Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Actinomycosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24981-actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis spreads slowly into nearby tissues, usually causing a long-lasting, tunneling wound (an opening underneath your skin). The wound is filled with yellowish pus and sulfur granules. Sulfur granules are clumps made up of immune cells and parts of the bacteria. (They dont actually contain sulfur the name comes from the yellow color.) […] Actinomycosis can sometimes take weeks or months to cause symptoms after the infection starts. […] Symptoms of actinomycosis depend on where you’re infected. They can include: Fever. Weight loss. Bumpy, fluid-filled areas on your neck, jaw or face or in your mouth (cervicofacial infection). Pain when you chew or severe jaw tightness (infection in your mouth or jaw). Chest pain (lung infection). Abdominal pain (pelvic or abdominal infection). Vaginal bleeding or discharge (pelvic infection).

• #2 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4094581/

  Gradually, the pulmonary mass becomes soft and fluctuant, with a purulent center, which could be followed by cavitation. […] Patients with pulmonary actinomycosis may also have secondary cutaneous and/or muscular abscesses. […] Cervicofacial actinomycosis usually involves tissues surrounding the upper (maxillary expansion of the jaw) or lower mandible, including the mandible itself in approximately 50% of cases, cheek (15%), chin (15%), and submaxillary ramus and angle (10%). […] Typically, the disease presents as a slowly progressive painless indurated mass, evolving into multiple abscesses with draining sinus tracts on the skin surface or oral mucosa, sometimes expressing a typical thick yellow exudate with characteristic sulfur granules. […] Symptoms of patients with pelvic IUD-associated actinomycosis may mimic symptoms of gynecological malignant tumors, or uterine myoma or adenomyosis, by presenting as a genital mass without fever. […] The duration of symptoms is usually 2 months at the time of diagnosis. […] Signs and symptoms of patients with digestive tract actinomycosis depend on the anatomical location of the disease.

• #2 Actinomycosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/actinomycosis/

  Symptoms of actinomycosis depend on what part of the body is affected. […] Jaw or mouth: Lumps in your cheek or neck, difficulty chewing, pus leaking from your skin. […] Lungs: Shortness of breath, chest pain, a cough, pus leaking from the skin on your chest. […] Tummy: Diarrhoea or constipation, pain, a lump or swelling in your tummy, pus leaking from the skin on your tummy. […] Pelvis: Pain low down in your tummy, vaginal bleeding or unusual discharge, a lump or swelling in your lower tummy. […] You have symptoms of actinomycosis.

• #3 Actinomycosis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-clinical

  Cervicofacial actinomycosis (ie, lumpy jaw) may have the following features: […] Painless or occasionally painful soft-tissue swelling involving the submandibular or perimandibular region; over time, multiple sinuses drain pus containing sulfur granules; tendency to remit and recur. […] Dry or productive cough, occasionally blood-streaked sputum, shortness of breath, chest pain. […] Fever, weight loss, fatigue, anorexia. […] Nonspecific symptoms; the most common symptoms are as follows: Low-grade fever, Weight loss, Fatigue, Change in bowel habits, Vague abdominal discomfort, Nausea, Vomiting, Sensation of a mass. […] Lower abdominal discomfort, abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. […] Patients with cervicofacial actinomycosis present with nodular lesion(s), usually located at the angle of the jaw. These gradually increase in size and number (ie, multiple abscesses), and ultimately form sinuses that open onto the cheek or submandibular area.

• #4 Actinomycosis: Causes, types, symptoms, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245144

  Actinomycosis can take a variety of forms. It can also resemble other infections, and even neoplasms, or tumors. […] The symptoms depend on the type of actinomycosis, but they may include: swelling and inflammation at the site of the infection, tissue damage and scar tissue, abscesses, or pus-filled lumps, small holes or tunnels in tissue called fistulas that can leak a kind of lumpy pus. […] The severity of symptoms mostly depends on where in the body the infection occurs. There may be pain and fever, along with body aches, fatigue and a general feeling of being unwell. […] As the infection progresses, painful abscesses can form and grow in size. This usually takes several months. […] Sometimes, it can be so severe that the infection enters the surrounding bone and muscle. In severe cases, the skin can break open, leaking large amounts of pus. […] Actinomycosis develops slowly, but it can have a serious impact on a persons health. It is important to get early treatment if it occurs.

