Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-overview

  Actinomycosis is a subacute-to-chronic bacterial infection caused by filamentous, gram-positive, nonacid-fast, anaerobic-to-microaerophilic bacteria. […] Because these microorganisms are not virulent, they require a break in the integrity of the mucous membranes and the presence of devitalized tissue to invade deeper body structures and to cause human illness. […] Furthermore, actinomycosis is generally a polymicrobial infection, with isolates numbering as many as 5-10 bacterial species. […] Once infection is established, the host mounts an intense inflammatory response (ie, suppurative, granulomatous), and fibrosis may then follow. […] Infection typically spreads contiguously, frequently ignoring tissue planes and invading surrounding tissues or organs. […] Actinomycosis of the abdomen and pelvis accounts for 10-20% of reported cases.

• #2 Actinomycosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a chronic localized or hematogenous anaerobic infection caused by Actinomyces israelii and other species of Actinomyces. […] The causative organisms, Actinomyces species (most commonly A. israelii), are often present commensally on the gums, tonsils, and teeth and may be present in the intestines and vagina. However, many, if not most, infections are polymicrobial, with other bacteria (oral anaerobes, staphylococci, streptococci, Aggregatibacter [previously Actinobacillus] actinomycetemcomitans, Enterobacterales [previously Enterobacteriaceae]) frequently cultured from lesions. […] Actinomycosis most often occurs in adult males and takes several forms: […] Cervicofacial (lumpy jaw): The most common portal of entry is periodontal disease. […] Thoracic: Pulmonary disease results from aspiration of oral secretions.

• #3 Actinomycosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000599.htm

  Actinomycosis is usually caused by the bacterium called Actinomyces israelii. This is a common organism found in the nose and throat. It normally does not cause disease. […] Because of the bacteria’s normal location in the nose and throat, actinomycosis most commonly affects the face and neck. The infection can sometimes occur in the chest (pulmonary actinomycosis), abdomen, pelvis, or other areas of the body. The infection is not contagious. This means it does not spread to other people. […] Symptoms occur when the bacteria enter the tissues of the face after trauma, surgery, or infection. Common triggers include dental abscess or oral surgery. The infection can also affect certain women who have had an intrauterine device (IUD) to prevent pregnancy.

• #4 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4094581/

  Actinomycosis is a rare chronic disease caused by Actinomyces spp., anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and genital tracts. […] Physicians must be aware of typical clinical presentations (such as cervicofacial actinomycosis following dental focus of infection, pelvic actinomycosis in women with an intrauterine device, and pulmonary actinomycosis in smokers with poor dental hygiene), but also that actinomycosis may mimic the malignancy process in various anatomical sites. […] Actinomyces spp. are filamentous Gram-positive bacilli, mainly belonging to the human commensal flora of the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. […] More than 30 species of Actinomyces have been described. Actinomyces israelii is the most prevalent species isolated in human infections and is found in most clinical forms of actinomycosis.

• #5 Actinomycosis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02202-9_98

  Of the 14 human actinomyces species, six may cause disease in humans, including the facultative anaerobic A. israelli, A. naeslundii, A. odontolyticus, A. visosus, A. meyeri, and A. gerencseriae. […] Actinomyces are fastidious bacteria that require cultures enriched with brain-heart infusion media, may be aided in growth by an atmosphere of 610% ambient CO2, and grow best at 37C.

• #6 Actinomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482151/

  Actinomyces are gram-positive filamentous non-acid fast anaerobic to microaerophilic bacteria that typically colonize the human mouth, urogenital tract, and gastrointestinal tract but can cause an infection known as actinomycosis. […] Actinomycosis is a rare subacute to chronic infection caused by the gram-positive filamentous non-acid fast anaerobic to microaerophilic bacteria, Actinomyces. The infection is usually a granulomatous and suppurative infection. […] About 70% of infections are due to either Actinomyces israelii or Actinomyces gerencseriae. […] The bacteria infects by inhibiting host defenses and/or reducing partial pressures of oxygen. […] Actinomyces normally colonize the human mouth, urogenital tract, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. As it is a commensal organism, it is very difficult to determine normal flora colonization versus infection.

• #7 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomyces are branching, filamentous gram-positive rods. They may be anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic. […] 30 species of Actinomyces have been identified. However, 70% of infections are caused by A. israelii and A. gerencseriae. […] Actinomycosis may coexist with malignancy. In some cases, necrotic malignancy may represent an initial nidus of superinfection with Actinomyces. Therefore, the presence of actinomycosis doesn’t necessarily exclude the possibility of underlying malignancy.

• #7 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomycosis is a chronic infection with a tendency to dissect across tissue planes, in a fashion which often mimics cancer. It is frequently misdiagnosed initially. […] Actinomyces species are part of the normal flora of the mouth, colon, bronchi, and vagina. Poor oral hygiene may increase oral carriage. […] Infection is often promoted by violation of mucosal barriers, or superinfection of a foreign body or necrotic tissue. […] Aspiration is considered the primary mechanism promoting thoracic actinomycosis. Risk factors may thus include: Dental disease, poor dental hygiene. […] Actinomycosis doesn’t seem to be substantially increased in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, transplantation). […] Actinomycosis will often mimic lung cancer or anaerobic pulmonary abscess. Thoracic actinomycosis is most frequently misdiagnosed as lung cancer.

