Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: More Understanding, Better Patient Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9605427/

  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is highly prevalent worldwide, and the clinical management of AR is yet to be improved. Thus, AR imposes significant burden on individuals and society. With regards to the epidemiology of AR, factors such as prevalence, disease classification, allergen sensitization, co-morbidities, risk factors, genetic susceptibility, and costs, etc., are widely discussed. Globally, the prevalence of AR remains increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and ranges from 1.0% to 54.5%. The prevalence of AR is roughly 5% in children by 3 years of age, increases with age from 8.5% of 67 year-olds to 14.6% of 13-14 year-olds, and reaches more than 11.8% to 46% in people aged 20-44. Notably, the incidence of AR is higher in males than in females before puberty, but this trend reverses after puberty. A number of risk factors for AR have been identified including antibiotic use, air pollution, and maternal and paternal smoking. Epidemiological studies on the risk and protective factors of AR in the context of genetic susceptibility and epigenetic modification have produced a lot of evidence. Future epidemiological studies are needed to evaluate and refine these hypotheses given the paradigm shift from atopic sensitization to barrier dysfunction.

• #2 Epidemiology of Allergic Rhinitis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-21217-9_33

  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a worldwide health-related issue having an effect on 10-20% of the entire population, hence causing AR to be the most prevalent chronic non-communicable disorder. […] The prevalence of AR varies between 3 and 19% as documented by the epidemiologic studies carried out in several countries. […] Data suggest SAR (hay fever) is identified in roughly 10% of the normal population while perennial rhinitis (PAR) is seen in 10-20% of the normal population. […] In this chapter, the epidemiology of allergic rhinitis is presented.

• #3 Allergy Statistics

  https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics

  Roughly 7.8% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have hay fever. […] In 2010, white children in the U.S. were more likely to have had hay fever (10%) than black children (7%). […] Worldwide, allergic rhinitis affects between 10% and 30 % of the population. […] In 2012, 7.5% or 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in the past 12 months. […] In 2012, 9.0% or 6.6 million children reported hay fever in the past 12 months. […] In 2010, 11.1 million visits to physician offices resulted with a primary diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.

• #4 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis/print

  Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] A subsequent meta-analysis demonstrated a prevalence of self-reported lifetime allergic rhinitis of 19.93 percent in children. […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.

• #5 Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis in England: A retrospective cohort study in UK primary care data. | CPRD

  https://www.cprd.com/approved-studies/epidemiology-allergic-rhinitis-england-retrospective-cohort-study-uk-primary-care

  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common condition affecting 10-15% of children and 26% of adults in the UK. […] The aim of this study is to describe the burden and unmet need of AR among patients in England from 2009-2019. […] The study will enhance our understanding of the burden of AR in England.

• #6 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the United States is estimated to be 7.7% affecting roughly 19.2 million adults each year. In 2018, 7.2% of children younger than 18 years reported symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the past 12 months. […] The development of allergic rhinitis before 20 years of age occurs in 80% of cases. […] Throughout the world, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis has slightly escalated. […] Currently, approximately 10 to 30% of adults and 40% of children are affected. […] The European Community Resporatory Health survey recorded a prevalence of 10 to 41% in adults with allergic rhinitis. […] Scandinavian studies have demonstrated a cumulative prevalence rate of 15% in men and 14% in women. […] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis may vary within and among countries.

• #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Allergies.aspx

  On a global basis, allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect between 10-30% of the total population. […] 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in 2012, which accounts for approximately 7.5% of the total population. In the same time period, 6.6 million children (9%) experienced symptoms of hay fever. […] It is estimated that 7.8% of adults in the United States are affected by allergic rhinitis, also commonly known as hay fever. […] Ethnicity appears to have an effect on the probability that an individual will be affected. Children with fairer skin are more likely to have had hay fever than those with darker skin (10% compared to 7%).

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx

  The prevalence of allergic rhinitis worldwide according to the ISAAC Phase III study varies from 1.4% to 39.7% in children aged 13-14 years. […] In Asian countries, the prevalence ranged from 27% to 32% among children in the same age group. […] Allergic rhinitis is no longer considered an innocuous disease due to its overall global impact on a person’s life. […] It is the most important risk factor for asthma and increases the risk for hospitalization in children by 19 times. […] Although the predisposition to allergic rhinitis is predominantly genetic, environmental influences play a major role in the onset and persistence of allergic rhinitis. […] The list of risk factors as well as protective factors for allergic rhinitis identified from Asia is presented in Table 1. […] Allergic rhinitis is a result of a complex gene-environment interaction that is best studied with an exposome analysis.