• #5 Pulmonary Actinomycosis: Treatments and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-actinomycosis

  Symptoms of pulmonary actinomycosis generally start slowly. Common signs include: fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, weight loss, chest pain when inhaling deeply, night sweats, appetite loss, a cough with phlegm that might contain blood. […] Without treatment, pulmonary actinomycosis can permanently injure parts of your lungs. You could also develop a brain abscess or a central nervous system infection called infectious meningitis. These can be potentially life-threatening. […] Other complications include emphysema and a serious bone infection called infectious osteomyelitis.

• #6 HIE Multimedia – Pulmonary actinomycosis

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=000074

  Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare lung infection caused by one of several specific bacteria. […] The infection often comes on slowly. It may be weeks or months before diagnosis is confirmed. Symptoms may include any of the following: Chest pain when taking a deep breath, Cough with phlegm (sputum), Fever, Shortness of breath, Unintentional weight loss, Lethargy, Night sweats (uncommon). […] Most people get better after treatment with antibiotics.

• #7 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Actinomycosis is a chronic infection with a tendency to dissect across tissue planes, in a fashion which often mimics cancer. It is frequently misdiagnosed initially. […] Chronic mass-like lesions may occur near various mucous membranes (e.g., in the neck or pelvis). […] Pulmonary symptoms: (36801629) Chronic cough (90%). Sputum production (40%). Hemoptysis (40%). Chest pain (25%). […] Constitutional symptoms: Fever (30%). Malaise. Weight loss. Marked constitutional symptoms are a late feature that should suggest disseminated disease. (36801629) […] Actinomycosis will often mimic lung cancer or anaerobic pulmonary abscess. Thoracic actinomycosis is most frequently misdiagnosed as lung cancer. (36801629) […] Patients may improve transiently while on antibiotic therapy, but subsequently deteriorate off antibiotics. (Fishman 2023)

• #8 Actinomycosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a chronic or slowly progressive infection caused by various bacterial species of the Actinomyces genus, most commonly Actinomyces israelii. The disease is characterised by the formation of an abscess and draining sinus tracts (small tunnels which open onto the surface of the skin or mucous membranes and drain pus). The draining pus contains yellow granules called sulphur granules. […] Cervicofacial (neck and head) actinomycosis is the most common form of infection, accounting for 5070% of cases. The infection usually begins with a slowly progressive, non-painful, hard lump in the cheek or around the jaw. This evolves into abscesses and draining sinus tracts. Surrounding tissues become swollen. Fever and other symptoms of systemic infection are sometimes present. Actinomycosis around the jaw can cause trismus (prolonged spasm of the jaw muscles).

• #9 Actinomycosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a chronic localized or hematogenous anaerobic infection caused by Actinomyces israelii and other species of Actinomyces. Findings are a local abscess with multiple draining sinuses, a tuberculosis-like pneumonitis, and low-grade systemic symptoms. […] The characteristic lesion of actinomycosis is an indurated area of multiple, small, communicating abscesses surrounded by granulation tissue. Lesions tend to form sinus tracts that communicate to the skin and drain a purulent discharge containing sulfur granules (rounded or spherical, usually yellowish, and 1 mm in diameter). […] In the abdominal form, the intestines (usually the cecum and appendix) and the peritoneum are infected. Pain, fever, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and emaciation are characteristic. One or more abdominal masses develop and cause signs of partial intestinal obstruction.