• #8 Actinomycosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24981-actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is an infection with Actinomyces bacteria. Its usually caused by dental disease or surgery, but abdominal surgeries, aspiration and IUDs can also cause it. Actinomyces israelii (A. israelii) bacteria are the most common cause of actinomycosis. But many other types of Actinomyces bacteria can also cause it, including A. naeslundii, A. odontolyticus, A. viscosus, A. gerencseriae and others. Most of the time, Actinomyces live in certain mucous membranes, like your throat, intestinal tract (gut) and vagina. Theyre among thousands of bacteria that live on or in your body without harming you. But if they get into a place they shouldnt be, theyll start reproducing and cause an infection. The most common way to get actinomycosis is as a result of gum disease or dental procedures. Other causes include: Intrauterine devices (IUD). Getting food, liquids or a foreign object into your lungs (aspiration). Abdominal diseases like appendicitis, diverticulitis or peptic ulcer disease. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy), colectomy or another surgery in your abdominal cavity.

• #9 Actinomycosis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-clinical

  Actinomycosis is caused by filamentous, gram-positive, nonacid-fast, nonspore-forming bacteria. They belong to the order of Actinomycetales, family Actinomycetaceae, genus Actinomyces. The continued development of advanced molecular methods has led to the identification of additional Actinomyces species isolated from human material, with a total of 26 Actinomyces and Actinomyces-like organisms emerging as potential causes of infection at various body sites. […] Members of the genera Propionibacterium, Actinobaculum, and Bifidobacterium may cause similar clinical syndromes. Actinomyces organisms grow slowly in anaerobic-to-microaerophilic conditions, forming colonies with a characteristic molar tooth appearance. The most common isolated species are Actinomyces israeli, Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces turicensis, Actinomyces radingae, and Actinomyces europaeus, followed by Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces meyeri, and Propionibacterium propionicum.

• #10 SciELO Brazil – Actinomycosis in the maxilla of a young asymptomatic patient: unusual case report Actinomycosis in the maxilla of a young asymptomatic patient: unusual case report

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rgo/a/LdSs66RdnQG5nzQBFxJGQVm/

  Actinomycosis is a subacute to chronic infection caused by filamentous Gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic, non-acidic and without spores. […] The pathogenesis of cervicofacial actinomycosis is not exactly known, however, dental caries and trauma seem to be favorable factors to the development of the disease. […] Loss of mucosal integrity caused by tooth extractions, periodontal disease, local anesthesia, bone or dental fractures, tooth eruption, pulp exposure or even endodontic treatment and non-vital teeth can function as a gateway for these bacteria, and thus, start the infection. […] Actinomyces can live in the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract as a normal microbiota, acting as commensals. […] The most important species involved in clinical infection include Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundi, Actinomyces odontolyticus e Actinomyces israelii, the latter being the most prevalent.

• #11 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-overview

  Actinomycosis is a subacute-to-chronic bacterial infection caused by filamentous, gram-positive, nonacid-fast, anaerobic-to-microaerophilic bacteria. […] Because these microorganisms are not virulent, they require a break in the integrity of the mucous membranes and the presence of devitalized tissue to invade deeper body structures and to cause human illness. […] Furthermore, actinomycosis is generally a polymicrobial infection, with isolates numbering as many as 5-10 bacterial species. […] Once infection is established, the host mounts an intense inflammatory response (ie, suppurative, granulomatous), and fibrosis may then follow. […] Infection typically spreads contiguously, frequently ignoring tissue planes and invading surrounding tissues or organs. […] Actinomycosis of the abdomen and pelvis accounts for 10-20% of reported cases.

• #12 Actinomycosis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-clinical

  In addition to these microorganisms, almost all actinomycotic lesions contain so-called companion bacteria. The most important of these bacteria is Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (formely Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), followed by Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus species, and Enterobacteriaceae, depending on the location of actinomycotic lesions. These companion bacteria appear to magnify the low pathogenic potential of actinomycetes.

• #13 Actinomyces | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540005/all/Actinomyces

  The disease is „actinomycosis” caused by one of six Actinomyces agents, most commonly A. israelii. […] Nearly always part of a mixed infection, especially with flora such as Aggregatibacter (ex Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Bacteroides spp, S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. […] Virtually all cases are mixed infections with other bacteria, including Eikenella corrodens, Bacteroides spp, S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and/or Fusobacterium sp. […] Actinomyces spp. reside on mucosal surfaces and gain access to deeper tissues via surgical procedures, trauma, etc., disrupting the mucosal barrier. […] The pathogen is infrequently recovered even with careful anaerobic methods, but the „sulfur granules” in drainage is often considered indicative.

• #14 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4094581/

  Most of the Actinomyces spp. are present in polymicrobial flora. […] Actinomyces are often isolated with other normal commensals, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Capnocytophaga, fusobacteria, Bacteroides, staphylococci, streptococci, or Enterobacteriaceae, depending on the site of infection. […] Actinomyces spp. are usually extremely susceptible to beta-lactams, and especially penicillin G or amoxicillin. […] As a consequence, penicillin G or amoxicillin are considered drugs of choice for the treatment of actinomycosis. […] Actinomyces spp. are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate severe osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ), which, until recently, was considered a noninfectious disease. […] The pathogenesis of primary bladder actinomycosis is unclear, but could be due to cryptic locations, and usually mimics bladder carcinoma. […] The diagnosis of primary bladder actinomycosis is of crucial importance, as it may avoid large surgical resection for suspected carcinoma.

