Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Cervicofacial Actinomycosis: Lessons from Two Distinct Clinical Cases

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/4/139

  Members of the Actinomyces genus are non-spore-forming, anaerobic, and aerotolerant Gram-positive bacteria that are abundantly found in the oropharynx. They are the causative agents of actinomycosis, a slowly progressing (indolent) infection with non-specific symptoms in its initial phase, and a clinical course of extensive tissue destruction if left untreated. Actinomycoses are considered to be rare; however, reliable epidemiological data on their prevalence is lacking. […] Actinomycoses is considered to be rare (with a reported annual incidence of 1/300,000 persons, based on the reports available in the literature); however, reliable epidemiological data on their prevalence is lacking. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis was reported more frequently in patients living in rural areas, compared to people living in urban environments (the observed prevalence was 10:1); this difference was usually attributed to poor hygiene, neglected health status, low socioeconomic status and close contact with animals.

• #2 Actinomycosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Actinomycosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Actinomycosis is a rare disease, and not all cases gets reported. […] Estimating its annual incidence is difficult because, most of the infections are are not diagnosed and are treated empirically. […] Widespread use of antibiotics following dental surgeries also lead to its decreased incidence. […] In 1970, its annual incidence was 1 per 300,000. […] Actinomycosis is commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children. […] Males are more commonly affected by actinomycosis than females.

• #3 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960759-overview

  Actinomycosis is rare. During the 1970s, the reported annual incidence of actinomycosis in the Cleveland area was 1 case per 300,000 persons. Improved dental hygiene and widespread use of antibiotics for various infections have probably contributed to the declining incidence of this disease. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] The availability of antibiotics has greatly improved the prognosis of all forms of actinomycosis. At present, cure rates are high, and neither deformity nor death is common. […] Actinomycosis has no racial predilection. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis can affect people of all ages, but most cases are reported in young to middle-aged adults (aged 20-50 y).

• #4 Actinomycosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Actinomycosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Actinomycosis is a rare disease, and not all cases gets reported. […] Estimating its annual incidence is difficult because, most of the infections are are not diagnosed and are treated empirically. […] Widespread use of antibiotics following dental surgeries also lead to its decreased incidence. […] In 1970, its annual incidence was 1 per 300,000. […] Actinomycosis is commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children. […] Males are more commonly affected by actinomycosis than females.

• #5 Actinomycosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycosis

  Disease incidence is greater in males between the ages of 20 and 60 years than in females. […] Before antibiotic treatments became available, the incidence in the Netherlands and Germany was one per 100,000 people/year. Incidence in the U.S. in the 1970s was one per 300,000 people/year, while in Germany in 1984, it was estimated to be one per 40,000 people/year. […] The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) has increased incidence of genitourinary actinomycosis in females. Incidence of oral actinomycosis, which is harder to diagnose, has increased.

• #6

  https://journals.lww.com/mtsm/fulltext/2022/06010/actinomycosis_in_head_and_neck_region___a_review.1.aspx

  Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease which described first time in human by Israel in 1878 and Beck described the clinical manifestations of actinomycosis patients in 1906. […] There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of head and neck actinomycosis. Head-and-neck actinomycosis is the most common clinical type of actinomycosis, and the lumpy jaw syndrome is usually associated with odontogenic infection, the most common clinical manifestations, representing around 60% of all documented cases. […] The incidence of actinomycosis is usually low. Pulverer documented the annual incidence of actinomycosis in Cologne, West Germany is 1 in 83,000 people. […] Most review shows approximately one patient of actinomycosis per year in the majority of the medical centers. […] Actinomycosis affects the head-and-neck region in approximately 50% of cases, the chest in approximately 30% of the cases, and the abdomen in 20%, although this infection can become disseminated. […] Actinomycosis can affect any age group from childhood to age 90 years, but majority of patients are between the age group of 30 60 years. […] There is no racial predilection, and male-to-female ratio of involvement is 3 or 41.

• #7

  https://journals.lww.com/mtsm/fulltext/2022/06010/actinomycosis_in_head_and_neck_region___a_review.1.aspx

  Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease which described first time in human by Israel in 1878 and Beck described the clinical manifestations of actinomycosis patients in 1906. […] There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of head and neck actinomycosis. Head-and-neck actinomycosis is the most common clinical type of actinomycosis, and the lumpy jaw syndrome is usually associated with odontogenic infection, the most common clinical manifestations, representing around 60% of all documented cases. […] The incidence of actinomycosis is usually low. Pulverer documented the annual incidence of actinomycosis in Cologne, West Germany is 1 in 83,000 people. […] Most review shows approximately one patient of actinomycosis per year in the majority of the medical centers. […] Actinomycosis affects the head-and-neck region in approximately 50% of cases, the chest in approximately 30% of the cases, and the abdomen in 20%, although this infection can become disseminated. […] Actinomycosis can affect any age group from childhood to age 90 years, but majority of patients are between the age group of 30 60 years. […] There is no racial predilection, and male-to-female ratio of involvement is 3 or 41.

• #8 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960759-overview

  Actinomycosis is rare. During the 1970s, the reported annual incidence of actinomycosis in the Cleveland area was 1 case per 300,000 persons. Improved dental hygiene and widespread use of antibiotics for various infections have probably contributed to the declining incidence of this disease. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] The availability of antibiotics has greatly improved the prognosis of all forms of actinomycosis. At present, cure rates are high, and neither deformity nor death is common. […] Actinomycosis has no racial predilection. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis can affect people of all ages, but most cases are reported in young to middle-aged adults (aged 20-50 y).

• #9 Actinomycosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Actinomycosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Actinomycosis is a rare disease, and not all cases gets reported. […] Estimating its annual incidence is difficult because, most of the infections are are not diagnosed and are treated empirically. […] Widespread use of antibiotics following dental surgeries also lead to its decreased incidence. […] In 1970, its annual incidence was 1 per 300,000. […] Actinomycosis is commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children. […] Males are more commonly affected by actinomycosis than females.

• #10 Actinomycosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17126

  The incidence of the disease is greater in males age 20 to 60 years with a peak incidence in 40 to 50 years. The male to female ratio for incidence is 3:1. The use of IUD contraceptive devices in females has increased the incidence. The infection has a higher prevalence within areas with low socioeconomic status. There is no racial predilection. […] Actinomyces infection has no racial predilection and is not contagious.

• #11 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960759-overview

  Actinomycosis is rare. During the 1970s, the reported annual incidence of actinomycosis in the Cleveland area was 1 case per 300,000 persons. Improved dental hygiene and widespread use of antibiotics for various infections have probably contributed to the declining incidence of this disease. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] The availability of antibiotics has greatly improved the prognosis of all forms of actinomycosis. At present, cure rates are high, and neither deformity nor death is common. […] Actinomycosis has no racial predilection. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis can affect people of all ages, but most cases are reported in young to middle-aged adults (aged 20-50 y).

• #12 Actinomycosis – Altmeyers Encyclopedia – Department Dermatology

  https://www.altmeyers.org/en/dermatology/actinomycosis-118533

  Worldwide appearance. It occurs more frequently among the rural population than among the urban population. More common in developing countries, but very rare in industrialized countries due to the more frequent use of antibiotics. […] m:w=3:1;

• #13 Actinomycosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17126

  The incidence of the disease is greater in males age 20 to 60 years with a peak incidence in 40 to 50 years. The male to female ratio for incidence is 3:1. The use of IUD contraceptive devices in females has increased the incidence. The infection has a higher prevalence within areas with low socioeconomic status. There is no racial predilection. […] Actinomyces infection has no racial predilection and is not contagious.

