a genetically predisposed host.
  • #21 What Causes Ankylosing Spondylitis?
    https://www.webmd.com/ankylosing-spondylitis/causes-ankylosing-spondylitis
    If your genes already make you prone to AS, something else — like an injury or a bacterial infection — could trigger it to start. Scientists don’t know exactly what these triggers may be. […] One theory is that AS could start with a breakdown of the natural defenses in your intestines. This allows bacteria to pass into your bloodstream. That, in turn, may trigger changes in your immune response that lead to AS. […] Your chances of having ankylosing spondylitis are higher if: Others in your family have the disease. […] You have gastrointestinal infections regularly. […] You have another autoimmune disease, like psoriasis, Crohns disease, or ulcerative colitis.
  • #22 Ankylosing Spondylitis | Diagnosis & Disease Information
    https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/ankylosing-spondylitis/
    Researchers are also exploring the role of other factors in disease development. There is a high association between AS and IBD, suggesting that the microbiome and sex hormones play a role. Certain microbial infections may also trigger ankylosing spondylitis development and vitamin D deficiency may play a role in the disease activity. However, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and ankylosing spondylitis activity remains unclear.
  • #23 Ankylosing Spondylitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and More – Miduty
    https://www.miduty.in/blogs/health/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-supplements?srsltid=AfmBOoqHMMYdPRNUDPN118yeklwiOBS3oKVoBcRkLz0UYWZoxawyrEEA
    Learn what causes ankylosing spondylitis. If you have a risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis taking steps to manage the causes can help to prevent it from happening. […] Because it is an autoimmune disease, for the longest time doctors didn’t know what causes ankylosing spondylitis. Now research has shown that there are things that can, in fact, cause an autoimmune response in the body. […] While a cause is not able to be determined in all cases, most cases will be caused by the following: […] Genetics: This is the gene HLA-B27. But remember not everyone with this gene develops Ankylosing Spondylitis. […] Injury: Injury can be physical or emotional trauma. […] Prolonged Immobility: We can reverse Ankylosing Spondylitis by slowly increasing your activity level. […] Infection: Klebsiella is a type of bacteria that in people with the HLA-B27 gene can cause Ankylosing Spondylitis.
  • #24
    https://www.atlanticspinecenter.com/blog/v/understanding-ankylosing-spondylitis-an-inflammatory-joint-disorder/
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), like the name, its a bit complicated, says spinal surgeon Kaixuan Liu, MD, PhD, who notes that the chronic, inflammatory joint disorder is difficult to diagnose, and its causes still not clearly understood. […] What happens in AS is that a patients immune system becomes dysfunctional and begins attacking healthy tissue in the joints and other areas of the body, Dr. Liu explains. Bone spurs and spinal rigidity occur when the body attempts to quell inflamed tendons by building up calcium in affected areas. […] Besides gender, other potential ankylosing spondylitis causes include genetic variants, alterations in the bodys immune system, ethnicity, family history and environmental factors, such as exposure to certain toxins and infections even changes in the bacterial population that normally inhabits the colon, says Dr. Liu. A study published online in August 2019 in the journal Plos One contends AS patients are more likely to have had a history of previous inflammatory problems, such as tonsillitis and appendicitis.
  • #25 Ankylosing Spondylitis Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/ankylosing-spondylitis/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes-and-risk-factors
    In individuals already diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, adequate vitamin D contributes to reduced disease activity. […] There is some evidence that repeated mechanical stress on the spine, such as from physically demanding jobs, potentially triggers an immune response that leads to the development of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Several genetic variations have been implicated in the development and susceptibility of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis also frequently occurs when there is a family history of inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, as these conditions are thought to share genetic risk factors. […] The occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis is approximately three times higher in men compared to women. […] It is well-established that smoking causes an inflammatory response, and current smoking status (not necessarily a history of smoking) is considered a risk factor for developing ankylosing spondylitis.
  • #26 Ankylosing Spondylitis Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.healthline.com/health/ankylosing-spondylitis/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes
    More research is needed to understand why people with this gene are at an elevated risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis. […] Up to 70 percent of people with ankylosing spondylitis have gut inflammation, suggesting a potential origin in the gut. It’s thought disruption to the microbiome in your gut may play a role in its development. […] Some research has found an association between the development of ankylosing spondylitis and smoking, but the association still is not clear. […] A 2016 study found an association between childhood respiratory infections and the later development of ankylosing spondylitis. Childhood appendicitis was linked to a decreased risk.
