Zespół zapalny wielonarządowy u dzieci (mis-c)
Etiologia i przyczyny

Zespół zapalny wielonarządowy u dzieci (MIS-C) to rzadkie, ale poważne powikłanie poinfekcyjne związane z zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2, charakteryzujące się nadmierną, opóźnioną odpowiedzią immunologiczną prowadzącą do uogólnionego stanu zapalnego obejmującego serce, płuca, nerki, mózg, skórę, oczy i układ pokarmowy. Klinicznie MIS-C manifestuje się uporczywą gorączką, hipotensją, wstrząsem oraz objawami zapalenia wielonarządowego, często z limfopenią T CD4+ i CD8+ oraz podwyższonymi stężeniami cytokin prozapalnych (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, IFN, TNF). Diagnostycznie istotne jest odróżnienie MIS-C od choroby Kawasakiego i zespołu wstrząsu toksycznego, m.in. na podstawie wieku pacjentów (2-21 lat), profilu cytokinowego oraz związku czasowego z infekcją SARS-CoV-2, która poprzedza rozwój MIS-C o 2-6 tygodni. Epidemiologicznie około 87% dzieci z MIS-C ma dodatnie przeciwciała przeciw SARS-CoV-2, a ryzyko rozwoju zespołu po zakażeniu wynosi około 1 na 3000-4000 przypadków. W patogenezie podejrzewa się m.in. nadmierną aktywację limfocytów T przez superantygen w białku spike wirusa oraz powstawanie autoprzeciwciał przeciw antygenom sercowo-naczyniowym i śródbłonkowym, co prowadzi do uszkodzenia tkanek i zapalenia naczyń (waskulopatii). Czynniki genetyczne, w tym specyficzne typy HLA, oraz pochodzenie etniczne (afrokaraibskie, latynoskie, południowoazjatyckie) zwiększają podatność na MIS-C.

  1. Definicja i wprowadzenie do Zespołu zapalnego wielonarządowego u dzieci (MIS-C)
  2. Związek MIS-C z zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2
    1. Charakterystyka czasowa wystąpienia MIS-C
  3. Patofizjologia MIS-C – hipotezy i mechanizmy
    1. Nieprawidłowa odpowiedź immunologiczna
    2. Rola superantygenów i mechanizmy autoimmunologiczne
    3. Uszkodzenie naczyń i serca
  4. Czynniki genetyczne i predyspozycje do MIS-C
    1. Grupa wiekowa i choroby współistniejące
  5. Porównanie MIS-C z innymi zespołami zapalnymi
    1. MIS-C a choroba Kawasakiego
    2. MIS-C a zespół wstrząsu toksycznego
  6. Wpływ wariantów SARS-CoV-2 i szczepionek na występowanie MIS-C
    1. Wpływ wariantów wirusa
    2. Rola szczepionek w zapobieganiu MIS-C
  7. Wyzwania badawcze i kierunki przyszłych badań
  8. Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego i praktyki klinicznej
  9. Etiologia MIS-C – aktualny stan wiedzy
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Definicja i wprowadzenie do Zespołu zapalnego wielonarządowego u dzieci (MIS-C)

Zespół zapalny wielonarządowy u dzieci (MIS-C, ang. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children) to rzadki, ale poważny stan chorobowy charakteryzujący się nadmiernym stanem zapalnym obejmującym wiele narządów i układów organizmu. Objawia się on uporczywą gorączką i zapaleniem różnych narządów, w tym serca, płuc, nerek, mózgu, skóry, oczu i układu pokarmowego.12 Zespół ten został po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowany w kwietniu 2020 roku i jest obecnie wiązany z chorobą koronawirusową 2019 (COVID-19).3 MIS-C wymaga hospitalizacji i może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań dotyczących narządów wewnętrznych, szczególnie serca.4

W literaturze medycznej zespół ten występuje również pod innymi nazwami, takimi jak pediatryczny wieloukładowy zespół zapalny (PMIS), pediatryczny zespół zapalny wieloukładowy czasowo powiązany z SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) czy zespół zapalny wielonarządowy u noworodków (MIS-N) w przypadku noworodków urodzonych przez matki zakażone SARS-CoV-2 podczas ciąży.56

Pomimo że dokładna etiologia MIS-C pozostaje nieznana, specjaliści w dziedzinie pediatrii i immunologii intensywnie badają mechanizmy jego powstawania oraz związek z zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2.7

Związek MIS-C z zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2

Istnieją przekonujące dowody epidemiologiczne wskazujące na ścisły związek między MIS-C a wcześniejszym zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2.8 Badania wykazały, że około 87% dzieci zdiagnozowanych z MIS-C miało pozytywne wyniki testów serologicznych na obecność przeciwciał przeciwko SARS-CoV-2, podczas gdy tylko 32% miało pozytywne wyniki testów PCR z wymazu z nosogardła.9 Sugeruje to, że MIS-C jest raczej zjawiskiem poinfekcyjnym niż związanym z ostrym, wczesnym zakażeniem.10

W prawie 99% udokumentowanych przypadków MIS-C dzieci miały pozytywny wynik testu na obecne zakażenie SARS-CoV-2 lub posiadały przeciwciała przeciwko koronawirusowi, co świadczy o przebytym zakażeniu.11 Zaobserwowano również, że liczba przypadków MIS-C wzrasta zazwyczaj 2-5 tygodni po fali zakażeń COVID-19 w danym regionie geograficznym.1213

Jednak nie wszystkie dzieci, które przeszły COVID-19, rozwijają MIS-C. Szacowany wskaźnik ryzyka MIS-C po ekspozycji na SARS-CoV-2 wynosi około 1 na 3000-4000 przypadków zakażeń.14 Jest to więc stosunkowo rzadkie powikłanie, występujące u mniej niż 10% pacjentów pediatrycznych z potwierdzoną infekcją SARS-CoV-2.15

