Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Amnesia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353360

  Amnesia can be caused by damage to areas of the brain that are vital for memory processing. […] Amnesia can result from damage to brain structures that form the limbic system, which controls emotions and memories. […] Amnesia caused by brain injury or damage is known as neurological amnesia. Possible causes of neurological amnesia include: […] Stroke. […] Brain inflammation, which may be due to an infection with a virus such as herpes simplex virus. […] Not enough oxygen in the brain. […] Long-term alcohol misuse that leads to too little vitamin B-1, known as thiamin, in the body. […] Tumors in areas of the brain that control memory. […] Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases that involve the degeneration of nerve tissue. […] Seizures. […] Certain medicines such as benzodiazepines or others that act as sedatives. […] Head injuries that cause a concussion, whether from a car accident or sports, can lead to confusion and problems remembering new information. […] Another rare type of amnesia, called dissociative amnesia, stems from emotional shock or trauma.

• #2 Amnesia: Types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9673

  Amnesia refers to a large-scale loss of long-term memory due to illness, brain injury, or psychological trauma. […] Any disease or injury that affects the brain can interfere with memory. Memory function engages many different parts of the brain simultaneously. […] Damage to brain structures that form the limbic system, such as the hippocampus and thalamus, can lead to amnesia. The limbic system controls a person’s emotions and memories. […] Amnesia may result from brain injury or damage. Possible causes include: stroke, illnesses that cause encephalitis, or brain inflammation, which typically include bacterial or viral infection or autoimmune reaction, oxygen deprivation, which may result from a heart attack, respiratory distress, or carbon monoxide poisoning, some medications, such as the insomnia drug Ambien, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or bleeding in the area between the skull and the brain, a brain tumor that affects a part of the brain involved in memory, some seizure disorders, head injuries, which can lead to loss of memory that is usually temporary, surgery and anesthesia, which may cause a person to have trouble remembering what happened right before or after the procedure.

• #2 Amnesia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21455-amnesia

  Amnesia can happen for many reasons. The causes fall broadly into two main categories: neurological causes and psychological causes. […] Neurological causes of amnesia all involve damage to your brain or disruptions in brain activity. The possible causes include (but aren’t limited to) the following: Alcohol intoxication (this can temporarily block the formation of new memories, causing a blackout). Alzheimers disease. Brain aneurysms. Brain tumors (including cancerous and noncancerous growths). Cerebral hypoxia (brain damage from lack of oxygen). Drugs and medications (especially certain sedatives and anesthesia medications), including nonmedical drug use. Epilepsy and seizures (especially temporal lobe epilepsy). Frontotemporal dementia. Head injuries like concussions or traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Infections (especially ones that cause encephalitis like herpes simplex virus). Other degenerative brain diseases, like Parkinsons disease or multiple sclerosis (MS). Stroke. Toxins and poisons like carbon monoxide poisoning or heavy metal poisoning. Transient global amnesia. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (this is a severe vitamin B1 deficiency that happens with long-term alcohol use disorder).

• #3 Amnesia: Types, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-to-know-about-amnesia

  Amnesia can be short or long-lasting, depending on the cause. […] Many parts of your brain are involved in memory. Injuries, diseases, or stressful experiences that affect your brain can also affect your memory. […] Some possible causes of amnesia include: Stroke or mini-stroke (transient ischemic attack, or TIA), Encephalitis or brain inflammation, due to a viral infection, or an autoimmune reaction, Not enough oxygen to your brain, which can happen because of a heart attack or respiratory distress, A brain tumor in areas affecting memory, A brain aneurysm, which is a bulging blood vessel that can rupture, Alcohol, which can cause short-term blackouts as well as longer-term memory problems linked to poor absorption of vitamin B1 (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome), Some medications, including general anesthetics, as well as some drugs used for anxiety, poor sleep, allergies, and other conditions, Seizures, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, Other degenerative brain diseases like Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis, Severe head injuries, Complications of brain surgery, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a treatment used for severe depression and some other mental health conditions, Toxins, like carbon monoxide and heavy metals, Emotional stress, often linked to traumatic events.

• #4 Anterograde amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia

  In neurology, anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after an event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. […] To a large degree, anterograde amnesia remains a mysterious ailment because the precise mechanism of storing memories is not yet well understood, although it is known that the regions of the brain involved are certain sites in the temporal cortex, especially in the hippocampus and nearby subcortical regions. […] This disorder is usually acquired in one of four ways: One cause is benzodiazepine drugs such as midazolam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, temazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam, and nimetazepam. […] A second cause is a traumatic brain injury in which damage is usually done to the hippocampus or surrounding cortices. It may also be caused by PTSD, a shocking event, or an emotional disorder.