• #9 Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-018-0198-z

  This review article aims to present the epidemiology and associated risk factors of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Asia. AR-related literature published on Asia was systematically reviewed and the associated risk factors were investigated. […] The prevalence of AR in Asia varied considerably depending on the geographical location, study design and population involved. Several risk factors were observed to have strong association with disease presentation across multiple studies. […] In Asia, this disease affects a large population, ranging from 27% in South Korea to 32% in the United Arab Emirates. […] The odds of hospital admission for children with the allergic disease have been reported to increase by 19 times with the co-infection of rhinoviral diseases, allergic sensitization, and allergen exposure.

• #10 Prevalence, causes and treatments of allergic rhinitis in Malaysia: a literature review | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-022-00361-4

  In 2016, the prevalence of AR was at 18.8% as presented by a survey involving 462 students from 8 secondary schools within the southern region of Peninsular Malaysia. […] As of 2020, approximately 31.7% and 55.5% of junior high school students from the East Coast and central regions of Malaysia, respectively, had symptoms of AR. […] For the Malaysian adult population, Lim et al. (2015) estimated the prevalence of AR to be about 53.0%. […] Under these circumstances, it would be of great benefit to have more AR epidemiological studies performed systematically at nationwide scales to obtain a better representation of the general Malaysian population. […] Studies from the Middle East, Europe and Southeast Asia emphasized that allergic sensitization to house dust mites contributes tremendously towards allergic rhinitis development, and Malaysia is of no exception.

• #11 Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: More Understanding, Better Patient Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/20/6062

  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a noninfectious inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by IgE after atopic individuals are exposed to inhaled allergens and involving a variety of immune cells and cytokines. AR is highly prevalent worldwide, and the clinical management of AR is yet to be improved. Thus, AR imposes significant burden on individuals and society. This editorial will focus on recent advances on the epidemiology, prevention, and clinical management of AR, as well as future research directions. […] With regards to the epidemiology of AR, factors such as prevalence, disease classification, allergen sensitization, co-morbidities, risk factors, genetic susceptibility, and costs, etc., are widely discussed. Globally, the prevalence of AR remains increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and ranges from 1.0% to 54.5%. The prevalence of AR is roughly 5% in children by 3 years of age, increases with age from 8.5% of 6–7 year-olds to 14.6% of 13-14 year-olds, and reaches more than 11.8% to 46% in people aged 20–44. Notably, the incidence of AR is higher in males than in females before puberty, but this trend reverses after puberty. A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that in children less than 11 years of age, significantly more boys than girls exhibited rhinitis symptoms (male–female ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.17–1.25), whereas in adolescents (11 to 18 years of age), males were significantly less affected than females (male–female ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.85–0.95). A number of risk factors for AR have been identified including antibiotic use, air pollution, and maternal and paternal smoking.

• #12 Allergic Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538186/

  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an atopic disease characterized by symptoms of nasal congestion, clear rhinorrhea, sneezing, postnasal drip, and nasal pruritis. It affects one in six individuals and is associated with significant morbidity, loss of productivity, and healthcare costs. […] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis based on physician diagnosis is approximately 15%; however, the prevalence is estimated to be as high as 30% based on patients with nasal symptoms. AR is known to peak in the second to fourth decades of life and then gradually decline. […] According to data from the International Study for Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, 14.6% in the 13 to 14 year age group and 8.5% in the 6 to 7 year age group display symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis linked to allergic rhinitis. […] A systematic review from 2018 estimated that 3.6% of adults had missed work, and 36% had impaired work performance due to allergic rhinitis. Economic evaluations have shown that indirect costs associated with lost work productivity account for the majority of the cost burden for AR.

• #13

  https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx

  The exposome analysis includes multiple domains such as the internal and external. […] The external domain includes social, cultural, dietary, economic, geographic, environmental, and psychological factors. […] A systematic review of nearly 4000 adolescents observed a male:female sex ratio for the prevalence of allergic rhinitis of 0.8 (0.7-0.90), indicating that it was higher in females. […] In children 10 years of age, among more than 56,000 children, the sex ratio was 1.25 (1.19-1.32), indicating that it was more common among male children. […] A sex switch was clearly observed in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis from childhood to adolescence. […] Both the studies observed that higher socioeconomic status, including housing type, urban residence, delivery by cesarean section, higher gestational age, prenatal tobacco smoke exposure, mold, and air freshener usage were associated with higher risk of allergic rhinitis.