• #15 An overview of thoracic actinomycosis: CT features | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13244-012-0205-9

  Actinomyces has a tendency to colonise devitalised tissue. Actinomyces spp. colonise in the dilated bronchi and exacerbate pre-existing bronchial inflammation and bronchiectasis. […] The pathogenesis of co-infection is a synergistic effect: oxygen deprivation due to other bacteria creates an anaerobic milieu in which actinomyces thrive. […] Actinomyces seem to colonise devitalised tissue and secondarily invade pre-existing broncholiths. […] Bronchial infection may occur from aspiration of a foreign body contaminated with Actinomyces organisms. […] Actinomycosis may spread from the lung to the pleura, mediastinum and chest wall, with little regard for anatomic barriers. […] The organisms produce proteolytic enzymes, and peripheral pneumonia tends to involve the pleura, producing empyema, and invade the chest wall with involvement of bones such as the ribs or vertebrae. […] Mediastinal actinomycosis is extremely rare. Most cases are cardiac actinomycosis with involvement of the pericardium.

• #16 Peritoneal pseudotumoral actinomycosis: A case report

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/peritoneal-pseudotumoral-actinomycosis-a-case-report-12701.html

  Abdominal actinomycosis is an uncommon abdominal disease caused by Actinomyces species. […] Actinomycosis is a suppurative bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species. The majority of infections in humans are related to Actinomyces israelii. […] Actinomycosis is a suppurative disease produced by saprophyte organisms that normally colonize the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and female genital tract. It’s caused by Actinomyces species. […] In human several Actinomyces species could be pathogenic; Actinomycoces israelli is the most common pathogenic species. […] The organisms have a low virulence potential and infection occurs when the mucosal barrier is broken, leading to abscess formation or a mass lesion. […] Abdominal actinomycosis usually occurs after the disruption of the intestinal mucosal integrity caused by different abdominal affection such as appendicitis, bowel perforation, colonic diverticulitis, foreign bodies or surgery of the gut. […] The most important CT feature for the correct diagnosis is a large infiltrative mass adjacent to the involved bowel mimicking cancer.

• #17 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/splenic-actinomycosis-a-case-report

  Actinomyces are a part of normal gut microbiota, but cannot penetrate healthy skin or mucous membranes and have low pathogenicity. Mucosal barrier damage is mandatory for actinomycosis infection. […] Actinomycosis is a rare cause of intra-abdominal infection. Primary risk factors associated with this condition are loss of integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa (via trauma or infection), previous abdominal surgery, intra-abdominal infection, gastrointestinal foreign body and immunosuppression. […] Diagnosis of splenic actinomycosis can be challenging because of the non-specific mass with abscess mimicking malignancy and other chronic diseases such as granulomatous infections. A definitive diagnosis of splenic actinomycosis requires to isolate Actinomyces spp. in culture. […] Majority of cases were diagnosed with the presence of characteristic sulfur granules in the specimen and detailed histopathological examination.

• #18 Actinomycosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24981-actinomycosis

  You get actinomycosis when Actinomyces bacteria get into parts of your body where they dont belong. For instance, surgery, injury or certain diseases can cause a break in a mucous membrane that allows the bacteria to infect part of your body where they dont normally live. Foreign objects in mucous membranes can also allow bacteria to grow.

• #19 Actinomycosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is usually caused by the bacterium called Actinomyces israelii. This is a common organism found in the nose and throat. It normally does not cause disease. […] Symptoms occur when the bacteria enter the tissues of the face after trauma, surgery, or infection. Common triggers include dental abscess or oral surgery. […] The infection is not contagious. This means it does not spread to other people.

• #20 Actinomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482151/

  Thoracic actinomycosis may occur in patients with alcohol use disorder and seizure disorders. […] Infection in the cervical and facial areas typically occurs following oral cavity surgery in patients with poor oral hygiene. […] Pelvic actinomycosis has been associated with the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs). […] Abdominal actinomycosis has been reported after any abdominal surgery but is most commonly seen after an appendectomy.

• #21 Actinomycosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/actinomycosis

  Abdominal: Disease presumably results from a break in the mucosa of a diverticulum or the appendix or from trauma. […] Uterine: This localized pelvic form is a complication of certain types of intrauterine device (IUD). […] Generalized: Rarely, the infection spreads from primary sites, presumably by hematogenous seeding.

• #22 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Infection involving the cervicofacial area is the most commonly known, representing 60% of the cases. […] The second most common presentation of actinomycosis is abdominal involvement, constituting 20% of the reported cases. […] The third most common presentation is thoracic actinomycosis (15-20% of the reported cases). […] The pathological damage cause by these organisms are secondary to direct tissue invasion and damage by the bacterial population. […] Actinomycosis is considered an endogenous infection. […] Risk factors associated with the acquisition of actinomycosis include: male sex between 20 and 60 years old, diabetics, poor oral hygiene, implanted foreign bodies as occurs during aspiration, or intrauterine implantable contraceptive device (IUD). […] Diagnosis of Actinomycosis is quite challenging and requires high clinical suspicion.