• #5 7 common causes of forgetfulness – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/7-common-causes-of-forgetfulness-201302225923

  Lack of sleep. Not getting enough sleep is perhaps the greatest unappreciated cause of forgetfulness. Too little restful sleep can also lead to mood changes and anxiety, which in turn contribute to problems with memory. […] Medications. Tranquilizers, antidepressants, some blood pressure drugs, and other medications can affect memory, usually by causing sedation or confusion. That can make it difficult to pay close attention to new things. […] Underactive thyroid. A faltering thyroid can affect memory (as well as disturb sleep and cause depression, both of which can be causes of forgetfulness). […] Alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol can interfere with short-term memory, even after the effects of alcohol have worn off. […] Stress and anxiety. Anything that makes it harder to concentrate and lock in new information and skills can lead to memory problems. Stress and anxiety fill the bill. Both can interfere with attention and block the formation of new memories or the retrieval of old ones. […] Depression. Common signs of depression include a stifling sadness, lack of drive, and lessening of pleasure in things you ordinarily enjoy. Forgetfulness can also be a sign of depression or a consequence of it.

• #6 Wait, What’s My Name Again? Here’s What Drugs Cause Amnesia – San Antonio Recovery CenterVisit our FacebookVisit our LinkedInVisit our YouTube channelclosebarsangle-downlinkedinfacebookpinterestyoutubersstwitterinstagramfacebook-blankrss-blanklinkedin-bla

  https://www.sanantoniorecoverycenter.com/rehab-blog/what-drugs-cause-amnesia/

  The medical community is still learning about drug-related amnesia and memory loss, and we don’t have all the “why” and “how” answers yet. Researchers are constantly making new discoveries, sometimes even disproving previously-held beliefs. […] Below is a list of drugs most commonly-know to cause amnesia. If a drug is not on this list, it doesn’t mean that it can’t cause amnesia. Research on drugs and memory loss, including the possibility of opioid-related amnesia, is ongoing. […] Alcohol can cause a form of anterograde amnesia referred to as a “blackout.” People who experience a blackout may appear functional but will have no memory of events that took place during the episode. […] Anticholinergics, such as zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zolpidem, can cause amnesia. […] Benzodiazepines like alprazolam can cause anterograde amnesia, especially when taken in high doses or intravenously. […] Also known as Rohypnol and GHB, or “date rape” drugs, Flunitrazepam and Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate cause amnesia. […] Ketamine can cause significant memory blackouts, the severity of which depends on the individual and the dosage.

• #7 Amnesias – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/amnesias

  Amnesia can result from diffuse cerebral impairment, bilateral lesions, or multifocal injuries that impair memory-storage areas in the cerebral hemispheres. […] Amnesia may be caused by thiamin deficiency (by causing Wernicke encephalopathy or Korsakoff psychosis) in patients with chronic alcohol abuse or severe undernutrition. […] Amnesia may be caused by traumatic brain injury. […] Amnesia may be caused by seizures. […] Amnesia may be caused by global brain anoxia or ischemia. […] Amnesia may be caused by encephalitis. […] Amnesia may be caused by embolic occlusion at the top of the basilar artery, causing ischemia in the anterior medial temporal lobes. […] Amnesia may be caused by degenerative dementias such as Alzheimer disease. […] Amnesia may be caused by various drug intoxications (eg, chronic solvent sniffing, amphotericin B or lithium toxicity).

• #8 Amnesia: Types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9673

  Psychological amnesia usually refers to anterograde or retrograde amnesia caused by psychological trauma or stress without the presence of any physical cause. […] Any intolerable life situation that causes severe psychological stress and internal conflict can lead to some degree of amnesia. Psychological stressors are more likely to disrupt personal, historical memories rather than interfere with forming new memories.

• #9 Amnesia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21455-amnesia

  Memory loss can also happen in connection with mental health issues. Examples include dissociative disorders, especially dissociative amnesia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (especially complex PTSD). These cases usually involve a traumatic event, or severe mental or emotional distress. Experts don’t fully understand why it happens, but they suspect it’s your brain’s way of trying to limit or protect you from psychological harm.

• #10 Causes of Amnesia – Bay Biosciences

  https://baybiosciences.com/causes-of-amnesia/

  Amnesia may result from brain injury or damage. Possible causes include the following: […] Any disease or injury that affects the brain can interfere with memory. Memory function engages many different parts of the brain simultaneously. […] Damage to brain structures that form the limbic system, such as the hippocampus and thalamus, can lead to amnesia. The limbic system controls a person’s emotions and memories. […] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM5) lists amnesia as a type of dissociative disorder. This usually refers to anterograde or retrograde amnesia caused by psychological trauma or stress without the presence of any physical cause. […] Any intolerable life situation that causes severe psychological stress and internal conflict can lead to some degree of amnesia. Psychological stressors are more likely to disrupt personal, historical memories rather than interfere with forming new memories.

