Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ankylosing spondylitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis

  Between 0.1% and 0.8% of people are affected. The disease is most common in Northern European countries, and seen least in people of Afro-Caribbean descent. Although the ratio of male to female disease is reportedly 3:1, many rheumatologists believe the number of women with AS is underdiagnosed, as most women tend to experience milder cases of the disease. The majority of people with AS, including 95 per cent of people of European descent with the disease, express the HLA-B27 antigen and high levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the blood. In 2007, a team of researchers discovered two genes that may contribute to the cause of AS: ARTS-1 and IL23R. Together with HLA-B27, these two genes account for roughly 70 percent of the overall number of cases of the disease.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Ankylosing-Spondylitis.aspx

  Ankylosing spondylitis may affect people at any age beyond adolescence. It usually begins between ages 15 and 35 years (average 26 years). […] About 80% of patients develop the condition before they are 30 years of age and less than 5% present with the symptoms at an age above 45 years. […] Men are around two to three times more likely to suffer from this condition. […] HLA B27 is the genetic link with the disease and is seen mostly among northern countries and some tribes. It is highest in Inuit populations and Haida Indians. […] Overall, the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis is between 0.1% and 1.4%. In mid-Europe the prevalence is 0.30.5%. The incidence of new cases of ankylosing spondylitis is between 0.5 and 14 per 100 000 people per year worldwide.

• #3 Ankylosing Spondylitis : Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Recent population estimates indicate that the prevalence of AS in the United States is approximately 0.2-0.5%. […] Based on data from multiple countries, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AS is 0.4-14 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence of AS in the population increases to approximately 5% among patients who are HLA-B27 positive. […] AS occurs more frequently in men than women (2:1). […] Age of disease onset usually peaks in the second and third decades of life. […] Approximately 80% of patients with AS experience symptoms at 30 years of age, while only 5% will present with symptoms at 45 years of age.

• #4 Who Gets Ankylosing Spondylitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ankylosing-spondylitis/who-gets-ankylosing-spondylitis

  Ankylosing spondylitis affects about 1% of the U.S. population, or an estimated 3.2 million people. Worldwide, its thought to affect 0.1% to 1% of all people. […] Epidemiology studies how diseases develop and what groups of people are likely to get certain diseases. By studying the epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis, researchers and doctors hope to develop better treatments and prevention methods. […] White people are more likely than other groups people to develop the condition. Ankylosing spondylitis is almost three times as common in white Americans than Black Americans or Africans. […] White people with ankylosing spondylitis are more likely to have HLA-B27 than other ethnic groups. […] Despite being less likely to develop the disease, Black people with ankylosing spondylitis tend to have more severe disease.

• #5 The Epidemiology of Back Pain, Axial Spondyloarthritis and HLA-B27 in the United States – Spondylitis Association of America – Ankylosing Spondylitis

  https://spondylitis.org/research-article/the-epidemiology-of-back-pain-axial-spondyloarthritis-and-hla-b27-in-the-united-states/

  The prevalence of AxSpA has been defined at 1.0-1.4% and AS at 0.52-0.55%. […] The national prevalence of HLA-B27 in the U.S. is 6.1%, and intriguing data from NHANES 2009 suggest a decreasing frequency with increasing age.

• #6 Ankylosing Spondylitis | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder affecting the axial skeleton, peripheral joints, entheses, eyes, skin, and intestines. […] The global prevalence of SpA is estimated to be approximately 1%. […] Data from the 2009-2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicates that the prevalence of AS is between 0.52% to 0.55%. […] The prevalence of AS is estimated to be 23.8 per 100,000 individuals in Europe, 16.7 per 100,000 individuals in Asia, 31.9 per 100,000 individuals in North America, 10.2 per 100,000 individuals in Latin America, and 7.4 per 100,000 individuals in Africa. […] Approximately 6.1% of the US population is estimated to have the HLA-B27 allele. […] The age of onset for AS ranges from the late teens to 40 years.

• #7 Ankylosing Spondylitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116034/all/Ankylosing_Spondylitis

  Peak onset typically before age of 30 years; rarely occurs after age 45 years […] Male female (approximately 2:1) for AS […] Approximately 1 in 200 people affected by AS and 1 in 100 by axSpA (axial spondyloarthritis) […] Affects 0.10.5% of the population […] Prevalence of axSpA among adults in the USA varies from 0.9% to 1.4%.

• #8 Ankylosing Spondylitis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ankylosing-spondylitis-pro

  The prevalence of AS is believed to range from 0.05% to 0.23%. […] Estimates of the prevalence vary between countries, with mean prevalence per 10,000 of 31.9 in North America, 23.8 in Europe, 16.7 in Asia, 10.2 in Latin America and 7.4 in Africa. […] Around twice as many men have AS compared with women. […] AS most commonly begins between 20 and 30 years of age, with 90-95% of people aged less than 45 years at disease onset. […] 80% of people develop the first symptoms before the age of 30 and less than 5% are diagnosed after the age of 45. […] More than 90% heritability has been estimated for axial spondyloarthritis. The most important genetic risk factor is human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27). The prevalence of HLA-B27 usually reflects the prevalence of axial spondyloarthritis within a population. However axial spondyloarthritis can occur in people without HLA-B27.

• #9 Ankylosing Spondylitis | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder affecting the axial skeleton, peripheral joints, entheses, eyes, skin, and intestines. […] The global prevalence of SpA is estimated to be approximately 1%. […] Data from the 2009-2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicates that the prevalence of AS is between 0.52% to 0.55%. […] The prevalence of AS is estimated to be 23.8 per 100,000 individuals in Europe, 16.7 per 100,000 individuals in Asia, 31.9 per 100,000 individuals in North America, 10.2 per 100,000 individuals in Latin America, and 7.4 per 100,000 individuals in Africa. […] Approximately 6.1% of the US population is estimated to have the HLA-B27 allele. […] The age of onset for AS ranges from the late teens to 40 years.

• #10

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ankylosing-spondylitis/incidence-and-prevalence-overview

  A subsequent systematic review and meta-regression analysis conducted by Stolwijk and colleagues reviewed the literature up until July 2014, and reported roughly similar continent specific AS prevalence estimates for Europe (0.25%), East Asia (0.16%), Latin America (0.14%), North America (0.20%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (0.02%). […] The highest AS prevalence (0.35%) was found in Northern Arctic communities. […] The Rochester epidemiologic study covering the years 1935 through 1973 estimated that the point prevalence rate of AS to be 0.13% for the general population based on the fact that there were 68 surviving cases of AS among the 52,000 total population of Rochester in 1973). […] A report from US National Center for Health Statistics survey published in 1998 was incomplete and not very robust, but a later (2008) report estimated that the prevalence of AS and related SpA varies from as low as 0.35% (that did not include undifferentiated SpA) to as high as 1.3%.

• #11 The Worldwide Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis

  https://spondylitis.org/research-new/the-worldwide-prevalence-of-spondyloarthritis/

  The researchers found that prevalence of spondyloarthritis varied greatly across the world, ranging from 0.20% in South-East Asian populations to a high of 1.61% in Northern Arctic communities. […] The prevalence of AS ranged from a low of 0.02% in Sub-Saharan Africa, to 0.35% in the Northern Arctic. […] High quality studies are needed to estimate the prevalence of spondyloarthritis in the general population say the authors. A reliable world prevalence estimate will only be possible when we have accurate and robust reporting from all regions of the world.

