Amnezja – Epidemiologia

Amnezja
Epidemiologia

Amnezja to zaburzenie pamięci obejmujące utratę zdolności przywoływania informacji lub tworzenia nowych wspomnień, spowodowane różnorodnymi czynnikami, w tym urazami mózgu i chorobami. Przejściowa amnezja globalna (TGA) charakteryzuje się nagłym ograniczeniem pamięci anterogradowej i retrogradowej, z roczną zapadalnością od 3,4 do 10,4 na 100 000 osób, wzrastającą do 23,5-32 na 100 000 w populacji powyżej 50 lat. TGA najczęściej dotyka osoby w wieku 50-80 lat, z szczytem zapadalności między 60 a 70 rokiem życia, i wykazuje różnice geograficzne w częstości występowania. Czynniki wyzwalające różnią się płciowo: u mężczyzn dominują czynniki fizyczne, u kobiet emocjonalne. Nawrót TGA jest rzadki, z rocznym wskaźnikiem od 2,9% do 26,3%. Migrena zwiększa ryzyko TGA (iloraz ryzyka 2,48-5,98), a najczęstsze wyzwalacze to wysiłek fizyczny, stres emocjonalny oraz zmiany temperatury. Amnezja dysocjacyjna, często niedodiagnozowana, dotyka 1,0-2,6% populacji i jest częstsza u kobiet, zwykle pojawiając się w późnej adolescencji i wczesnej dorosłości. Fuga dysocjacyjna, podtyp amnezji dysocjacyjnej, charakteryzuje się nagłymi podróżami i amnezją dotyczącą epizodu, z rozpowszechnieniem około 0,2%.

Definicja amnezji

Amnezja (inaczej amnezja) to zaburzenie charakteryzujące się utratą pamięci spowodowaną różnymi urazami mózgu, chorobami i innymi czynnikami. Obejmuje ona niezdolność do przywoływania informacji lub tworzenia nowych wspomnień¹. W zależności od typu amnezji, zaburzenie to może dotyczyć wspomnień autobiograficznych, informacji związanych z przeżytymi traumami, czy zdolności do tworzenia nowych wspomnień.

Epidemiologia amnezji przejściowej globalnej (TGA)

Przejściowa amnezja globalna (ang. Transient Global Amnesia, TGA) jest jedną z najczęstszych postaci amnezji o ostrym początku. Charakteryzuje się nagłym wystąpieniem znacznego ograniczenia pamięci anterogradowej i nieco łagodniejszego ograniczenia pamięci retrogradowej epizodycznej długoterminowej¹.

Zapadalność na TGA

Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że roczna zapadalność na TGA waha się od 3,4 do 10,4 przypadków na 100 000 osób w populacji ogólnej¹²³. Jednak w grupie osób w wieku 50 lat i starszych zapadalność wzrasta do 23,5-32 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie¹²³. Badania wykazują, że TGA najczęściej występuje u osób w przedziale wiekowym 50-80 lat¹², przy czym szczyt zapadalności przypada na 60-70 rok życia¹.

Interesująco, zapadalność na TGA różni się geograficznie. W badaniach prowadzonych w Rochester (Minnesota) wykazano zapadalność wynoszącą 5,2 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców¹. Z kolei w Hiszpanii (Alcoi) odnotowano niższą zapadalność – 2,9 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców, a we Włoszech (Belluno) wyższą – 10 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców¹. W Finlandii surowa zapadalność na pierwszy epizod TGA wynosiła 18,6 na 100 000 mieszkańców, a po standaryzacji względem populacji europejskiej z 2010 roku – 14,3 na 100 000 mieszkańców¹. W Izraelu roczna zapadalność była niższa niż w innych krajach i wynosiła 2,52 na 100 000 osób i 6,96 na 100 000 osób w wieku powyżej 50 lat¹.

Różnice płciowe w TGA

Większość badań wskazuje na brak różnic w występowaniu TGA między płciami¹², choć niektóre wykazują niewielką przewagę u kobiet¹²³. Interesujące jest to, że czynniki wyzwalające mogą być różne u mężczyzn i kobiet. U mężczyzn TGA występuje częściej po fizycznym czynniku wyzwalającym, natomiast u kobiet epizody mogą być bardziej związane z emocjonalnymi czynnikami wyzwalającymi, historią lęku lub patologiczną osobowością¹.

Nawrotowość TGA

Nawroty TGA są stosunkowo rzadkie, ale nie wyjątkowe. Roczny wskaźnik nawrotów waha się od 2,9% do 26,3%¹². W jednym z badań oszacowano, że wskaźnik nawrotów może wynosić nawet 24% w ciągu całego życia, w zależności od kryteriów włączenia¹. Inne badanie wykazało wskaźnik nawrotów wynoszący 6,3% w okresie 10 lat¹. Nawrotowe epizody zwykle nie wiążą się z długoterminową chorobowością ani śmiercią¹.

Czynniki ryzyka TGA

Mimo że nie zidentyfikowano jednoznacznych czynników ryzyka, TGA występuje częściej u pacjentów z chorobą niedokrwienną serca i hiperlipidemią, ale nie z przebytym udarem niedokrwiennym, cukrzycą ani nadciśnieniem¹. Osoby z migreną mają zwiększone ryzyko, z ilorazem ryzyka wynoszącym 2,48¹. W innym badaniu względne ryzyko TGA u osób z migreną wynosiło 5,98¹.