• #14 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis

  Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.

• #15 Seasonal Allergies on the Rise? | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/spotlight/season-allergies/114451

  About one-third to one-half of the self-reported cases are seasonal, with the remainder categorized as perennial disease or both seasonal and perennial, noted a report from the AHRQ. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years, with one recent meta-analysis showing a rise in physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis among children, from 8% in 2012-2015 to 20% in 2016-2022. […] Evidence is mounting that climate change is having a significant impact on exacerbations of rhinitis, a review in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice noted. […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood but more common among females after adolescence. […] Prevalence has a modestly U-shaped relationship with age in adulthood. […] Allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases have generally higher prevalence in urban and industrialized areas than in rural areas, with up to a fourfold difference.

• #16 Allergic Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538186/

  Risk factors for developing AR include a family history of atopy, male sex, a presence of allergen-specific IgE, a serum IgE greater than 100 IU/mL before age 6, and higher socioeconomic status. […] Studies in young children have shown a higher risk of AR in those with an early introduction to foods or formula and/or heavy exposure to cigarette smoking in the first year of life. […] There is a growing interest in the „farm effect” on the development of allergies, and a meta-analysis of 8 studies showed a 40% lower risk in subjects who had lived on a farm during their first year of life.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx

  Studies have confirmed that air pollution constituents (NO2, NO, SO2, SPM, and diesel exhaust particles) have been associated with new onset of allergies as well as exacerbations of existing allergies. […] One of the most important modifiable risk factors for allergies includes active as well as passive smoking. […] The exact relationship between respiratory infections and the onset of allergic rhinitis is not clear. […] There is a need for longitudinal studies, especially in low-middle-income countries (LMIC), to study the exposomes related to allergic rhinitis. […] The study on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis among adolescents in Mangalore, South India, in this issue is a step in the right direction for further multicenter studies in India with additional inclusion of various exposomes in future studies to unravel the gene-environment interactions related to the development of allergic rhinitis in LMIC countries.

• #18 The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma – the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum

  https://www.termedia.pl/The-importance-of-specific-IgE-antibodies-in-epidemiology-of-allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma-the-Epidemiology-of-Allergic-Diseases-in-Poland-ECAP-survey-part-one-Influence-of-allergy-risk-factors-on-conc,7,30857,1,1.html

  The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum. […] Epidemiological analysis shows that inhabitants of urban areas redevelop allergies more frequently than inhabitants of rural areas. Numerous studies were performed as part of the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey, proving epidemiological significance of these diseases and great diversity of allergy risk factors. The present study is a continuation of the ECAP survey, epidemiological studies of allergy and asthma, performed in 9 regions of Poland. […] Aim of the study was to determine the influence of allergy risk factors on the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum. Additionally, aims of the study described in this article were: a) to evaluate the prevalence of sensitivity to the most important inhalation allergens in the population of Poland, b) to evaluate the influence of sensitivity to aeroallergens on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma.

• #19

  https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx

  A detailed systematic review by Chong and Chew in Asia observed other relevant factors influencing allergic rhinitis including reduced sleep and increased stress, higher parental education and household income, smaller family size of 3, higher computer usage, especially above 4 h per day, lower duration of exclusive breastfeeding, earlier introduction of other foods, maternal depression and parasitic infestations, home renovation, and use of carpets as risk factors for the development of allergic rhinitis. […] Sensitization to house dust mites, pollens, fungi, and insects is an important intermediate step in the development of clinical allergies, including allergic rhinitis. […] Air pollution includes gaseous, liquid, and solid particulate matter (SPM) emissions from a variety of sources such as traffic, industries, and power generators are common sources of outdoor pollution and fossil fuels (biomass) burning for cooking and heating for indoor pollution.

• #20 Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-018-0198-z

  Apart from the demographic factors, smoking and drinking habits, pet adoption, education attainment, and family history were the risk factors of AR, commonly studied in Asian countries. […] The association between potential modifiable risk factors and AR manifestation were evaluated using several important criteria established in literature. […] The reviewed articles have variable study design, disease definition and adopt different analysis parameters. […] In addition, apart from the country of study, the disease prevalence differs depending on the disease definition and the study population. […] Multiple papers have suggested the importance of age, gender, race, and nationality in affecting AR presentation. […] A pooled odds ratio of 2.75 has been obtained which suggests the significant role of household income in affecting AR expression.