• #12 Ankylosing Spondylitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470173/

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) commonly presents in individuals younger than 40, with approximately 80% of patients experiencing their first symptoms before age 30. Less than 5% are diagnosed after the age of 45. AS is more prevalent in men than women. Moreover, there is an increased risk of developing AS in relatives of affected patients. […] The cause of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains largely unknown. However, there appears to be a correlation between the prevalence of AS and the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 in a given population. Among individuals who are HLA-B27 positive, the prevalence of AS is approximately 5% to 6%. In the United States, the prevalence of HLA-B27 varies among ethnic groups. A 2009 survey reported rates of HLA-B27 prevalence as 7.5% among non-Hispanic Whites, 4.6% among Mexican-Americans, and 1.1% among non-Hispanic Blacks.

• #13 Ankylosing Spondylitis : Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Recent population estimates indicate that the prevalence of AS in the United States is approximately 0.2-0.5%. […] Based on data from multiple countries, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AS is 0.4-14 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence of AS in the population increases to approximately 5% among patients who are HLA-B27 positive. […] AS occurs more frequently in men than women (2:1). […] Age of disease onset usually peaks in the second and third decades of life. […] Approximately 80% of patients with AS experience symptoms at 30 years of age, while only 5% will present with symptoms at 45 years of age.

• #14 Ankylosing Spondylitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470173/

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) commonly presents in individuals younger than 40, with approximately 80% of patients experiencing their first symptoms before age 30. Less than 5% are diagnosed after the age of 45. AS is more prevalent in men than women. Moreover, there is an increased risk of developing AS in relatives of affected patients. […] The cause of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains largely unknown. However, there appears to be a correlation between the prevalence of AS and the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 in a given population. Among individuals who are HLA-B27 positive, the prevalence of AS is approximately 5% to 6%. In the United States, the prevalence of HLA-B27 varies among ethnic groups. A 2009 survey reported rates of HLA-B27 prevalence as 7.5% among non-Hispanic Whites, 4.6% among Mexican-Americans, and 1.1% among non-Hispanic Blacks.

• #15 The Epidemiology of Back Pain, Axial Spondyloarthritis and HLA-B27 in the United States – Spondylitis Association of America – Ankylosing Spondylitis

  https://spondylitis.org/research-article/the-epidemiology-of-back-pain-axial-spondyloarthritis-and-hla-b27-in-the-united-states/

  The prevalence of AxSpA has been defined at 1.0-1.4% and AS at 0.52-0.55%. […] The national prevalence of HLA-B27 in the U.S. is 6.1%, and intriguing data from NHANES 2009 suggest a decreasing frequency with increasing age.

• #16

  https://step2.medbullets.com/rheumatology/120725/ankylosing-spondylitis

  Epidemiology […] more common in men […] peak onset age is 15-35 years of age […] Risk factors […] HLA-B27 gene presence […] seen with PAIR (Psoriasis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Reactive arthritis) […] […] […] Studies […] HLA-B27 positivity […] seen in 90% of patients

• #17 Axial Spondyloarthritis: Clinical Characteristics, Epidemiology, and General Approaches to Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/rheumatology/article/axial-spondyloarthritis-clinical-characteristics-epidemiology-and-general-approaches-to-management-j170121/

  AxSpA typically occurs in the third decade of life, and almost exclusively before 45 years of age. Historically, AS was considered to be a male-dominated disease, with early literature reporting ratios of up to 10:1. However, more recent estimates put that ratio at closer to 3:1, with virtually no difference seen in the distribution of nr-axSpA between men and women. […] The major histocompatibility complex 1 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 allele is strongly associated with axSpA, and is found in 7489% of affected individuals. The prevalence of axSpA is typically greater in populations with a higher background prevalence of HLA-B27. In Europe, the prevalence of HLA-B27 varies from 2% to 25% and is highest in Scandinavian countries. In contrast, HLA-B27 is rare in Japan and Arab countries, and almost non-existent in some populations such as indigenous tribes of South America.

• #18 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332945-overview

  AS is the most common of the classic spondyloarthropathies. Prevalence varies with the prevalence of the HLA-B27 gene in a given population, which increases with distance from the equator. In general, AS is more common in whites than in nonwhites. It occurs in 0.1-1% of the general population, with the highest prevalence in northern European countries and the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 1-2% of all people who are positive for HLA-B27 develop AS. This increases to 15-20% if they have a first-degree relative with HLA-B27 positive AS. […] Prevalence data for nr-axSpA and USpA are scarce, although this disorder appears to be at least as common as AS, if not more so. The actual prevalence may be as high as 1-2% of the general population. The prevalence of nr-axSpA geographically and among different sexes and ethnic groups is probably similar to AS but specific data are limited, as it is also associated with HLA-B27.

• #19 Axial Spondyloarthritis: Clinical Characteristics, Epidemiology, and General Approaches to Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/rheumatology/article/axial-spondyloarthritis-clinical-characteristics-epidemiology-and-general-approaches-to-management-j170121/

  AxSpA typically occurs in the third decade of life, and almost exclusively before 45 years of age. Historically, AS was considered to be a male-dominated disease, with early literature reporting ratios of up to 10:1. However, more recent estimates put that ratio at closer to 3:1, with virtually no difference seen in the distribution of nr-axSpA between men and women. […] The major histocompatibility complex 1 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 allele is strongly associated with axSpA, and is found in 7489% of affected individuals. The prevalence of axSpA is typically greater in populations with a higher background prevalence of HLA-B27. In Europe, the prevalence of HLA-B27 varies from 2% to 25% and is highest in Scandinavian countries. In contrast, HLA-B27 is rare in Japan and Arab countries, and almost non-existent in some populations such as indigenous tribes of South America.

• #20 Ankylosing Spondylitis : Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Recent population estimates indicate that the prevalence of AS in the United States is approximately 0.2-0.5%. […] Based on data from multiple countries, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AS is 0.4-14 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence of AS in the population increases to approximately 5% among patients who are HLA-B27 positive. […] AS occurs more frequently in men than women (2:1). […] Age of disease onset usually peaks in the second and third decades of life. […] Approximately 80% of patients with AS experience symptoms at 30 years of age, while only 5% will present with symptoms at 45 years of age.

• #21 Ankylosing spondylitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ankylosing-spondylitis-1?lang=us

  Traditionally it was thought there was a male predilection of 3:1 or more, however, the gender predilection of the disease is a matter of ongoing research as females may be under-diagnosed. […] According to some research, men tend toward more severe disease. […] The disease usually manifests in young adults, with the first symptoms becoming evident in the third decade, although up to 18% of cases manifest in the second decade.

• #22 Ankylosing Spondylitis | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Men have a 2 to 3 times greater chance of being affected by ankylosing spondylitis than women and AS tends to be more severe in men. […] As many as one-third of patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis will experience peripheral disease and extra-articular disease. […] In patients with AS, the pooled prevalence of arthritis is 29.7%, enthesitis is 28.8%, uveitis is 23%, psoriasis is 10.2%, dactylitis is 6%, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is 4.1%.

• #23 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332945-overview

  The age of onset of AS is usually from the late teens to age 40 years. Approximately 10%-20% of all patients experience symptom onset before age 16 years; in such patients, the disease is referred to as juvenile-onset AS. Onset of AS in persons older than 50 years is unusual, although a diagnosis of mild or asymptomatic disease may be made at a later age. Diagnosis is often significantly delayed, usually for several years after the onset of inflammatory rheumatic symptoms. […] According to radiographic survey studies, prevalence rates of AS are approximately equal in men and women. However, men have more severe radiographic changes in the spine and hips than women, and clinical AS is more common in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. […] The prevalence of AS parallels the prevalence of HLA-B27 in the general population. The prevalence of HLA-B27 and AS is higher in whites and certain Native Americans than in African Americans, Asians, and other non-white ethnic groups. However, a study of racial differences in AS among patients in the United States found that African Americans have high disease activity and co-morbidities compared with whites. AS is least prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The less common juvenile-onset version of AS is more common among Native Americans, Mexicans, and persons in developing countries. […] USpA is not associated as strongly with HLA-B27, although it is more prevalent in whites than in nonwhite ethnic groups.