  • #27 Causes and Risk Factors of Ankylosing Spondylitis
    https://www.health.com/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes-7097248
    People with an immediate family member (e.g., parent or sibling) with AS are more likely to develop the disease than others. Research has found more than 60 genes associated with an increased risk of AS. […] Some evidence suggests that genetic variations might increase your risk. The genes affected include ERAP1, EL1A, and IL2R, all of which influence immune system function. […] Certain factors can also contribute to your risk of AS. These risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is also an autoimmune disorder, and smoking. […] Some evidence suggests that smoking can worsen AS symptoms and progress your disease faster than usual.
  • #28 Ankylosing Spondylitis Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/ankylosing-spondylitis/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes-and-risk-factors
    In individuals already diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, adequate vitamin D contributes to reduced disease activity. […] There is some evidence that repeated mechanical stress on the spine, such as from physically demanding jobs, potentially triggers an immune response that leads to the development of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Several genetic variations have been implicated in the development and susceptibility of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis also frequently occurs when there is a family history of inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, as these conditions are thought to share genetic risk factors. […] The occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis is approximately three times higher in men compared to women. […] It is well-established that smoking causes an inflammatory response, and current smoking status (not necessarily a history of smoking) is considered a risk factor for developing ankylosing spondylitis.
  • #29 Ankylosing Spondylitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and More – Miduty
    https://www.miduty.in/blogs/health/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-supplements?srsltid=AfmBOoqHMMYdPRNUDPN118yeklwiOBS3oKVoBcRkLz0UYWZoxawyrEEA
    The two biggest causes of ankylosing spondylitis infection with the Klebsiella bacteria usually resulting from poor digestive health and chronic stress and anxiety. […] Klebsiella bacteria feed on leftover starch in the digestive tract. This happens when there is an inability to digest carbohydrates, particularly, starchy carbohydrates like potatoes, pasta, and bread. […] Chronic stress, anxiety, and fear cause stress hormones to be released constantly which leads to inflammation and diseases, including autoimmune diseases like ankylosing spondylitis.
  • #30 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    The confusion in diagnosis and lack of disease-modifying therapeutics, including anti-TNF- and anti-IL-17 treatment of AS, are largely due to the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis, which may involve immunity, heredity and other factors. […] Studies have shown that 90%-95% of AS patients are HLA-B27 positive, while 1%-2% of HLA-B27-positive populations develop AS. This number increased to 15%-20% for those with an affected first-degree relative. […] AS is related to a series of autoimmune diseases, including IBD, anterior uveitis and psoriasis, which suggests that they may share a genetic basis and some common immunological processes. […] Microbial infection acts as a triggering factor of the host innate immune system and AS development. […] Early in 1973, an etiological association between endocrine factors and AS was hypothesized because the presence of HLA-B27 and AS differed with sex. […] Meta-analyses have suggested that vitamin D deficiency may be related to AS development.
  • #31 What Causes Ankylosing Spondylitis?
    https://www.newson6.com/story/5ea0644b13d65d7cdf3c53b0/what-causes-ankylosing-spondylitis
    There aren’t any controllable risk factors that we know of, says Eliana Cardozo, DO, assistant professor of rehabilitation medicine at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. […] In other words, theres a strong genetic component for AS, which is an inflammatory type of arthritis that causes increasing pain and stiffness in the lower back. […] There’s a gene called HLA-B27 and it’s the one associated with ankylosing spondylitis, [but] not everyone with that gene gets the disease, says Dr. Cardozo. […] The fact that somebut not allpeople with the HLA-B27 gene get AS is a sign that there are some environmental factors involved in the development of ASbut researchers dont know what they are yet. […] Additionally, AS is more likely, and also tends to be more severe, among men. Some studies even show that it’s two times as common, says Dr. Cardozo.
  • #32 Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Causes, Symptoms, Diet, Life Expectancy
    https://www.medicinenet.com/ankylosing_spondylitis/article.htm
    Ankylosing spondylitis is two to three times more common in men than in women. […] The tendency to develop ankylosing spondylitis is believed to be genetically inherited, and a majority (nearly 90%) of people with ankylosing spondylitis are born with a gene known as the HLA-B27 gene. […] The HLA-B27 gene appears only to increase the tendency of developing ankylosing spondylitis, while some additional factor(s), perhaps environmental factors, are necessary for the disease to appear or become expressed. […] Other genes have been identified that are associated with ankylosing spondylitis, including ARTS1 and IL23R. […] How inflammation occurs and persists in different organs and joints in ankylosing spondylitis is a subject of active health research. […] The initial inflammation may be a result of an activation of the body’s immune system, perhaps by a preceding bacterial infection or a combination of infectious microbes (these are current theories). […] Chronic tissue inflammation resulting from the continued activation of the body’s own immune system in the absence of active infection is the hallmark of an inflammatory autoimmune disease.