• #14 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960759-overview

  Actinomycosis is rare. During the 1970s, the reported annual incidence of actinomycosis in the Cleveland area was 1 case per 300,000 persons. Improved dental hygiene and widespread use of antibiotics for various infections have probably contributed to the declining incidence of this disease. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] The availability of antibiotics has greatly improved the prognosis of all forms of actinomycosis. At present, cure rates are high, and neither deformity nor death is common. […] Actinomycosis has no racial predilection. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis can affect people of all ages, but most cases are reported in young to middle-aged adults (aged 20-50 y).

• #15 Actinomycosis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/actinomycosis/

  Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Peak incidence: adults (4050 years) […] Sex: (3:1)

• #16 Actinomycosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Actinomycosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Actinomycosis is a rare disease, and not all cases gets reported. […] Estimating its annual incidence is difficult because, most of the infections are are not diagnosed and are treated empirically. […] Widespread use of antibiotics following dental surgeries also lead to its decreased incidence. […] In 1970, its annual incidence was 1 per 300,000. […] Actinomycosis is commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children. […] Males are more commonly affected by actinomycosis than females.

• #17 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is the third most common type of actinomycosis, after that occurring in cervicofacial and abdominopelvic locations. In children, pulmonary involvement is uncommon. The peak incidence is reported to be in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Males are more often affected than women, with a 3:1 ratio. Pulmonary actinomycosis results mainly from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions. Consequently, individuals with poor oral hygiene, preexisting dental disease, and alcoholism have an increased risk for developing pulmonary actinomycosis. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and lumpy jaw syndrome, which is associated with odontogenic infection, is the most common clinical manifestation, representing approximately 60% of all reported cases. Actinomyces spp. could also be responsible for maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. […] Actinomyces spp. are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate severe osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ), which, until recently, was considered a noninfectious disease. Most patients with osteoporosis receive bisphosphonate therapy. Occurrence of BONJ is associated with duration of bisphosphonate therapy, concomitant use of corticosteroids, and mucosal disruption. […] Genitourinary tract actinomycosis is the second most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis. The main clinical feature of genitourinary tract actinomycosis is pelvic actinomycosis in women using an intrauterine device (IUD). However, other clinical presentations have been described, such as primary bladder actinomycosis and testicular actinomycosis. […] Colonization of the female genital tract by Actinomyces spp. is greatly promoted by the use of an IUD. Moreover, IUDs have a traumatizing effect on endothelium by causing erosion, which may facilitate actinomycosis invasion. Actinomycosis IUD-associated infection is infrequent, but is clearly associated with the duration of the IUD use, hence it is recommended that an IUD be replaced every 5 years. […] The pathogenesis of primary bladder actinomycosis is unclear, but could be due to cryptic locations, and usually mimics bladder carcinoma. The lesion may invade adjacent organs such as the uterus or the sigmoid colon. The diagnosis of primary bladder actinomycosis is of crucial importance, as it may avoid large surgical resection for suspected carcinoma.

• #18 Actinomycosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17126

  The incidence of the disease is greater in males age 20 to 60 years with a peak incidence in 40 to 50 years. The male to female ratio for incidence is 3:1. The use of IUD contraceptive devices in females has increased the incidence. The infection has a higher prevalence within areas with low socioeconomic status. There is no racial predilection. […] Actinomyces infection has no racial predilection and is not contagious.

• #19 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960759-overview

  Actinomycosis is rare. During the 1970s, the reported annual incidence of actinomycosis in the Cleveland area was 1 case per 300,000 persons. Improved dental hygiene and widespread use of antibiotics for various infections have probably contributed to the declining incidence of this disease. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] The availability of antibiotics has greatly improved the prognosis of all forms of actinomycosis. At present, cure rates are high, and neither deformity nor death is common. […] Actinomycosis has no racial predilection. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis can affect people of all ages, but most cases are reported in young to middle-aged adults (aged 20-50 y).

• #20 Actinomycosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17126

  The incidence of the disease is greater in males age 20 to 60 years with a peak incidence in 40 to 50 years. The male to female ratio for incidence is 3:1. The use of IUD contraceptive devices in females has increased the incidence. The infection has a higher prevalence within areas with low socioeconomic status. There is no racial predilection. […] Actinomyces infection has no racial predilection and is not contagious.

• #21 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960759-overview

  Actinomycosis is rare. During the 1970s, the reported annual incidence of actinomycosis in the Cleveland area was 1 case per 300,000 persons. Improved dental hygiene and widespread use of antibiotics for various infections have probably contributed to the declining incidence of this disease. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] The availability of antibiotics has greatly improved the prognosis of all forms of actinomycosis. At present, cure rates are high, and neither deformity nor death is common. […] Actinomycosis has no racial predilection. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis can affect people of all ages, but most cases are reported in young to middle-aged adults (aged 20-50 y).

• #22 Diagnosis and Management of Cervicofacial Actinomycosis: Lessons from Two Distinct Clinical Cases

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/4/139

  Members of the Actinomyces genus are non-spore-forming, anaerobic, and aerotolerant Gram-positive bacteria that are abundantly found in the oropharynx. They are the causative agents of actinomycosis, a slowly progressing (indolent) infection with non-specific symptoms in its initial phase, and a clinical course of extensive tissue destruction if left untreated. Actinomycoses are considered to be rare; however, reliable epidemiological data on their prevalence is lacking. […] Actinomycoses is considered to be rare (with a reported annual incidence of 1/300,000 persons, based on the reports available in the literature); however, reliable epidemiological data on their prevalence is lacking. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis was reported more frequently in patients living in rural areas, compared to people living in urban environments (the observed prevalence was 10:1); this difference was usually attributed to poor hygiene, neglected health status, low socioeconomic status and close contact with animals.

• #23 Actinomycosis – Altmeyers Encyclopedia – Department Dermatology

  https://www.altmeyers.org/en/dermatology/actinomycosis-118533

  Worldwide appearance. It occurs more frequently among the rural population than among the urban population. More common in developing countries, but very rare in industrialized countries due to the more frequent use of antibiotics. […] m:w=3:1;

• #24

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121815/actinomycosis

  Epidemiology […] Demographics […] male female […] Location […] most commonly affects the face and neck […] may also cause pelvic inflammatory disease […] Risk factors […] poor oral hygiene […] dental caries […] dental extraction or procedure […] dental trauma […] intrauterine device (IUD) […] […] […] most cases are clinically diagnosed […] […] […] Slowly progressive over weeks to months […] May relapse even after treatment

• #25 Actinomycosis – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/actinomycosis-2/

  Actinomyces and related gram-positive bacteria are common and may form part of the normal oral mucosal flora. The disease results from the penetration of these bacteria into deeper tissues. Pelvic actinomycosis is strongly associated with intrauterine devices. Actinomyces can be present in the distal gut and the genitals. […] There is little characteristic epidemiology for actinomycosis in general. Pelvic disease is much more likely when an intrauterine device (IUD) is in place. Orofacial diseases may occur in the presence of underlying tooth pathology, trauma or surgery, but many cases occur in people with healthy dentition and no obvious trauma. […] This infection can impact people of any age or background. While there is a slight predilection for men when it comes to cervicofacial disease, pelvic disease is almost entirely found in women. It can be present in all parts of the world. The rarity of this illness means that most practitioners will see very few cases in a lifetime, and even a busy infectious diseases practice may see few.

• #26 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomyces species are part of the normal flora of the mouth, colon, bronchi, and vagina. Poor oral hygiene may increase oral carriage. […] Infection is often promoted by violation of mucosal barriers, or superinfection of a foreign body or necrotic tissue. […] 15% of Actinomyces infections involve the chest. […] Thoracic actinomycosis is rare, affecting roughly one in 3 million people per year. […] Males are more often affected, in a 3:1 ratio. […] Aspiration is considered the primary mechanism promoting thoracic actinomycosis. Risk factors may thus include: Dental disease, poor dental hygiene. […] Actinomycosis doesn’t seem to be substantially increased in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, transplantation).