• #11 Dissociative Amnesia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-amnesia

  Dissociative amnesia is usually caused by trauma or stress. […] The amnesia appears to be caused by traumatic or stressful experiences endured or witnessed (eg, physical or sexual abuse, rape, combat, genocide, natural disasters, death of a loved one, serious financial troubles) or by tremendous internal conflict (eg, turmoil over guilt-ridden impulses or actions, apparently unresolvable interpersonal difficulties, criminal behaviors). […] Diagnosis of dissociative amnesia is clinical, based on presence of the following criteria in the DSM-5-TR: Patients cannot recall important personal information (usually trauma- or stress-related) that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetting. […] Treatment of more severe memory loss begins with creation of a safe and supportive environment. This measure alone frequently leads to gradual recovery of missing memories.

• #12 Amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

  Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused. […] There are three generalized categories in which amnesia could be acquired by a person. The three categories are head trauma (example: head injuries), traumatic events (example: seeing something devastating to the mind), or physical deficiencies (example: atrophy of the hippocampus). The majority of amnesia and related memory issues derive from the first two categories as these are more common and the third could be considered a subcategory of the first. […] Among specific causes of amnesia are the following: Electroconvulsive therapy in which seizures are electrically induced in patients for therapeutic effect can have acute effects including both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Alcohol can both cause blackouts and have deleterious effects on memory formation.

• #13 Retrograde Amnesia: Definition, Signs, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/retrograde-amnesia-definition-signs-causes-and-treatment-6560983

  Retrograde amnesia is a form of memory loss that involves an inability to access memories formed before the onset of amnesia. It is caused by damage to the regions of the brain associated with memory storage. […] Retrograde amnesia is caused by damage to parts of the brain that play a role in memory and emotion. This may include injury, illness, and stress. Potential causes include: […] Cardiac arrest: A heart attack can lead to a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain, which may lead to retrograde amnesia, other cognitive problems, or brain damage. […] Disease: Progressive conditions such as Alzheimers, Huntingtons, and multiple sclerosis may lead to symptoms of retrograde amnesia. […] Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): ECT is a treatment for depression and other psychiatric conditions that involves inducing a seizure with a brief electrical current. It can cause retrograde memory loss.

• #14 Amnesia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/amnesia

  Amnesia is a loss of memory function. It can result from trauma, drug or alcohol use, medication, or a medical condition. Depending on the cause, amnesia can be temporary or permanent. […] A common cause of short-term amnesia is surgical anesthesia. You may forget the time immediately before surgery and right after the procedure as you fall asleep and wake up. This is typical and affects people of all ages regardless of their health status. However, the effects of anesthesia on memory are more pronounced in older than younger people, according to older studies and supported by a recent study. […] The many other possible causes of amnesia include: medical conditions, such as: Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, brain tumors, epilepsy, as nearly 50% of people with epilepsy have memory problems, brain infection; side effects from medications, such as narcotics, sedatives, and tranquilizers; substance use, including alcohol and illicit substances; traumatic brain injury (TBI); anoxia, or a lack of oxygen to the brain; medical procedures, such as brain surgeries or electroconvulsive therapy; delirium due to fever or illness. […] Sometimes treating the underlying cause can cure amnesia.

• #15 Transient global amnesia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: Sudden immersion in cold or hot water, Strenuous physical activity, Sexual intercourse, Medical procedures, such as angiography or endoscopy, Mild head trauma, Being emotionally upset, perhaps by bad news, conflict or overwork.

• #16 Acute-onset amnesia: transient global amnesia and other causes | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/22/3/201

  Acute-onset amnesia is a dramatic neurological presentation that can cause considerable concern to both patient and clinician. The patient typically presents with an inability not only to retain new memories but also to access previously acquired memories, suggesting disturbance of hippocampal function. Transient global amnesia (TGA) is the most common cause of acute-onset amnesia, and is characterised by a profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia that typically lasts for up to 24 hours. […] Although TGA has a strikingly stereotypical presentation, it can be challenging to distinguish from other causes of acute-onset amnesia, including posterior circulation strokes, transient epileptic amnesia, psychogenic amnesia, post-traumatic amnesia, and toxic/drug-related amnesia. […] Regardless of cause and the dramatic presentation, non-ischaemic acute-onset amnesia generally has a favourable prognosis.