• #21 Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: More Understanding, Better Patient Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/20/6062

  Epidemiological studies on the risk and protective factors of AR in the context of genetic susceptibility and epigenetic modification have produced a lot of evidence. Two major observations regarding the cause of AR are the ‘sibling effect’ and the ‘farm effect’, which lead to the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ and, later, the ‘biodiversity hypothesis’. Future epidemiological studies are needed to evaluate and refine these hypotheses given the paradigm shift from atopic sensitization to barrier dysfunction.

• #22 Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-018-0198-z

  The presence of allergens such as fungi, molds, insects and house dust mites could increase the odds of presenting AR. […] Environmental factors are highly important in triggering AR. […] Various risk factors have shown strong association with AR presentation. […] The results obtained from this review article can be used to improve the diagnosis of AR in clinical settings by identifying patients with risk factors strongly associated with AR manifestation.

• #23 Prevalence, causes and treatments of allergic rhinitis in Malaysia: a literature review | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-022-00361-4

  Data from several studies assert that cat allergy is the second most important AR inducing factor after common dust mites in Malaysia, with an estimated prevalence of 25.4% among urban office workers. […] Recent research had established significant positive association between levels of total fungal DNA in settled dust and rhinitis symptoms among Malaysian students. […] Over the past three decades, various studies have suggested noteworthy correlations between specific determinants such as stress levels, family income and daily computer usage time with the epidemiology of AR throughout Asia. […] The latest version of the ARIA guidelines has classified AR based on duration (intermittent or persistent) and symptom severity (mild or moderate-severe). […] The degrees of AR symptoms intensity are predominantly controlled by circulating allergen-specific IgE levels, polysensitization status, duration of allergy and the presence of comorbidities.

• #24 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  Highest prevalence of severe allergic rhinitis symptoms in children were observed in Africa and Latin America. […] While allergic rhinitis itself is not life-threatening (unless accompanied by severe asthma or anaphylaxis), morbidity from the condition can be significant. […] Allergic rhinitis often coexists with other disorders, such as asthma, and may be associated with asthma exacerbations. […] Allergic rhinitis is also associated with otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction, sinusitis, nasal polyps, allergic conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis. […] Numerous complications that can lead to increased morbidity or even mortality can occur secondary to allergic rhinitis. […] Allergic rhinitis can frequently lead to significant impairment of quality of life. […] The cost of allergic rhinitis has increased substantially in the United States. In 2000 the overall cost of treating allergic rhinitis was estimated at 6.1 billion dollars, while in 2005 this figure was noted to nearly double to 11.2 billion dollars.

• #25 Rhinitis – In-Depth Review – Sullivan A, Kushnir NM (Updated 2020)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/rhinitis-in-depth-review-sullivan-a-kushnir-nm-updated-2020?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Rhinitis is one of the most common chronic conditions for which medical care is sought. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated disorder of the nose caused by the interaction of airborne allergens with specific IgE type antibodies on the surface of mast cells. Over 400 million people suffer from allergic rhinitis around the world, which to a large extent remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. In the United States it affects between 10-30% of the adult general population and up to 40% of children, making it the fifth most common chronic disease. Unfortunately, the health and economic impact of allergic rhinitis historically has been grossly underestimated and it is only recently that rhinitis has been recognized as a serious issue with epidemic proportions. In the U.S., allergic rhinitis contributes to approximately 2 million missed school days, 6 million lost work days and 28 million restricted work days annually. The burden of rhinitis in the US adult population is estimated between 10-30%. Standardized quality of life measures has found that in 62% of patients with allergic rhinitis, the disease has a significant impact on their daily life. Studies have also shown that almost 80% of patients with allergic rhinitis report difficulty sleeping and thus increased daytime fatigue.

• #26 Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889259-overview

  Quality-of-life surveys have revealed that patients with significant AR found symptoms to be just as debilitating as symptoms in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. Patients with AR felt they were equally impaired and unable to participate in the activities of normal living similar to those with the moderate-to-severe asthma. […] The financial cost of AR is difficult to estimate. Self-treating patients are estimated to spend an average of 56 dollars per year. The direct cost of prescription medication exceeds 6 billion dollars per year worldwide, and lost productivity is estimated at 1.5 billion dollars per year.