Najczęstszymi czynnikami wyzwalającymi TGA są: wysiłek fizyczny, stres emocjonalny oraz kontakt z wodą/zmiana temperatury¹. Epizody TGA występują częściej rano między godziną 10 a 11 oraz późnym popołudniem między godziną 17 a 18¹.

Epidemiologia amnezji dysocjacyjnej

Amnezja dysocjacyjna to potencjalnie odwracalne zaburzenie pamięci, które wpływa głównie na pamięć autobiograficzną. W amnezji dysocjacyjnej pacjent nie może przypomnieć sobie ważnych informacji autobiograficznych, zwykle o charakterze traumatycznym lub stresującym, chociaż możliwa jest też bardziej rozległa utrata pamięci¹².

Rozpowszechnienie amnezji dysocjacyjnej

Rozpowszechnienie amnezji dysocjacyjnej wynosi od 1000 do 2600 na 100 000 (1,0% do 2,6%) w populacji ogólnej¹. Według American Psychiatric Association, około 1,8% populacji doświadcza amnezji dysocjacyjnej w ciągu roku¹². Częstość występowania amnezji dysocjacyjnej u osób pozostających pod opieką psychiatryczną szacuje się na 7-11%¹.

Amnezja dysocjacyjna jest prawdopodobnie niedostatecznie wykrywana, a jej rozpowszechnienie nie jest dobrze ustalone. Szacunki wahają się od 0,2% do 7,3%¹. Dane wskazują, że zaburzenie to może być niedostatecznie diagnozowane w populacji ogólnej¹.

Różnice płciowe w amnezji dysocjacyjnej

Uważa się, że więcej kobiet doświadcza amnezji dysocjacyjnej ze względu na zwiększone ryzyko doświadczenia znacznego stresu/traumy w porównaniu z mężczyznami¹. Zaburzenie to zwykle pojawia się w późnej adolescencji i wczesnej dorosłości¹.

Amnezja dysocjacyjna z fugą

Fuga dysocjacyjna, podtyp amnezji dysocjacyjnej według DSM-5-TR, charakteryzuje się nagłymi, nieoczekiwanymi podróżami lub wędrówkami w stanie dysocjacyjnym, z następczą amnezją dysocjacyjną dla epizodu fugi, a często także dla części lub całej historii życia pacjenta¹. Rozpowszechnienie fugi dysocjacyjnej wynosi około 0,2%, choć może być to niedoszacowane, gdyż fuga dysocjacyjna jest niedostatecznie diagnozowana¹.

Epidemiologia innych typów amnezji

Amnezja epileptyczna przejściowa

Przejściowa amnezja epileptyczna (TEA) to podtyp padaczki skroniowej charakteryzującej się nawracającymi epizodami przejściowej amnezji, zwykle u osób w średnim wieku, często występującymi po przebudzeniu, które okazują się być spowodowane padaczką¹. Zaburzenie to jest często niedostatecznie rozpoznawane, co prowadzi do znacznego opóźnienia diagnozy, średnio o cztery lata¹. Występuje głównie u osób w wieku 50-80 lat¹.

Amnezja związana z urazami sportowymi

W przypadku wstrząśnień mózgu związanych ze sportem, utrata przytomności i amnezja obecne są w stosunkowo niewielkiej liczbie przypadków (odpowiednio 9% i 30%)¹. Amnezja następcza utrzymuje się średnio przez 20 minut, przy czym 90% przypadków ustępuje w ciągu 3 godzin, podczas gdy amnezja wsteczna utrzymuje się średnio przez 30 minut, z 87% przypadków ustępujących w ciągu 6 godzin¹.

Amnezja związana z nadużywaniem substancji

Zaburzenia amnestyczne związane z nadużywaniem alkoholu występują najczęściej u osób powyżej 40 roku życia z historią długotrwałego, intensywnego spożywania alkoholu¹. Zaburzenia amnestyczne wynikające z nadużywania narkotyków innych niż alkohol są najczęstsze u osób w wieku od 20 do 40 lat¹. Częstość występowania zaburzeń dysocjacyjnych jest wyższa w przypadkach nadużywania substancji¹.

W latach 2012-2016 w Massachusetts zidentyfikowano unikalną grupę 14 przypadków nagłej amnezji z ostrym, całkowitym i obustronnym niedokrwieniem hipokampa. W momencie początkowej oceny 13 z 14 osób miało pozytywny wynik testu na opioidy lub odnotowaną historię używania opioidów¹.

Zespół Korsakowa

Światowa częstość występowania zespołu Korsakowa wynosi 0-2%, a w Stanach Zjednoczonych 1-2%¹. Rozpowszechnienie jest wyższe u osób starszych mieszkających samotnie, pacjentów psychiatrycznych i bezdomnych¹. Mężczyźni są bardziej dotknięci zespołem Korsakowa niż kobiety¹.

Amnezja w majaczenie/” title=”otępienie i majaczenie” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”38050″>otępieniu i majaczeniu

Rozpowszechnienie choroby Alzheimera wynosi 20% u osób powyżej 85 roku życia¹. Wyższe rozpowszechnienie choroby Alzheimera obserwuje się u kobiet niż u mężczyzn¹.