  • #33 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    The confusion in diagnosis and lack of disease-modifying therapeutics, including anti-TNF- and anti-IL-17 treatment of AS, are largely due to the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis, which may involve immunity, heredity and other factors. […] Studies have shown that 90%-95% of AS patients are HLA-B27 positive, while 1%-2% of HLA-B27-positive populations develop AS. This number increased to 15%-20% for those with an affected first-degree relative. […] AS is related to a series of autoimmune diseases, including IBD, anterior uveitis and psoriasis, which suggests that they may share a genetic basis and some common immunological processes. […] Microbial infection acts as a triggering factor of the host innate immune system and AS development. […] Early in 1973, an etiological association between endocrine factors and AS was hypothesized because the presence of HLA-B27 and AS differed with sex. […] Meta-analyses have suggested that vitamin D deficiency may be related to AS development.
  • #34 Ankylosing Spondylitis Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/ankylosing-spondylitis/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes-and-risk-factors
    In individuals already diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, adequate vitamin D contributes to reduced disease activity. […] There is some evidence that repeated mechanical stress on the spine, such as from physically demanding jobs, potentially triggers an immune response that leads to the development of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Several genetic variations have been implicated in the development and susceptibility of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis also frequently occurs when there is a family history of inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, as these conditions are thought to share genetic risk factors. […] The occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis is approximately three times higher in men compared to women. […] It is well-established that smoking causes an inflammatory response, and current smoking status (not necessarily a history of smoking) is considered a risk factor for developing ankylosing spondylitis.
  • #35 Ankylosing spondylitis | Symptoms, causes, treatments
    https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/ankylosing-spondylitis/
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis that mainly affects the back, by causing inflammation in the spine. […] We dont yet know what causes ankylosing spondylitis. To some extent its related to your genes, but the condition isnt passed directly from a parent to their children. You cant catch it from anyone else. […] Previous research has shown that ankylosing spondylitis has a strong genetic component and were currently funding several research projects to further understand this. Previously, we part funded research that identified a specific gene, called IL23R, thats linked to the condition. […] Were funding a project investigating the protein HLA-B27. This protein is found in over 90% of people with ankylosing spondylitis. Its thought that HLA-B27 proteins tend to fold incorrectly inside cells, which may lead to the immune system releasing chemicals that cause inflammation. This research aims to generate HLA-B27 specific treatments that overcome the problems associated with current treatment options.
  • #36 Ankylosing Spondylitis Risk Factors: What Causes AS?
    https://creakyjoints.org/about-arthritis/axial-spondyloarthritis/axspa-overview/ankylosing-spondylitis-risk-factors/
    The HLA-B gene has hundreds of variations, each differentiated by number. One variation, HLA-B27, has a strong connection to the development of ankylosing spondylitis. If you have the HLA-B27 gene variation, you’re more likely to develop AS. […] AS is complex disease that’s not caused only by one gene, but a complex mix of genetic, environmental, and other risk factors. […] Environmental factors may increase your risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis, but these aren’t very well understood. They include exposure to certain infections, toxins, and pollutants; injury to affected joints; changes in the bacteria in your colon; and bowel inflammation. More research is needed to understand how such factors influence the onset and severity of AS. […] AS tends to run in families, says Dr. Ruderman. If your parents or siblings have ankylosing spondylitis, it’s estimated that you’re 10 to 20 times more likely to have ankylosing spondylitis than someone with no family history, according to Medifocus.com, a provider of health information for patients and families.
  • #37 Ankylosing Spondylitis Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/ankylosing-spondylitis/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes-and-risk-factors
    In individuals already diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, adequate vitamin D contributes to reduced disease activity. […] There is some evidence that repeated mechanical stress on the spine, such as from physically demanding jobs, potentially triggers an immune response that leads to the development of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Several genetic variations have been implicated in the development and susceptibility of ankylosing spondylitis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis also frequently occurs when there is a family history of inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, as these conditions are thought to share genetic risk factors. […] The occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis is approximately three times higher in men compared to women. […] It is well-established that smoking causes an inflammatory response, and current smoking status (not necessarily a history of smoking) is considered a risk factor for developing ankylosing spondylitis.
  • #38 Ankylosing Spondylitis Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine
    https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/rheumatology/ankylosing-spondylitis/causes-and-diagnoses
    The cause of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is unknown, although researchers suspect genetics play a role. A gene called HLA-B27 occurs in more than 95 percent of patients with AS. Only a very small number of people with the gene marker will develop the disease. Because of this, researchers dont fully know if the gene increases the risk for the disease. […] People of all ages and both sexes can get AS, but it’s most common in men ages 17 to 35.