• #17 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] The etiology of transient global amnesia remains largely unknown, with multiple theories proposed but none conclusively proven. The most supported theory suggests a link to migraines, as 12% to 30% of transient global amnesia patients have a migraine history. Some researchers propose that transient global amnesia may involve cortical spreading depression similar to migraine aura. […] Other suspected causes include vascular phenomena, epilepsy, and psychogenic origins. Studies have both supported and refuted arterial ischemia as a cause. Vascular congestion is a leading hypothesis, yet questions about its association with specific age groups and absence in venous thrombosis remain unresolved. […] Ultimately, no single theory fully explains all clinical aspects of transient global amnesia.

• #18 WebMD: Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/webmd-transient-global-amnesia-is-an-experience-youll-never-forget/

  Transient global amnesia affects the brains ability to form and store new memories as well as access old ones, said Nancy Sicotte, MD, chair of the Department of Neurology at Cedars-Sinai. […] It is most common in older and middle-aged adults and is sometimes linked to having a history of migraines. […] Sicotte told WebMD that while the exact cause of transient global amnesia is unclear, it could be triggered by a temporary decrease in oxygen to the hippocampus—the area of the brain that plays a role in forming new memories. […] There’s a decrease in blood flow, but why? […] During an episode of transient global amnesia, Sicotte told WebMD, the machinery our brain uses to make new memories and also access old memories is offline. Its like a switch goes off. Maybe its a protective mechanism. […] While transient global amnesia is considered harmless and is not an indicator or risk factor for stroke or other neurological conditions, experts urge people who experience amnesia to seek immediate medical care.

• #19 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?lang=us

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by primarily anterograde amnesia. No clear etiology has been identified. The syndrome is transient and typically resolves within a few hours. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed with no consensus on the exact mechanism. These include: vascular, focal arterial ischemia, changes in venous outflow flow changes, seizure activity, migraine, changes in neurotransmitter changes (GABA and/or glutamate).

• #20 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) causes sudden short-term memory loss that resolves on its own within 24 hours. […] Even though researchers have been studying transient global amnesia for over 50 years, theyre still not sure what causes it or why it happens. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of transient global amnesia (TGA). But they believe its due to a temporary issue in your hippocampus the part of your brain that plays a significant role in learning and memory. […] Some research suggests that TGA results from a lack of sufficient blood flow (ischemia) or oxygen flow (hypoxia) to your brain. Other research suggests that TGA may be related to seizure activity in your brain. […] Certain situations may trigger TGA, including: Physical exertion. Emotional or psychological stress. Sudden immersion in cold or hot water. Pain. Sexual intercourse. Performing the Valsalva maneuver.

• #21 What Is Transient Global Amnesia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological condition in which the person experiences memory loss for a short duration. […] The exact cause of TGA is not clear, and no specific causative factor has been established yet for this condition. However, some triggering factors have been recognized, which are discussed below: […] Emotional stress, such as being deeply depressed due to any sad or negative news, heavy workload, or disagreement. […] Physical stress, such as vigorous exercises, activities, or exertion. […] TGA may occur as a result of sudden immersion in hot or cold water. […] It is assumed that migraine can trigger the episode of TGA. However, this association has not been proven in studies yet. […] Certain medical procedures like angiography or endoscopy can also result in TGA, as these procedures might induce stress.

• #22 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-described syndrome, but one whose exact etiology is not yet completely understood. […] Many mechanisms have been proposed, but no single cause can explain fully all the features of TGA. These include migraine variant, temporal lobe seizure, and TIA. […] There is a demonstrated association between TGA and migraine. […] Precipitants of TGA frequently include physical exertion, overwhelming emotional stress, pain, cold-water exposure, sexual intercourse, and Valsalva maneuver. […] The exact mechanism that produces transient global amnesia is unclear. […] The most compelling evidence in favor of migraine is that patients who suffer from a TGA event have a slightly higher incidence of a previous migraine. […] TIA as indicative of cerebrovascular disease is unlikely.

• #23 TGA, though frightening, is considered benign | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/tga-though-frightening-considered-benign

  Your medical team has determined that you experienced what is known as transient global amnesia. It is commonly shortened to TGA. This is a type of memory disturbance that occurs suddenly, and, as the word transient describes, is temporary. Episodes last less than 24 hours and are typically far shorter than that. […] Although the condition has been recognized and studied since the mid-1950s, the exact cause of TGA is not yet understood. Theories have pointed to strenuous activity, high stress, hypertension, migraine, vascular congestion, depression, exhaustion and anxiety as potential triggers for an episode. At this time, however, they remain unproven.