• #22 Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82972

  Actinomycosis is a filamentous bacterium that forms part of the normal human flora of the gastrointestinal, oropharynx and female genitalia. […] The pathogenic characteristics of Actinomycosis, its capability to disseminate and grow in different environments and tissues, and its indolent and resistant presentation, has allowed this organism to confuse the clinician before obtaining a diagnosis and start treatment. […] Actinomyces is a prokaryotic bacterium that belongs to the family Actinomyceatacea. […] The most common form of Actinomycosis is the cervicofacial invasion, but the organism can affect virtually any organ or body site, most commonly the thorax and the abdomen. […] Actinomycosis has a worldwide distribution and usually affects middle age individuals. […] The condition is usually considered as infrequent, however the epidemiologic data is very limited and probable underreported.

• #23 Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis | Veterian Key

  https://veteriankey.com/actinomycosis-and-nocardiosis/

  Intra-abdominal actinomycosis may develop when foreign bodies, especially plant material, penetrate the GI mucosa. […] The organisms initially incite an acute inflammatory response through induction of neutrophil chemotaxis, activation of macrophages, and stimulation of B-lymphocyte hyperplasia. […] Actinomycosis is characterized by a poorly defined, often indurated mass that incorporates adjacent structures. […] The histologic reaction to Actinomyces infection is characterized by a core of neutrophils encapsulated by fibrosing granulation tissue.

• #24 Actinomycosis – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/1157/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a rare, pyogenic granulomatous, subacute to chronic infection caused by actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are a group of anaerobic gram-positive bacteria with high guanine-cytosine content found as natural flora of the oral cavity. […] The most frequent features are ulcer and granuloma formation, and the presence of multiple abscesses and sinus tracts that may discharge sulfur granules. The pathogens often spread into neighboring tissues. […] Actinomycetes often invade the body by microfissures, and the most common clinical form of actinomycosis is cervicofacial, either after oral surgery or caused by poor dental hygiene. Thoracic and abdominal actinomycoses also occur frequently, and pelvic actinomycosis is possible in women.

• #25 Actinomycosis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a chronic infection caused mainly by the anaerobic bacteria Actinomyces israelii. This species of bacteria normally resides in the crevices between the teeth and gums, on the tonsils, and on mucus membranes lining the intestines and vagina. […] Infection occurs only when tissue is broken, enabling the bacteria to enter deeper tissues. […] Actinomyces bacteria cause infection only when the surface of the tissue on which they reside is broken, enabling them to enter other, deeper tissues, which have no defenses against them. […] Men are affected most often, but actinomycosis occasionally develops in women who use an intrauterine device (IUD). […] The bacteria spread to the uterus, usually from an IUD that has been in place for years. […] Rarely, the bacteria are carried in the bloodstream to infect other organs, such as the brain, spine, lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart valves. In women, the reproductive organs may be infected.

• #26

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121815/actinomycosis

  ETIOLOGY […] Pathogenesis […] anaerobic environment in abscess cavities allow the bacteria to flourish […] […] […] transmission […] direct contact with bacteria

• #27 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/splenic-actinomycosis-a-case-report

  Actinomycosis is a granulomatous disease caused by filamentous, gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria. Actinomyces spp. are constituents of the normal flora of mucous membranes. These organisms may cause infection after surgery or damage to the mucosal barrier. […] Most cases are caused by Actinomyces israelii, whereas cases due to other Actinomyces spp. are occasionally reported. Actinomycosis is often misdiagnosed because it can mimic other pathological conditions. Besides, Actinomyces spp. are difficult to isolate because they require specific growth conditions. […] Actinomycosis, a chronic granulomatous condition, is caused by Actinomyces spp., a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium. Actinomyces spp. usually inhabit oral, gastrointestinal and female genital tract. […] Immunosuppression due to prolonged corticosteroid use, chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus infection, lung and renal transplantation have been reported as predisposing factors. Age, male gender, poor oral hygiene, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, local tissue damage caused by trauma, recent surgery, irradiation and intrauterine devices are other risk factors for actinomycosis.

• #28 Perianal Actinomycosis: A Surgeon’s Perspective and Review of Literature

  https://coloproctol.org/journal/view.php?number=1879

  Actinomycosis is a serious suppurative, bacterial infection caused by the gram-positive anaerobic Actinomyces species. […] The exact mechanism that leads to overt disease is still unknown, as actinomycosis occurs in both immune-competent and immune-compromised patients. […] Primary perianal actinomycosis is generally quite rare with only a few reports published in the literature. […] The anorectal form usually begins in an anal crypt where it evolves as a chronic bacterial infection that is characterized by slowly progressing suppurative fibrosing inflammation, development of draining sinus tracts that may discharge characteristic sulfur granules and direct dissemination via adjacent tissues. […] Diagnosing actinomycosis is challenging. […] Direct isolation of the organism from a clinical specimen or from sulfur granules is usually required for a definitive diagnosis.