Majaczenie (delirium) jest powszechne w Stanach Zjednoczonych. W przeglądzie systematycznym 42 kohort w 40 badaniach, 10-31% nowych przyjęć do szpitala spełniało kryteria majaczenia, a częstość występowania majaczenia podczas hospitalizacji wynosiła od 3% do 29%¹. U pacjentów na oddziałach intensywnej terapii częstość występowania majaczenia może sięgać nawet 80%¹.

Czynniki demograficzne i wiekowe w amnezji

Utrata pamięci i łagodne zaburzenia poznawcze są bardziej rozpowszechnione u osób w średnim i starszym wieku pochodzenia afroamerykańskiego i latynoskiego w porównaniu do niezapalnych białych¹. Upośledzenie pamięci ma tendencję do nasilania się z wiekiem. Czterdzieści procent populacji powyżej sześćdziesiątego roku życia ma pewien stopień utraty pamięci¹.

Amnezja w kontekście prawnym

Diagnoza amnezji dysocjacyjnej jest szczególnie ważna w systemie wymiaru sprawiedliwości¹. Istnieje również pozytywna korelacja między liczbą przypadków amnezji a powagą popełnionych przestępstw¹.

W literaturze sądowej pełno jest doniesień o przestępcach, którzy twierdzili, że mają całkowitą lub częściową amnezję dotyczącą brutalnych przestępstw, w tym morderstw lub usiłowań zabójstwa. Twierdzenia o amnezji zgłaszane są w szacunkowym zakresie od 10 do 70 procent zabójstw¹.

Amnezja dotycząca poważnych przestępstw ma szczególne znaczenie w kontekście odpowiedzialności karnej, ponieważ może wskazywać na automatyzm, który odnosi się do zachowań przestępczych, które nie są dobrowolnie kontrolowane i są wykonywane bez zamiaru¹.

Amnezja immunologiczna

Interesującym zjawiskiem jest tzw. amnezja immunologiczna (ang. immune amnesia), która powstaje po zakażeniu wirusem odry. Wirus atakuje długo żyjące komórki immunologiczne, zmniejszając ochronę przeciwciałową przed innymi chorobami zakaźnymi¹.

Wirus odry atakuje również komórki pamięci układu odpornościowego. Komórki te pamiętają i rozpoznają patogeny, z którymi organizm zetknął się w ciągu życia i chronią przed nimi¹. Każda osoba, która zachoruje na odrę, doświadczy pewnego poziomu amnezji immunologicznej¹. Zjawisko to występuje w spektrum. U niektórych osób może to oznaczać, że zachorowanie na grypę sprawi, że będą leżeć w łóżku o dzień lub dwa dłużej, podczas gdy inni mogą stracić znacznie więcej odporności i poważnie zachorować z powodu napotkanych wirusów¹. Ta amnezja immunologiczna może trwać około trzech lat¹.

W 2015 roku wykazano, że przypadki odry w USA, Wielkiej Brytanii i Danii były silnie skorelowane ze wskaźnikami śmiertelności dzieci przypisywanymi chorobom zakaźnym innym niż odra w 18-30 miesiącach po zakażeniu¹. Kolejne badanie z 2018 roku przeprowadzone na tysiącach dzieci w Wielkiej Brytanii wykazało również szerokie oddziaływanie na zakażenia nieprowadzące do zgonu¹.