• #27 Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889259-overview

  Incidence continues to increase until the fourth decade of life, when symptoms begin to fade; however, individuals can develop symptoms at any age. […] AR-like symptoms (runny nose, blocked nose, or sneezing apart from a cold) may begin as early as age 18 months. In a report from the Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS), 9.1% of the 1859 toddlers in the study cohort reported allergic rhinitis-like symptoms at age 18 months. […] Mortality is not associated with allergic rhinitis (AR), but significant morbidity occurs. Morbidity is manifested in several ways. Annually, an estimated 824,000 school days are missed, and an estimated 4,230,000 days of reduced quality-of-life functions are reported. […] Comorbidity of other atopic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis) or upper airway inflammation (sinusitis, otitis media) is significant in AR. Individuals with AR have a higher frequency of these conditions than individuals without AR.

• #28 Epidemiology – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/general-practice/allergic-rhinitis/epidemiology

  The prevalence of allergic rhinitis varies widely, but good epidemiologic studies report that 20 to 30% of adults and up to 40% of children live with the condition. […] A study in 2020 identified numerous risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis. […] The economic burden of allergic rhinitis is estimated to be between 2 and 5 billion dollars in direct health expenditures annually in the United States. […] The impact of climate change on allergic rhinitis is becoming a subject of active research.

• #29 Allergic rhinitis | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-024-00923-6

  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disorder that is strongly linked to asthma and conjunctivitis. […] Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common type of chronic rhinitis, affecting up to 20% of the Canadian population, and evidence suggests that the prevalence of the disorder is increasing. […] Comprehensive and widely accepted Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AR were published in 2007. […] Screening for rhinitis is particularly important in asthmatic patients since studies have shown that rhinitis is present in up to 95% of patients with asthma. […] Allergy testing is also important for confirming that underlying allergies cause the rhinitis. […] The treatment goal for AR is relief of symptoms. […] The first-line treatment of AR involves the avoidance of relevant allergens and irritants to the extent possible.

• #30 Rhinitis – In-Depth Review – Sullivan A, Kushnir NM (Updated 2020)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/rhinitis-in-depth-review-sullivan-a-kushnir-nm-updated-2020?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis can be associated with secondary complications and co-morbidities. The nasal inflammation caused by rhinitis can contribute to the development of both acute and chronic sinusitis. […] Adults and children with asthma and documented concomitant AR experience more asthma-related hospitalizations and physician visits and incur higher asthma drug costs than patients with asthma alone.

• #31 Allergic rhinitis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-00227-0

  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to inhaled allergens and is one of the most common chronic conditions globally. […] AR often co-occurs with asthma and conjunctivitis and is a global health problem causing major burden and disability worldwide. […] Risk factors include inhalant and occupational allergens, as well as genetic factors. […] The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) initiative classified AR into intermittent or persistent and mild or moderate/severe. […] Real-world data obtained by mobile technology offer new insights into AR phenotypes and management. […] The outlook for AR includes a better understanding of novel multimorbid phenotypes, health technology assessment and patient-centred shared decision-making. […] The MeDALL study is the first to quantify the net excess of multimorbidity asthma, eczema and AR both in the presence and in the absence of IgE sensitization. It shows that multimorbidity is not occurring by chance. […] This is the first report for any disease combining evidence-based medicine using the GRADE approach and real-world evidence (real-world data using mobile technology and chamber studies to assess the speed of onset of medications). Next-generation guidelines differ from the GRADE recommendations.

• #32 Seasonal Allergies on the Rise? | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/spotlight/season-allergies/114451

  Within the U.S., Western states have the highest prevalence of allergic rhinitis (accounting for 36% of total U.S. prevalence) and Northeast states have the lowest (18%), according to the AHRQ. […] Among racial and ethnic groups, non-Hispanic white adults reported the highest rate of seasonal allergies (28.4%), followed by non-Hispanic Black (24%), Hispanic (18.8%), and non-Hispanic Asian (17%) adults.

• #33 Allergic Rhinitis Market Insight, Epidemiology and Global Market Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211203005393/en/Allergic-Rhinitis-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Global-Market-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Allergic Rhinitis Epidemiology […] The Allergic Rhinitis epidemiology division provides insights about historical and current Allergic Rhinitis patient pool and forecasted trends for every seven major countries. It helps to recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders. The report also provides the diagnosed patient pool and their trends along with assumptions undertaken. […] In the year 2020, the total prevalent cases of Allergic Rhinitis was 188.40 million cases in the 7MM which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2018-2030. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Allergic Rhinitis epidemiology [segmented as Total Prevalent Cases of Allergic Rhinitis, Total Diagnosed Cases of Allergic Rhinitis, Total Age group-specific Cases of Allergic Rhinitis, Total Allergen-specific Cases of Allergic Rhinitis, and Total Treated Cases of Allergic Rhinitis] in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2018 to 2030.