• #24 Epidemiology of Axial Spondyloarthritis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/epidemiology-of-axial-spondyloarthritis

  The prevalence of axial spondyloarthritis was recently studied in the United States. In the NHANES study, which is the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey study done between 2009 and 2010, it was found that about 1% of the population in the United States has axial spondyloarthritis. […] The NHANES study also found that the disease generally starts at a younger age. It occurs in the second decade or third decade of life. It is axial spondyloarthritis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is seen as a ratio of 3:2 or 3:1 in men to women. So ankylosing spondylitis is more common in men. The prevalence of nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis is equal, 1:1. […] Another thing that was found is that the disease generally starts in patients during their teens or in their 20s, or maybe in their 30s. Almost always, the disease starts before age 40. Its very rare for axial spondyloarthritis to start after age 45.

• #25 Pulsenotes | Ankylosing spondylitis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/rheumatology/notes/ankylosing-spondylitis

  Traditionally, AS is more common in men with a 2-3:1 male-to-female ratio. […] The prevalence of AS varies depending on the population. It ranges from 0.7-49 per 10,000 population across a number of countries. In the UK, the prevalence is estimated at 0.05-0.23%. […] The classic male to female ratio is 3:1, however, this estimate is decreasing with the advent of MRI. Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (i.e. not identified on conventional x-ray) is seen to affect men and women equally. The age of onset in AS is usually 20-30 years old and up to 95% of patients will present before 45 years old.

• #26 Ankylosing spondylitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis

  Between 0.1% and 0.8% of people are affected. The disease is most common in Northern European countries, and seen least in people of Afro-Caribbean descent. Although the ratio of male to female disease is reportedly 3:1, many rheumatologists believe the number of women with AS is underdiagnosed, as most women tend to experience milder cases of the disease. The majority of people with AS, including 95 per cent of people of European descent with the disease, express the HLA-B27 antigen and high levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the blood. In 2007, a team of researchers discovered two genes that may contribute to the cause of AS: ARTS-1 and IL23R. Together with HLA-B27, these two genes account for roughly 70 percent of the overall number of cases of the disease.

• #27 Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades | RMD Open

  https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/7/3/e001888

  Objectives To assess changes in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis, between 1998 and 2017. […] We identified 12333 patients with AS. The incidence declined from 0.72 (0.14) per 10000 patient-years in 1998 to 0.39 (0.06) in 2007, with this decline significant only in men, then incidence rose to 0.57 (0.11) in 2017. By contrast, prevalence increased between 1998 and 2017 (from 0.13%0.006to 0.18%0.006), rising steeply among women (from 0.06%0.05to 0.10%0.06) and patients aged 60 (from 0.14%0.01to 0.26%0.01). […] The overall median time from first symptom to rheumatology referral was 4.87 years (IQR=1.4210.23). The median time from first symptom to diagnosis rose between 1998 and 2017 (from 3.62 years (IQR=1.147.07) to 8.31 (IQR=3.7715.89)) and was longer in women (6.71 (IQR=2.3012.36)) than men (5.65 (IQR=1.6611.20)).

• #28 Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades | RMD Open

  https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/7/3/e001888

  AS incidence declined significantly between 1998 and 2007, with an increase between 2007 and 2017 that may be explained by an improvement in the recognition of AS or confidence in diagnosing AS over time, stemming from increased awareness of inflammatory back pain and the importance of early treatment. […] The rising AS prevalence may indicate improved patient survival. […] The persisting delay in rheumatology referral and diagnosis remains of concern, particularly in women.

• #29 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332945-overview

  AS is the most common of the classic spondyloarthropathies. Prevalence varies with the prevalence of the HLA-B27 gene in a given population, which increases with distance from the equator. In general, AS is more common in whites than in nonwhites. It occurs in 0.1-1% of the general population, with the highest prevalence in northern European countries and the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 1-2% of all people who are positive for HLA-B27 develop AS. This increases to 15-20% if they have a first-degree relative with HLA-B27 positive AS. […] Prevalence data for nr-axSpA and USpA are scarce, although this disorder appears to be at least as common as AS, if not more so. The actual prevalence may be as high as 1-2% of the general population. The prevalence of nr-axSpA geographically and among different sexes and ethnic groups is probably similar to AS but specific data are limited, as it is also associated with HLA-B27.

• #30 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332945-overview

  The age of onset of AS is usually from the late teens to age 40 years. Approximately 10%-20% of all patients experience symptom onset before age 16 years; in such patients, the disease is referred to as juvenile-onset AS. Onset of AS in persons older than 50 years is unusual, although a diagnosis of mild or asymptomatic disease may be made at a later age. Diagnosis is often significantly delayed, usually for several years after the onset of inflammatory rheumatic symptoms. […] According to radiographic survey studies, prevalence rates of AS are approximately equal in men and women. However, men have more severe radiographic changes in the spine and hips than women, and clinical AS is more common in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. […] The prevalence of AS parallels the prevalence of HLA-B27 in the general population. The prevalence of HLA-B27 and AS is higher in whites and certain Native Americans than in African Americans, Asians, and other non-white ethnic groups. However, a study of racial differences in AS among patients in the United States found that African Americans have high disease activity and co-morbidities compared with whites. AS is least prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The less common juvenile-onset version of AS is more common among Native Americans, Mexicans, and persons in developing countries. […] USpA is not associated as strongly with HLA-B27, although it is more prevalent in whites than in nonwhite ethnic groups.

• #31 Who Gets Ankylosing Spondylitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ankylosing-spondylitis/who-gets-ankylosing-spondylitis

  Ankylosing spondylitis affects about 1% of the U.S. population, or an estimated 3.2 million people. Worldwide, its thought to affect 0.1% to 1% of all people. […] Epidemiology studies how diseases develop and what groups of people are likely to get certain diseases. By studying the epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis, researchers and doctors hope to develop better treatments and prevention methods. […] White people are more likely than other groups people to develop the condition. Ankylosing spondylitis is almost three times as common in white Americans than Black Americans or Africans. […] White people with ankylosing spondylitis are more likely to have HLA-B27 than other ethnic groups. […] Despite being less likely to develop the disease, Black people with ankylosing spondylitis tend to have more severe disease.

• #32

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ankylosing-spondylitis/incidence-and-prevalence-overview

  A subsequent systematic review and meta-regression analysis conducted by Stolwijk and colleagues reviewed the literature up until July 2014, and reported roughly similar continent specific AS prevalence estimates for Europe (0.25%), East Asia (0.16%), Latin America (0.14%), North America (0.20%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (0.02%). […] The highest AS prevalence (0.35%) was found in Northern Arctic communities. […] The Rochester epidemiologic study covering the years 1935 through 1973 estimated that the point prevalence rate of AS to be 0.13% for the general population based on the fact that there were 68 surviving cases of AS among the 52,000 total population of Rochester in 1973). […] A report from US National Center for Health Statistics survey published in 1998 was incomplete and not very robust, but a later (2008) report estimated that the prevalence of AS and related SpA varies from as low as 0.35% (that did not include undifferentiated SpA) to as high as 1.3%.