• #27 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomyces species are part of the normal flora of the mouth, colon, bronchi, and vagina. Poor oral hygiene may increase oral carriage. […] Infection is often promoted by violation of mucosal barriers, or superinfection of a foreign body or necrotic tissue. […] 15% of Actinomyces infections involve the chest. […] Thoracic actinomycosis is rare, affecting roughly one in 3 million people per year. […] Males are more often affected, in a 3:1 ratio. […] Aspiration is considered the primary mechanism promoting thoracic actinomycosis. Risk factors may thus include: Dental disease, poor dental hygiene. […] Actinomycosis doesn’t seem to be substantially increased in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, transplantation).

• #28 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomyces species are part of the normal flora of the mouth, colon, bronchi, and vagina. Poor oral hygiene may increase oral carriage. […] Infection is often promoted by violation of mucosal barriers, or superinfection of a foreign body or necrotic tissue. […] 15% of Actinomyces infections involve the chest. […] Thoracic actinomycosis is rare, affecting roughly one in 3 million people per year. […] Males are more often affected, in a 3:1 ratio. […] Aspiration is considered the primary mechanism promoting thoracic actinomycosis. Risk factors may thus include: Dental disease, poor dental hygiene. […] Actinomycosis doesn’t seem to be substantially increased in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, transplantation).

• #29 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomyces species are part of the normal flora of the mouth, colon, bronchi, and vagina. Poor oral hygiene may increase oral carriage. […] Infection is often promoted by violation of mucosal barriers, or superinfection of a foreign body or necrotic tissue. […] 15% of Actinomyces infections involve the chest. […] Thoracic actinomycosis is rare, affecting roughly one in 3 million people per year. […] Males are more often affected, in a 3:1 ratio. […] Aspiration is considered the primary mechanism promoting thoracic actinomycosis. Risk factors may thus include: Dental disease, poor dental hygiene. […] Actinomycosis doesn’t seem to be substantially increased in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, transplantation).

• #30 Actinomycosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17126

  The incidence of the disease is greater in males age 20 to 60 years with a peak incidence in 40 to 50 years. The male to female ratio for incidence is 3:1. The use of IUD contraceptive devices in females has increased the incidence. The infection has a higher prevalence within areas with low socioeconomic status. There is no racial predilection. […] Actinomyces infection has no racial predilection and is not contagious.

• #31 Actinomycosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycosis

  Disease incidence is greater in males between the ages of 20 and 60 years than in females. […] Before antibiotic treatments became available, the incidence in the Netherlands and Germany was one per 100,000 people/year. Incidence in the U.S. in the 1970s was one per 300,000 people/year, while in Germany in 1984, it was estimated to be one per 40,000 people/year. […] The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) has increased incidence of genitourinary actinomycosis in females. Incidence of oral actinomycosis, which is harder to diagnose, has increased.

• #32 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is the third most common type of actinomycosis, after that occurring in cervicofacial and abdominopelvic locations. In children, pulmonary involvement is uncommon. The peak incidence is reported to be in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Males are more often affected than women, with a 3:1 ratio. Pulmonary actinomycosis results mainly from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions. Consequently, individuals with poor oral hygiene, preexisting dental disease, and alcoholism have an increased risk for developing pulmonary actinomycosis. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and lumpy jaw syndrome, which is associated with odontogenic infection, is the most common clinical manifestation, representing approximately 60% of all reported cases. Actinomyces spp. could also be responsible for maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. […] Actinomyces spp. are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate severe osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ), which, until recently, was considered a noninfectious disease. Most patients with osteoporosis receive bisphosphonate therapy. Occurrence of BONJ is associated with duration of bisphosphonate therapy, concomitant use of corticosteroids, and mucosal disruption. […] Genitourinary tract actinomycosis is the second most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis. The main clinical feature of genitourinary tract actinomycosis is pelvic actinomycosis in women using an intrauterine device (IUD). However, other clinical presentations have been described, such as primary bladder actinomycosis and testicular actinomycosis. […] Colonization of the female genital tract by Actinomyces spp. is greatly promoted by the use of an IUD. Moreover, IUDs have a traumatizing effect on endothelium by causing erosion, which may facilitate actinomycosis invasion. Actinomycosis IUD-associated infection is infrequent, but is clearly associated with the duration of the IUD use, hence it is recommended that an IUD be replaced every 5 years. […] The pathogenesis of primary bladder actinomycosis is unclear, but could be due to cryptic locations, and usually mimics bladder carcinoma. The lesion may invade adjacent organs such as the uterus or the sigmoid colon. The diagnosis of primary bladder actinomycosis is of crucial importance, as it may avoid large surgical resection for suspected carcinoma.

• #33 Actinomycosis – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/actinomycosis-2/

  Local pathology seems to be permissive for actinomycosis although it is not universal. Dental caries and gingivitis may be found in patients with cervicofacial actinomycosis, but these are common conditions. The contribution of associated aspects of poor health such as diabetes, cancer, malnutrition, etc. have been suggested, but a causal association is not firmly established and even in patients with many comorbidities it is rare to develop actinomycosis. […] Because actinomycetes are present in the environment and in humans as saprophytes, there may not be a clear source of infection from the environment. Actinomycetes are hard to grow in the clinical laboratory and may be present more than is documented by laboratory tests. Similarly, they may be present as part of a mixed flora infection where treatment of the other organisms is also crucial. […] Disease is rare in all clinical settings. […] Not known to be transmitted zoologically.

• #34 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomyces species are part of the normal flora of the mouth, colon, bronchi, and vagina. Poor oral hygiene may increase oral carriage. […] Infection is often promoted by violation of mucosal barriers, or superinfection of a foreign body or necrotic tissue. […] 15% of Actinomyces infections involve the chest. […] Thoracic actinomycosis is rare, affecting roughly one in 3 million people per year. […] Males are more often affected, in a 3:1 ratio. […] Aspiration is considered the primary mechanism promoting thoracic actinomycosis. Risk factors may thus include: Dental disease, poor dental hygiene. […] Actinomycosis doesn’t seem to be substantially increased in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, transplantation).

• #35 Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis | Veterian Key

  https://veteriankey.com/actinomycosis-and-nocardiosis/

  Nocardiosis is less frequently reported in dogs and cats than actinomycosis, although cases are increasingly recognized in both human medicine and companion animals in association with an increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, including those receiving immunosuppressive drug therapy.160 In one veterinary teaching hospital, the prevalence of nocardiosis in dogs was image that of actinomycosis.1 In one study, nocardiosis was considerably more prevalent in cats than in dogs,116 but canine infections may be increasingly recognized in association with multidrug immunosuppressive therapy for immune-mediated disease. […] The prevalence of nocardiosis and the infecting species may also vary geographically. In the United States, nocardiosis has been most commonly reported in humans from the southwestern part of the country. It was hypothesized that the dry, dusty, and windy conditions in these areas may facilitate aerosolization and dispersal of nocardiae.166 Nocardia brasiliensis is the most common species infecting humans in tropical locations such as southwestern United States, Central and South America, and Australia.

• #36 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Actinomycosis has a worldwide distribution and usually affects middle age individuals. It is two to four times more common in males than in females. The condition is usually considered as infrequent, however the epidemiologic data is very limited and probable underreported. Infection involving the cervicofacial area is the most commonly known, representing 60% of the cases. This occurs after dental or oral procedure, or in a patient with poor dental care. The second most common presentation of actinomycosis is abdominal involvement, constituting 20% of the reported cases. The organism can invade any abdominal tissue, most commonly the bowel, causing appendicitis in 65% of the cases, but also, gastrointestinal perforation and upper and lower bowel obstruction have been reported. The third most common presentation is thoracic actinomycosis (15-20% of the reported cases). Infection develop after aspiration of the oropharyngeal secretions or perforation of the esophagus. Some cases develop from progression from cervicofacial or abdominal actinomycosis, or after hematogenous spread in disseminated disease.