• #34 Allergic Rhinitis Market Insight, Epidemiology and Global Market Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211203005393/en/Allergic-Rhinitis-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Global-Market-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Estimates show that the highest cases of Allergic Rhinitis in the 7MM were in Japan, followed by the United States, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain in 2020. […] In the United States, the total number of prevalent cases of Allergic Rhinitis was 52.26 million cases in the year 2020 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2018-2030. […] In the year 2020, the total prevalent cases of Allergic Rhinitis were 76.86 million cases in EU-5 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2018-2030. […] In Japan, the total number of prevalent cases of Allergic Rhinitis was 59.29 million cases in the year 2020 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2018-2030. […] […] […] Allergic Rhinitis Report Key Strengths […] Allergic Rhinitis Epidemiology Segmentation

• #35 Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and pollinosis in a city of Brazil: A monitoring study | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-prevalence-asthma-allergic-rhinitis-pollinosis-S0301054620300707

  Allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis have increased considerably in the last decades. […] The present study estimates prevalence trends of asthma, allergic rhinitis and pollinosis in the population of a city of Southern Brazil, without restriction of age, from 2011 to 2018, using the ISAAC standardized questionnaire. […] No differences were observed in the prevalence of asthma diagnosis (15.1% in 2011 and 13.8% in 2018), however the prevalence of current wheeze was significantly reduced from 24.7% in 2011 to 21.2% in 2018 (p0.05). […] Regarding allergic conditions in 2011 and in 2018, a significant reduction was observed (p0.001) in reported current rhinitis (63.3% vs. 50.5%), rhinoconjunctivitis (48.9% vs. 38.8%), hay fever (52.0% vs. 43.3%), and pollinosis (29.0% vs 17.0%).

• #36 Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and pollinosis in a city of Brazil: A monitoring study | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-prevalence-asthma-allergic-rhinitis-pollinosis-S0301054620300707

  While the prevalence of asthma remained similar after seven years, allergic rhinitis and pollinosis declined between 2011 and 2018. […] Previous studies have described a high prevalence of allergic rhinitis and pollinosis in specific populations in Southern Brazil, whereas the prevalence of asthma seems to be within the national and international average. […] The prevalence of current wheeze was higher in 2011 than in 2018 (24.7% vs. 21.2%, p=0.024), indicating a slight decrease of current wheeze in the population. […] Rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and pollinosis also decreased significantly in the population in the period. […] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis diagnosis (52% in 2011 and 43.3% in 2018) represents a risk for asthma. […] The prevalence of pollinosis in the general population was 29.0% in 2011 and 17.0% in 2018.

• #37 AI Usage in Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Food Allergy Management

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/ai-usage-in-asthma-allergic-rhinitis-food-allergy-management

  AI can assist in diagnosing allergic rhinitis and urticaria, improving personalized diagnoses but requiring high-quality data and skilled operators. […] AI can predict allergic rhinitis using pollution data (NO, PM10); the Random Forest model had an AUC of 0.84. Deep learning also forecasts daily allergic rhinitis cases from pollution trends. […] Models also assist in allergic rhinitis diagnoses using clinical data and detect nasal polyps with 98.3% accuracy. AI can also predict suicide risk in teens with allergic rhinitis with 83.3% sensitivity.

• #38 Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: More Understanding, Better Patient Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9605427/

  Allergen avoidance, drug therapy and allergy immunotherapy (AIT) are the main clinical intervention modalities for AR. The first-line treatments for AR include H1 antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) and a combination of INCS and H1 antihistamines, depending on the severity of the patients symptoms. AIT is considered as the only etiological and most effective therapy for AR. However, AIT has a number of limitations, including high cost, systemic side effects, the long treatment period and the absence of biomarkers to monitor and predict therapeutic efficacy. There are several items that should be addressed in future research efforts for AR. First, to integrate genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics into AR pathogenesis investigation will promote the understanding of the interactions between environmental factors, allergen sensitization and disease development. Second, biomarkers are urgently needed to predict treatment response and tailor the management of AR patients.

Zobacz więcej