Amnezja w kontekście rynkowym

Rynek związany z leczeniem amnezji rośnie, co jest spowodowane głównie zwiększającą się liczbą przypadków urazów mózgu, które mogą uszkodzić określone obszary mózgu zaangażowane w tworzenie i przywoływanie wspomnień¹. Ponadto rośnie zastosowanie psychoterapii, która obejmuje liczne techniki, takie jak hipnoza i kierowane wyobrażenia, aby uzyskać dostęp do zapomnianych wspomnień, utrzymując w ten sposób niezależność i funkcjonalność w codziennym życiu pacjenta¹. Według raportu, Stany Zjednoczone mają największą pulę pacjentów z amnezją i stanowią również największy rynek dla jej leczenia¹.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Amnesia, causes, clinical features, epidemiology, types, diagnostic evaluation, management | PPT
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/amnesia-causes-clinical-features-epidemiology-types-diagnostic-evaluation-management/267245877
Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by various brain injuries, diseases, and other factors. It involves an inability to recall information or form new memories. […] The overall incidence of the amnesive disorders is difficult to estimate. Amnestic disorders related to head injuries may affect people in any age group. Alcohol-induced amnestic disorder is most common in people over the age of 40 with histories of prolonged heavy alcohol use. Amnestic disorders resulting from the abuse of drugs other than alcohol are most common in people between the ages of 20 and 40. Transient global amnesia usually appears in people over 50. Only 3% of people who experience transient global amnesia have symptoms that recur within a year. […] Amnestic disorders involve memory disturbances, especially amnesia, caused by organic brain damage or disease.
#1 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT
https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. […] Recent epidemiological data put the annual incidence of TGA between 3.4 and 10.4/100,000. […] TGA most commonly presents in the seventh decade of life. […] Epidemiological studies fail to identify any subjects under the age of 55 years. […] Depending on the length of follow-up, the annual rate of TGA recurrence varies from 2.9 to 26.3%. […] A migraine history is one of the more notable risk factors associated with developing TGA. […] Cardiovascular risk factors are also well studied in TGA. […] One study compared psychiatric disease in 51 subjects who experienced a TGA to 51 subjects who experienced a TIA. […] In summary, according to community-based studies, the annual incidence of TGA is 510/100,000 and 23.532/100,000 for people aged 50 years and older.
#1 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/
The incidence of transient global amnesia ranges from 3.4 to 10.4 per 100,000 people per year in the general population. In individuals aged 50 or older, this increases to 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 per year, with most cases occurring in those aged 50 to 80. There is no gender difference. […] Although no clear risk factors have been identified, transient global amnesia is more frequently noted in patients with a history of ischemic heart disease and hyperlipidemia but not with prior ischemic stroke, diabetes, or hypertension. Individuals with migraine have an increased risk, with an incidence risk ratio of 2.48. […] Transient global amnesia recurrence is uncommon but not rare, with rates varying from 2.9% to 26.3%. […] Interestingly, transient global amnesia episodes occur more often in the morning between 10 and 11 AM and late afternoon between 5 and 6 PM.
#1 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?lang=us
Transient global amnesia is most common in the 60-70 year age range. […] Migraine is associated with a higher risk of transient global amnesia: a nationwide cohort study. […] Transient global amnesia presents with anterograde and variable partial retrograde amnesia lasting less than 24 hours without any other neurological or cognitive symptoms. […] Most individuals experience a complete resolution of symptoms within a few hours from the onset of symptoms. […] No treatment is required. The condition rarely recurs in ~5% of patients.
#1 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview
Epidemiology […] Based on data from Rochester, Minnesota, Miller et al determined an incidence of 5.2 cases per 100,000 population. However, among individuals older than 50 years, the incidence was 23.5 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] Estimates vary, but Matiea-Guiu et al found a lower incidence in Alcoi, Spain, of 2.9 cases per 100,000 population. On the other hand, Lauria et al found an incidence of 10 cases per 100,000 population in Belluno, Italy. […] The mean annual recurrence rate is thought to be low (approximately 45%). However, in the study by Miller et al, the calculated recurrence rate could be as high as 24% over a lifetime depending on inclusion criteria. These occasional recurrences usually involve no long-term morbidity or death. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. No sex predilection has been observed. However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.
#1 Incidence and Risk Factors of Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37231955/
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a spontaneously resolving, anterograde amnesia that lasts mostly lt;24 h and often occurs with retrograde amnesia. The etiology of TGA remains unclear, although in recent decades, many risk factors and preceding events have been identified. There are few up-to-date reports on the TGA incidence in Northern Europe. In this study, we report the incidence and risk factors associated with TGA in Finland. […] The most common precipitating factors for TGA were physical effort, emotional stress, and water contact/temperature change. The incidence of TGA was high in the Eastern Finnish population. […] The crude incidence of a first TGA in Eastern Finland was 18.6/100,000 inhabitants, and when standardized to the European population in 2010, it was 14.3/100,000 inhabitants. Therefore, the TGA incidence was higher than previously reported in European countries.
#1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a benign neurological syndrome of unknown etiology, causing sudden anterograde amnesia that lasts up to 24 h. […] The annual incidence of TGA was 2.52 per 100,000 and 6.96 per 100,000 among those over 50, with a slight female predominance. […] In this study, we showed that patient characteristics and clinical features of TGA patients in Israel were similar to those described in other reports worldwide. […] Interestingly, the annual incidence in Israel was lower than in other countries. […] The annual incidence of TGA worldwide has been reported to be 3 to 10.4 per 100,000 persons in the whole population and 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 persons among those aged 50 years or more. […] The causes and mechanisms of TGA are unknown. […] In this study, we set out to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic features of patients with TGA in Shamir Medical Center (SMC) during a 6-year period.