• #37 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Actinomycosis has a worldwide distribution and usually affects middle age individuals. It is two to four times more common in males than in females. The condition is usually considered as infrequent, however the epidemiologic data is very limited and probable underreported. Infection involving the cervicofacial area is the most commonly known, representing 60% of the cases. This occurs after dental or oral procedure, or in a patient with poor dental care. The second most common presentation of actinomycosis is abdominal involvement, constituting 20% of the reported cases. The organism can invade any abdominal tissue, most commonly the bowel, causing appendicitis in 65% of the cases, but also, gastrointestinal perforation and upper and lower bowel obstruction have been reported. The third most common presentation is thoracic actinomycosis (15-20% of the reported cases). Infection develop after aspiration of the oropharyngeal secretions or perforation of the esophagus. Some cases develop from progression from cervicofacial or abdominal actinomycosis, or after hematogenous spread in disseminated disease.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/mtsm/fulltext/2022/06010/actinomycosis_in_head_and_neck_region___a_review.1.aspx

  Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease which described first time in human by Israel in 1878 and Beck described the clinical manifestations of actinomycosis patients in 1906. […] There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of head and neck actinomycosis. Head-and-neck actinomycosis is the most common clinical type of actinomycosis, and the lumpy jaw syndrome is usually associated with odontogenic infection, the most common clinical manifestations, representing around 60% of all documented cases. […] The incidence of actinomycosis is usually low. Pulverer documented the annual incidence of actinomycosis in Cologne, West Germany is 1 in 83,000 people. […] Most review shows approximately one patient of actinomycosis per year in the majority of the medical centers. […] Actinomycosis affects the head-and-neck region in approximately 50% of cases, the chest in approximately 30% of the cases, and the abdomen in 20%, although this infection can become disseminated. […] Actinomycosis can affect any age group from childhood to age 90 years, but majority of patients are between the age group of 30 60 years. […] There is no racial predilection, and male-to-female ratio of involvement is 3 or 41.

• #39 Cervicofacial actinomycosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cervicofacial-actinomycosis?lang=us

  Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent manifestation of Actinomyces infection 1,2. […] Although the prevalence of cervicofacial actinomycosis cases varies with geographical regions, the disease has male gender predilection. Risk factors including poor oral hygiene, oral trauma, immunosuppression, and malnutrition 1,3.

• #40 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is the third most common type of actinomycosis, after that occurring in cervicofacial and abdominopelvic locations. In children, pulmonary involvement is uncommon. The peak incidence is reported to be in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Males are more often affected than women, with a 3:1 ratio. Pulmonary actinomycosis results mainly from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions. Consequently, individuals with poor oral hygiene, preexisting dental disease, and alcoholism have an increased risk for developing pulmonary actinomycosis. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and lumpy jaw syndrome, which is associated with odontogenic infection, is the most common clinical manifestation, representing approximately 60% of all reported cases. Actinomyces spp. could also be responsible for maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. […] Actinomyces spp. are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate severe osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ), which, until recently, was considered a noninfectious disease. Most patients with osteoporosis receive bisphosphonate therapy. Occurrence of BONJ is associated with duration of bisphosphonate therapy, concomitant use of corticosteroids, and mucosal disruption. […] Genitourinary tract actinomycosis is the second most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis. The main clinical feature of genitourinary tract actinomycosis is pelvic actinomycosis in women using an intrauterine device (IUD). However, other clinical presentations have been described, such as primary bladder actinomycosis and testicular actinomycosis. […] Colonization of the female genital tract by Actinomyces spp. is greatly promoted by the use of an IUD. Moreover, IUDs have a traumatizing effect on endothelium by causing erosion, which may facilitate actinomycosis invasion. Actinomycosis IUD-associated infection is infrequent, but is clearly associated with the duration of the IUD use, hence it is recommended that an IUD be replaced every 5 years. […] The pathogenesis of primary bladder actinomycosis is unclear, but could be due to cryptic locations, and usually mimics bladder carcinoma. The lesion may invade adjacent organs such as the uterus or the sigmoid colon. The diagnosis of primary bladder actinomycosis is of crucial importance, as it may avoid large surgical resection for suspected carcinoma.

• #41

  https://journals.lww.com/mtsm/fulltext/2022/06010/actinomycosis_in_head_and_neck_region___a_review.1.aspx

  Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease which described first time in human by Israel in 1878 and Beck described the clinical manifestations of actinomycosis patients in 1906. […] There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of head and neck actinomycosis. Head-and-neck actinomycosis is the most common clinical type of actinomycosis, and the lumpy jaw syndrome is usually associated with odontogenic infection, the most common clinical manifestations, representing around 60% of all documented cases. […] The incidence of actinomycosis is usually low. Pulverer documented the annual incidence of actinomycosis in Cologne, West Germany is 1 in 83,000 people. […] Most review shows approximately one patient of actinomycosis per year in the majority of the medical centers. […] Actinomycosis affects the head-and-neck region in approximately 50% of cases, the chest in approximately 30% of the cases, and the abdomen in 20%, although this infection can become disseminated. […] Actinomycosis can affect any age group from childhood to age 90 years, but majority of patients are between the age group of 30 60 years. […] There is no racial predilection, and male-to-female ratio of involvement is 3 or 41.

• #42

  https://www.ijpediatrics.com/index.php/ijcp/article/view/4603

  The majority of cases of actinomycosis are of odontogenic origin and related to the perimandibular region with other sites of primary actinomycosis in the head and neck region include the tongue, paranasal sinuses, middle ear, larynx, lacrimal passage, and thyroid gland. […] The risk factors for actinomycosis in the pediatric age group are dental caries, trauma, debilitation, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. […] This review article discusses the etiopathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and current treatment of the actinomycosis in the head and neck region of pediatric patients.

• #43 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Actinomycosis has a worldwide distribution and usually affects middle age individuals. It is two to four times more common in males than in females. The condition is usually considered as infrequent, however the epidemiologic data is very limited and probable underreported. Infection involving the cervicofacial area is the most commonly known, representing 60% of the cases. This occurs after dental or oral procedure, or in a patient with poor dental care. The second most common presentation of actinomycosis is abdominal involvement, constituting 20% of the reported cases. The organism can invade any abdominal tissue, most commonly the bowel, causing appendicitis in 65% of the cases, but also, gastrointestinal perforation and upper and lower bowel obstruction have been reported. The third most common presentation is thoracic actinomycosis (15-20% of the reported cases). Infection develop after aspiration of the oropharyngeal secretions or perforation of the esophagus. Some cases develop from progression from cervicofacial or abdominal actinomycosis, or after hematogenous spread in disseminated disease.

• #44

  https://journals.lww.com/mtsm/fulltext/2022/06010/actinomycosis_in_head_and_neck_region___a_review.1.aspx

  Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease which described first time in human by Israel in 1878 and Beck described the clinical manifestations of actinomycosis patients in 1906. […] There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of head and neck actinomycosis. Head-and-neck actinomycosis is the most common clinical type of actinomycosis, and the lumpy jaw syndrome is usually associated with odontogenic infection, the most common clinical manifestations, representing around 60% of all documented cases. […] The incidence of actinomycosis is usually low. Pulverer documented the annual incidence of actinomycosis in Cologne, West Germany is 1 in 83,000 people. […] Most review shows approximately one patient of actinomycosis per year in the majority of the medical centers. […] Actinomycosis affects the head-and-neck region in approximately 50% of cases, the chest in approximately 30% of the cases, and the abdomen in 20%, although this infection can become disseminated. […] Actinomycosis can affect any age group from childhood to age 90 years, but majority of patients are between the age group of 30 60 years. […] There is no racial predilection, and male-to-female ratio of involvement is 3 or 41.