• #10 Actinomycosis: Microbiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/actinomycosis-microbiology-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Actinomycosis is an infection characterized by abscess formation, induration, draining sinus tracts, fistulae, and tissue fibrosis. […] Cervicofacial involvement is the most common manifestation of actinomycosis, accounting for 50 percent of all cases, while abdominal, thoracic, pelvic, and central nervous system actinomycosis occur less frequently. […] A hallmark of actinomycosis is the tendency to spread without regard for anatomical barriers (including tissue planes or lymphatic drainage). This is often noted on imaging where a mass is seen aggressively crossing anatomic tissue planes. […] Actinomyces spp are noted for forming characteristic sulfur granules in infected tissue but not in vitro. The granules are actually discrete macroscopic grains of hard consistency, 100 to 1000 mcm in diameter, often visible to the naked eye or by microscopy with low magnification (10x).

• #11 Actinomycosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a long-term infection that causes sores, or abscesses, in the bodys soft tissues. Actinomycosis is usually found in the mouth, nose, throat, lungs, stomach, and intestines. Actinomycosis rarely appears elsewhere in the body. However, it can spread from the initial infected area to other parts of the body if illness or injury damages your tissue. Actinomycosis isn’t contagious. […] If your mouth tissue is infected, it can cause what’s commonly known as lumpy jaw. A hard lump can be felt in the jaw. The lump itself isn’t typically painful. However, it can result in a painful skin abscess that first appears as a reddish bruise at the site. Actinomycosis can also cause muscle spasms in the jaw or a locked jaw. If this happens, the mouth cannot open in a normal way. The other symptoms of actinomycosis are: a fever, weight loss, lumps on the neck or face, draining sores on the skin, excess sinus drainage, coughing, and chest pain. […] Notify your doctor immediately if you have the symptoms of actinomycosis. Early, aggressive treatment decreases your likelihood of developing long-term complications and requiring surgery.

• #12 Actinomycosis – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis is a rare and chronic infection, caused predominantly by the bacterium Actinomyces israelii and to a lesser extent by other Actinomyces species. […] The bacteria are slow-growing and the infection leads to the formation of hard, red or purple pus-filled abscess in the affected tissue. The abscess may drain and this can be accompanied by pain and fever. […] The signs and symptoms of Actinomycosis may vary depending on the site and severity of infection. However, abscess formation is commonly present in all types of Actinomycosis. […] Cervicofacial signs and symptoms may include: Swelling of the mouth, face, jaw, and neck region: These swellings may be small and hard. Pain in the swollen areas. Pus leaking out of lesions in the skin, near the infected sites. Sulfur granules released in the pus (round, yellow granules): These granules do not actually contain sulfur, but are named so, because of their characteristic appearance.

• #13 Actinomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482151/

  Actinomycosis is generally not diagnosed until the chronic phase. […] The infection is usually granulomatous, suppurative, and may involve multiple sulfur-containing abscesses that form sinus tracts. […] The chronic form has multiple abscesses that form sinus tracts and are associated with sulfur granules. […] The most common presentation is a progressive, painless mass that is indurated with or without reddish or bluish discoloration of overlying skin and eventually evolves into multiple abscesses with sinus tract formation, which drains yellow sulfur granules. […] The infection can be acute to subacute, but because the diagnosis is difficult most cases are diagnosed in the chronic phase. […] The symptoms mimic other chronic lung infections and cancer. […] The most common symptoms are a chronic productive cough with or without hemoptysis, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

• #14 Actinomycosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/actinomycosis

  In the thoracic form, lung involvement resembles tuberculosis (TB). Extensive invasion may occur before chest pain, fever, and productive cough appear. […] In the generalized form, infection spreads hematogenously to multiple areas, including the skin, vertebral bodies, brain, liver, kidneys, ureters, and, in women, pelvic organs. Diverse symptoms (eg, back pain, headache, abdominal pain) related to these sites may occur. […] Actinomycosis is slowly progressive. Prognosis relates directly to early diagnosis and is most favorable in the cervicofacial form and progressively worse in the thoracic, abdominal, and generalized forms, especially if the central nervous system is involved.