• #29 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-overview

  Pelvic actinomycosis most commonly ascends from the uterus in association with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs). […] Actinomycosis is rare. […] Actinomycosis occurs worldwide, with likely higher prevalence rates in areas with low socioeconomic status and poor dental hygiene. […] For unknown reasons, actinomycosis is more common in men than in women (male-to-female ratio, 3:1), with the exception of pelvic actinomycosis. […] When actinomycosis is diagnosed early and treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy, the prognosis is excellent.

• #30 Diagnosis and Discussion – Case 911 | Department of Pathology

  https://www.path.pitt.edu/diagnosis-and-discussion-case-911

  Cervicofacial Actinomycosis […] Actinomycosis is a chronic, indolent infection caused by the Actinomyces species, most often by Actinomyces israelii. […] Although A. israelii ordinarily behaves as a benign commensal, it can act as an opportunistic pathogen when the mucosal barrier is disrupted due to trauma, dental procedures, or oral surgery, leading to infectious actinomycosis. […] The etiology of this gender disparity is not known, but it is hypothesized to be due to differences in dental hygiene habits between male and females, as well as due to increased incidence of oral trauma in male as compared to female patients. […] In all sites, it is disruption of the mucosal barrier that allows this ordinarily benign organism to behave in a pathogenic manner. […] The most definitive way to diagnose actinomycosis is microbiologic culture. […] However, as its name suggests – Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was first isolated with Actinomyces israelii in cases of cervicofacial actinomycosis, and has since been identified in many cases of cervicofacial actinomycosis.

• #31 Actinomycosis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/actinomycosis/

  The disease tends to affect men between the ages of 20 and 60 more frequently, particularly those in their 40s and 50s. […] The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception has led to an increase in the number of women getting sick. […] Actinomycosis can be acquired through various means, including inhaling substances into the lungs, human bites, surgery in the mouth or abdominal area, and the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs). […] Understanding the cause of the infection helps doctors to create an effective treatment plan. […] Most cases of Actinomycosis can be treated using antibiotics, such as Penicillin G, long-lasting beta-lactam antibiotics followed by oral amoxicillin, or Cephalosporin. […] In cases where there are multiple types of bacteria causing the infection, a combination of metronidazole and a beta-lactamase inhibitor might be used.

• #32 Pulmonary actinomycosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-actinomycosis

  Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare lung infection caused by one of several specific bacteria. […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is caused by certain bacteria normally found in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. The bacteria often do not cause harm. But poor dental hygiene and tooth abscess can increase your risk for lung infections caused by these bacteria. […] The disease is rare in the United States. It may occur at any age but is most common in people 30 to 60 years old. Men get this infection more often than women. […] Good dental hygiene may help reduce your risk for actinomycosis.

• #33 Actinomycosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/actinomycosis/

  Actinomycosis is a rare type of bacterial infection. […] The bacteria that cause actinomycosis normally live harmlessly in the body. They only cause an infection if they get into the lining of areas such as the mouth or gut. […] Possible causes of actinomycosis include: tooth decay and mouth infections, mouth injuries, inhaling food or liquid, intrauterine devices (IUDs), dental or tummy surgery, radiotherapy. […] You’re more likely to get actinomycosis if you have type 2 diabetes or a weakened immune system.

• #34 What Is Cervicofacial Actinomycosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/cervicofacial-actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a chronic infectious disease with worldwide distribution caused by microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity. […] It is usually caused by the bacterium called Actinomyces Israelii. […] It is an endogenous infection, and it is not transmitted from person to person; it usually occurs in immunocompetent persons but can occur in individuals with diminished host defense. […] Poor dentition, recent dental manipulation, otitis, and chronic tonsillitis are important factors for these infections. […] Immunosuppression and debilitating factors like steroid therapy, pregnancy, diabetes, or cancer are predisposing factors. […] It is mainly caused by bacterial infection of the actinomyces family. […] The causative bacteria, typically Actinomyces israelii, are part of the normal flora of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. […] The infection usually arises from the endogenous colonization of Actinomyces bacteria within the mucous membranes or dental structures.

• #35 Actinomycosis or malignancy: A diagnostic dilemma – Journal of Case Reports and Images in Oncology

  https://www.ijcrioncology.com/archive/article-full-text/101055Z01SL2019

  Its virulence factor lies in its ability to produce biofilm hindering the efficacy of antibiotic therapy and further perpetuating its invasion process. […] It is more common in developing countries and has been associated with poor dental hygiene, alcoholism, and diabetes. […] Thoracic actinomycosis accounts for 1015% of actinomycosis cases and is the third most prevalent location after cervicofacial and abdominopelvic regions. […] The clinical presentation of pulmonary actinomycosis includes: chest pain, productive cough, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis. […] Ultimately, the gold standard for diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis is histopathological assessment. […] The management of pulmonary actinomycosis is complex and includes both medical and surgical interventions. […] The main indications for surgery include: failure of antibiotics therapy, management of hemoptysis, and ruling out lung malignancy. […] In conclusion, pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare with a nonspecific clinical presentation similar to lung cancer.