• #24 Post Traumatic Amnesia After Brain Injury: Causes, Signs, & Tips

  https://www.flintrehab.com/amnesia-after-head-injury/?srsltid=AfmBOoqEYK6SGe8oTqtRMZsknLwzGIBeko_6V0YD4iteNkAuhTqkW3-r

  One stage survivors may experience in the recovery process after brain injury is post-traumatic amnesia. […] When amnesia occurs after a concussion or brain injury it is referred to as post-traumatic amnesia. […] Damage to one or more of these areas can often result in post-traumatic amnesia. […] Post-traumatic amnesia typically occurs after a survivor wakes up from a coma, a period of unconsciousness. […] Post-traumatic amnesia can be broken down into several different types: […] Anterograde amnesia is the most common type of amnesia survivors experience after a brain injury. […] The presence and duration of anterograde amnesia is one of the best predictors of brain injury outcome. […] There is no exact time frame indicating how long a survivor will experience post-traumatic amnesia.

• #25 Amnesias – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/amnesias

  Amnesia may be caused by hypothalamic tumors. […] Amnesia may be caused by psychologic trauma or stress. […] Posttraumatic amnesias for the periods immediately before and after concussion or moderate or severe head trauma seem to result from medial temporal lobe injury. […] Psychologic disturbances of memory (as occurs in dissociative amnesia) result from extreme psychologic trauma or stress. […] Amnesias have various causes, including traumatic brain injury, degenerative dementias, metabolic disorders, seizures, and psychologic trauma or stress.

• #26 Amnesia | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/amnesia

  Amnesia is a general term describing memory loss. […] Some of the causes of temporary amnesia include concussion, severe illness and high fever, emotional stress, some drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. […] Causes include head and brain injuries, certain drugs, alcohol, traumatic events, or conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. […] Memory loss can be caused by a wide range of conditions, including: Head injury, Severe illness, High fever, Seizures, Emotional shock or hysteria, Alcohol-related brain damage, Certain drugs, such as barbiturates or heroin, General anaesthetics, Electroconvulsive therapy, Stroke, Transient ischaemic attack (a 'mini stroke’), Alzheimer’s disease, Brain surgery. […] The severity of amnesia depends on the cause. Concussion, seizures and electroconvulsive therapy seem to temporarily disrupt the electrical activity of the brain and prevent the short term memory from working properly. […] In more severe cases, memory loss may be permanent. Brain trauma or some types of brain surgery, may damage vital memory structures. […] In Alzheimer’s disease, the person typically remembers past events, but experiences memory losses dating from the onset of their condition.

• #27 Causes of Retrograde Amnesia – Ask the Experts 1108

  https://www.speechpathology.com/ask-the-experts/causes-of-retrograde-amnesia-1108

  Stedman’s medical dictionary (2001) defines retrograde amnesia as „amnesia in reference to events that occurred before the trauma or disease that caused the condition (pg. 858).” Therefore, retrograde amnesia affects the individual’s memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma or disease. […] Retrograde amnesia in its pure form is very rare, and would involve an injury or disease that affected either the hippocampus, which is an area of the brain responsible for long term memory, or the inferior aspects of the temporal lobe, which plays a role in the memory for both visual and auditory events. […] There are several reasons why an individual might develop retrograde amnesia. Of all of these, the most common cause would be head trauma, which includes falling, car accidents, sports injuries (i.e., boxing and football), or in general, receiving a blow to the head.

• #28 Dissociative Amnesia: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/dissociative-amnesia-understanding-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Dissociative amnesia is a condition characterized by the inability to recall important personal information, typically following a traumatic or highly stressful event. […] This type of memory loss goes beyond ordinary forgetfulness and can significantly disrupt daily life. […] Historically, dissociative amnesia has been recognized as a psychological response to overwhelming stress, with documented cases dating back to the 19th century. […] Dissociative amnesia is a mental health condition involving memory loss, often linked to trauma. […] This memory loss is not caused by physical brain injury but rather by a disruption in the brain’s ability to process and store memories. […] According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), dissociative amnesia is relatively rare, affecting about 1% to 2% of the population.

• #29 Dissociative Amnesia: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/dissociative-amnesia-understanding-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  However, it is more common in individuals who have experienced severe trauma, such as abuse, combat, or natural disasters. […] Exposure to trauma, particularly during childhood, is one of the most significant risk factors for developing dissociative amnesia. […] Individuals who have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual abuse are at a higher risk for dissociative disorders, including dissociative amnesia. […] Other traumatic experiences, such as witnessing violence, surviving a natural disaster, or being involved in a serious accident, can also trigger the condition. […] Chronic stress, especially when related to ongoing trauma or abuse, further increases the risk. […] Although dissociative amnesia is primarily psychological, certain medical factors can contribute to or worsen symptoms.