• #33 The Worldwide Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis

  https://spondylitis.org/research-new/the-worldwide-prevalence-of-spondyloarthritis/

  The researchers found that prevalence of spondyloarthritis varied greatly across the world, ranging from 0.20% in South-East Asian populations to a high of 1.61% in Northern Arctic communities. […] The prevalence of AS ranged from a low of 0.02% in Sub-Saharan Africa, to 0.35% in the Northern Arctic. […] High quality studies are needed to estimate the prevalence of spondyloarthritis in the general population say the authors. A reliable world prevalence estimate will only be possible when we have accurate and robust reporting from all regions of the world.

• #34 Who Gets Ankylosing Spondylitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ankylosing-spondylitis/who-gets-ankylosing-spondylitis

  Ankylosing spondylitis affects about 1% of the U.S. population, or an estimated 3.2 million people. Worldwide, its thought to affect 0.1% to 1% of all people. […] Epidemiology studies how diseases develop and what groups of people are likely to get certain diseases. By studying the epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis, researchers and doctors hope to develop better treatments and prevention methods. […] White people are more likely than other groups people to develop the condition. Ankylosing spondylitis is almost three times as common in white Americans than Black Americans or Africans. […] White people with ankylosing spondylitis are more likely to have HLA-B27 than other ethnic groups. […] Despite being less likely to develop the disease, Black people with ankylosing spondylitis tend to have more severe disease.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-020-04537-0

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects the axial skeleton. […] In this study, we systematically reviewed Chinese AS epidemiological studies from the past 15 years to elucidate its prevalence and provide scientific data for China’s health care system. […] Over the past 15 years, the total prevalence of AS in mainland China was 0.29% (95% CI 0.22-0.35%), ranging from 0.42% (95% CI 0.31-0.52%) in males to 0.15% (95% CI 0.13-0.18%) in females; the difference in the prevalence of AS by sex was statistically significant (P<0.001). [...] The prevalence of AS in both southern and northern China was 0.31% (95% CI 0.21-0.42% and 0.21-0.40%, respectively), with no significant difference noted (P=0.8160.005). [...] The prevalence of AS in Chinese military populations was 0.27% (95% CI 0.09-0.45%), and in community populations, it was 0.29% (95% CI 0.23-0.35%). [...] The prevalence of AS in China was 0.29% and continues to increase. [...] Epidemiologists in China should formulate precise scientific investigations to provide additional authoritative epidemiological data for the prevention and treatment of AS.

• #36 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1516080023

  Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammation of the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints and to a lesser extent by peripheral arthritis and the involvement of some extra-articular organs. […] It is paramount for the provision of effective health care delivery to be familiar with the epidemiologic studies on prevalence, mortality, and disability. […] In a study performed using the Korean Health Insurance Review Agency database (2010 to 2015), the prevalence of AS was found to increase from 31.6 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 31.1~32.1) in 2010 to 52.3 (95% CI 51.7~52.9) in 2015, and its incidence increased from 5.7 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 5.5~5.9) in 2010 to 7.9 (95% CI 7.6~8.1) in 2015. […] The reported prevalence of AS in Korea is in the lower group in other parts of Asia, in which prevalence reportedly range from 3.0 [9] to 33.7 [10] per 10,000 persons.

• #37 Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades | RMD Open

  https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/7/3/e001888

  Objectives To assess changes in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis, between 1998 and 2017. […] We identified 12333 patients with AS. The incidence declined from 0.72 (0.14) per 10000 patient-years in 1998 to 0.39 (0.06) in 2007, with this decline significant only in men, then incidence rose to 0.57 (0.11) in 2017. By contrast, prevalence increased between 1998 and 2017 (from 0.13%0.006to 0.18%0.006), rising steeply among women (from 0.06%0.05to 0.10%0.06) and patients aged 60 (from 0.14%0.01to 0.26%0.01). […] The overall median time from first symptom to rheumatology referral was 4.87 years (IQR=1.4210.23). The median time from first symptom to diagnosis rose between 1998 and 2017 (from 3.62 years (IQR=1.147.07) to 8.31 (IQR=3.7715.89)) and was longer in women (6.71 (IQR=2.3012.36)) than men (5.65 (IQR=1.6611.20)).

• #38 Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades | RMD Open

  https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/7/3/e001888

  Objectives To assess changes in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis, between 1998 and 2017. […] We identified 12333 patients with AS. The incidence declined from 0.72 (0.14) per 10000 patient-years in 1998 to 0.39 (0.06) in 2007, with this decline significant only in men, then incidence rose to 0.57 (0.11) in 2017. By contrast, prevalence increased between 1998 and 2017 (from 0.13%0.006to 0.18%0.006), rising steeply among women (from 0.06%0.05to 0.10%0.06) and patients aged 60 (from 0.14%0.01to 0.26%0.01). […] The overall median time from first symptom to rheumatology referral was 4.87 years (IQR=1.4210.23). The median time from first symptom to diagnosis rose between 1998 and 2017 (from 3.62 years (IQR=1.147.07) to 8.31 (IQR=3.7715.89)) and was longer in women (6.71 (IQR=2.3012.36)) than men (5.65 (IQR=1.6611.20)).

• #39 Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades | RMD Open

  https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/7/3/e001888

  AS incidence declined significantly between 1998 and 2007, with an increase between 2007 and 2017 that may be explained by an improvement in the recognition of AS or confidence in diagnosing AS over time, stemming from increased awareness of inflammatory back pain and the importance of early treatment. […] The rising AS prevalence may indicate improved patient survival. […] The persisting delay in rheumatology referral and diagnosis remains of concern, particularly in women.

• #40

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ankylosing-spondylitis/incidence-and-prevalence-overview

  The analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) covering the years 2009 to 2010, has dealt with the epidemiology of chronic back pain, HLA-B27 and axial SpA. […] This study reported an AS prevalence of 0.5% based on the self-reported cases among the 5,013 participants of the survey. […] With the increasing clinical recognition of AS, a recent study from the Canadian province of Ontario reports nearly tripled prevalence of AS over the past 2 decades. […] For example, the male/female prevalence ratio decreased from 1.70 in 1995 to 1.21 by 2010. […] There are methodologic challenges in conducting epidemiologic studies in axSpA that may explain the reported disparate disease occurrence estimates (i.e. geographic or ethnic differences, use of different classification criteria, reporting crude or standardized rates). […] But we can conclude that the population-based epidemiologic studies from the United States and abroad indicate a much high prevalence of AS and related SpA than was previously realized.

• #41 Ankylosing Spondylitis : Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Recent population estimates indicate that the prevalence of AS in the United States is approximately 0.2-0.5%. […] Based on data from multiple countries, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AS is 0.4-14 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence of AS in the population increases to approximately 5% among patients who are HLA-B27 positive. […] AS occurs more frequently in men than women (2:1). […] Age of disease onset usually peaks in the second and third decades of life. […] Approximately 80% of patients with AS experience symptoms at 30 years of age, while only 5% will present with symptoms at 45 years of age.

• #42 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Ankylosing-Spondylitis.aspx

  Ankylosing spondylitis may affect people at any age beyond adolescence. It usually begins between ages 15 and 35 years (average 26 years). […] About 80% of patients develop the condition before they are 30 years of age and less than 5% present with the symptoms at an age above 45 years. […] Men are around two to three times more likely to suffer from this condition. […] HLA B27 is the genetic link with the disease and is seen mostly among northern countries and some tribes. It is highest in Inuit populations and Haida Indians. […] Overall, the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis is between 0.1% and 1.4%. In mid-Europe the prevalence is 0.30.5%. The incidence of new cases of ankylosing spondylitis is between 0.5 and 14 per 100 000 people per year worldwide.