• #35 Actinomycosis or malignancy: A diagnostic dilemma – Journal of Case Reports and Images in Oncology

  https://www.ijcrioncology.com/archive/article-full-text/101055Z01SL2019

  Actinomycosis is a chronic infection caused by grampositive anaerobic bacteria which is found worldwide. […] Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare but an important and challenging diagnosis to make and it is difficult to diagnose because of its appearance varies from similarities with bronchogenic carcinoma to pneumonitis like presentation resembling tuberculosis. […] These nonspecific clinical and radiologic findings make pulmonary actinomycosis difficult to diagnose and often lead to misinterpretation as malignancy, rather than an infective process. […] The etiology of benign pulmonary opacity includes pneumonia, foreign body, tuberculosis, fungal infection, and autoimmune causes. […] Actinomycosis is a rare, insidious, and persistent granulomatous, gram-positive microaerophilic anaerobic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species, which can be found as a commensal bacteria in our gastrointestinal and urogenital polymicrobial flora.

• #36 SciELO Brazil – Actinomycosis in the maxilla of a young asymptomatic patient: unusual case report Actinomycosis in the maxilla of a young asymptomatic patient: unusual case report

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rgo/a/LdSs66RdnQG5nzQBFxJGQVm/

  Typically, these bacteria have low potential for pathogenicity or invasion, but they become pathological when gaining access to subcutaneous tissues. […] In addition, the infection is polymicrobial, with up to five to 10 other bacterial species present, like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. […] In cases of actinomycosis in the apical region, the source of infection can be intraradicular biofilm or extraradicular bacterial aggregations, such as sulfur granules. […] In addition to local risk factors for the development of infections, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorders, malnutrition, malignancies, HIV+ patients, transplantation of solid organs such as lungs and kidneys, biological agents such as infliximab and acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with chemotherapy are other known risk factors.

• #37 Actinomycosis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/actinomycosis/

  Actinomycosis is a somewhat rare infection that can play out slowly over time. Its caused by a type of bacteria called Actinomyces, which is not very resistant to acid and does not require much oxygen to survive. […] About 70% of these infections can be traced back to two specific types of Actinomyces bacteria: Actinomyces israelii or Actinomyces gerencseriae. […] The bacteria causing actinomycosis can cause an infection by inhibiting the bodys defense mechanisms and/or reducing the level of oxygen present. […] Actinomyces is a type of bacteria that naturally lives in our mouth, genitals, and digestive tract. […] Thoracic actinomycosis, a specific type of this infection, can happen in people who abuse alcohol or have seizures. […] Pelvic actinomycosis has been linked to the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) a type of birth control.

• #38 An overview of thoracic actinomycosis: CT features | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13244-012-0205-9

  Thoracic actinomycosis is an uncommon, chronic suppurative bacterial infection caused by actinomyces species, especially Actinomyces israelii. […] It is usually seen in immunocompetent patients with respiratory disorders, poor oral hygiene, alcoholism and chronic debilitating diseases. […] A higher incidence of pulmonary actinomycosis has been reported in patients with underlying respiratory disorders such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and any condition in which the lung parenchyma are destroyed by a previous infection. Alcoholism, poor oral hygiene, dental disease, and facial or dental trauma are important risk factors for the thoracic form. […] Unlike in many other unusual granulomatous infectious diseases, the infection rate does not seem to be increased in immunocompromised patients, such as those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, undergoing chemotherapy, or on steroid or immunosuppressive therapy.

• #39 An invasive and diffuse cranial actinomycosis with a dura-based mass mimicking a brain tumor: illustrative case in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 8 Issue 13 (2024) Journals

  https://thejns.org/caselessons/view/journals/j-neurosurg-case-lessons/8/13/article-CASE24210.xml

  Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative infection caused by nonspore-forming, anaerobic, and filamentous gram-positive bacteria. Primary central nervous system involvement is rare, with no specific clinical features, causing a clinical diagnostic dilemma. […] Actinomycosis is a rare, infiltrating, slowly progressing granulomatous and suppurative infection caused by nonspore-forming, nonacid-fast, anaerobic, filamentous gram-positive bacteria called Actinomyces. The disease is usually caused by the introduction of bacteria due to anatomical disruption of the skin and/or mucosa. Immunocompromised patients, including those who have received organ transplants, those with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or chronic alcohol abuse, or those who are smokers with poor dental hygiene, are predisposed to contracting actinomycosis.

• #40 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Preventive measures, such as reduction of alcohol abuse and improvement of dental hygiene, may limit occurrence of pulmonary, cervicofacial, and central nervous system actinomycosis. […] In women, intrauterine devices must be changed every 5 years in order to limit the occurrence of pelvic actinomycosis.

• #40 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Actinomycosis is a rare chronic disease caused by Actinomyces spp., anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and genital tracts. […] Physicians must be aware of typical clinical presentations (such as cervicofacial actinomycosis following dental focus of infection, pelvic actinomycosis in women with an intrauterine device, and pulmonary actinomycosis in smokers with poor dental hygiene), but also that actinomycosis may mimic the malignancy process in various anatomical sites. […] Prolonged bacterial cultures in anaerobic conditions are necessary to identify the bacterium and typical microscopic findings include necrosis with yellowish sulfur granules and filamentous Gram-positive fungal-like pathogens. […] Patients with actinomycosis require prolonged (6- to 12-month) high doses (to facilitate the drug penetration in abscess and in infected tissues) of penicillin G or amoxicillin, but the duration of antimicrobial therapy could probably be shortened to 3 months in patients in whom optimal surgical resection of infected tissues has been performed.