• #30 Dissociative Amnesia: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/dissociative-amnesia-understanding-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Those with co-occurring mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are also at higher risk. […] PTSD, in particular, is closely linked to dissociative amnesia, as both conditions often arise in response to trauma. […] There is limited evidence suggesting that genetics may play a role in the development of dissociative amnesia. […] While the condition itself is not typically inherited, individuals with a family history of mental health disorders may be more vulnerable to dissociative disorders. […] Memory loss is the hallmark symptom of dissociative amnesia, affecting all patients diagnosed with the condition. […] This memory loss is not due to brain injury or a neurological condition but results from the mind blocking out certain memories, often related to trauma.

• #31 What causes psychogenic amnesia? | OUPblog

  https://blog.oup.com/2017/08/causes-psychogenic-amnesia/

  We found that there were four sub-groups of such patients. The first sub-group consisted of patients who, following a precipitating crisis, disappeared (rather like Agatha Christie) with loss of their sense of identity and memory, and travelled what were sometimes long distances. These patients are described as having a ‘fugue episode’, an expression derived from the Latin word ‘fuga’, meaning ‘flight’. […] A second group started out like the Fugue group (forgetting who they were, and sometimes travelling distances); although these patients rapidly ‘re-learned’ who they were, their amnesia persisted, much longer than four weeks. We have labelled this sub-group Fugue-to-Focal Retrograde Amnesia (F_FRA). […] A third sub-group did not begin with a fugue-like episode, but had often suffered a very mild head trauma or neurological event just before their memory loss, which could not possibly account for their onset of Focal Retrograde Amnesia (FRA).

• #32 What causes psychogenic amnesia? | OUPblog

  https://blog.oup.com/2017/08/causes-psychogenic-amnesia/

  A final subgroup simply reported ‘gaps’ in their memories, which related, directly or indirectly, to stressful life events. […] With regard to features of the amnesia, a person’s knowledge of who he/she was (personal identity) was lost only in the psychogenic cases, particularly the Fugue cases. […] The findings are also consistent with a ‘model’ in which a stressful life event or events at a time when a person is depressed (and sometimes suicidal) can trigger psychogenic amnesia, even if the person cannot then pinpoint what these stressors were. This psychogenic memory loss seems to happen more commonly in people who, for whatever reason, have had a past, brief episode of transient memory loss for a neurological reason, such as a very minor head injury. This latter factor may be the reason why these patients developed amnesia at a time of severe stress as opposed to some other psychogenic/functional disorder, such as non-epileptic seizures, psychogenic blindness, or various motor or sensory symptoms.

• #33 Wait, What’s My Name Again? Here’s What Drugs Cause Amnesia – San Antonio Recovery CenterVisit our FacebookVisit our LinkedInVisit our YouTube channelclosebarsangle-downlinkedinfacebookpinterestyoutubersstwitterinstagramfacebook-blankrss-blanklinkedin-bla

  https://www.sanantoniorecoverycenter.com/rehab-blog/what-drugs-cause-amnesia/

  In 2017, public health officials in Massachusetts announced an unprecedented event in which 18 people between the ages of 18-52 with a history of opioid use suddenly lost their ability to form memories. MRI scans would show acute damage to the hippocampus area of their brains known as “bilateral hippocampal injury.” By the following year, a total of 40 people had reported similar cases. […] Long-term drug-induced amnesia (like the cases above) is extremely rare, and studies are still ongoing to understand it. However, several drugs have long been known to cause temporary amnesia that lasts up to 24 hours. […] Certain drugs can interfere with the brains’ ability to adequately process or form memories. […] People living with addiction are more vulnerable to instances of amnesia because the parts of our brain connected to addiction overlap with the areas that support cognitive function, including memory.

• #34 Anterograde amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia

  Illness, though much rarer, can also cause anterograde amnesia if it causes encephalitis, which is the inflammation of brain tissue. […] Damage to specific areas can result in reduced or eliminated ability to encode new explicit memories, giving rise to anterograde amnesia. […] Anterograde amnesia can be the first clinical sign that Alzheimer’s disease is developing within the brain. […] Anterograde amnesia can also be caused by alcohol intoxication, a phenomenon commonly known as a blackout. […] Alcohol-related anterograde amnesia is directly related to the rate of consumption of alcohol, and is often associated with binge drinking, and not just the total amount of alcohol consumed in a drinking episode. […] Damage to any part of this system, including the hippocampus and surrounding cortices, results in amnesic syndromes. […] This is why after a stroke people have a chance of developing cognitive deficits that result in anterograde amnesia, since strokes can involve the temporal lobe in the temporal cortex, and the temporal cortex houses the hippocampus.