Charakterystyka czasowa wystąpienia MIS-C

Istotną cechą MIS-C jest jego pojawienie się z opóźnieniem w stosunku do ostrej fazy zakażenia SARS-CoV-2. Choroba ta zazwyczaj rozwija się 2-6 tygodni po przebytym zakażeniu, co wskazuje na jej poinfekcyjny charakter.1617 Co ciekawe, u wielu dzieci, które rozwinęły MIS-C, przebieg pierwotnej infekcji COVID-19 był łagodny lub nawet bezobjawowy.18 Oznacza to, że rodzice mogą nie zdawać sobie sprawy, że ich dziecko przeszło zakażenie SARS-CoV-2, dopóki nie pojawią się objawy MIS-C.19

Ten wzorzec czasowy odróżnia MIS-C od ostrego COVID-19 u dzieci i wskazuje na odmienne mechanizmy patofizjologiczne.20 Lekarze podkreślają, że MIS-C nie jest wirusowym zakażeniem jak COVID-19, ale reakcją zapalną występującą później, co ma istotne implikacje dla diagnozowania i leczenia.21

Patofizjologia MIS-C – hipotezy i mechanizmy

Pomimo intensywnych badań, dokładna patofizjologia MIS-C pozostaje nie w pełni wyjaśniona. Istnieje jednak kilka dominujących hipotez dotyczących mechanizmów rozwoju tego zespołu.22

Nieprawidłowa odpowiedź immunologiczna

Najszerzej akceptowaną hipotezą jest, że MIS-C rozwija się w wyniku nieprawidłowej, opóźnionej odpowiedzi immunologicznej na zakażenie SARS-CoV-2.23 W przeciwieństwie do typowej reakcji immunologicznej, która powinna wygasnąć po eliminacji patogenu, u dzieci z MIS-C układ odpornościowy pozostaje aktywowany, prowadząc do nadmiernego stanu zapalnego.24 Ten dysregulowany proces immunologiczny skutkuje „burzą cytokinową” – masowym uwolnieniem mediatorów zapalnych, które uszkadzają tkanki i narządy.25

Badania wykazały, że u pacjentów z MIS-C stwierdza się podwyższone poziomy różnych cytokin prozapalnych, w tym interleukiny-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, interferonu (IFN) i czynnika martwicy nowotworów (TNF).26 Charakterystyczną cechą jest również limfopenia dotycząca limfocytów T CD4+, CD8+ oraz komórek T.27

Rola superantygenów i mechanizmy autoimmunologiczne

Pojawiające się dowody sugerują, że przesadna odpowiedź limfocytów T na superantygen znajdujący się w glikoproteinie S (spike) wirusa SARS-CoV-2 może odgrywać kluczową rolę w patogenezie MIS-C.28 Inna hipoteza wskazuje na powstawanie autoprzeciwciał skierowanych przeciwko antygenom układu sercowo-naczyniowego, pokarmowego i śródbłonka jako istotny czynnik przyczyniający się do rozwoju stanu zapalnego w MIS-C.29

U pacjentów z MIS-C zaobserwowano ekspansję poliklonalnych limfocytów T Vbeta21.3 zarówno w subpopulacjach CD4, jak i CD8, której nie stwierdzono u pacjentów z chorobą Kawasakiego, zespołem wstrząsu toksycznego czy ostrym COVID-19.30 Ta unikalna cecha immunologiczna może być jednym z markerów różnicujących MIS-C od innych chorób zapalnych.31

W patogenezie MIS-C rozważa się również mechanizmy takie jak tworzenie kompleksów immunologicznych, molekularna mimikra (gdzie przeciwciała lub limfocyty T rozpoznają własne antygeny jako obce) czy rozpoznawanie antygenów wirusowych na zakażonych komórkach.32

Uszkodzenie naczyń i serca

Patofizjologia uszkodzenia mięśnia sercowego w MIS-C również nie jest w pełni poznana. Potencjalne mechanizmy obejmują bezpośrednie uszkodzenie kardiomiocytów przez wirusa SARS-CoV-2, wpływ dysregulowanej odpowiedzi immunologicznej prowadzący do dysfunkcji mikronaczyniowej i uszkodzenia śródbłonka, niedotlenienie narządów, stres oraz rzadziej zmniejszony przepływ krwi do serca.33 Biorąc pod uwagę zmienność obrazu klinicznego, prawdopodobne jest, że u różnych pacjentów dominują różne mechanizmy.34

Zapalenie naczyń krwionośnych (waskulopatia) jest jedną z głównych cech MIS-C, prowadzącą do ograniczonego przepływu krwi, co może uszkadzać serce, nerki i inne narządy.35 W niektórych przypadkach może to prowadzić do rozwoju tętniaków tętnic wieńcowych, podobnie jak w chorobie Kawasakiego.36

Czynniki genetyczne i predyspozycje do MIS-C

Fakt, że tylko niewielka część dzieci zakażonych SARS-CoV-2 rozwija MIS-C, sugeruje, że istotną rolę w patogenezie tego zespołu mogą odgrywać czynniki genetyczne.37 Predyspozycje genetyczne mogą wpływać na sposób, w jaki układ odpornościowy dziecka reaguje na zakażenie SARS-CoV-2.38

Badania epidemiologiczne wykazały, że dzieci pochodzenia afrokaraibskiego, latynoskiego i południowoazjatyckiego wydają się być w większym stopniu narażone na rozwój MIS-C.39 Obserwacje te wskazują na potencjalny udział czynników genetycznych lub genomowych w podatności na rozwój tego zespołu.40