#1 Epidemiology â GPnotebook
https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/diabetes-and-endocrinology/transient-global-amnesia/epidemiology
Epidemiological data put the annual incidence of TGA between 3.4 and 10.4/100,000 (1) […] studies show a slight female predominance (1,2) […] study evidence showed a recurrence rate of recurrence rate of 6.3% in a 10 year period.
#1 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] The incidence of TGA is three to eight cases per 100,000 person years but increases to 23.8 cases per 100,000 in patients older than 50 years. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Reports of TGA associated with severe COVID-19 have recently appeared, suggesting that the hypercoagulable state of COVID-19 may precipitate thrombotic strokes in the hippocampus. […] The prognosis of TGA is uniformly good. Population-based studies do not demonstrate an increased risk of cerebrovascular accident after an episode of TGA.
#1 Dissociative amnesia: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, and diagnosis – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dissociative-amnesia-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-and-diagnosis
Dissociative amnesia: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, and diagnosis […] Dissociative amnesia is a potentially reversible memory impairment that primarily affects autobiographical memory. In dissociative amnesia, the patient cannot recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, although more extensive memory loss may be reported. […] Dissociative fugue, a subtype of dissociative amnesia in the American Psychiatric Associationâs Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), is characterized by sudden unexpected travel or wandering in a dissociated state, with subsequent dissociative amnesia for the fugue episode, and often for some or all of the patientâs life history. […] Dissociative amnesia and the dissociative fugue subtype are reviewed here. Other dissociative disorders, including dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder, are reviewed separately.
#1 Amnesia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Amnesia_epidemiology_and_demographics
Amnesia epidemiology and demographics On the Web […] The prevalence of dissociative amnesia is 1,000 to 2,600 per 100,000 (1.0% to 2.6%) of the overall population. […] Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is 20% over the age of 85. […] The prevalence of dissociative fugue is approximately 0.2%. This might be underestimated as dissociative fugue is under diagnosed. […] Worldwide prevalence of Korsakoff Syndrome is 0-2% and 1-2% in the United States. Prevalence is higher in elderly living by themselves, psychiatric inpatients and the homeless. […] Worldwide, the incidence of transient global amnesia is approximately 2.9 10 per 100,000 cases per year. […] Incidence of dissociative disorder is higher in substance abuse cases. […] Higher prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is seen in women than men.
#1 I just needed support: Overcoming dissociative amnesia » College of Public Health & Health Professions » University of Florida
https://phhp.ufl.edu/2025/02/20/i-just-needed-support-overcoming-dissociative-amnesia/
My therapist told me she believed I had dissociative amnesia. Dissociative amnesia occurs when dissociation leads to memory loss. Witnessing or re-experiencing traumatic events causes symptoms to appear. […] It didn’t help that there is a lack of research and treatment for dissociative disorders. […] The American Psychiatric Association estimated that 1.8% of the population experiences dissociative amnesia annually. We need more research and education to explain and understand these experiences and what treatments work, whether medical or holistic. Being open-minded and considerate of the affected person helps in the long run. Asking what is wrong, attentively listening if they want to discuss, respecting their decision if not and offering resources can help tremendously. Unless treatment becomes more comprehensive and accessible, this range of disorders will keep affecting many people, just like it affected me.
#1 Dissociative Amnesia Statistics, Facts, Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment
https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/dissociative-amnesia/dissociative-amnesia-statistics/
Individuals that struggle with dissociative amnesia have significant memory loss that usually stems from psychological stress or trauma. […] Dissociative amnesia facts and statistics suggest that this disorder is understudied and underdiagnosed in the general population. […] Approximately 1.8% of people in the United States are diagnosed with dissociative amnesia over a 12-month period. […] The lifetime prevalence of dissociative amnesia has been reported at 67% of Canadian and Turkish populations. […] For individuals under psychiatric care, the prevalence of this disorder is estimated at 711%. […] Dissociative amnesia can be diagnosed as a singular condition. More commonly, it co-occurs with similar conditions involving response to trauma, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or substance use. […] Diagnosis of dissociative amnesia is particularly important in the criminal justice system. […] There is also a positive correlation with the number of amnesia cases pleaded and the severity of crimes committed. […] The prognosis for dissociative amnesia is highly dependent on the individual.
#1 Dissociative Amnesia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-amnesia
Dissociative amnesia is likely underdetected. Prevalence is not well-established, but estimates range from 0.2 to 7.3%. […] Diagnosis of dissociative amnesia is clinical, based on presence of the following criteria in the DSM-5-TR: Patients cannot recall important personal information (usually trauma- or stress-related) that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetting. […] Diagnosis requires a medical and psychiatric examination to rule out other possible causes. Initial evaluation should include MRI to rule out structural causes, Electroencephalography (EEG) to rule out a seizure disorder, Blood and urine tests to rule out toxic causes, such as illicit drug use. […] Treatment of more severe memory loss begins with creation of a safe and supportive environment. This measure alone frequently leads to gradual recovery of missing memories. […] If patients have experienced dissociative fugue, psychotherapy, sometimes combined with hypnosis or medication-facilitated interviews, may be used to try to restore memory; these efforts are not always successful.
#1 7.2 Dissociative Amnesia – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders
https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/7-2-dissociative-amnesia/
Dissociative amnesia is identified by amnesia for autobiographical information, particularly for traumatic events. […] Research on a small U.S. community sample suggested dissociative amnesia occurs in approximately 1.8% of the population (APA, 2022). […] It is believed that more women experience dissociative amnesia due to the increased chances of a woman experiencing significant stress/trauma compared to men.