• #35 Developmental amnesia: the rare disorder that causes children to forget things they’ve just learned

  https://theconversation.com/developmental-amnesia-the-rare-disorder-that-causes-children-to-forget-things-theyve-just-learned-216925

  Developmental amnesia causes children to forget things almost as soon as theyve happened. […] Developmental amnesia is caused by a lack of oxygen reaching the brain. There are a number of reasons this could happen, including a traumatic birth where the baby becomes stuck in the birth canal, unable to breathe. Respiratory failure and cardiac arrest after birth are other potential causes. […] Its long been known that a lack of oxygen can cause brain damage. […] Based on what Vargha-Khadem observed, she outlined three main characteristics of developmental amnesia. […] These memory problems are lifelong and can be very disabling meaning the children will need support for the rest of their lives. […] Unfortunately, its not possible to repair the hippocampus once its damaged. […] We also need to do more work to understand the learning processes that occur in developmental amnesia, and how new memories are formed. Understanding this may help develop better learning techniques for people with the condition.

• #36 Memory Loss Causes and Treatment | Pacific Brain Health Center

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/brain-health/conditions-treatment/memory-loss/

  Memory loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including normal aging, certain medical conditions, and lifestyle factors such as stress, poor sleep, and substance abuse. Some of the medical conditions that can cause memory loss include Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and stroke. […] Short-term memory loss treatment depends on the underlying cause. For example, sudden memory loss could be associated with a brain aneurysm of brain tumor. In addition thyroid hormone imbalance, strokes, traumatic brain injury or concussion, brain infections (encephalitis, meningitis, etc.), and treatment for cancer can also cause short-term memory loss. […] When memory disorders becomes so pervasive that it begins to disrupt your work, hobbies, social activities, and family relationships, this may suggest the warning signs of an evolving dementia syndrome or a condition that mimics dementia. How to treat memory loss along with other symptoms in these cases also is dependent on the underlying disease.

• #37 10 conditions that cause memory loss

  https://www.antidote.me/blog/memory-loss-list

  Memory loss can have a major impact on a persons wellbeing, and while it is most often associated with Alzheimers disease in older people, there are many conditions that can lead to forgetfulness for people of any age. […] Alzheimer’s is likely the most familiar cause of memory loss, as it impacts over 6 million Americans today and has a continually growing patient population. […] Depression does not just impact a persons mood and quality of life it has also been linked to short-term memory loss, in addition to general forgetfulness and confusion. […] Traumatic brain injuries, such as concussions, can lead to memory loss, amnesia, confusion, and issues retaining new information. […] Parkinson’s disease is typically thought of for how it impacts motor symptoms and causes tremors, but it can also have an impact on cognitive function. Memory loss and dementia are common symptoms of Parkinsons disease, especially in its later stages.

• #38 Memory Loss Causes and Treatment | Pacific Brain Health Center

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/brain-health/conditions-treatment/memory-loss/

  Some examples of conditions that cause or have associated memory loss are listed here. Alzheimers disease, Frontotemporal dementias, Parkinsons disease and other movement disorders (e.g. progressive supranuclear palsy), Epilepsy/seizure disorders, Head injuries/sports concussion, Brain tumors, Brain infections (encephalitis, meningitis, etc.), Sleep apnea and other sleep-related disorders, Depression/Anxiety, Strokes, Exposure to pesticides and other neurotoxic chemicals, Cerebrovascular disease, Autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

• #39 Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/neurological-disorders/amnesia/

  Stroke […] Seizure […] Alzheimers disease and other forms of dementia […] Degenerative brain diseases, such as Parkinsons disease and multiple sclerosis […] Encephalitis (viral infection of the brain) […] Chronic alcohol abuse, which causes a deficiency in thiamin (vitamin B1), resulting in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a condition affecting brain functioning and memory […] Certain drugs, such as heroin, barbiturates (depressant drugs sometimes used to treat epilepsy and seizures), and sedatives […] Carbon monoxide poisoning, heavy metal poisoning, and other forms of toxin exposure. […] Amnesia can result from various causes, including head trauma and psychological stress.

• #40 Sudden Memory Loss: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/sudden-memory-loss

  Sudden memory loss is usually due to a disease, condition, or event (like surgery) disrupting the way parts of your brain works. […] Many prescription drugs can affect your memory. […] A 2018 review of earlier studies found that people having depression had a reduced ability to recall memories. […] Too little vitamin B12 in your diet can also affect your memory. […] When your thyroid makes too little of its hormones called hypothyroidism your whole body slows down. […] If you binge drink have many drinks in a short time you may sometimes „black out.” […] A stroke can cause short-term or long-term memory loss. […] Damage to the brain from a tumor or its treatments can affect memory. […] A brain aneurysm means there’s a bulge in a weakened blood vessel. […] Another source of sudden memory loss is TGA. […] The cause of TGA is not clear. […] Sudden memory loss can be caused by things as varied as alcohol-related blackouts, cancer treatments, strokes, and taking different medications.