• #41 Actinomycosis: Causes, types, symptoms, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245144

  Actinomycosis happens when the Actinomyces species of bacteria spread through the body because of tissue damage. […] The bacteria live harmlessly in the body, but they become dangerous if they spread out of their usual environment. […] This can happen as a result of: disease, tissue damage due, for example, to injury or surgery. […] Actinomycosis can also happen if there is tooth decay or gum disease. […] According to an article published in Clinical Microbiology Reviews, infection is not contagious, because these bacteria cannot survive outside the human body and infections typically occur after tissue damage.

• #42 Actinomycosis – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/actinomycosis

  Abscess formation can take place with the accumulation of pus, which may drain when the tracts reach the surface of skin. This process may take months to years […] Depending on the region of body affected, Actinomycosis is classified into the following types: Cervicofacial type (affecting the face and neck region): This type accounts for 50-70% of the reported cases and can be caused by poor dental hygiene, certain dental procedures, or injury to the jaw […] Extrafacial bone and joint type: This type of Actinomycosis affects the bones and joints. It can spread from a primary infection site through blood, from the lungs to chest wall through contact, or through an infection causing a deep ulcer that exposes the underlying bone to bacteria […] Thoracic type: In this type, the infection occurs in the airways or lungs by accidental aspiration of food, droplets or secretions contaminated with bacteria, owing to poor dental hygiene. Approximately, up to 20% of the cases belong to this category. The infection can spread from the lungs to the chest wall and spine through contact

• #43

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/04200/brain_abscess_caused_by_chronic_invasive.24.aspx

  Actinomycosis is a rare anaerobic, gram-positive bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces, which is part of the normal flora in the oral cavity and respiratory and female genitourinary tracts. […] Actinomyces is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria and is a normal commensal in the human oral flora. Cervicofacial infection usually occurs in cases in which the organism is allowed to access the deeper tissues, such as those with a history of dental procedures, poor dental hygiene, or an immunocompromised state. […] More than 30 species of pathogenic Actinomyces have been described, with Actinomyces israelii being the most common causative strain isolated from human specimens. […] The physiopathological pathway of cervicofacial actinomycosis is created only after the organism is allowed to cross the mucosal barrier in certain cases, such as those with poor oral hygiene, trauma to the oral mucosa, severe bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, and/or immunosuppression. […] Involvement of the central nervous system has been reported to occur in approximately 2% to 3% cases. […] The drug susceptibility of Actinomyces species is limited and controversial, and no randomized controlled trials have evaluated antibiotic regimens for cervicofacial actinomycosis.

• #44 A systematic review of case reports of hepatic actinomycosis | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-021-01821-5

  Hepatic Actinomycosis (HA) is one of the infections that causes disorders in patients when diagnosed untimely and inappropriately. […] Actinomyces israelii was the most common pathogen isolated from patients. […] HA should be considered in patients with a subacute or chronic inflammatory process of the liver. […] Actinomyces spp. are opportunistic gram-positive, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that usually colonize the upper respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal and female genital tract and typically infect males between 20 and 60 years old. […] Granulomatous inflammation, abscesses, contiguous spread, and formation of sinus tract fistulae are the distinguishing characteristics of chronic actinomycosis. […] This type of infection has been addressed in the research for more than 150 years with the most common agent being Actinomyces israelii.

• #45 Actinomycosis | Gram-positive bacteria, Treatment & Symptoms | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/actinomycosis

  actinomycosis, chronic bacterial infection of humans and cattle that is caused by anaerobic or microaerophilic (oxygen-requiring) species of the genus Actinomyces. […] Actinomyces bacteria are members of the normal flora of animals (including humans), occurring in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and the human female genital tract. Under certain conditions (i.e., when mucous membrane integrity becomes compromised, facilitating direct invasion of devitalized tissues), some species become pathogenic (disease-causing). The most common pathogenic species are Actinomyces bovis in cattle and A. israeli and A. gerencseriae in humans. […] The most prevalent form is cervicofacial actinomycosis (lumpy jaw in cattle), which affects primarily the jaws, neck, and face and in humans accounts for at least half of all cases. […] Less common forms of the disease include thoracic, affecting primarily the lungs and surrounding structures, and abdominal and pelvic actinomycosis. […] In rare cases actinomycosis may be disseminated via the bloodstream, in which case lesions appear in most parts of the body.

• #46 Thoracic actinomycosis infection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thoracic-actinomycosis-infection

  Thoracic actinomycosis refers to an uncommon indolent infection caused principally by the genus Actinomyces (higher prokaryotic bacteria belonging to the family Actinomyceataceae). […] Thoracic involvement usually results from aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal secretions into the respiratory tract. Actinomyces israelii can be commonly found in the oral cavity (especially in those with poor oral hygiene or from extension of cervicofacial infections), and is thought to be responsible for the majority of pulmonary actinomyces infections. […] There may be a peripheral and/or lower lobe predominance which probably reflects the role of aspiration in its pathogenesis.