• #15 Actinomycosis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/actinomycosis

  Actinomycosis has several forms. All cause abscesses, scar tissue, and fistulas. […] Chronic abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and severe weight loss are common symptoms. […] Symptoms include chronic abdominal or pelvic pain, fever, weight loss, and vaginal bleeding and discharge. […] Usually, small, hard, sometimes painful swellings develop in the mouth and on the face, neck, or skin below the jaw (called lumpy jaw). […] People have chronic chest pain and fever. They lose weight and cough, sometimes bringing up sputum. […] Symptoms include chest pain, fever, and a productive cough. […] Symptoms vary depending on which organs are affected. For example, people may have a headache, back pain, or abdominal pain. […] If actinomycosis is diagnosed early and treated appropriately, most people recover fully.

• #16 Actinomycosis

  http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/cattlebuffalo/Actinomycosis.html

  The lesions appear initially as a hard, painless, circumscribed protuberance usually at the level of central molar teeth of the mandible or maxilla. […] The invasion damages the bony tissues and in some cattle, large granulomatous mass appear on the surface of the jaw followed by development of sinus tracts. […] Due to extensive involvement of the mandible and maxilla, the process of mastication is affected and thus there is impairment of digestion resulting to loss of general health. […] Abscess may extend and may produce sinus to the skin surface where from, the purulent discharges are drained. […] Examination of oral cavity may exhibit loose teeth or missing teeth. […] There is foul breath from the mouth known as halitosis. […] Loose teeth induce hypersalivation and dysphagia (difficulty in feeding). […] The adjacent bones may be affected in long standing cases. […] The adjacent lymph nodes are not affected and the disease does not spread through lymphatic channel.

• #17 Actinomycosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/actinomycosis

  The infection slowly spreads to surrounding tissues and organs such as the scalp, eyes, ears, tongue, larynx, and trachea. Invasion of adjacent bone occasionally occurs. Infection may spread to the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) causing meningitis. […] Abdominal disease (1020% of cases) usually follows a break in the gastrointestinal mucosa, eg following surgery, appendicitis, diverticulitis, or ingestion of foreign bodies such as chicken or fish bones. This disease is difficult to diagnose as patients often have non-specific slowly progressive symptoms such as fever, weight loss, diarrhoea or constipation, and abdominal pain. […] Pulmonary disease (1520% of cases) is usually caused by aspiration (inhalation) of oral or gastrointestinal secretions. The infection presents with slowly progressive non-specific symptoms such as cough, sputum production, breathing difficulties, and chest pain.

• #18 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4094581/

  Actinomycosis is a rare chronic disease caused by Actinomyces spp., anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and genital tracts. […] Physicians must be aware of typical clinical presentations (such as cervicofacial actinomycosis following dental focus of infection, pelvic actinomycosis in women with an intrauterine device, and pulmonary actinomycosis in smokers with poor dental hygiene), but also that actinomycosis may mimic the malignancy process in various anatomical sites. […] At early stages of the disease, a focal pulmonary consolidation occurs, which can be surrounded by pulmonary nodules, but there are often no associated physical symptoms at this stage. […] The most common symptoms are nonspecific, similar to those of other chronic lung infections such as tuberculosis or thoracic cancer: productive cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and chest pain.

• #19 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Empyema may occur in 25% of patients. […] If seen, a fistulous tract is highly suggestive of actinomycosis. […] Rarely, septic emboli may occur from a distal site (e.g., pelvic actinomycosis). Cavitation may occur. […] Chronic consolidation (e.g., segmental or lobar) or nodules may occur. […] Typically, there may be a central hypodensity within parenchymal consolidation (reflective of a necrotic abscess). (32145821) Rim enhancement may also be seen. (Rosado-de-Christensen 2022) […] Cavity or mass may extend through an interlobar fissure. (Murray 2022) […] Overall, this process may mimic lung cancer. (Rosado-de-Christenson 2022) […] Diagnosis is generally made based on the microscopic identification of sulfur granules (masses of bacterial filaments). […] Sulfur granules suggest actinomycosis (yet they may occasionally be seen with Nocardia infection). (36801629)

• #20 Actinomycosis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-clinical

  Fever is variably present. […] Findings may include the following: Fever, cachexia, abnormal breath sounds, cough (dry or productive of purulent sputum), hemoptysis. […] Low-grade fever and cachexia (variably present). […] Mass most often located in the right lower quadrant, less frequently in the left lower quadrant; mass typically firm-to-hard in consistency, nontender, often fixed to underlying tissue. […] Pelvic mass. […] Other manifestations, as in abdominal actinomycosis.