  • #39 Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS): Symptoms, causes, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248217
    Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory condition. […] The exact cause of AS remains unclear, but the early symptoms result from inflammation in parts of the pelvis. […] AS may have genetic and environmental components. Researchers believe that people with specific genes may develop AS after exposure to a trigger, such as a virus or bacteria. […] About 90% of people with AS have the HLA-B27 gene. AS often runs in families. […] Risk factors can include: being age 45 or under, having a family history of AS, having health conditions that include Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, or psoriasis.
  • #40 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804882/
    The confusion in diagnosis and lack of disease-modifying therapeutics, including anti-TNF- and anti-IL-17 treatment of AS, are largely due to the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis, which may involve immunity, heredity and other factors. […] Studies have shown that 90%-95% of AS patients are HLA-B27 positive, while 1%-2% of HLA-B27-positive populations develop AS. This number increased to 15%-20% for those with an affected first-degree relative. […] AS is related to a series of autoimmune diseases, including IBD, anterior uveitis and psoriasis, which suggests that they may share a genetic basis and some common immunological processes. […] Microbial infection acts as a triggering factor of the host innate immune system and AS development. […] Early in 1973, an etiological association between endocrine factors and AS was hypothesized because the presence of HLA-B27 and AS differed with sex. […] Meta-analyses have suggested that vitamin D deficiency may be related to AS development.
  • #41 Ankylosing Spondylitis Risk Factors: What Causes AS?
    https://creakyjoints.org/about-arthritis/axial-spondyloarthritis/axspa-overview/ankylosing-spondylitis-risk-factors/
    Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is common in ankylosing spondylitis. Having one disease raises your risk of developing the other. […] If you’ve had an episode of uveitis, a type of eye inflammation, you may be at a greater risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis, says Maureen Dubreuil, MD, assistant professor of rheumatology at Boston University School of Medicine.
  • #42 Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments | Bone Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-019-0057-8
    In addition to the association with the genesis of AS, HLA-B27-positive patients showed a significantly lower average onset age and a higher prevalence of acute anterior uveitis than did HLA-B27-negative patients. […] HLA-B27 has a high degree of polymorphism. […] Over 100 subtypes have been identified thus far, with differing prevalence rates among different ethnicities, especially between those of East Asian and Caucasian descent. […] Genetic influence is not alone in the development of AS. […] The confusion in diagnosis and lack of disease-modifying therapeutics, including anti-TNF- and anti-IL-17 treatment of AS, are largely due to the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis, which may involve immunity, heredity and other factors. […] The etiology of ankylosing spondylitis may be related to genetic background, immune function, pathogenic infection, endocrine abnormalities and other factors. […] HLA-B27 is the gene crucial to the development of ankylosing spondylitis, while the non-HLA-B27 gene is also important in its pathogenesis.
  • #43 Ankylosing Spondylitis causes
    https://www.bjchealth.com.au/what-causes-ankylosing-spondylitis
    Although HLA B27 is the most important genetic aspect of the disease, there is active interest in other genetic factors. […] Although, the susceptibility for AS has a strong genetic component, other factors are necessary for the development of the disease. The nature of these other factors has not been definitively proven, but the most likely environmental agent thought responsible is infection. However, it is not known which specific infection triggers the onset of AS. […] Therefore, the concluding remark regarding the cause of Ankylosing Spondylitis as we understand it at present is that it likely relates to an unknown environmental trigger, most likely an infection, occurring in a genetically predisposed host.
  • #44 Deciphering the causes of ankylosing spondylitis: new research project at Jacobs University | Constructor University
    https://constructor.university/news/deciphering-causes-ankylosing-spondylitis-new-research-project-jacobs-university
    Severe back pain and joint inflammation are some of the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis, also referred to as Bekhterev’s disease, which is an inflammatory rheumatic autoimmune disease that still has no cure. […] In a project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), researchers from the Springer Group at Jacobs University Bremen will spend the next three years trying to identify the causes of ankylosing spondylitis, and what can be learned from them for the treatment of the disease. […] „We know that the immune system turns against the patient’s own body, with immune cells attacking the body’s own tissue. This results in inflammation, pain and even deformation of bones,” he mentioned. […] „Many ankylosing spondylitis patients have a gene called HLA-B27,” explained cell biologist Zeynep Hein, PhD, who is responsible for the project at Jacobs University. „But this particular HLA gene, HLA-B27, is somehow related to the disease and causes the inflammatory symptoms.”