• #45 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Actinomycosis has a worldwide distribution and usually affects middle age individuals. It is two to four times more common in males than in females. The condition is usually considered as infrequent, however the epidemiologic data is very limited and probable underreported. Infection involving the cervicofacial area is the most commonly known, representing 60% of the cases. This occurs after dental or oral procedure, or in a patient with poor dental care. The second most common presentation of actinomycosis is abdominal involvement, constituting 20% of the reported cases. The organism can invade any abdominal tissue, most commonly the bowel, causing appendicitis in 65% of the cases, but also, gastrointestinal perforation and upper and lower bowel obstruction have been reported. The third most common presentation is thoracic actinomycosis (15-20% of the reported cases). Infection develop after aspiration of the oropharyngeal secretions or perforation of the esophagus. Some cases develop from progression from cervicofacial or abdominal actinomycosis, or after hematogenous spread in disseminated disease.

• #46 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is the third most common type of actinomycosis, after that occurring in cervicofacial and abdominopelvic locations. In children, pulmonary involvement is uncommon. The peak incidence is reported to be in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Males are more often affected than women, with a 3:1 ratio. Pulmonary actinomycosis results mainly from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions. Consequently, individuals with poor oral hygiene, preexisting dental disease, and alcoholism have an increased risk for developing pulmonary actinomycosis. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and lumpy jaw syndrome, which is associated with odontogenic infection, is the most common clinical manifestation, representing approximately 60% of all reported cases. Actinomyces spp. could also be responsible for maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. […] Actinomyces spp. are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate severe osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ), which, until recently, was considered a noninfectious disease. Most patients with osteoporosis receive bisphosphonate therapy. Occurrence of BONJ is associated with duration of bisphosphonate therapy, concomitant use of corticosteroids, and mucosal disruption. […] Genitourinary tract actinomycosis is the second most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis. The main clinical feature of genitourinary tract actinomycosis is pelvic actinomycosis in women using an intrauterine device (IUD). However, other clinical presentations have been described, such as primary bladder actinomycosis and testicular actinomycosis. […] Colonization of the female genital tract by Actinomyces spp. is greatly promoted by the use of an IUD. Moreover, IUDs have a traumatizing effect on endothelium by causing erosion, which may facilitate actinomycosis invasion. Actinomycosis IUD-associated infection is infrequent, but is clearly associated with the duration of the IUD use, hence it is recommended that an IUD be replaced every 5 years. […] The pathogenesis of primary bladder actinomycosis is unclear, but could be due to cryptic locations, and usually mimics bladder carcinoma. The lesion may invade adjacent organs such as the uterus or the sigmoid colon. The diagnosis of primary bladder actinomycosis is of crucial importance, as it may avoid large surgical resection for suspected carcinoma.

• #47 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Actinomycosis has a worldwide distribution and usually affects middle age individuals. It is two to four times more common in males than in females. The condition is usually considered as infrequent, however the epidemiologic data is very limited and probable underreported. Infection involving the cervicofacial area is the most commonly known, representing 60% of the cases. This occurs after dental or oral procedure, or in a patient with poor dental care. The second most common presentation of actinomycosis is abdominal involvement, constituting 20% of the reported cases. The organism can invade any abdominal tissue, most commonly the bowel, causing appendicitis in 65% of the cases, but also, gastrointestinal perforation and upper and lower bowel obstruction have been reported. The third most common presentation is thoracic actinomycosis (15-20% of the reported cases). Infection develop after aspiration of the oropharyngeal secretions or perforation of the esophagus. Some cases develop from progression from cervicofacial or abdominal actinomycosis, or after hematogenous spread in disseminated disease.

• #48 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomyces species are part of the normal flora of the mouth, colon, bronchi, and vagina. Poor oral hygiene may increase oral carriage. […] Infection is often promoted by violation of mucosal barriers, or superinfection of a foreign body or necrotic tissue. […] 15% of Actinomyces infections involve the chest. […] Thoracic actinomycosis is rare, affecting roughly one in 3 million people per year. […] Males are more often affected, in a 3:1 ratio. […] Aspiration is considered the primary mechanism promoting thoracic actinomycosis. Risk factors may thus include: Dental disease, poor dental hygiene. […] Actinomycosis doesn’t seem to be substantially increased in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, transplantation).

• #49 Thoracic actinomycosis infection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thoracic-actinomycosis-infection?lang=us

  While it is rare in general, the thoracic form actinomycosis constitutes 15% of the total burden of actinomycosis 3,4. […] Thoracic involvement usually results from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions into the respiratory tract. […] There may be a peripheral and/or lower lobe predominance which probably reflects the role of aspiration in its pathogenesis 3. Most lesions may be unilateral 7.

• #50 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Actinomycosis has a worldwide distribution and usually affects middle age individuals. It is two to four times more common in males than in females. The condition is usually considered as infrequent, however the epidemiologic data is very limited and probable underreported. Infection involving the cervicofacial area is the most commonly known, representing 60% of the cases. This occurs after dental or oral procedure, or in a patient with poor dental care. The second most common presentation of actinomycosis is abdominal involvement, constituting 20% of the reported cases. The organism can invade any abdominal tissue, most commonly the bowel, causing appendicitis in 65% of the cases, but also, gastrointestinal perforation and upper and lower bowel obstruction have been reported. The third most common presentation is thoracic actinomycosis (15-20% of the reported cases). Infection develop after aspiration of the oropharyngeal secretions or perforation of the esophagus. Some cases develop from progression from cervicofacial or abdominal actinomycosis, or after hematogenous spread in disseminated disease.

• #51 Thoracic actinomycosis infection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thoracic-actinomycosis-infection?lang=us

  While it is rare in general, the thoracic form actinomycosis constitutes 15% of the total burden of actinomycosis 3,4. […] Thoracic involvement usually results from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions into the respiratory tract. […] There may be a peripheral and/or lower lobe predominance which probably reflects the role of aspiration in its pathogenesis 3. Most lesions may be unilateral 7.

• #52 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is the third most common type of actinomycosis, after that occurring in cervicofacial and abdominopelvic locations. In children, pulmonary involvement is uncommon. The peak incidence is reported to be in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Males are more often affected than women, with a 3:1 ratio. Pulmonary actinomycosis results mainly from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions. Consequently, individuals with poor oral hygiene, preexisting dental disease, and alcoholism have an increased risk for developing pulmonary actinomycosis. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and lumpy jaw syndrome, which is associated with odontogenic infection, is the most common clinical manifestation, representing approximately 60% of all reported cases. Actinomyces spp. could also be responsible for maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. […] Actinomyces spp. are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate severe osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ), which, until recently, was considered a noninfectious disease. Most patients with osteoporosis receive bisphosphonate therapy. Occurrence of BONJ is associated with duration of bisphosphonate therapy, concomitant use of corticosteroids, and mucosal disruption. […] Genitourinary tract actinomycosis is the second most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis. The main clinical feature of genitourinary tract actinomycosis is pelvic actinomycosis in women using an intrauterine device (IUD). However, other clinical presentations have been described, such as primary bladder actinomycosis and testicular actinomycosis. […] Colonization of the female genital tract by Actinomyces spp. is greatly promoted by the use of an IUD. Moreover, IUDs have a traumatizing effect on endothelium by causing erosion, which may facilitate actinomycosis invasion. Actinomycosis IUD-associated infection is infrequent, but is clearly associated with the duration of the IUD use, hence it is recommended that an IUD be replaced every 5 years. […] The pathogenesis of primary bladder actinomycosis is unclear, but could be due to cryptic locations, and usually mimics bladder carcinoma. The lesion may invade adjacent organs such as the uterus or the sigmoid colon. The diagnosis of primary bladder actinomycosis is of crucial importance, as it may avoid large surgical resection for suspected carcinoma.