Interesującym aspektem jest również kwestia, dlaczego MIS-C nie został zidentyfikowany w Chinach i innych krajach azjatyckich dotkniętych przez COVID-19, co doprowadziło do spekulacji dotyczących wariantów wirusa występujących w obszarach z przypadkami MIS-C lub zwiększonej podatności genomowej tych populacji.41

Badania nad specyficznymi typami HLA (ludzkiego antygenu leukocytarnego) sugerują, że niektóre z nich mogą być powiązane z większym ryzykiem rozwoju MIS-C, podobnie jak ma to miejsce w przypadku innych chorób o podłożu autoimmunologicznym.42

Grupa wiekowa i choroby współistniejące

MIS-C dotyka głównie dzieci i młodzież w wieku od 2 do 21 lat, przy czym większość przypadków dotyczy dzieci w wieku szkolnym.4344 Jest to cecha odróżniająca MIS-C od choroby Kawasakiego, która zazwyczaj dotyka dzieci poniżej 5 roku życia.45

Co ciekawe, większość dzieci z MIS-C nie ma chorób współistniejących.46 Wśród tych, które je zgłaszają, otyłość jest najczęstszą chorobą towarzyszącą.47 Warto zauważyć, że w przeciwieństwie do COVID-19, gdzie choroby współistniejące są związane z wyższą śmiertelnością, większość śmiertelnych przypadków MIS-C nie ma chorób współistniejących.4849

Porównanie MIS-C z innymi zespołami zapalnymi

MIS-C wykazuje podobieństwa do innych znanych zespołów zapalnych, w szczególności do choroby Kawasakiego oraz zespołu wstrząsu toksycznego, co początkowo prowadziło do diagnostycznego zamieszania.5051

MIS-C a choroba Kawasakiego

Choroba Kawasakiego, znana już przed pojawieniem się SARS-CoV-2, jest ostrą chorobą zapalną naczyń, która głównie dotyka dzieci poniżej 5 roku życia.52 MIS-C i choroba Kawasakiego mają wiele wspólnych objawów, w tym utrzymującą się gorączkę, wysypkę, zapalenie spojówek i obrzęk kończyn. Jednak istnieją znaczące różnice między tymi dwoma stanami:53

  • MIS-C zazwyczaj dotyka starsze dzieci i młodzież, podczas gdy choroba Kawasakiego przeważnie występuje u dzieci poniżej 5 roku życia54
  • Profile cytokin u dzieci z MIS-C różnią się od tych obserwowanych w chorobie Kawasakiego55
  • Podwyższone stężenie CXCL9 jest głównym markerem odróżniającym MIS-C od choroby Kawasakiego56
  • Hipotensja i wstrząs występują częściej w MIS-C niż w chorobie Kawasakiego57
  • MIS-C ma wyraźny związek czasowy z zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2, podczas gdy czynnik inicjujący chorobę Kawasakiego pozostaje nieznany58

Pomimo tych różnic, badania sugerują, że choroba Kawasakiego i MIS-C mogą znajdować się na tym samym kontinuum odpowiedzi immunologicznej gospodarza i mogą dzielić zbliżone drogi immunopatogenezy.59 Niektórzy eksperci spekulują, że odkrycie mechanizmów patofizjologicznych MIS-C może pomóc w zrozumieniu tajemniczej etiologii choroby Kawasakiego.60

MIS-C a zespół wstrząsu toksycznego

MIS-C wykazuje również pewne podobieństwa do zespołu wstrząsu toksycznego (TSS), który jest ostrą chorobą wywołaną przez toksyny produkowane przez bakterie, głównie Staphylococcus aureus lub Streptococcus pyogenes. Podobnie jak w przypadku MIS-C, TSS charakteryzuje się wysoką gorączką, wysypką i niewydolnością wielonarządową.61

Jednakże MIS-C jest związany z wcześniejszą infekcją SARS-CoV-2, podczas gdy TSS jest spowodowany toksynami bakteryjnymi. Ponadto profile immunologiczne tych dwóch zespołów różnią się, co sugeruje odmienne mechanizmy patofizjologiczne.62

Wpływ wariantów SARS-CoV-2 i szczepionek na występowanie MIS-C

Wraz z ewolucją pandemii COVID-19 i pojawianiem się nowych wariantów wirusa SARS-CoV-2, zaobserwowano zmiany w zapadalności na MIS-C.63

Wpływ wariantów wirusa

Pojawienie się bardziej zakaźnego wariantu Omikron stworzyło nowe wyzwania, związane z jego zwiększoną transmisyjnością, zmniejszoną skutecznością nawet po szczepieniu oraz malejącą z czasem skutecznością szczepionek.64 Badania przeprowadzone w różnych krajach wykazały, że częstość występowania MIS-C znacząco zmniejsza się, ale nadal pozostaje poważnym powikłaniem zakażenia SARS-CoV-2.65

W kolejnych falach pandemii zaobserwowano spadek zachorowalności na MIS-C, co prawdopodobnie można przypisać zwiększonej odporności wynikającej ze szczepień i narażenia na wirusa, a także różnicom między wariantami.66

Rola szczepionek w zapobieganiu MIS-C

Szczepienia przeciwko COVID-19 okazały się skuteczne w zapobieganiu MIS-C. W Stanach Zjednoczonych badanie kliniczno-kontrolne wykazało, że szczepionka Pfizer-BioNTech jest w 91% skuteczna w zapobieganiu MIS-C wśród zaszczepionych osób w wieku 12-18 lat.67