• #41 10 conditions that cause memory loss

  https://www.antidote.me/blog/memory-loss-list

  Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can lead to these symptoms, often referred to as brain fog, and can mimic the symptoms of dementia in extreme cases. […] MCI is a condition that is worse than memory loss from normal aging, but not as severe as Alzheimers disease. […] Strokes are known to cause changes in mental function, but a silent stroke can also lead to more subtle memory problems. […] Excessive alcohol use can have a negative impact on both short- and long-term memory, as it slows the communication between nerves in our brains hippocampus. […] Sleep apnea is associated with both memory loss and dementia, which is unsurprising given that the brain processes new memories while we sleep. […] A diet that is not well-rounded can have a negative impact on brain health.

• #42 Transient epileptic amnesia | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/transient-epileptic-amnesia

  Transient epileptic amnesia has been considered a syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy characterized by (1) recurrent episodes of isolated memory impairment of epileptic cause (ictal or postictal) while other cognitive functions remain intact; (2) interictal memory disturbances of accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical and topographical amnesia; and (3) late age of onset with a mean of 57 years. […] In most cases of transient epileptic amnesia, no clear cause for the epilepsy is identified though MRI may show hippocampal atrophy or focal structural lesions in the temporal lobes. […] The pathophysiological basis of transient epileptic amnesia remains largely unknown though emotional and/or dysimmune factors may have a potential influence. […] In most cases of transient epileptic amnesia, no clear cause for the epilepsy is identified, although focal brain structural lesions, always in the temporal region, have been reported in a small minority of transient epileptic amnesia cases.

• #43 Transient epileptic amnesia | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/transient-epileptic-amnesia

  Autobiographical amnesia may be caused by repeated seizures in the temporal lobe resulting in the progressive „erasure” of memories. […] The neural mechanisms underlying accelerated forgetting are poorly understood. […] It has been hypothesized that interictal epileptiform activity during longer retention intervals disrupts normally established memory traces.

• #44 Amnesia Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/amnesia

  Positive family history of stroke, genetic brain diseases, and other medical conditions can also increase your risk of developing amnesia. […] Other risk factors include depression, sleep deprivation, chronic alcohol abuse, severe malnutrition, dialysis, chemotherapy, and chronic stress. […] The incidence of amnesia varies based on its certain types. […] Majorities of the cases of amnesia recover well. […] It is also important to address the cause of amnesia to recover from it. […] For example, amnesia in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is caused due to vitamin B1 deficiency. Targeted nutrition to fulfill this vitamin deficiency can help recover from amnesia. […] There are no specific medications or drugs that are known to reverse the effects of amnesia.

• #45 Memory loss (amnesia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/memory-loss-amnesia/

  Most people forget things from time to time, but see a GP if you keep having problems with your memory. It could be caused by something that can be treated. […] Any treatment that’s recommended will depend on the cause of your memory problems. […] Memory loss can just be a natural part of getting older. […] Sometimes it may be caused by something common and treatable like: stress, anxiety or depression, sleeping problems (insomnia). […] Occasionally, memory loss can be a sign of something more serious, such as dementia.

• #46 Learn about memory loss causes, symptoms, and treatments in adults. Discover expert care in NJ for early diagnosis and personalized solutions to improve cognitive health.

  https://www.neurocenternj.com/blog/understanding-memory-loss-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-for-adults/

  Memory loss can have many different causes, some of which are reversible, while others may be more persistent or progressive. […] Common causes of memory loss in adults include: […] Neurological Conditions: Disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, or traumatic brain injuries are more serious causes of memory loss. […] Identifying whether the cause is reversible, such as a medication adjustment, or more complex, such as Alzheimer’s, is essential for effective memory loss treatment in New Jersey. […] Proper diagnosis is the foundation of managing memory problems in NJ, ensuring that treatments are tailored to the individual’s needs. […] Once the cause of memory loss is identified, a variety of treatment options can help manage symptoms or improve cognitive function. […] By identifying the causes of memory loss in adults and seeking professional care, individuals can take proactive steps toward managing their symptoms.

• #47 Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/amnesia

  Severe mental stress (as occurs in dissociative amnesia). […] Use of certain drugs (such as some antidepressants, muscle relaxants, or opioids, as well as amphotericin B or lithium). […] Depending on the cause, amnesia may be temporary, as occurs after head injury. […] Permanent and unchanging (as occurs after a serious disorder such as encephalitis or a stroke that affects a large part of the brain). […] Progressive (as occurs with disorders that cause progressive degeneration of the brain, such as Alzheimer disease).

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