• #53 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is the third most common type of actinomycosis, after that occurring in cervicofacial and abdominopelvic locations. In children, pulmonary involvement is uncommon. The peak incidence is reported to be in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Males are more often affected than women, with a 3:1 ratio. Pulmonary actinomycosis results mainly from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions. Consequently, individuals with poor oral hygiene, preexisting dental disease, and alcoholism have an increased risk for developing pulmonary actinomycosis. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and lumpy jaw syndrome, which is associated with odontogenic infection, is the most common clinical manifestation, representing approximately 60% of all reported cases. Actinomyces spp. could also be responsible for maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. […] Actinomyces spp. are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate severe osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ), which, until recently, was considered a noninfectious disease. Most patients with osteoporosis receive bisphosphonate therapy. Occurrence of BONJ is associated with duration of bisphosphonate therapy, concomitant use of corticosteroids, and mucosal disruption. […] Genitourinary tract actinomycosis is the second most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis. The main clinical feature of genitourinary tract actinomycosis is pelvic actinomycosis in women using an intrauterine device (IUD). However, other clinical presentations have been described, such as primary bladder actinomycosis and testicular actinomycosis. […] Colonization of the female genital tract by Actinomyces spp. is greatly promoted by the use of an IUD. Moreover, IUDs have a traumatizing effect on endothelium by causing erosion, which may facilitate actinomycosis invasion. Actinomycosis IUD-associated infection is infrequent, but is clearly associated with the duration of the IUD use, hence it is recommended that an IUD be replaced every 5 years. […] The pathogenesis of primary bladder actinomycosis is unclear, but could be due to cryptic locations, and usually mimics bladder carcinoma. The lesion may invade adjacent organs such as the uterus or the sigmoid colon. The diagnosis of primary bladder actinomycosis is of crucial importance, as it may avoid large surgical resection for suspected carcinoma.

• #54 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  The rarest cases of actinomycosis include musculoskeletal, central nervous system or joint actinomycosis. Central nervous system actinomycosis infection develops from hematogenous spread or extension of a cervicofacial actinomycosis. In one study, the distribution of presentations included brain abscess (67%), meningitis or meningoencephalitis (13%), actinomycoma (7%), subdural empyema (6%), and epidural abscess (6%). […] Disseminated actinomycosis have been documented in 15.9% of the reported cases. In many cases, the presenting symptoms do not correlate with the extension of the disease. According to Weese, the diagnosis is properly identified at admission in only 7% of the cases. Disseminated disease may involve any organ, but the most common include lung, skin, brain, liver, bone and muscle.

• #55 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  The rarest cases of actinomycosis include musculoskeletal, central nervous system or joint actinomycosis. Central nervous system actinomycosis infection develops from hematogenous spread or extension of a cervicofacial actinomycosis. In one study, the distribution of presentations included brain abscess (67%), meningitis or meningoencephalitis (13%), actinomycoma (7%), subdural empyema (6%), and epidural abscess (6%). […] Disseminated actinomycosis have been documented in 15.9% of the reported cases. In many cases, the presenting symptoms do not correlate with the extension of the disease. According to Weese, the diagnosis is properly identified at admission in only 7% of the cases. Disseminated disease may involve any organ, but the most common include lung, skin, brain, liver, bone and muscle.

• #56 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis. A total of 118 cases of CNS disease were included in the final analysis. The mean age of patients was 44 years, and a significant proportion was male (57%). Actinomycosis israelii was the most prevalent species (41.5%), followed by Actinomyces meyeri (22.6%). Disseminated disease was found in 19.5% of cases. The overall case-fatality rate was 11%. […] CNS actinomycosis carries significant morbidity and mortality despite its indolent nature. Early aggressive surgery, along with prolonged antimicrobial treatment is vital to improve outcomes. […] The majority of data is available as anecdotal evidence in the form of case reports and expert opinions.

• #57 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. The primary source of actinomycosis was the lungs in 10% of the cases. […] The diagnosis of actinomycosis is based on a constellation of histopathological features and microbiological isolation of the organism. However, failure to isolate the organism from culture does not exclude the diagnosis. […] The mortality rate was 11% in all treated cases, which is lower compared to previous review (28%). In last few decades, prompt diagnosis, availability of antibiotics and early aggressive surgery could be the potential factors contributing to low mortality.

• #58 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10239160/

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. Diagnosis is difficult due to its similarity to malignancy, nocardiosis and other granulomatous diseases. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis. […] The majority of data is available as anecdotal evidence in the form of case reports and expert opinions. […] The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. […] In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. […] The common imitators of actinomycosis are Nocardia and tuberculosis, which typically develop in immunodeficient patients, CNS actinomycosis is not usually associated with immunodeficiency. […] The overall mortality rate was 11% (n=13) in all cases reported with CNS actinomycosis. […] Despite the indolent nature of the disease, CNS actinomycosis carries significant mortality. Early suspicion and differentiation from tuberculosis, nocardiosis and malignancy is vital to improve outcomes.

• #59 Diagnosis and Management of Cervicofacial Actinomycosis: Lessons from Two Distinct Clinical Cases

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/4/139

  There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of cervicofacial actinomycosis in Hungary, and because these infections are not listed for surveillance in the National Bacteriological Surveillance in Hungary or the WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards, clinicians may only rely on estimations based on international data. […] At the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged (responsible for the specialized dental care in the Southern region of Hungary), the prevalence of verified (with microbiology results or histological findings) cases of actinomycoses is rare; in most cases, the diagnosis of this pathology is presumptive and is aided by the corresponding symptoms and clinical findings of these patients.

• #60 Diagnosis and Management of Cervicofacial Actinomycosis: Lessons from Two Distinct Clinical Cases

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/4/139

  There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of cervicofacial actinomycosis in Hungary, and because these infections are not listed for surveillance in the National Bacteriological Surveillance in Hungary or the WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards, clinicians may only rely on estimations based on international data. […] At the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged (responsible for the specialized dental care in the Southern region of Hungary), the prevalence of verified (with microbiology results or histological findings) cases of actinomycoses is rare; in most cases, the diagnosis of this pathology is presumptive and is aided by the corresponding symptoms and clinical findings of these patients.

• #61 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis. A total of 118 cases of CNS disease were included in the final analysis. The mean age of patients was 44 years, and a significant proportion was male (57%). Actinomycosis israelii was the most prevalent species (41.5%), followed by Actinomyces meyeri (22.6%). Disseminated disease was found in 19.5% of cases. The overall case-fatality rate was 11%. […] CNS actinomycosis carries significant morbidity and mortality despite its indolent nature. Early aggressive surgery, along with prolonged antimicrobial treatment is vital to improve outcomes. […] The majority of data is available as anecdotal evidence in the form of case reports and expert opinions.

• #62 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10239160/

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. Diagnosis is difficult due to its similarity to malignancy, nocardiosis and other granulomatous diseases. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis. […] The majority of data is available as anecdotal evidence in the form of case reports and expert opinions. […] The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. […] In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. […] The common imitators of actinomycosis are Nocardia and tuberculosis, which typically develop in immunodeficient patients, CNS actinomycosis is not usually associated with immunodeficiency. […] The overall mortality rate was 11% (n=13) in all cases reported with CNS actinomycosis. […] Despite the indolent nature of the disease, CNS actinomycosis carries significant mortality. Early suspicion and differentiation from tuberculosis, nocardiosis and malignancy is vital to improve outcomes.