• #21 Actinomycosis – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/actinomycosis

  Thoracic signs and symptoms may include: Chest pain. Cough, which may or may not be productive. Fever. Weight loss. […] Digestive tract signs and symptoms may include: Long-term pain in the abdomen. Diarrhea. Constipation. Nausea. Vomiting. Weight loss, which can be severe. […] Pelvic signs and symptoms, which are most commonly observed in women, may include: Pelvic pain. Vaginal discharge, bleeding. Constipation. Weight loss. […] Central nervous system signs and symptoms may include: Headache. Vomiting. Weakness of some specific body region (focal weakness). Numbness/loss of sensation. Seizures. […] Cutaneous (or skin) signs and symptoms may include: Inflammation of skin. Abscesses on skin, with or without inflammation.

• #22 What Is Actinomycosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/actinomycosis-infection

  Actinomycosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species present in the oral cavity, digestive system, and genital tract. […] The symptoms of the actinomycosis infection differ according to the region affected: […] The infection starts with the formation of a small raised lesion beneath the oral mucosa or the skin of the neck. Swelling in the jaw indicates subperiosteal involvement of the actinomycosis infection. These lesions may or may not be painful. This infection can further form sinuses and fistulas that lead to the discharge of sulfur granules. […] Involvement of the lungs may cause chest pain and fever. Draining sinuses are also formed in cases of severe infections. […] The abdominal form of the infection causes pain, fever, diarrhea or constipation, vomiting, and makes the individual weak. The infection usually involves the intestine and the peritoneum leading to intestinal obstruction. There is the formation of sinuses and fistulas extending up to the abdominal wall.

• #23 Actinomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211587-overview

  Actinomycosis is a subacute-to-chronic bacterial infection caused by filamentous, gram-positive, nonacid-fast, anaerobic-to-microaerophilic bacteria. It is characterized by contiguous spread, suppurative and granulomatous inflammation, and formation of multiple abscesses and sinus tracts that may discharge sulfur granules. The most common clinical forms of actinomycosis are cervicofacial (ie, lumpy jaw), thoracic, and abdominal. In women, pelvic actinomycosis is possible. […] Once infection is established, the host mounts an intense inflammatory response (ie, suppurative, granulomatous), and fibrosis may then follow. Infection typically spreads contiguously, frequently ignoring tissue planes and invading surrounding tissues or organs. Ultimately, the infection produces draining sinus tracts. Hematogenous dissemination to distant organs may occur in any stage of actinomycosis, whereas lymphatic dissemination is unusual.

• #24 Actinomycosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/actinomycosis

  Pelvic actinomycosis is rare and is associated with the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices. Common symptoms of this infection include lower abdominal discomfort, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and vaginal discharge. […] Primary cutaneous actinomycosis is very uncommon and affects exposed skin after direct implantation of the organism during an injury.

• #25 What Is Actinomycosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/actinomycosis-infection

  In this form of infection, there is a pain in the pelvic or lower abdomen accompanied by vaginal discharge. […] This form of infection may also occur that disseminates to multiple regions hematogenously like the skin, brain, spinal cord, liver, kidneys, ureters, and pelvic organs (especially in women). Symptoms such as backache, headache, and lower abdominal pain may occur depending on the sites involved. […] Actinomycosis is a slowly-progressive infection. It usually takes around 20 to 25 days to grow and spread to different regions of the body such as cervicofacial, abdominal, and thoracic regions.

• #26 The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02744-z

  CNS actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infection with non-specific clinical features. Diagnosis is difficult due to its similarity to malignancy, nocardiosis and other granulomatous diseases. […] Focal neurological deficits were the most common clinical presentation in CNS actinomycosis (65.3%). The other common presentations were headache, fever, and altered sensorium. Meningeal signs were present in 21% of the patients. The mean duration of symptoms (time from the onset of disease to the first presentation in hospital) was 82 days in CNS disease, which indicates the indolent nature of the illness. […] CNS actinomycosis carries significant morbidity and mortality despite its indolent nature. Early aggressive surgery, along with prolonged antimicrobial treatment is vital to improve outcomes.