#1 Dissociative Amnesia | Concise Medical Knowledge
https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/dissociative-amnesia/
Dissociative amnesia is a potentially reversible memory impairment that primarily affects autobiographical information, often following stressful or traumatic events. […] Lifetime prevalence is approximately 2% to 6%. […] Higher incidence among women. […] Usually arise in late adolescence and young adulthood.
#1 TRANSIENT EPILEPTIC AMNESIA: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BRITISH NEUROLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE UNIT | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/84/11/e2.185
Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA) is a subtype of temporal lobe epilepsy characterised by recurrent episodes of transient amnesia, usually in middle aged people, often occurring on waking, which prove to be due to epilepsy. […] The British Neurological Surveillance Unit (BNSU) contributed to patient recruitment in 2003-2005 and again recently (2011-present). […] The BNSU has made a major contribution to the success of the TIME project.
#1 Transient epileptic amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-epileptic-amnesia?lang=us
Transient epileptic amnesia typically presents in middle-aged and older adults (50 to 80 years of age). […] The disorder is often underrecognized, leading to a significant delay in diagnosis, with an average diagnostic lag of four years. […] Epileptiform abnormalities, predominantly involving the temporal lobes, are frequently detected on electroencephalogram (EEG), with a higher yield during sleep recordings. […] Transient epileptic amnesia is considered a manifestation or subtype of temporal lobe epilepsy, with seizures primarily affecting the mesial temporal structures, including the hippocampi. […] The etiology is not known in most cases. […] Transient epileptic amnesia typically responds well to antiseizure medication, with most patients achieving clinical improvement with a single agent (e.g. lamotrigine, levetiracetam). […] The long-term prognosis is generally favorable, with no increased risk of dementia compared to the general population.
#1 Epidemiology of sports-related concussion in seven US high school and collegiate sports | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text
https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-015-0045-4
The epidemiology of sports-related concussion is not well-described in the literature. This paper presents a descriptive epidemiology of concussion in seven high school and collegiate sports. […] The incidence of concussion was highest in football, followed by womens lacrosse, mens lacrosse, mens soccer, and womens soccer (only 10 ice hockey teams were included, too few to quantify incidence). […] Loss of consciousness and amnesia were present in relatively few cases (9 and 30 %). […] Anterograde amnesia was present for a median of 20 min, with 90 % resolving within 3 h, whereas retrograde amnesia was present for a median of 30 min, with 87 % resolving within 6 h. […] Loss of consciousness and amnesias are dramatic signs of concussion which have historically been regarded as important markers of severity. This study and others demonstrate that most concussions involve neither loss of consciousness nor amnesia.
#1 Cluster of an Unusual Amnestic Syndrome â Massachusetts, 2012â2016 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6603a2.htm
A unique cluster of 14 cases of sudden onset amnesia with acute, complete, and bilateral ischemia of the hippocampus was identified in Massachusetts during 20122016. No clear etiology exists, but at time of initial evaluation, 13 of 14 tested positive for opioids or had opioid use recorded in their medical history. […] The apparent temporospatial clustering, relatively young age at onset (1952 years), and extensive substance use associated with this group of patients suggests broader surveillance is needed to determine whether this represents an emerging syndrome related to substance use or other causes, including introduction of a toxic substance. […] The combination of clinical findings described in this report has previously been reported rarely and in isolation, associated with isolated cocaine use, influenza, and carbon monoxide poisoning. This cluster of amnestic syndrome associated with bilateral complete hippocampal ischemia is unusual given the absence of a readily identifiable etiology, the temporospatial clustering, relatively young patient age, and extensive substance use among affected persons.
#1 Amnesia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Amnesia_epidemiology_and_demographics
Males are more affected by Korsakoff Syndrome than females. […] Memory loss and mild cognitive impairment is more prevalent in middle-aged to older Non-Hispanic Black and older Latino as compared to non-Hispanic Whites. […] Memory impairment tends to increase with age. Forty percent of the population over age sixty have some degree of memory loss.
#1 Delirium: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793247-overview
Delirium is common in the United States. In a systematic review of 42 cohorts in 40 studies, 10-31% of new hospital admissions met criteria for delirium and the incidence of developing delirium during the admission ranged from 3-29%. […] For patients in intensive care units the prevalence of delirium may reach as high as 80%. […] Prevalence of postoperative delirium following general surgery is 5-10% and as high as 42% following orthopedic surgery. As many as 80% of patients develop delirium near death. Delirium is extremely common among nursing home residents. […] Delirium can occur at any age, but it occurs more commonly in patients who are elderly and have compromised mental status. Delirium can occur on top of an underlying dementia. This diagnosis here requires not only a careful mental status but also a thorough history from the patient’s family and the staff as well as a comprehensive chart review.
#1 Amnesia and Crime | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
https://jaapl.org/content/35/4/469
Amnesia for serious offenses has important legal implications, particularly regarding its relevance in the contexts of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility. […] The forensic literature is replete with reports of offenders who have claimed total or partial amnesia for violent crimes, including murder or attempted murder. Claims of amnesia have been reported in an estimated range of 10 to 70 percent of homicides. […] In clinical practice, there is a need to distinguish between different types of claimed memory impairment, including amnesia caused by organic disease, dissociative amnesia, amnesia due to a psychotic episode, and feigned or malingered amnesia. […] Amnesia for an offense is commonly associated with excessive consumption of alcohol, with or without concurrent use of other licit or illicit drugs and may be classified as a dissociative or an organic form of amnesia.