• #63 Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis | Veterian Key

  https://veteriankey.com/actinomycosis-and-nocardiosis/

  Actinomycosis occurs most commonly in young adult to middle-age large-breed dogs, especially retriever and hunting breeds, that have access to the outdoors.74,93 Both males and females may be affected, with the median age being approximately 5 years.170 Actinomycosis in outdoor dogs is related in large part to exposure to plant material, especially grass awns.24,59,61,84,130 Inhaled or ingested awns are contaminated in the oropharynx, after which they migrate to various sites and act as the nidus of infection. In cats, actinomycosis is often associated with bite wounds and can manifest as pyothorax, peritonitis, or cellulitis.110,170 As a result, actinomycosis is more commonly diagnosed in male cats. Because of the difficulty in culturing Actinomyces species and their susceptibility to many antibacterials, the prevalence of actinomycosis in dogs and cats has probably been underestimated.

• #64 Actinomycosis | Veterian Key

  https://veteriankey.com/actinomycosis/

  Actinomycosis is caused by anaerobic or microaerophilic, filamentous, gram-positive bacteria that belong to the genus Actinomyces (and to a lesser extent, the related genus Arcanobacterium). […] Geographic Distribution: Worldwide, but especially regions where plant awns are prevalent. […] Young adult to middle-age large-breed dogs that have outdoor access are often affected, especially retriever and hunting breeds. […] There is no clear sex predisposition, and the median age of dogs with actinomycosis is approximately 5 years. […] Because Actinomyces species are difficult to culture and are susceptible to antimicrobial drugs that are often used empirically, the prevalence of actinomycosis in dogs and cats is probably underestimated.

• #65 Chronic Madura foot: mycetoma and/or Actinomyces spp or actinomycosis | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2018/bcr-2018-224859

  Actinomycosis is a rare infectious disease that often presents as a chronic pathology either due to misdiagnosis or patients unwilling to seek speedy medical advice. […] Surveillance is required due to the tendency of actinomycosis to recur. Repeated clinical assessment, imaging and/or biopsy may prove useful in tracking this chronic and persistent pathology.

• #66 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960759-overview

  Actinomycosis is rare. During the 1970s, the reported annual incidence of actinomycosis in the Cleveland area was 1 case per 300,000 persons. Improved dental hygiene and widespread use of antibiotics for various infections have probably contributed to the declining incidence of this disease. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] The availability of antibiotics has greatly improved the prognosis of all forms of actinomycosis. At present, cure rates are high, and neither deformity nor death is common. […] Actinomycosis has no racial predilection. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis can affect people of all ages, but most cases are reported in young to middle-aged adults (aged 20-50 y).

• #67 The role of tonsillar actinomycosis in adult patients – Hari – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4324/html

  The frequency of actinomycosis in the tonsils of adults undergoing tonsillectomy was 11.6% in our study population. […] Ninety-eight percent of patients with actinomycosis had reactive tonsillar hypertrophy as compared to the control group (No Actinomycoses) in whom 77% of patients had tonsillar hypertrophy. This difference was significant (P=0.002). […] Actinomycosis was documented in 74 specimens. […] The presence of actinomycosis infection in tonsillectomy specimens is well described. The incidence is variable and ranges between 0.8% and 41%. […] In this study the incidence was 11.6%. […] Actinomyces colonization of tonsillar crypts has been described in 735% of tonsillectomy specimens. […] Aydin et al. and Toh et al. found actinomycosis more common in adults than in children.

• #68 The role of tonsillar actinomycosis in adult patients – Hari – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4324/html

  The frequency of actinomycosis in the tonsils of adults undergoing tonsillectomy was 11.6% in our study population. […] Ninety-eight percent of patients with actinomycosis had reactive tonsillar hypertrophy as compared to the control group (No Actinomycoses) in whom 77% of patients had tonsillar hypertrophy. This difference was significant (P=0.002). […] Actinomycosis was documented in 74 specimens. […] The presence of actinomycosis infection in tonsillectomy specimens is well described. The incidence is variable and ranges between 0.8% and 41%. […] In this study the incidence was 11.6%. […] Actinomyces colonization of tonsillar crypts has been described in 735% of tonsillectomy specimens. […] Aydin et al. and Toh et al. found actinomycosis more common in adults than in children.

• #69 The role of tonsillar actinomycosis in adult patients – Hari – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4324/html

  The frequency of actinomycosis in the tonsils of adults undergoing tonsillectomy was 11.6% in our study population. […] Ninety-eight percent of patients with actinomycosis had reactive tonsillar hypertrophy as compared to the control group (No Actinomycoses) in whom 77% of patients had tonsillar hypertrophy. This difference was significant (P=0.002). […] Actinomycosis was documented in 74 specimens. […] The presence of actinomycosis infection in tonsillectomy specimens is well described. The incidence is variable and ranges between 0.8% and 41%. […] In this study the incidence was 11.6%. […] Actinomyces colonization of tonsillar crypts has been described in 735% of tonsillectomy specimens. […] Aydin et al. and Toh et al. found actinomycosis more common in adults than in children.

• #70 The role of tonsillar actinomycosis in adult patients – Hari – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4324/html

  The frequency of actinomycosis in the tonsils of adults undergoing tonsillectomy was 11.6% in our study population. […] Ninety-eight percent of patients with actinomycosis had reactive tonsillar hypertrophy as compared to the control group (No Actinomycoses) in whom 77% of patients had tonsillar hypertrophy. This difference was significant (P=0.002). […] Actinomycosis was documented in 74 specimens. […] The presence of actinomycosis infection in tonsillectomy specimens is well described. The incidence is variable and ranges between 0.8% and 41%. […] In this study the incidence was 11.6%. […] Actinomyces colonization of tonsillar crypts has been described in 735% of tonsillectomy specimens. […] Aydin et al. and Toh et al. found actinomycosis more common in adults than in children.

• #71 The role of tonsillar actinomycosis in adult patients – Hari – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4324/html

  It has been suggested that tonsillar actinomycosis may be an aetiological factor in the development of tonsillar hypertrophy. […] The majority of specimens with actinomycoses identified on histopathology demonstrated reactive tonsillar hyperplasia 36/37 (97%). […] Actinomycoses infection was significant in the development of reactive tonsil hyperplasia (P=0.002).

• #72 Actinomyces Odontolyticus Bacteremia – Volume 9, Number 12—December 2003 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/12/02-0646_article

  Actinomycosis is a disease of antiquity, having most likely infected the jaw of a fossil rhinoceros and the ribs of a man discovered in southeastern Ontario, Canada, who by radiocarbon dating lived 230 A.D. + 55. […] The major human pathogen for actinomycosis, A. israelii, was identified in two patients in 1878 and fully delineated by Israel. […] Since then, studies have identified A. naeslundii, A. viscosus, A. pyogenes, A denticolens, A. howellii, A. hordeovulneris, and A. meyeri in humans as well as in dogs and cats. Actinomycosis is the most common infectious disease of kangaroos. […] During the ensuing 40+ years, 23 patients with invasive infection caused by A. odontolyticus have been described in North America, Europe, and Asia. […] We describe two cases, in 1998 and 1999, involving immunocompromised patients with fever and bacteremia resulting from A. odontolyticus and consider the 23 previously described.