Szczepionki mRNA przeciwko COVID-19 mogą mieć znaczący efekt ochronny przed rozwojem MIS-C, zarówno poprzez zapobieganie samemu zakażeniu SARS-CoV-2, jak i potencjalnie poprzez zmniejszenie ryzyka rozwoju MIS-C u osób, które mimo szczepienia uległy zakażeniu.6869

Eksperci podkreślają, że najlepszym sposobem zapobiegania MIS-C jest ochrona przed zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2, w tym poprzez szczepienia przeciwko COVID-19 wszystkich kwalifikujących się osób.7071

Wyzwania badawcze i kierunki przyszłych badań

Pomimo znacznego postępu w zrozumieniu MIS-C, wiele pytań pozostaje bez odpowiedzi. Naukowcy i klinicyści na całym świecie pracują nad lepszym zrozumieniem mechanizmów patofizjologicznych, czynników ryzyka oraz długoterminowych następstw tego zespołu.72

Obecnie prowadzone są liczne badania mające na celu:

  • Zrozumienie, kto zapada na MIS-C i dlaczego73
  • Identyfikację czynników w genach dziecka, układzie odpornościowym i środowisku, które mogą wpływać na rozwój ciężkiego COVID-19 i MIS-C74
  • Badanie długoterminowych skutków MIS-C dla zdrowia dzieci75
  • Określenie, dlaczego u niektórych dzieci odpowiedź immunologiczna nie „zatrzymuje się”, prowadząc do MIS-C76
  • Opracowanie metod przewidywania, które dzieci są zagrożone rozwojem MIS-C77
  • Poszukiwanie skuteczniejszych strategii zapobiegania i leczenia MIS-C78

Jednym z kluczowych wyzwań badawczych jest wyjaśnienie, dlaczego tylko niewielka część dzieci zakażonych SARS-CoV-2 rozwija MIS-C. Badania immunologii i genetyki dotkniętych dzieci mogą pomóc w lepszym zrozumieniu potencjalnych przyczyn MIS-C i powodów, dla których niektóre dzieci doświadczają tej nadmiernej odpowiedzi immunologicznej na COVID-19.79

Ponadto, brakuje danych na temat odpowiedzi immunologicznych u niemowląt poniżej 11 miesiąca życia, a szczególnie na temat MIS-N (zespołu zapalnego wielonarządowego u noworodków).80 Konieczne są dalsze badania funkcji immunologicznych i fenotypów komórkowych, aby lepiej zrozumieć i opracować odpowiednie immunoterapie dla dzieci i noworodków z zespołem zapalnym wielonarządowym.81

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego i praktyki klinicznej

Odkrycie MIS-C miało istotne implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego i praktyki klinicznej w pediatrii. Pomimo że jest to rzadki zespół, jego potencjalnie poważne konsekwencje wymagają czujności ze strony pracowników służby zdrowia i rodziców.82

Szybkie rozpoznanie i leczenie MIS-C jest kluczowe dla zapobiegania powikłaniom. Większość dzieci dobrze reaguje na leczenie i ma korzystne rokowanie krótkoterminowe, ale śmiertelność wynosi od 1% do 2% u dzieci i 7% u dorosłych.83 Wskaźnik śmiertelności jest wyższy w krajach o średnich i niskich dochodach (7%) w porównaniu z krajami o wysokich dochodach (1%).84

Chociaż choroba ma zazwyczaj ostry przebieg i większość pacjentów wraca do zdrowia w ciągu 1-4 tygodni od początku choroby, długoterminowe rokowanie w tym zespole pozostaje nieznane ze względu na jego stosunkowo niedawne odkrycie.8586

Większość ekspertów zaleca wielodyscyplinarne podejście do diagnostyki i leczenia MIS-C, z udziałem specjalistów z zakresu kardiologii dziecięcej, reumatologii, chorób zakaźnych i intensywnej terapii.87

Etiologia MIS-C – aktualny stan wiedzy

Podsumowując, aktualny stan wiedzy na temat etiologii zespołu zapalnego wielonarządowego u dzieci (MIS-C) wskazuje, że jest to rzadkie, ale potencjalnie poważne powikłanie poinfekcyjne związane z zakażeniem SARS-CoV-2.88 Choć dokładny mechanizm powstawania MIS-C pozostaje nieznany, dominująca hipoteza sugeruje, że jest to wynik nieprawidłowej, nadmiernej odpowiedzi immunologicznej organizmu dziecka na wcześniejsze zakażenie koronawirusem.89

Czynniki genetyczne, demograficzne i immunologiczne prawdopodobnie przyczyniają się do zwiększonej podatności niektórych dzieci na rozwój MIS-C. Zespół ten różni się od choroby Kawasakiego i innych znanych zespołów zapalnych, mimo pewnych podobieństw klinicznych.90

Szczepienia przeciwko COVID-19 okazały się skuteczne w zapobieganiu MIS-C, a obecnie prowadzone są intensywne badania mające na celu lepsze zrozumienie mechanizmów patofizjologicznych tego zespołu oraz opracowanie skuteczniejszych strategii diagnostycznych i terapeutycznych.91

W miarę jak pandemia COVID-19 ewoluuje, a nasza wiedza o długoterminowych skutkach zakażenia SARS-CoV-2 rośnie, zrozumienie MIS-C pozostaje istotnym elementem kompleksowej odpowiedzi medycznej na wyzwania związane z COVID-19 u dzieci.92