#1 Amnesia and Crime | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
https://jaapl.org/content/35/4/469
Amnesia for serious offenses has particular relevance in the context of criminal responsibility, as it may indicate automatism, which refers to criminal behavior that is not voluntarily controlled and is executed without intent. […] Amnesia for serious offenses has important legal implications in the contexts of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility. […] The controversy surrounding crime-related amnesia is in part due to the potential for fabrication of memory loss.
#1
https://www.the-scientist.com/immune-amnesia-how-the-texas-measles-outbreak-could-promote-the-spread-of-other-infectious-diseases-72806
The measles virus attacks long-lived immune cells, reducing antibody-mediated protection from other infectious diseases and casting a long shadow of childhood mortality. […] But in late January 2025, a measles outbreak erupted in Gaines County, Texas. Within weeks, it had spread across state lines to New Mexico and Oklahoma, sickening nearly 300 people. […] Only in the last decade have researchers discovered and characterized another consequence of measles infection that is both common and insidious: immune amnesia. Essentially, the measles virus causes the immune system to forget previously acquired immunity, both from vaccinations and infections, leaving children vulnerable to a host of other pathogens for the following two to three years. […] What we see is almost like a shadow of mortality following a measles outbreak, said Michael Mina, an epidemiologist and coauthor of the 2015 study, which demonstrated that measles cases in the US, UK, and Denmark were strongly correlated with rates of childhood mortality attributed to non-measles infectious diseases in the 18 to 30 months that followed an infection.
#1 Measles can damage the immune system for years – San Diego Union-Tribune
https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2025/05/06/measles-can-damage-the-immune-system-for-years/
Everyone who gets the measles has some degree of immune amnesia, said Dr. Michael Chan, a former professor of epidemiology at Harvard. […] A bout of measles sends the immune system into shock, demolishing critical cells that help our bodies respond to threats. This can leave people extremely susceptible to other pathogens for weeks after an infection. […] The virus also attacks the immune systems memory cells. These cells remember and recognize the pathogens youve encountered over the course of your life and protect against them, said Dr. Michael Mina, a former professor of epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health who has studied measles and immunity. Scientists call the phenomenon immune amnesia. […] Everyone who gets sick from measles will experience some level of immune amnesia, Mina said. This happens on a spectrum. For some people, it might mean that coming down with the flu will keep them in bed for an extra day or two, he said. But others may lose far more immunity and wind up getting seriously sick from the viruses they encounter. This immune amnesia can last for around three years. […] A real concern is youre not just going to get measles and get sick, but within the next couple of years, your kids going to be really vulnerable to a lot of other stuff, said Dr. Aaron Milstone, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the Johns Hopkins Childrens Center.
#1
https://www.the-scientist.com/immune-amnesia-how-the-texas-measles-outbreak-could-promote-the-spread-of-other-infectious-diseases-72806
In 2015, they published their findings on the link between measles and infectious disease fatalities and in 2018, a subsequent study of thousands of children in the UK demonstrated widespread effects on nonfatal infections as well. […] Another research group concluded that measles-induced immune amnesia could have important effects on outbreaks of other diseases, enabling epidemics to spread even in areas with high vaccination coverage for that particular pathogen. […] This immune amnesia could have profound implications for global health and could be an important element in the design of vaccination campaigns and in epidemic disease modeling. […] What we’re seeing in Texasand what we’re going to seeis what happens when we allow those vaccine-hesitant bubbles to grow too big, said Mina. Those kids are no longer protected by herd immunity, and the reason is because the bubbles start fusing into each otherall of a sudden, one outbreak [can ignite] the whole thing.
#1 Amnesia Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034
https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5970013/amnesia-market-epidemiology-industry-trends?srsltid=AfmBOooOlOIUeT04P-xR2dM_vwLbaVFDzBu8dKnE35uOz1uR81nxTkt0
The amnesia market has been comprehensively analyzed in this report titled „Amnesia Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034”. […] The increasing cases of traumatic brain injuries that can damage specific areas of the brain involved in memory formation and retrieval are primarily driving the amnesia market. […] Moreover, the inflating application of psychotherapy that involves numerous techniques, such as hypnosis and guided imagery, to access forgotten memories, thereby maintaining independence and functionality in the patient’s daily life, is further bolstering the market growth. […] This report provides an exhaustive analysis of the amnesia market in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan.
#1 Amnesia Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034
https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5970013/amnesia-market-epidemiology-industry-trends?srsltid=AfmBOooOlOIUeT04P-xR2dM_vwLbaVFDzBu8dKnE35uOz1uR81nxTkt0
According to the report the United States has the largest patient pool for amnesia and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] Furthermore, the current treatment practice/algorithm, market drivers, challenges, opportunities, reimbursement scenario and unmet medical needs, etc. have also been provided in the report. […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2018-2034) of amnesia across the seven major markets? […] What is the size of the amnesia patient pool (2018-2023) across the seven major markets? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool (2024-2034) across the seven major markets? […] What are the key factors driving the epidemiological trend of amnesia? […] What will be the growth rate of patients across the seven major markets?
#2 Epidemiology â GPnotebook
https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/diabetes-and-endocrinology/transient-global-amnesia/epidemiology
Epidemiological data put the annual incidence of TGA between 3.4 and 10.4/100,000 (1) […] studies show a slight female predominance (1,2) […] study evidence showed a recurrence rate of recurrence rate of 6.3% in a 10 year period.
#2 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview
Epidemiology […] Based on data from Rochester, Minnesota, Miller et al determined an incidence of 5.2 cases per 100,000 population. However, among individuals older than 50 years, the incidence was 23.5 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] Estimates vary, but Matiea-Guiu et al found a lower incidence in Alcoi, Spain, of 2.9 cases per 100,000 population. On the other hand, Lauria et al found an incidence of 10 cases per 100,000 population in Belluno, Italy. […] The mean annual recurrence rate is thought to be low (approximately 45%). However, in the study by Miller et al, the calculated recurrence rate could be as high as 24% over a lifetime depending on inclusion criteria. These occasional recurrences usually involve no long-term morbidity or death. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. No sex predilection has been observed. However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.
#2 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?lang=us
Transient global amnesia is most common in the 60-70 year age range. […] Migraine is associated with a higher risk of transient global amnesia: a nationwide cohort study. […] Transient global amnesia presents with anterograde and variable partial retrograde amnesia lasting less than 24 hours without any other neurological or cognitive symptoms. […] Most individuals experience a complete resolution of symptoms within a few hours from the onset of symptoms. […] No treatment is required. The condition rarely recurs in ~5% of patients.
#2
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a benign neurological syndrome of unknown etiology, causing sudden anterograde amnesia that lasts up to 24 h. […] The annual incidence of TGA was 2.52 per 100,000 and 6.96 per 100,000 among those over 50, with a slight female predominance. […] In this study, we showed that patient characteristics and clinical features of TGA patients in Israel were similar to those described in other reports worldwide. […] Interestingly, the annual incidence in Israel was lower than in other countries. […] The annual incidence of TGA worldwide has been reported to be 3 to 10.4 per 100,000 persons in the whole population and 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 persons among those aged 50 years or more. […] The causes and mechanisms of TGA are unknown. […] In this study, we set out to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic features of patients with TGA in Shamir Medical Center (SMC) during a 6-year period.
#2 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/
The incidence of transient global amnesia ranges from 3.4 to 10.4 per 100,000 people per year in the general population. In individuals aged 50 or older, this increases to 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 per year, with most cases occurring in those aged 50 to 80. There is no gender difference. […] Although no clear risk factors have been identified, transient global amnesia is more frequently noted in patients with a history of ischemic heart disease and hyperlipidemia but not with prior ischemic stroke, diabetes, or hypertension. Individuals with migraine have an increased risk, with an incidence risk ratio of 2.48. […] Transient global amnesia recurrence is uncommon but not rare, with rates varying from 2.9% to 26.3%. […] Interestingly, transient global amnesia episodes occur more often in the morning between 10 and 11 AM and late afternoon between 5 and 6 PM.
#2 Dissociative Amnesia Statistics, Facts, Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment
https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/dissociative-amnesia/dissociative-amnesia-statistics/
Individuals that struggle with dissociative amnesia have significant memory loss that usually stems from psychological stress or trauma. […] Dissociative amnesia facts and statistics suggest that this disorder is understudied and underdiagnosed in the general population. […] Approximately 1.8% of people in the United States are diagnosed with dissociative amnesia over a 12-month period. […] The lifetime prevalence of dissociative amnesia has been reported at 67% of Canadian and Turkish populations. […] For individuals under psychiatric care, the prevalence of this disorder is estimated at 711%. […] Dissociative amnesia can be diagnosed as a singular condition. More commonly, it co-occurs with similar conditions involving response to trauma, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or substance use. […] Diagnosis of dissociative amnesia is particularly important in the criminal justice system. […] There is also a positive correlation with the number of amnesia cases pleaded and the severity of crimes committed. […] The prognosis for dissociative amnesia is highly dependent on the individual.
#2 7.2 Dissociative Amnesia – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders
https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/7-2-dissociative-amnesia/
Dissociative amnesia is identified by amnesia for autobiographical information, particularly for traumatic events. […] Research on a small U.S. community sample suggested dissociative amnesia occurs in approximately 1.8% of the population (APA, 2022). […] It is believed that more women experience dissociative amnesia due to the increased chances of a woman experiencing significant stress/trauma compared to men.
#3 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT
https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. […] Recent epidemiological data put the annual incidence of TGA between 3.4 and 10.4/100,000. […] TGA most commonly presents in the seventh decade of life. […] Epidemiological studies fail to identify any subjects under the age of 55 years. […] Depending on the length of follow-up, the annual rate of TGA recurrence varies from 2.9 to 26.3%. […] A migraine history is one of the more notable risk factors associated with developing TGA. […] Cardiovascular risk factors are also well studied in TGA. […] One study compared psychiatric disease in 51 subjects who experienced a TGA to 51 subjects who experienced a TIA. […] In summary, according to community-based studies, the annual incidence of TGA is 510/100,000 and 23.532/100,000 for people aged 50 years and older.
#3 Transient Global Amnesia | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688186/1.2/Transient_Global_Amnesia
Transient global amnesia (TGA), first described in 1956, is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden onset of marked reduction of anterograde and milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory that lasts up to 24 hours (1). […] TGA is not a rare entity as its incidence ranges from 10 to 32/100,000 per year among the age group 50 to 70 years (3). […] In an observational study, it occurred more in men than in women with a potential precipitating cause found in 50% of the cases.
#3 Transient Global Amnesia
https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Cognitive/TrnsntGlblAmns.htm
Incidence 5-10 per 100,000 per year (23 to 32 per 100,000 per year in age over 50 years) […] Age: Over age 50 years (typical age range 50 to 80 years) […] More common in women (esp. ages 40 to 60 years old)