• #27 Actinomycosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000599.htm

  Actinomycosis is a long-term (chronic) bacterial infection that commonly affects the face and neck. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Draining sores in the skin, especially on the chest wall from lung infection with Actinomyces, Fever, Mild or no pain, Swelling or a hard, red to reddish-purple lump on the face or upper neck, Weight loss. […] Symptoms occur when the bacteria enter the tissues of the face after trauma, surgery, or infection. Common triggers include dental abscess or oral surgery. […] Once in the tissue, the bacteria cause an abscess, producing a hard, red to reddish-purple lump, often on the jaw, from which comes the condition’s common name, „lumpy jaw.” […] Eventually, the abscess breaks through the skin surface to produce a draining sinus tract. […] Contact your provider if you develop symptoms of this infection. Starting treatment right away helps quicken the recovery.

• #28 Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/actinomycosis-etiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-treatment-and-manag-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Actinomycosis is a rare chronic disease caused by Actinomyces spp., anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and genital tracts. […] Physicians must be aware of typical clinical presentations (such as cervicofacial actinomycosis following dental focus of infection, pelvic actinomycosis in women with an intrauterine device, and pulmonary actinomycosis in smokers with poor dental hygiene), but also that actinomycosis may mimic the malignancy process in various anatomical sites. […] At early stages of the disease, a focal pulmonary consolidation occurs, which can be surrounded by pulmonary nodules, but there are often no associated physical symptoms at this stage. […] This primary pulmonary involvement could secondly lead to constitution of a peripheral mass, with or without cavitation, which could invade adjacent tissue.

• #29 Symptoms and Types of Actinomycosis – Mental Matters

  https://mentalmatters.co.za/symptoms-and-types-of-actinomycosis/

  Actinomycosis is a chronic, slowly progressive infection caused by Actinomyces bacteria, normally harmless organisms found in the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria invade deeper tissues after trauma, dental procedures, or poor hygiene and trigger serious infections that affect different parts of the body. The infection forms hard, painful lumps that develop into abscesses and drain pus through abnormal sinus tracts in the skin. […] Actinomycosis progresses gradually, often over several weeks or even months. This slow development makes it difficult to diagnose, as it mimics other more common conditions. […] The most common form is cervicofacial actinomycosis, also known as lumpy jaw. It typically occurs following dental infections, extractions, or facial trauma. Patients often present with swelling along the jaw or neck, firm masses under the skin, and draining abscesses that release yellowish pus containing characteristic sulphur granules.

• #30 Actinomycosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24981-actinomycosis

  Since Actinomyces grow slowly, symptoms might not develop for months or years after the surgery or illness that started the infection. […] If you don’t treat it or don’t complete your course of antibiotics (medication), the bacterial infection can spread and cause: Tissue death (necrosis). Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and destruction. Brain abscess. Organ failure. […] You may need to take antibiotics for months or even a year for actinomycosis to completely go away. If you stop antibiotics too soon, the infection can come back or start spreading again. […] If you have actinomycosis, you can expect to be on antibiotics for a long period of time (several months or longer) to completely get rid of the infection. You’ll need regular follow-ups with your healthcare provider to make sure the medicine is working. You’ll also need to pay close attention to your symptoms and let your provider know right away if they’re getting worse. […] Yes, actinomycosis can be fatal. While most people with actinomycosis recover with treatment, the infection can spread if left untreated or if you stop treatment too soon. Nasal infections are particularly dangerous because they can spread to your brain.