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 About MIS | MIS | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/mis/about/index.html
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) can affect children (MIS-C) and adults (MIS-A). […] MIS is a rare but serious condition associated with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in which different body parts become inflamed. […] Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) is a rare but serious condition associated with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in which different internal and external body parts become inflamed, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract. […] MIS can affect children (MIS-C) and adults (MIS-A). […] The main risk factor for developing MIS is being infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, typically within the previous 2-6 weeks. […] Many children with MIS-C have had no or few symptoms of COVID-19.
  • #2 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children (MIS-C) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24592-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare side effect of COVID-19. It causes inflammation in several parts of your child’s body. […] The exact cause of MIS-C is unknown. Since the discovery of MIS-C in early 2020, research is ongoing to learn more about the cause and its long-term effects on children. The condition is a side effect of the COVID-19 infection, so your child is more at risk of developing MIS-C if they had COVID-19. […] Studies suggest MIS-C could be the result of your child’s immune system overreacting after a COVID-19 infection. This could cause your child’s immune system to create inflammation that targets their organs. […] There could also be genetic factors that make children more at risk of developing this condition.
  • #3 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 | Health Library | Memorial Health System
    https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20492798/
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a group of symptoms linked to swollen, called inflamed, organs or tissues. […] MIS-C was first detected in April 2020. MIS-C is currently linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Experts are still studying the cause of MIS-C and risk factors for getting it. […] The exact cause of MIS-C is not known yet. Many children with MIS-C have had a recent infection with the COVID-19 virus. Some may have a current infection with the virus. […] One idea of a possible cause of MIS-C is that infection with the virus that causes COVID-19, either current or earlier, causes the immune system to overreact. […] MIS-C is thought to be a complication of COVID-19. Without early diagnosis and treatment, MIS-C can lead to severe problems with vital organs, such as the heart. In rare cases, MIS-C could lead to permanent damage or even death.
  • #4 What Parents Need to Know About Multi-system Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/what-parents-should-know-about-misc
    Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is an extremely rare condition in which different parts of the body including eyes, skin and some internal organs become inflamed. MIS-C is a serious condition requiring hospital care. […] Almost all children diagnosed with multi-system inflammatory syndrome have also tested positive for antibodies to SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While most children with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms and need no advanced medical care, the virus seems to set off an excessive immune response in a very small number of children, resulting in inflammation throughout the body, or MIS-C. […] Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children is treated with medications typically used to treat Kawasaki disease, including steroids and intravenous immunoglobin (IVIG). These medications reduce the body’s excessive immune response, lowering fever and inflammation and allowing heart function to return to normal. Most patients diagnosed with MIS-C recover quickly with treatment. […] By studying the immune biology and genetics of affected children, our scientists and researchers hope to better understand the potential causes of MIS-C and why some children experience this excessive immune response to COVID-19.
  • #5 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and neonates (MIS-N) associated with COVID-19: optimizing definition and management | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02263-w
    During the SARS-CoV-2-associated infection (COVID-19), pandemic initial reports suggested relative sparing of children inversely related to their age. […] However, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 emerged involving coronary artery aneurysms, cardiac dysfunction, and multiorgan inflammatory manifestations. […] More recently neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy demonstrated evidence of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome with raised inflammatory markers and multiorgan, especially cardiac dysfunction that has been described as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N). […] Further understanding of the pathophysiology of MIS-C and MIS-N will allow future targeted therapies to prevent and limit clinical sequelae.
  • #6 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/mis-c
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), also called pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome temporally related to SARS CoV-2 (PMIS or PIMS-TS), is a potentially serious illness in children that appears to be a delayed, post-infectious complication of COVID-19 infection. […] The cause of MIS-C is not yet fully understood its a question thats being actively investigated, here at Boston Childrens and elsewhere. […] Some researchers suspect that MIS-C is caused by a delayed immune response to the coronavirus that somehow goes into overdrive, causing inflammation that damages organs. […] It is important to remember that overall, children fare very well with COVID-19 as compared to adults. Only a small number of children seem to develop signs and symptoms of MIS-C, and most have recovered quickly.
  • #7 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children (MIS-C) – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/misc/index.html
    MIS-C stands for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, a rare and serious inflammatory syndrome that affects children and young adults. […] One possibility is that MIS-C is caused by an abnormal immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but we do not know yet why some children develop MIS-C after SARS-CoV-2 infection and some do not. […] The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and CDC have developed a standardized surveillance case definition for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, effective January 1, 2023.
  • #8 Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review of Clinical Presentation, Hypothetical Pathogenesis, and Proposed Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/7/7/69
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may result in the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). […] The relationship of MIS-C to SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests that the pathogenesis involves post-infectious immune dysregulation. […] Epidemiologic evidence implicates SARS-CoV-2 as the likely cause of the newly recognized MIS-C, although causality has not yet been established. […] The majority of published cases have had positive serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 (60/69, 87%) and less commonly positive RT-PCR testing from nasopharyngeal testing (23/70, 32%), suggesting that this syndrome may be post-infectious rather than related to acute early infection. […] We speculate that MIS-C is a delayed immunological phenomenon associated with inflammation following either symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection.
  • #9 Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review of Clinical Presentation, Hypothetical Pathogenesis, and Proposed Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/7/7/69