• #73 Actinomyces Odontolyticus Bacteremia – Volume 9, Number 12—December 2003 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/12/02-0646_article

  Actinomycosis is a disease of antiquity, having most likely infected the jaw of a fossil rhinoceros and the ribs of a man discovered in southeastern Ontario, Canada, who by radiocarbon dating lived 230 A.D. + 55. […] The major human pathogen for actinomycosis, A. israelii, was identified in two patients in 1878 and fully delineated by Israel. […] Since then, studies have identified A. naeslundii, A. viscosus, A. pyogenes, A denticolens, A. howellii, A. hordeovulneris, and A. meyeri in humans as well as in dogs and cats. Actinomycosis is the most common infectious disease of kangaroos. […] During the ensuing 40+ years, 23 patients with invasive infection caused by A. odontolyticus have been described in North America, Europe, and Asia. […] We describe two cases, in 1998 and 1999, involving immunocompromised patients with fever and bacteremia resulting from A. odontolyticus and consider the 23 previously described.

• #74

  https://journals.lww.com/mtsm/fulltext/2022/06010/actinomycosis_in_head_and_neck_region___a_review.1.aspx

  Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease which described first time in human by Israel in 1878 and Beck described the clinical manifestations of actinomycosis patients in 1906. […] There is virtually no data available on the prevalence of head and neck actinomycosis. Head-and-neck actinomycosis is the most common clinical type of actinomycosis, and the lumpy jaw syndrome is usually associated with odontogenic infection, the most common clinical manifestations, representing around 60% of all documented cases. […] The incidence of actinomycosis is usually low. Pulverer documented the annual incidence of actinomycosis in Cologne, West Germany is 1 in 83,000 people. […] Most review shows approximately one patient of actinomycosis per year in the majority of the medical centers. […] Actinomycosis affects the head-and-neck region in approximately 50% of cases, the chest in approximately 30% of the cases, and the abdomen in 20%, although this infection can become disseminated. […] Actinomycosis can affect any age group from childhood to age 90 years, but majority of patients are between the age group of 30 60 years. […] There is no racial predilection, and male-to-female ratio of involvement is 3 or 41.

• #75 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. The primary source of actinomycosis was the lungs in 10% of the cases. […] The diagnosis of actinomycosis is based on a constellation of histopathological features and microbiological isolation of the organism. However, failure to isolate the organism from culture does not exclude the diagnosis. […] The mortality rate was 11% in all treated cases, which is lower compared to previous review (28%). In last few decades, prompt diagnosis, availability of antibiotics and early aggressive surgery could be the potential factors contributing to low mortality.

• #76 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. The primary source of actinomycosis was the lungs in 10% of the cases. […] The diagnosis of actinomycosis is based on a constellation of histopathological features and microbiological isolation of the organism. However, failure to isolate the organism from culture does not exclude the diagnosis. […] The mortality rate was 11% in all treated cases, which is lower compared to previous review (28%). In last few decades, prompt diagnosis, availability of antibiotics and early aggressive surgery could be the potential factors contributing to low mortality.

• #77 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. The primary source of actinomycosis was the lungs in 10% of the cases. […] The diagnosis of actinomycosis is based on a constellation of histopathological features and microbiological isolation of the organism. However, failure to isolate the organism from culture does not exclude the diagnosis. […] The mortality rate was 11% in all treated cases, which is lower compared to previous review (28%). In last few decades, prompt diagnosis, availability of antibiotics and early aggressive surgery could be the potential factors contributing to low mortality.

• #78 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10239160/

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. Diagnosis is difficult due to its similarity to malignancy, nocardiosis and other granulomatous diseases. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis. […] The majority of data is available as anecdotal evidence in the form of case reports and expert opinions. […] The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. […] In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. […] The common imitators of actinomycosis are Nocardia and tuberculosis, which typically develop in immunodeficient patients, CNS actinomycosis is not usually associated with immunodeficiency. […] The overall mortality rate was 11% (n=13) in all cases reported with CNS actinomycosis. […] Despite the indolent nature of the disease, CNS actinomycosis carries significant mortality. Early suspicion and differentiation from tuberculosis, nocardiosis and malignancy is vital to improve outcomes.

• #79 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis. A total of 118 cases of CNS disease were included in the final analysis. The mean age of patients was 44 years, and a significant proportion was male (57%). Actinomycosis israelii was the most prevalent species (41.5%), followed by Actinomyces meyeri (22.6%). Disseminated disease was found in 19.5% of cases. The overall case-fatality rate was 11%. […] CNS actinomycosis carries significant morbidity and mortality despite its indolent nature. Early aggressive surgery, along with prolonged antimicrobial treatment is vital to improve outcomes. […] The majority of data is available as anecdotal evidence in the form of case reports and expert opinions.

• #80 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10239160/

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. Diagnosis is difficult due to its similarity to malignancy, nocardiosis and other granulomatous diseases. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis. […] The majority of data is available as anecdotal evidence in the form of case reports and expert opinions. […] The incidence of CNS disease is 12% in all disseminated cases of actinomycosis. […] In this review, disseminated infection was found in 20% of the patients, which was probably due to hematogenous spread. […] The common imitators of actinomycosis are Nocardia and tuberculosis, which typically develop in immunodeficient patients, CNS actinomycosis is not usually associated with immunodeficiency. […] The overall mortality rate was 11% (n=13) in all cases reported with CNS actinomycosis. […] Despite the indolent nature of the disease, CNS actinomycosis carries significant mortality. Early suspicion and differentiation from tuberculosis, nocardiosis and malignancy is vital to improve outcomes.

• #81 Actinomyces Odontolyticus Bacteremia – Volume 9, Number 12—December 2003 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/12/02-0646_article

  Actinomycosis is a disease of antiquity, having most likely infected the jaw of a fossil rhinoceros and the ribs of a man discovered in southeastern Ontario, Canada, who by radiocarbon dating lived 230 A.D. + 55. […] The major human pathogen for actinomycosis, A. israelii, was identified in two patients in 1878 and fully delineated by Israel. […] Since then, studies have identified A. naeslundii, A. viscosus, A. pyogenes, A denticolens, A. howellii, A. hordeovulneris, and A. meyeri in humans as well as in dogs and cats. Actinomycosis is the most common infectious disease of kangaroos. […] During the ensuing 40+ years, 23 patients with invasive infection caused by A. odontolyticus have been described in North America, Europe, and Asia. […] We describe two cases, in 1998 and 1999, involving immunocompromised patients with fever and bacteremia resulting from A. odontolyticus and consider the 23 previously described.

• #82 Actinomyces Odontolyticus Bacteremia – Volume 9, Number 12—December 2003 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/12/02-0646_article

  Most are men (14 vs. 9 women, with 2 of unknown sex), and the mean age is 50 years. […] Five patients were immunosuppressed: two had received prednisone, one had received chemotherapy, and two had organ transplants. […] Clinical disease in patients with A. odontolyticus closely resembles disease caused by A. israelii and other actinomyces species. […] Similar to A. israelii infections, those caused by A. odontolyticus primarily involve the cervicofacial regions, the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with rare involvement of the central nervous system, bones, and joints. […] The patients responded to various -lactam therapies including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems as well as macrolides, lincosides and tetracycline. […] Immunosuppression probably played a major role in the etiology of bacteremic A. odontolyticus infection. Further studies to evaluate possible mechanisms would be appropriate.

• #83 Actinomyces Odontolyticus Bacteremia – Volume 9, Number 12—December 2003 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/12/02-0646_article

  Most are men (14 vs. 9 women, with 2 of unknown sex), and the mean age is 50 years. […] Five patients were immunosuppressed: two had received prednisone, one had received chemotherapy, and two had organ transplants. […] Clinical disease in patients with A. odontolyticus closely resembles disease caused by A. israelii and other actinomyces species. […] Similar to A. israelii infections, those caused by A. odontolyticus primarily involve the cervicofacial regions, the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with rare involvement of the central nervous system, bones, and joints. […] The patients responded to various -lactam therapies including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems as well as macrolides, lincosides and tetracycline. […] Immunosuppression probably played a major role in the etiology of bacteremic A. odontolyticus infection. Further studies to evaluate possible mechanisms would be appropriate.

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