• #31 actinomycosis | Mayo Clinic Connect

  https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/actinomycosis/

  It’s a systemic mycoses( involvement of deep tissue and organs) caused by fungus-like bacteria. The clinical picture is a chronic suppurative and granulomatous disease, wooden or lumpy lesions, and multiple draining sinuses (cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal). […] She has numerous weeping lesions, drainage from every opening in her body and has facial bone decay. […] X-rays are revealing massive bone loss. […] The infection has since moved to the brain area and I now feel irritation around my right eye. […] My sternum has been so painful for the last year that I live 24-7 with an ice pack on it. […] The right maxilla has felt like it was on fire when I have stopped taking oral antibiotics. […] Acute attacks happen periodically where jaw, throat and sternum hurt so much all I can do is lay down and wait for it to pass.

• #32 Actinomycosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycosis

  The disease is characterised by the formation of painful abscesses in the mouth, lungs, breast, or gastrointestinal tract. […] Actinomycosis abscesses grow larger as the disease progresses, often over months. In severe cases, they may penetrate the surrounding bone and muscle to the skin, where they break open and leak large amounts of pus, which often contains characteristic granules filled with progeny bacteria.

• #33 Thoracic actinomycosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/actinomycosis/

  Prolonged therapy may be needed for severe disease (e.g., ~2-6 weeks of intravenous therapy followed by 6-12 months of oral treatment). (Murray 2022) However, the duration of IV therapy may depend on clinical context and how well the selected antibiotic is orally absorbed. […] Premature discontinuation of therapy may lead to recurrence or local complications. (25045274)

• #34 Actinomycosis Infection in Cats – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery, Management, Cost

  https://wagwalking.com/cat/condition/actinomycosis-infection

  Actinomycosis symptoms usually present as an infection in or near a bite wound. The infection frequently causes abscesses and lesions localized near the bite wound. The infection and its associated symptoms can spread and may affect the lungs, abdomen, intestinal tract, bones, and spinal cord. Symptoms Include: Infections on face or neck often associated with bite wounds, Abscesses (most commonly in the mouth, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract), Pain, Fever, Skin swelling, Pus or drainage (often with yellow granules), Inflammation of abdominal tissues, Inflammation of bones or spinal vertebrae, Osteolysis or bone loss, Trouble walking, Fluid or pus in the chest cavity, Trouble breathing, Coughing or wheezing, Lethargy. […] Most cats treated for Actinomycosis recover, and the disease is not generally life threatening. A high recurrence in infection has been noted, so thorough treatment and follow-up are needed to ensure a full recovery. Treatment, particularly antibiotic medications, may continue for several months. During this time, monitor the cat closely for signs of further infection, including swelling, itching, redness, fever, or recurrence of lesions. Return visits to the veterinarian for physical examinations and monitoring will be required. Full recovery can be expected in less than four months.

• #35 SciELO Brazil – Actinomycosis of the nasal cavity Actinomycosis of the nasal cavity

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjorl/a/WgYTfwg35tfHJSt4pJrDNnj/

  Actinomycosis of the nasal cavity is very rare. […] The most common symptom was purulent nasal discharge (36.4%). […] The duration of symptoms was 2.9 2.8 months (range, 0.5-10 months). […] Actinomycosis of the nasal cavity should be suspected when a patient with chronic sinusitis does not respond to medical therapy and has a history of dental treatment, local surgery or radiation therapy. […] Nasal actinomycosis can be sufficiently treated with antibiotics and endoscopic surgery. […] The clinical symptoms of nasal actinomycosis were consistent with chronic sinusitis by other organisms such as bacteria or fungus. […] The prognosis for nasal actinomycosis is very good, and in this study, the symptoms improved in all patients. However, long-term follow-up is necessary because the infection can recur even after several years.

• #36 Actinomycosis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/actinomycosis/

  The prognosis for Actinomycosis is generally positive, thanks to improvements in mouth care, the availability of antibiotics, and advanced surgical procedures. Recovery rates and survival rates have improved. However, for more serious and complex cases, both antibiotics and surgery may be needed, and there is a higher risk of complications, including death.

• #37 Actinomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482151/

  The response to treatment can be monitored with imaging. […] Prolonged antibiotic therapy is usually required, and the prognosis is excellent. […] With better oral hygiene, availability of antibiotics, and advanced surgical techniques, the outcome, and mortality have improved. […] In these cases, morbidity is high, and death may occur.

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