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may result in the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). […] The relationship of MIS-C to SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests that the pathogenesis involves post-infectious immune dysregulation. […] Epidemiologic evidence implicates SARS-CoV-2 as the likely cause of the newly recognized MIS-C, although causality has not yet been established. […] The majority of published cases have had positive serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 (60/69, 87%) and less commonly positive RT-PCR testing from nasopharyngeal testing (23/70, 32%), suggesting that this syndrome may be post-infectious rather than related to acute early infection. […] We speculate that MIS-C is a delayed immunological phenomenon associated with inflammation following either symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection.
  • #10 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86668
    The burden of disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is focused on adults. […] Reports in April 2020 described a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) occurring 2 to 6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 wave peak. […] There is no certainty of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. It is thought to be driven by a post-viral dysregulated immune response. […] MIS-C is rare; however, it is a differential diagnosis that should be taken into account in pediatric patients, while there is circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the world. […] MIS-C is a rare complication of pediatric COVID-19. It is described in 1 percent of children with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] The epidemiology of MIS-C differs from adult SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] MIS-C appears a few weeks after the peak of SARS-COV2 infection. It is described between 2 and 8 weeks after the population infectious peaks, which means that MIS-C could correspond to an immune-mediated post-infectious disease.
  • #11 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    MIS-C is a serious though rare condition in children in which the body’s own immune system overreacts to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in inflammation of multiple organ systems throughout the body. […] Although the cause of MIS-C is not yet known, it is considered to be a late immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Scientists are still trying to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and MIS-C and why it affects some children and adolescents, but not others. […] MIS-C shows similarities to other known inflammatory disorders, including Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome. […] In 99% of documented MIS-C cases, children either tested positive for a current SARS CoV-2 infection or had antibodies to the coronavirus, meaning they had a previous infection. […] The number of cases of MIS-C tends to rise around 2 to 5 weeks following a surge in COVID-19 cases within a geographic region.
  • #12 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    MIS-C is a serious though rare condition in children in which the body’s own immune system overreacts to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in inflammation of multiple organ systems throughout the body. […] Although the cause of MIS-C is not yet known, it is considered to be a late immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Scientists are still trying to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and MIS-C and why it affects some children and adolescents, but not others. […] MIS-C shows similarities to other known inflammatory disorders, including Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome. […] In 99% of documented MIS-C cases, children either tested positive for a current SARS CoV-2 infection or had antibodies to the coronavirus, meaning they had a previous infection. […] The number of cases of MIS-C tends to rise around 2 to 5 weeks following a surge in COVID-19 cases within a geographic region.
  • #13 What Parents Should Know About Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
    https://www.munsonhealthcare.org/blog/what-parents-should-know-about-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-%28mis-c%29
    As positive cases and hospitalization rates rose to record-breaking levels this spring, northern Michigan parents should be aware of a rare COVID-19 complication in children and young adults called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is investigating a significant increase in multisystem inflammatory syndrome among children (MIS-C) as part of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] The CDC reports 99 percent of children diagnosed with MIS-C were also infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] This complication has been observed in otherwise healthy children in addition to those with underlying conditions like obesity. […] MIS-C was first observed in children and teens in the spring of 2020. […] Although a child’s risk of death from COVID-19 and complications like MIS-C remains low, it’s clear that infections and hospitalizations among children are much higher today than at any other point in the pandemic. […] According to data from the Michigan Health Hospital Association, MIS-C is most likely to appear 2-5 weeks after a COVID-19 infection. […] It’s crucial to remember that MIS-C is not a viral infection like COVID-19. Instead, an inflammatory response is occurring later.
  • #14 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
    https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    MIS is thought to occur secondary to a postinfectious, dysregulated inflammatory response to previous exposure or infection with SARS-CoV-2. […] Temporal association exists with COVID-19 both in individual cases (positive RNA or serologic test result) and in epidemiologic curve of both conditions; MIS commonly appears 2 to 6 weeks after COVID-19. […] Over successive pandemic waves, the incidence of MIS has decreased, likely attributable to increased immunity from vaccination and exposure and to differences in variants. […] The estimated risk of MIS-C following SARS-CoV-2 exposure is 1 in 3000 to 4000. […] Most patients have responded well to therapy and have favorable short-term prognosis, but mortality is 1% to 2% in children and 7% in adults. […] MIS-C is characterized by persistent fever, elevated laboratory markers of inflammation, and evidence of organ dysfunction, including myocarditis.
  • #15 What is Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)? – Children’s NationalClick to open the search input fieldPreviousNext
    https://riseandshine.childrensnational.org/what-is-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c/
    Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a condition in which different body parts become inflamed, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, gastrointestinal tract, skin or eyes. […] We do not yet know what causes MIS-C, however many children with MIS-C have tested positive for the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). […] We also don’t know if children with certain health conditions are more likely to get MIS-C than others. […] Fortunately, unlike COVID-19, MIS-C does not appear to be contagious. […] MIS-C is also a relatively rare condition – less than 10 percent of patients that test positive for COVID-19 contract MIS-C. […] The link between MIS-C and COVID-19 is evolving every day, and pediatricians and researchers at Children’s National Hospital and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) are working tirelessly to understand its current and long-term effects on children.
  • #16 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
    https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/MIS-C.shtml
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a condition that causes inflammation of certain body parts. MIS-C is associated with COVID-19 but is rare. […] MIS-C is a rare but serious condition that usually occurs 2-6 weeks after a child is infected with COVID-19. […] MIS-C causes different body parts to become inflamed, including: heart, kidneys, lungs, brain, skin, eyes, gastrointestinal organs. […] There is no specific test for MIS-C. Providers diagnose MIS-C by a combination of signs and symptoms along with blood tests. […] Doctors may provide supportive care for symptoms (medicine, or fluids, or both) and may use various medicines to treat inflammation (e.g., steroids, or Intravaneous Immunoglobulin, or both). […] The best way to prevent MIS-C is to protect against getting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, including staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccines and other prevention actions. […] Like in children, adults who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 can develop MIS (MIS-A) days to weeks after getting sick with COVID-19. MIS-A is a condition where inflammation occurs in different internal and external body parts like the heart, gastrointestinal tract, skin, or brain.