• #47 Actinomycosis – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/actinomycosis

  Digestive tract type: It can be caused owing to infections such as appendicitis and perforated appendix, including due to surgical removal of the appendix or ingestion of a foreign object (such as a chicken bone). About 20% of all cases of Actinomycosis are estimated to belong to this category. The most common infections are of the cecum, appendix, and colon; although, esophageal, pancreatic, hepatic, stomach, gallbladder, and abdominal wall Actinomycosis have also been reported […] Pelvic type: More common in women, this type of infection forms about 10% of the reported cases. The pelvic type of infection is often associated with the use of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) […] Central nervous system type: This infection type is rare, and in most cases, secondary to either a lung infection that spreads to the brain via blood, cervicofacial Actinomycosis that spreads through contact, or owing to penetrating head injury/trauma

• #48 A Rare Case of Abdominal Actinomycosis Mimicking Cancer | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v4n4/04-gagnon-konamna-abdominal-actinomycosis/

  Actinomycosis is a rare bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species in humans. […] Actinomycosis typically infects immunocompetent patients and usually appears after surgery, trauma, neoplasia, dental procedures, aspiration of secretions, presence of an intrauterine device, or infections such as appendicitis or diverticulitis. […] There is no person-to-person transmission of the pathogen, and the portal of entry is usually by a break in the mucosa. […] Abdominal actinomycosis is the most indolent of the clinical forms and can take years to diagnose. […] The infection has a high predilection for ileocecal involvement and is frequently mistaken for inflammatory bowel disease, chronic appendicitis, carcinoma, focal perforation (e.g., foreign object, fishbone), or tuberculosis (TB).

• #49 An invasive and diffuse cranial actinomycosis with a dura-based mass mimicking a brain tumor: illustrative case in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 8 Issue 13 (2024) Journals

  https://thejns.org/caselessons/view/journals/j-neurosurg-case-lessons/8/13/article-CASE24210.xml

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rare; however, local spread from odontogenic infection or hematogenous dissemination from distal infections such as a pulmonary or abdominopelvic focus has been described. […] There is no specific image characteristic of an actinomycotic infection or granuloma involving the CNS and cranium. […] Histopathological identification of Actinomyces from the affected tissue or abscess confirms the diagnosis. […] Treatment of cranial or CNS actinomycosis includes microsurgical excision, debridement, drainage, or aspiration of pus when indicated, and prolonged therapy with beta-lactam antibiotics, usually penicillin G, and often other alternatives such as amoxicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and ceftriaxone. […] Histopathological examination of the involved tissue remains the cornerstone in the definitive diagnosis of actinomycosis.

• #50 Actinomycosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a rare infection, especially in the United States. […] But bacteria from a family known as Actinomycetaceae causes it. […] These bacteria naturally live in your body cavities like your nose and throat but dont usually cause infection unless they can break through the protective lining of your body cavities.

• #51 A systematic review of case reports of hepatic actinomycosis | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-021-01821-5

  Actinomyces have low pathogenicity and their infection has subacute manifestation. […] However, polymicrobial infections frequently occur in patients being involved with actinomycosis, promoting pathogenicity of these bacteria. […] Hepatic Actinomycosis (HA) occurs in only 15% of the abdominal infections and, in total, makes up 5% of all actinomycosis cases. […] Diagnosis of HA is often challenging, because infection diagnosis is dependent on clinical manifestations and findings from imaging. […] Therefore, diagnosing HA in patients is usually challenging and in some cases, this leads to extensive surgery and permanent damage. […] Our results also showed that only 36% of the patients were female and the other 64% were male. […] Primary or isolated HA (when a primary focus was not found) was reported in 61% of the patients, while in 20 (31%) and 4 (6%) patients, abdominopelvic actinomycosis with liver dissemination and disseminated infection were reported, respectively.

• #52 Actinomycosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a chronic or slowly progressive infection caused by various bacterial species of the Actinomyces genus, most commonly Actinomyces israelii. Actinomyces are normal inhabitants of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract, and do not cause an infection unless there is a break in the skin or mucosa. Actinomyces also appear to require the presence of other accompanying bacteria in order to cause disease. […] The goal of actinomycosis treatment is to treat the infection with large doses of antibiotics and surgery to create unfavourable aerobic conditions for the growth of Actinomyces species.

• #53 Actinomycosis in Dogs – Causes, Treatment and Associated Conditions – Vetster

  https://vetster.com/en/conditions/dog/actinomycosis-in-dogs

  Actinomycosis is a type of bacterial infection caused by a variety of Actinomyces species bacteria. […] Actinomyces bacteria cannot penetrate healthy skin on their own. Once they’re pushed into deeper tissues as the result of an injury, they may proliferate and cause a severe infection. […] Actinomycosis can only be caused by a puncture wound that has been contaminated with this bacteria. The contamination can originate from inside the infected dog’s own mouth or it may have been transmitted by whatever object or animal caused the wound. The presence of these bacteria in the mouth doesn’t cause disease or infection on its own. […] Actinomycosis is only transmitted when wounds are contaminated with Actinomyces bacteria. As these bacteria are present in the mouths of healthy animals without causing disease, this is a perfect example of a disease that is infectious in nature, but not contagious.

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