• #43

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ankylosing-spondylitis/incidence-and-prevalence-overview

  There are relatively fewer incidence studies of AS as compared to the prevalence studies and they are summarized in […] Of interest, the two US studies conducted in Rochester, Minnesota, that had at that time a 99% white population of mostly Scandinavian descent reported very similar annual incidence rates for AS at 6.6 and 7.3 per 100,000 people at the two different time periods. […] Recent studies from central part of Norway and the province of Ontario in Canada estimated higher incidence rates at 19 and 15 per 100,000 adult populations, respectively. […] There are far more prevalence studies than incidence studies across the world populations, as mentioned earlier. Notably, cross sectional population-based studies generate more reliable prevalence estimates since they can capture undiagnosed cases in the community and can apply standard classification criteria such as modified New York (mNY) criteria for diagnosing AS, or ASAS criteria when examining the prevalence of axSpA. […] They calculated mean prevalence of AS to be 0.24% (weighted mean: 0.18%) within Europe, 0.17% (mean weighted mean 0.18%) within Asia and 0.10% (weighted mean 0.12 %) within Latin America.

• #44

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ankylosing-spondylitis/incidence-and-prevalence-overview

  There are relatively fewer incidence studies of AS as compared to the prevalence studies and they are summarized in […] Of interest, the two US studies conducted in Rochester, Minnesota, that had at that time a 99% white population of mostly Scandinavian descent reported very similar annual incidence rates for AS at 6.6 and 7.3 per 100,000 people at the two different time periods. […] Recent studies from central part of Norway and the province of Ontario in Canada estimated higher incidence rates at 19 and 15 per 100,000 adult populations, respectively. […] There are far more prevalence studies than incidence studies across the world populations, as mentioned earlier. Notably, cross sectional population-based studies generate more reliable prevalence estimates since they can capture undiagnosed cases in the community and can apply standard classification criteria such as modified New York (mNY) criteria for diagnosing AS, or ASAS criteria when examining the prevalence of axSpA. […] They calculated mean prevalence of AS to be 0.24% (weighted mean: 0.18%) within Europe, 0.17% (mean weighted mean 0.18%) within Asia and 0.10% (weighted mean 0.12 %) within Latin America.

• #45 Ankylosing Spondylitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470173/

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) commonly presents in individuals younger than 40, with approximately 80% of patients experiencing their first symptoms before age 30. Less than 5% are diagnosed after the age of 45. AS is more prevalent in men than women. Moreover, there is an increased risk of developing AS in relatives of affected patients. […] The cause of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains largely unknown. However, there appears to be a correlation between the prevalence of AS and the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 in a given population. Among individuals who are HLA-B27 positive, the prevalence of AS is approximately 5% to 6%. In the United States, the prevalence of HLA-B27 varies among ethnic groups. A 2009 survey reported rates of HLA-B27 prevalence as 7.5% among non-Hispanic Whites, 4.6% among Mexican-Americans, and 1.1% among non-Hispanic Blacks.

• #46 Ankylosing Spondylitis : Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Recent population estimates indicate that the prevalence of AS in the United States is approximately 0.2-0.5%. […] Based on data from multiple countries, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AS is 0.4-14 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence of AS in the population increases to approximately 5% among patients who are HLA-B27 positive. […] AS occurs more frequently in men than women (2:1). […] Age of disease onset usually peaks in the second and third decades of life. […] Approximately 80% of patients with AS experience symptoms at 30 years of age, while only 5% will present with symptoms at 45 years of age.

• #47 Ankylosing Spondylitis : Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Recent population estimates indicate that the prevalence of AS in the United States is approximately 0.2-0.5%. […] Based on data from multiple countries, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AS is 0.4-14 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence of AS in the population increases to approximately 5% among patients who are HLA-B27 positive. […] AS occurs more frequently in men than women (2:1). […] Age of disease onset usually peaks in the second and third decades of life. […] Approximately 80% of patients with AS experience symptoms at 30 years of age, while only 5% will present with symptoms at 45 years of age.

• #48 Epidemiology of Axial Spondyloarthritis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/epidemiology-of-axial-spondyloarthritis

  The prevalence of axial spondyloarthritis was recently studied in the United States. In the NHANES study, which is the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey study done between 2009 and 2010, it was found that about 1% of the population in the United States has axial spondyloarthritis. […] The NHANES study also found that the disease generally starts at a younger age. It occurs in the second decade or third decade of life. It is axial spondyloarthritis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is seen as a ratio of 3:2 or 3:1 in men to women. So ankylosing spondylitis is more common in men. The prevalence of nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis is equal, 1:1. […] Another thing that was found is that the disease generally starts in patients during their teens or in their 20s, or maybe in their 30s. Almost always, the disease starts before age 40. Its very rare for axial spondyloarthritis to start after age 45.

• #49 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332945-overview

  The age of onset of AS is usually from the late teens to age 40 years. Approximately 10%-20% of all patients experience symptom onset before age 16 years; in such patients, the disease is referred to as juvenile-onset AS. Onset of AS in persons older than 50 years is unusual, although a diagnosis of mild or asymptomatic disease may be made at a later age. Diagnosis is often significantly delayed, usually for several years after the onset of inflammatory rheumatic symptoms. […] According to radiographic survey studies, prevalence rates of AS are approximately equal in men and women. However, men have more severe radiographic changes in the spine and hips than women, and clinical AS is more common in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. […] The prevalence of AS parallels the prevalence of HLA-B27 in the general population. The prevalence of HLA-B27 and AS is higher in whites and certain Native Americans than in African Americans, Asians, and other non-white ethnic groups. However, a study of racial differences in AS among patients in the United States found that African Americans have high disease activity and co-morbidities compared with whites. AS is least prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The less common juvenile-onset version of AS is more common among Native Americans, Mexicans, and persons in developing countries. […] USpA is not associated as strongly with HLA-B27, although it is more prevalent in whites than in nonwhite ethnic groups.

• #50 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332945-overview

  The age of onset of AS is usually from the late teens to age 40 years. Approximately 10%-20% of all patients experience symptom onset before age 16 years; in such patients, the disease is referred to as juvenile-onset AS. Onset of AS in persons older than 50 years is unusual, although a diagnosis of mild or asymptomatic disease may be made at a later age. Diagnosis is often significantly delayed, usually for several years after the onset of inflammatory rheumatic symptoms. […] According to radiographic survey studies, prevalence rates of AS are approximately equal in men and women. However, men have more severe radiographic changes in the spine and hips than women, and clinical AS is more common in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. […] The prevalence of AS parallels the prevalence of HLA-B27 in the general population. The prevalence of HLA-B27 and AS is higher in whites and certain Native Americans than in African Americans, Asians, and other non-white ethnic groups. However, a study of racial differences in AS among patients in the United States found that African Americans have high disease activity and co-morbidities compared with whites. AS is least prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The less common juvenile-onset version of AS is more common among Native Americans, Mexicans, and persons in developing countries. […] USpA is not associated as strongly with HLA-B27, although it is more prevalent in whites than in nonwhite ethnic groups.

• #51 Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades | RMD Open

  https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/7/3/e001888

  Objectives To assess changes in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis, between 1998 and 2017. […] We identified 12333 patients with AS. The incidence declined from 0.72 (0.14) per 10000 patient-years in 1998 to 0.39 (0.06) in 2007, with this decline significant only in men, then incidence rose to 0.57 (0.11) in 2017. By contrast, prevalence increased between 1998 and 2017 (from 0.13%0.006to 0.18%0.006), rising steeply among women (from 0.06%0.05to 0.10%0.06) and patients aged 60 (from 0.14%0.01to 0.26%0.01). […] The overall median time from first symptom to rheumatology referral was 4.87 years (IQR=1.4210.23). The median time from first symptom to diagnosis rose between 1998 and 2017 (from 3.62 years (IQR=1.147.07) to 8.31 (IQR=3.7715.89)) and was longer in women (6.71 (IQR=2.3012.36)) than men (5.65 (IQR=1.6611.20)).