  • #17 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and COVID-19 – Children’s Health
    https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/what-parents-should-know-about-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-covid-19
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare condition that is associated with COVID-19 and usually occurs 2 to 6 weeks after a child is infected with COVID-19. […] More information is needed to confirm the relationship between this inflammatory condition and COVID-19 and why it affects certain children and not others. […] The CDC defines MIS-C as an illness that includes fever and evidence of multi-organ inflammation. […] While experts don’t yet understand why some children develop MIS-C, they do know that children who do develop symptoms of MIS-C may not have shown typical symptoms of COVID-19 infection, such as respiratory symptoms. […] „Children who develop MIS-C don’t necessarily have typical COVID-19 symptoms. Instead, they may have a persistent fever and exaggerated features of inflammation,” explains Dr. Kahn.
  • #18 MIS-C and COVID-19 in Children | Children’s Hospital Colorado
    https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/mis-c-covid-19-in-children/
    In May 2020, many countries that had an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began reporting an inflammatory syndrome in some children. This is now called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, or MIS-C for short. […] We do not yet know what causes MIS-C. However, we know that most children with MIS-C had the virus that causes COVID-19 or had been around someone with COVID-19 in the previous 2 to 4 weeks. […] Most experts think that MIS-C is caused by the immune system reacting to having had an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. […] MIS-C can be serious, even deadly, but most children who were diagnosed with this condition have gotten better with medical care. […] The best way to prevent MIS-C is to avoid exposure to COVID-19. […] Most children have developed MIS-C between 2 to 4 weeks after being infected with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. However, some children who develop MIS-C did not have symptoms of COVID-19. […] Doctors may provide supportive care for symptoms (medicine and/or fluids to make your child feel better) and may use immune globulin (IVIG), infliximab, steroids or other medications that strengthen the immune system that are used for Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome.
  • #19 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mis-c-in-kids-covid-19/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20502561
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) diagnosis is based on a child’s symptoms and on ruling out similar conditions. […] Many children with MIS-C test negative for a current infection with the COVID-19 virus. But proof of a prior infection can be gathered from an antibody test if a child had COVID-19 but didn’t have any symptoms. It also can be collected by noting infections among a child’s close contacts. Most kids who get MIS-C have a link to the virus that causes COVID-19 within 2 months of getting sick. […] There is no proof that MIS-C is contagious. But there’s a chance that your child could have an active infection with the COVID-19 virus or another type of contagious infection.
  • #20 What Parents Should Know About Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
    https://www.munsonhealthcare.org/blog/what-parents-should-know-about-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-%28mis-c%29
    As positive cases and hospitalization rates rose to record-breaking levels this spring, northern Michigan parents should be aware of a rare COVID-19 complication in children and young adults called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is investigating a significant increase in multisystem inflammatory syndrome among children (MIS-C) as part of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] The CDC reports 99 percent of children diagnosed with MIS-C were also infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] This complication has been observed in otherwise healthy children in addition to those with underlying conditions like obesity. […] MIS-C was first observed in children and teens in the spring of 2020. […] Although a child’s risk of death from COVID-19 and complications like MIS-C remains low, it’s clear that infections and hospitalizations among children are much higher today than at any other point in the pandemic. […] According to data from the Michigan Health Hospital Association, MIS-C is most likely to appear 2-5 weeks after a COVID-19 infection. […] It’s crucial to remember that MIS-C is not a viral infection like COVID-19. Instead, an inflammatory response is occurring later.
  • #21 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children related to COVID-19 | News
    https://news.llu.edu/patient-care/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-children-related-covid-19
    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported on May 14 that Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is associated with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). […] Cases are showing that this syndrome does have something to do with COVID-19, Soneji said. […] Alexandra Clark, MD, division chief of pediatrics at Childrens Hospital, said physicians are seeing that the infection from SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19 might be triggering an overreaction in childrens immune systems. […] We think the bodys response to the virus itself is creating a downstream cascade of inflammation affecting many systems of the body, Clark said. […] Clark wants to clarify that while MIS-C is connected with COVID-19, it is a separate inflammatory process that requires different treatment and medications than just supportive care for the virus itself. […] This treatment is needed to modulate the childs inappropriate immune response to the prior COVID-19 infection or exposure, she said.
  • #22 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86668
    Until now, the exact pathophysiology is unknown, but there are theories that try to explain how SARS-CoV-2 causes such a dysregulated response in children. […] The presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 often without a positive PCR made this theory more accurate. […] The asymptomatic nature of the disease in children could be related to this type of immune response. […] The fact that MIS-C only occurs in a small group of children suggests that the immune response is associated with a genetic predisposition. […] In summary, MIS-C is due to a post-infectious immune dysregulation and virus-induced cytopathic effects and inflammation in multiple organ systems.
  • #23 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) – Children’s Health Cardiology
    https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious condition that sometimes develops in children who have or recently had COVID-19. […] MIS-C is thought to be related to the virus that causes COVID-19. In some children, the body’s immune system responds to a recent or current infection by developing high levels of inflammation. The inflammation can be an overreaction and can lead to organ damage. […] It’s not yet clear what causes MIS-C. However, evidence suggests that MIS-C occurs when a child’s immune system has an extreme response to the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). The immune system creates the inflammation that affects your child’s organs.
  • #24 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C): What Parents Need to Know – Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital
    https://www.lebonheur.org/blogs/practical-parenting/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-mis-c-what-parents-need-to-know