• #52 Who Gets Ankylosing Spondylitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ankylosing-spondylitis/who-gets-ankylosing-spondylitis

  For many people experience a long delay from the time they first start having symptoms and the time they get a diagnosis. This can be 8 to 10 years for some people, with women tending to have longer delays. […] Getting a diagnosis and treatment as early as possible leads to better control of the condition and a better ability to keep up with daily activities.

• #53 Who Gets Ankylosing Spondylitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ankylosing-spondylitis/who-gets-ankylosing-spondylitis

  For many people experience a long delay from the time they first start having symptoms and the time they get a diagnosis. This can be 8 to 10 years for some people, with women tending to have longer delays. […] Getting a diagnosis and treatment as early as possible leads to better control of the condition and a better ability to keep up with daily activities.

• #54 Changes in ankylosing spondylitis incidence, prevalence and time to diagnosis over two decades | RMD Open

  https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/7/3/e001888

  AS incidence declined significantly between 1998 and 2007, with an increase between 2007 and 2017 that may be explained by an improvement in the recognition of AS or confidence in diagnosing AS over time, stemming from increased awareness of inflammatory back pain and the importance of early treatment. […] The rising AS prevalence may indicate improved patient survival. […] The persisting delay in rheumatology referral and diagnosis remains of concern, particularly in women.

• #55 Global Ankylosing Spondylitis (Bekhterev’s Disease) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210511005582/en/Global-Ankylosing-Spondylitis-Bekhterevs-Disease-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Global Ankylosing Spondylitis (Bekhterev’s Disease) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com […] This report delivers an in-depth understanding of the AS, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the AS trends in the United States. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by Total Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis, Diagnosed Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis, Gender-specific Diagnosed Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis, Age-specific Diagnosed Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Gene-specific Diagnosed Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis scenario in the United States from 2018 to 2030. […] The total prevalent population of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) in the US is anticipated to rise from 2018 to 2030. Out of the total prevalent population of 1,300,971 cases, 556,688 cases were diagnosed in 2020. The prevalent cases are expected to increase at a CAGR of 0.97% for the study period of 2018-2030.

• #56 Global Ankylosing Spondylitis (Bekhterev’s Disease) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210511005582/en/Global-Ankylosing-Spondylitis-Bekhterevs-Disease-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The prevalent population of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) showed a male predominance. Out of the total diagnosed population of 556,688 cases in the US, 389,681 and 167,006 cases were contributed by males and females, respectively, in 2020. […] In the epidemiology model, different age-groups are included, i.e., 18-29 Years, 30-39 Years, 40-49 Years, 50-59 Years, 60-69 Years, and 70+ Years. It is estimated that the most prevalent age-group for AS in the United States was 40-49 Years in 2020, which accounts for nearly 150,306 of total AS prevalent cases. […] The diagnosis of Ankylosing Spondylitis can be tough to spot as so many people have back pain – its main symptom. Additionally, there are no specific lab tests to identify ankylosing spondylitis. All these factors play a major role in the low diagnosis of AS. Due to the increase in advancement, it is estimated that in the coming years, the diagnosis rate may increase.

• #57 Global Ankylosing Spondylitis (Bekhterev’s Disease) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210511005582/en/Global-Ankylosing-Spondylitis-Bekhterevs-Disease-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The prevalent population of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) showed a male predominance. Out of the total diagnosed population of 556,688 cases in the US, 389,681 and 167,006 cases were contributed by males and females, respectively, in 2020. […] In the epidemiology model, different age-groups are included, i.e., 18-29 Years, 30-39 Years, 40-49 Years, 50-59 Years, 60-69 Years, and 70+ Years. It is estimated that the most prevalent age-group for AS in the United States was 40-49 Years in 2020, which accounts for nearly 150,306 of total AS prevalent cases. […] The diagnosis of Ankylosing Spondylitis can be tough to spot as so many people have back pain – its main symptom. Additionally, there are no specific lab tests to identify ankylosing spondylitis. All these factors play a major role in the low diagnosis of AS. Due to the increase in advancement, it is estimated that in the coming years, the diagnosis rate may increase.

• #58 The incidence and prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Thailand using ministry of public health database | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67666-7

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), an inflammatory condition affecting axial and peripheral joints, exhibits varying prevalence worldwide. This study sought to ascertain AS incidence and prevalence in Thailand from 2017 to 2020. Utilizing national databases, individuals aged 18 and above with primary AS diagnoses (ICD-10 code M45) were identified. AS prevalence and incidence were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. The total number of AS patients was 13,292 patients in 2017. The prevalence of AS was 20.4 per 100,000 populations (95% CI 20.020.7) in 2017. The number of new AS cases, identified during 20182020, was 6784, 6805, and 6791 patients, respectively. The incidences of AS in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were comparable with the incidence of 10.4 (95% CI 10.110.6) per 100,000-person-years. The peak age at diagnosis was 5059 years of age between 2018 and 2020. The number of female patients was 57.8%, 57.0%, and 57.6%, in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. In conclusion, AS was relatively rare among Thais and comparable between males and females. The prevalence and incidence of AS in Thailand were identified by the Thailand Database Ministry of Public Health. The epidemiological profile of AS in Thailand might help to plan better care, workforce needs, and public health budgets.

• #59 The incidence and prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Thailand using ministry of public health database | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67666-7

  The prevalence of radiographic ax-SpA or AS varies among countries and regions but is usually less than the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis. A prevalence of 0.12% or equivalent to 120 per 100,000 population for Thai AS patients was reported by Chaiamnauy P in 1998. […] A total of 42, 933 patients were identified as having the diagnosis of M45 from 1 Jan 2017 to 31 Dec 2020. The number of new cases of AS in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 6784, 6805, and 6791 cases respectively as shown in Table 1. The total Thai populations in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 65,406,320 persons, 65,557,054 persons, and 65,421,139 persons respectively. Therefore, the incidence of AS in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 10.37 (95% CI 10.1310.62), 10.38(95% CI 10.1410.63), and 10.38(95% CI 10.1410.63) per 100,000 person-years respectively. The prevalence and incidence of AS across different years, age groups, genders, and regions are shown in Table 2.

• #60

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Epidemiological-characteristics-of-ankylosing-spondylitis-in-Guangxi-Province-of,159343,0,2.html

  Epidemiological characteristics of ankylosing spondylitis in Guangxi Province of China from 2014 to 2021 […] To explore the epidemiological characteristics of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Guangxi Province of China through a large sample survey of more than 50 million aboriginal population. […] AS incidence rates increased from 1.30 (95% CI: 1.201.40) per 100,000 person-years in 2014 to 5.71 (95% CI: 5.505.92) in 2020 in Guangxi Province, and decreased slightly in 2021. […] The AS person-years incidence rate was increasing in Guangxi province of China from 2014 to 2020, which had obvious gender and regional differences, showing the characteristics of local area aggregation. […] The incidence rate per 100,000 person-years of AS in Guangxi Province of China increased from 1.30 (95% CI: 1.201.40) in 2014 to 5.71 (95% CI: 5.505.92) in 2020.

• #61

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Epidemiological-characteristics-of-ankylosing-spondylitis-in-Guangxi-Province-of,159343,0,2.html

  The ratio of the incidence of AS among males to females was 5.61 : 1, which was similar to that reported in other series. […] The AS incidence rate was not significantly different between different nationalities (p 0.05). […] The results showed that the AS incidence rate was not significantly different between different nationalities (p 0.05), and the general trend increased from 2014 to 2020. […] The results showed that the top three cities with the highest average incidence rates were all located in the northern part of Guangxi Province, with adjacent borders. […] The research indicates that the incidence of AS in southwestern China had obvious regional discrepancy, showing a local and regional aggregation.

• #62 Inpatient Epidemiology and Resource Utilization of Ankylosing Spondylitis: National Inpatient Sample 2018 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/inpatient-epidemiology-and-resource-utilization-of-ankylosing-spondylitis-national-inpatient-sample-2018/

  Inpatient Epidemiology and Resource Utilization of Ankylosing Spondylitis: National Inpatient Sample 2018 […] Little is known about inpatient epidemiology, economic burden and resource utilization of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The current study aims to describe those characteristics using a nationwide database. […] A total of 19,130 admissions with AS were identified. The inpatient prevalence of AS was 53.9 cases per 100,000 admissions. […] After adjusting for potential confounders, hospitalizations among patients with AS were significantly associated with longer length of stay (0.37 more days; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44 0.89) and risk for admission to intensive care unit with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.23 (95% CI, 1.11 1.37). […] Hospitalizations of patients with AS were associated with higher cost as demonstrated by an adjusted additional mean of $4,685 (95% CI, $3,715 $5,655) for total hospital cost and an adjusted additional mean of $19,097 (95% CI, $12,675 $25,519) for total hospitalization charges when compared to patients without AS.

• #63 Inpatient Epidemiology and Resource Utilization of Ankylosing Spondylitis: National Inpatient Sample 2018 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/inpatient-epidemiology-and-resource-utilization-of-ankylosing-spondylitis-national-inpatient-sample-2018/

  Inpatient Epidemiology and Resource Utilization of Ankylosing Spondylitis: National Inpatient Sample 2018 […] Little is known about inpatient epidemiology, economic burden and resource utilization of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The current study aims to describe those characteristics using a nationwide database. […] A total of 19,130 admissions with AS were identified. The inpatient prevalence of AS was 53.9 cases per 100,000 admissions. […] After adjusting for potential confounders, hospitalizations among patients with AS were significantly associated with longer length of stay (0.37 more days; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44 0.89) and risk for admission to intensive care unit with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.23 (95% CI, 1.11 1.37). […] Hospitalizations of patients with AS were associated with higher cost as demonstrated by an adjusted additional mean of $4,685 (95% CI, $3,715 $5,655) for total hospital cost and an adjusted additional mean of $19,097 (95% CI, $12,675 $25,519) for total hospitalization charges when compared to patients without AS.

• #64 Inpatient Epidemiology and Resource Utilization of Ankylosing Spondylitis: National Inpatient Sample 2018 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/inpatient-epidemiology-and-resource-utilization-of-ankylosing-spondylitis-national-inpatient-sample-2018/

  Inpatient prevalence of AS was higher than what would be expected from prevalence in general population. Infection and arthroplasty were the main reasons for the need for inpatient care. Hospitalizations of patients with AS were associated with longer length of stay, need for admission to ICU and cost.

• #65 Ankylosing Spondylitis | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Men have a 2 to 3 times greater chance of being affected by ankylosing spondylitis than women and AS tends to be more severe in men. […] As many as one-third of patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis will experience peripheral disease and extra-articular disease. […] In patients with AS, the pooled prevalence of arthritis is 29.7%, enthesitis is 28.8%, uveitis is 23%, psoriasis is 10.2%, dactylitis is 6%, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is 4.1%.

• #66 Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/80/9/e144

  The main outcome was a new diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (ICD-9 code 555556). […] Table 1 presents that the overall incidence of inflammatory bowel disease was lower in the ankylosing spondylitis group than in the non-ankylosing spondylitis group, but without reaching statistical significance (1.41 vs 1.79 per 1000 person-years, incidence rate ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.28; p=0.332). […] Some caveats are discussed. Previous studies found that the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease was around 3.7%4.5%. […] One review found that the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis was around 6%14%. […] Therefore, ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease might develop in the same patient, but both conditions do not have a causal relationship, which is partially confirmed by our present study. […] Physicians who participate in care of patients with ankylosing spondylitis should take into consideration the possibility of inflammatory bowel disease, and vice versa.

• #67 Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/80/9/e144

  The main outcome was a new diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (ICD-9 code 555556). […] Table 1 presents that the overall incidence of inflammatory bowel disease was lower in the ankylosing spondylitis group than in the non-ankylosing spondylitis group, but without reaching statistical significance (1.41 vs 1.79 per 1000 person-years, incidence rate ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.28; p=0.332). […] Some caveats are discussed. Previous studies found that the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease was around 3.7%4.5%. […] One review found that the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis was around 6%14%. […] Therefore, ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease might develop in the same patient, but both conditions do not have a causal relationship, which is partially confirmed by our present study. […] Physicians who participate in care of patients with ankylosing spondylitis should take into consideration the possibility of inflammatory bowel disease, and vice versa.

• #68 Childhood hospitalisation with infections and later development of ankylosing spondylitis: a national case-control study | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-016-1141-8

  The role of environmental exposures in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains unclear. […] The objective of this case-control study was to determine if childhood infections are associated with later development of AS. […] Of the 2453 cases with AS and 10,257 controls, 17.4 % of the cases and 16.3 % of the controls had been hospitalised with an infection before the age of 17 years (OR 1.08, 95 % CI 0.961.22). […] Appendicitis (1.5 % cases; 2.5 % controls; OR 0.59, 95 % CI 0.410.83), respiratory tract infections (cases 11.2 %; controls 9.2 %; OR 1.24, 95 % CI 1.071.44) and, in particular, tonsillitis (cases 3.7 %; controls 2.8 %; OR 1.31, 95 % CI 1.031.67) were associated with AS. […] Childhood appendicitis was associated with a decreased risk, whereas respiratory tract infections were associated with an increased risk for later development of AS.

• #69 Childhood hospitalisation with infections and later development of ankylosing spondylitis: a national case-control study | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-016-1141-8

  These findings support a possible relationship between childhood infections and later development of AS, although the study is limited to infections resulting in inpatient care. […] In this study, we compared the frequency of childhood infections at hospitalisation between cases later diagnosed with AS and matched population controls. […] Our hypothesis was that AS would be associated with childhood infections, and considering the similarities with reactive arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, in particular with enteric and urogenital infections. […] Appendicitis during childhood was associated with a decreased risk for adult AS, whereas respiratory tract infections were associated with an increased risk.

• #70

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ankylosing-spondylitis/incidence-and-prevalence-overview

  The analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) covering the years 2009 to 2010, has dealt with the epidemiology of chronic back pain, HLA-B27 and axial SpA. […] This study reported an AS prevalence of 0.5% based on the self-reported cases among the 5,013 participants of the survey. […] With the increasing clinical recognition of AS, a recent study from the Canadian province of Ontario reports nearly tripled prevalence of AS over the past 2 decades. […] For example, the male/female prevalence ratio decreased from 1.70 in 1995 to 1.21 by 2010. […] There are methodologic challenges in conducting epidemiologic studies in axSpA that may explain the reported disparate disease occurrence estimates (i.e. geographic or ethnic differences, use of different classification criteria, reporting crude or standardized rates). […] But we can conclude that the population-based epidemiologic studies from the United States and abroad indicate a much high prevalence of AS and related SpA than was previously realized.

• #71 Global Ankylosing Spondylitis (Bekhterev’s Disease) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210511005582/en/Global-Ankylosing-Spondylitis-Bekhterevs-Disease-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The prevalent population of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) showed a male predominance. Out of the total diagnosed population of 556,688 cases in the US, 389,681 and 167,006 cases were contributed by males and females, respectively, in 2020. […] In the epidemiology model, different age-groups are included, i.e., 18-29 Years, 30-39 Years, 40-49 Years, 50-59 Years, 60-69 Years, and 70+ Years. It is estimated that the most prevalent age-group for AS in the United States was 40-49 Years in 2020, which accounts for nearly 150,306 of total AS prevalent cases. […] The diagnosis of Ankylosing Spondylitis can be tough to spot as so many people have back pain – its main symptom. Additionally, there are no specific lab tests to identify ankylosing spondylitis. All these factors play a major role in the low diagnosis of AS. Due to the increase in advancement, it is estimated that in the coming years, the diagnosis rate may increase.

• #72 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis | 2

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.3109/9780849374463-2/epidemiology-pathogenesis-genetics-ankylosing-spondylitis-andrew-timms-paul-wordsworth-matthew-brown

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is one of the most common inflammatory rheumatic diseases, but estimates of its prevalence vary considerably, even in similar ethnic groups. The prevalence of AS generally varies with the prevalence of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 (referred to as B27 hereafter), but determination of the precise prevalence in populations is affected by the sensitivity of the screening modality employed. Populations with a high prevalence of B27, such as Scandinavians and among the Inuit, Haida, and Bella Coola North American Indians, have correspondingly high levels of AS. In contrast, ethnic groups with a low prevalence of B27 such as Africans and Australian Aboriginals have a low prevalence of AS. Rare exceptions to this rule occur, as will be discussed subsequently. Estimates of the proportion of B27-carriers that develop AS also vary significantly, most likely related to the screening procedures that were used to identify cases. Where plain radiography was the screening modality, the prevalence of AS in B27-carriers has been estimated at 1.3-1.9%, whereas where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning was employed, the reported rate was 6.8%. Estimates of the overall prevalence of AS are similarly quite varied, ranging from 0.1% to 0.86% in Caucasian populations.

• #73 Epidemiology of Spondyloarthritis in North America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3063892/

  Many challenges have made it difficult to determine the prevalence of spondyloarthritis (SpA) in North America. […] Current estimates of the prevalence of SpA in the United States range between 0.2% and 0.5% for ankylosing spondylitis, 0.1% for psoriatic arthritis, 0.065% for enteropathic peripheral arthritis, between 0.05% and 0.25% for enteropathic axial arthritis, and an overall prevalence of SpA as high as over one percent. […] The gold standard for the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the modified New York criteria. […] A 1979 study from Rochester Minnesota reported an overall prevalence of AS of 1.29/1000 in a population that was 99% Caucasian. […] Limited prevalence data for African-American males suggest AS occurs at about 25% the frequency of Caucasians. […] The prevalence of SpA in the US is estimated to range between 4.0-13.1/1000, age 25+ years.

• #74 Epidemiology and Characteristics of Spondyloarthritis in the Predominantly Afro-Descendant Population of Martinique, a French Caribbean Island

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/5/1299

  Low PFH and HLA-B27 rates in both our cohort and in sub-Saharan African SpA suggest that SpA classification criteria, including the 2009 ASAS criteria, might be less effective in detecting the disease in these population groups. […] IBD is highly preponderant among extra articular presentations, and IBD-associated SpA is the second most frequent subtype in our study cohort. […] The high reported prevalence of IBD in our cohort is multi-factorial: this is a hospital cohort, where supposedly more severe patients are attended to and the majority of IBD cases are attended to in the only hospital on the island. […] Our study has several limitations. It is retrospective with several missing data, particularly concerning sacroilliac imaging and HLA-B27. […] The high proportion of patients receiving anti-TNF drugs suggests that we report more severe thus more symptomatic SpA cases, which might not be representative of SpA patients followed outside of the hospital. […] This preliminary study offers interesting perspectives for clinical research.

• #75 The Worldwide Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis

  https://spondylitis.org/research-new/the-worldwide-prevalence-of-spondyloarthritis/

  The researchers found that prevalence of spondyloarthritis varied greatly across the world, ranging from 0.20% in South-East Asian populations to a high of 1.61% in Northern Arctic communities. […] The prevalence of AS ranged from a low of 0.02% in Sub-Saharan Africa, to 0.35% in the Northern Arctic. […] High quality studies are needed to estimate the prevalence of spondyloarthritis in the general population say the authors. A reliable world prevalence estimate will only be possible when we have accurate and robust reporting from all regions of the world.

• #76 Epidemiology of Spondyloarthritis in North America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3063892/

  The lower range comprises the only true US-AS prevalence data, as well as the lowest frequency on IBP and peripheral arthritis in patients with IBD (ie, 13% assuming these are linked phenomena). […] The higher range estimate takes into account the NHANES I AS data plus the highest frequency of IBD-associated IBP (50%) plus the frequency of peripheral joint involvement (13%) in those with IBD (assuming they are unrelated complications). […] The frequency of psoriatic arthritis is constant (1/1000) in generating the SpA prevalence estimate ranges. […] Future studies will be limited by the application of criteria that are both feasible at a population level and cost effective.

• #77 Ankylosing spondylitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis

  Between 0.1% and 0.8% of people are affected. The disease is most common in Northern European countries, and seen least in people of Afro-Caribbean descent. Although the ratio of male to female disease is reportedly 3:1, many rheumatologists believe the number of women with AS is underdiagnosed, as most women tend to experience milder cases of the disease. The majority of people with AS, including 95 per cent of people of European descent with the disease, express the HLA-B27 antigen and high levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the blood. In 2007, a team of researchers discovered two genes that may contribute to the cause of AS: ARTS-1 and IL23R. Together with HLA-B27, these two genes account for roughly 70 percent of the overall number of cases of the disease.

• #78 Epidemiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis: IGAS 2009 | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/37/12/2624

  The International Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis (IGAS) meeting was held in Houston, Texas, July 25, 2009. Sixteen investigators from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America presented the status of their respective cohorts of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). […] Emerging data from other groups, however, have shown that these genetic associations, although well replicated in patients of European Caucasian ancestry, do not all extend to other ethnic groups. […] To address this need, the International Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis (IGAS) consortium was established in 2002 with the goal of coordinating international efforts in gene-mapping studies in AS. […] Several groups described the development of AS case or family cohorts in different ethnic groups in East Asia (China, Korea), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Columbia), European (Britain, France, Holland), and North American (Canada, USA).

• #79 Epidemiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis: IGAS 2009 | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/37/12/2624

  To harness the potential of the different IGAS cohorts, agreement was reached regarding the involvement of IGAS with the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium-initiated Immunochip study. […] The study genotyping will be complete by the end of 2010, and a preliminary analysis will be presented at an IGAS conference being organized by Prof. Huji Xu in Shanghai, China, in March 2011.

• #80 Geographical variations in spondyloarthropathies prevalence related to HLA-B27 Prevalence – Clinical Trials Arena

  https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/marketdata/researchreportgeographical-variations-in-spondyloarthropathies-prevalence-related-to-hla-b27-prevalence-5791181/

  Ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis are part of a disease family called spondyloarthropathies (SpAs), which includes debilitating chronic inflammatory joint diseases. […] GlobalDatas primary market research in the seven major markets (US, 5EU [France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK] and Japan) indicates that we should expect a significant increase in the diagnosis rate of ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis in the next 10 years, resulting in increases in the patient population for both diseases (the annual growth rate for diagnosed prevalent cases of ankylosing spondylitis is 7.44%, for psoriatic arthritis is 4.56%). […] GlobalData epidemiologists conducted a thorough literature review on the prevalence of the two major SpAs, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, and confirmed the expected geographical variations in disease prevalence.

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