    When a child is infected with a virus, the body immediately mounts its well-tuned defense system (called the immune response) to clear the virus as quickly and efficiently as possible. […] But in a very few children with COVID-19, the immune response doesn’t stop, leading to toxic levels of inflammatory proteins that can attack the child’s multiple body systems. That runaway immune response is called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, and, like a runaway train, can quickly get out of control. […] Depending on how ill the child is when they arrive at the hospital, doctors may treat MIS-C with medicines that reduce the inflammatory response, including corticosteroids, intravenous gamma globulin (antibodies, similar to those found in patients who have recovered from COVID-19) or other anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Multisystem-Inflammatory-Syndrome-in-Children-(MIS-C).aspx
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare multisystem inflammatory condition that affects children adolescents. It is associated with exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and illness with COVID-19. It is similar to Kawasaki disease. […] MIS-C/PIMS-TS is very similar to Kawasaki disease. […] Much like Kawasaki disease, the exact cause of the disease is still unknown though it is thought to be an autoimmune/autoinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Some scientists have suggested that a cytokine storm may be critical in the development of MIS-C/PIMS-TS. […] In most cases, MIS-C/PIMS-TS occurs weeks after a SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) and is thought to be a delayed post-viral immunological reaction in those with a potential genetic predisposition to such. […] It is important to note that we are still learning about MIS-C/PIMS-TS and how COVID-19 leads to the condition, and the exact cause of the condition is still unknown.
  • #26 Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824951/
    Race and ethnicity predisposition may suggest a contributing role of host genetics in the development of MIS-C. […] The pathophysiology may be multifactorial, potentially including direct injury to cardiomyocytes from SARS-CoV-2 viral invasion and the impact of a dysregulated immune response, leading to microvascular dysfunction and endothelial injury. […] Hyperinflammation is a hallmark of MIS-C. […] A plethora of cytokines have been found to be elevated in the context of MIS-C, including IL-1, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, IFN, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). […] T-cell lymphopenia is consistently observed in MIS-C and encompasses CD4+, CD8+, and T cells. […] It has been shown that patients with MIS-C mount an appropriate antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines may have a significant protective effect against the development of MIS-C.
  • #27 Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824951/
    Race and ethnicity predisposition may suggest a contributing role of host genetics in the development of MIS-C. […] The pathophysiology may be multifactorial, potentially including direct injury to cardiomyocytes from SARS-CoV-2 viral invasion and the impact of a dysregulated immune response, leading to microvascular dysfunction and endothelial injury. […] Hyperinflammation is a hallmark of MIS-C. […] A plethora of cytokines have been found to be elevated in the context of MIS-C, including IL-1, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, IFN, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). […] T-cell lymphopenia is consistently observed in MIS-C and encompasses CD4+, CD8+, and T cells. […] It has been shown that patients with MIS-C mount an appropriate antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines may have a significant protective effect against the development of MIS-C.
  • #28 Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824951/
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has emerged as a rare delayed hyperinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and causes severe morbidity in the pediatric age group. […] Emerging evidence regarding potential immunologic mechanisms suggest that an exaggerated T-cell response to a superantigen on the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein as well as the formation of autoantibodies against cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and endothelial antigens are major contributors to the inflammatory milieu of MIS-C. […] Epidemiologic data have demonstrated a temporal association between MIS-C and SARS-CoV-2 infection, with MIS-C presenting 3 to 6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, often asymptomatic in children. […] Pathophysiological models should explain the epidemiologic and clinical features of MIS-C, including differences with similar known conditions.
  • #29 Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824951/
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has emerged as a rare delayed hyperinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and causes severe morbidity in the pediatric age group. […] Emerging evidence regarding potential immunologic mechanisms suggest that an exaggerated T-cell response to a superantigen on the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein as well as the formation of autoantibodies against cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and endothelial antigens are major contributors to the inflammatory milieu of MIS-C. […] Epidemiologic data have demonstrated a temporal association between MIS-C and SARS-CoV-2 infection, with MIS-C presenting 3 to 6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, often asymptomatic in children. […] Pathophysiological models should explain the epidemiologic and clinical features of MIS-C, including differences with similar known conditions.
  • #30
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    The primary age group affected by Kawasaki disease is children under five years of age, while MIS-C predominantly affects children aged 2 to 14. […] The cytokine profiles of adults with acute COVID-19 disease differ entirely from those seen in children with MIS-C or Kawasaki disease. […] The main way to distinguish MIS-C from Kawasaki disease is by elevated concentrations of CXCL9. […] MIS-C is also unique in that it features an expansion of the expansion of polyclonal Vbeta21.3 T cells in both the CD4 and CD8 subsets not directed against antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV2, which was not detected in patients with KD, TSS and acute COVID-19. […] The immunopathology of MIS-C is summarized in Fig. 2. […] The reason why only a minority of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 end up developing MIS-C is still unknown.
  • #31 Frontiers | Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)—A Case Series in December 2020 in Vienna, Austria
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.656768/full
    MIS-C is a novel clinical syndrome in children and adolescents, was first encountered in the spring of 2020 as a post COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome. […] A mild or even asymptomatic acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents is followed ~2–4 weeks later by a life-threatening condition. […] The pathogenesis is not fully elucidated yet. Research suggests a postinfectious immune dysregulation, such as uncontrolled T-cell mediated immune response with a cytokine storm and the production of multiple autoantibodies. Potential triggers could be superantigens binding to T-cell receptors in combination with a genetic predisposition, such as specific HLA types. […] The syndrome partly mimics Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
  • #32 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A dysregulated autoimmune disorder following COVID-19
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9841678/
    A study shows that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response. They may share proximal pathways of immunopathogenesis. […] Possible mechanisms for an autoimmune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection include immune complex formation, antibody or T-cell recognition of self-antigens (molecular mimicry) or viral antigens expressed on infected cells. […] The incidence of hypotension/shock is much lower than that of myocarditis in MIS-C. […] The prognosis of MIS-C is generally good. Most cases show resolution of inflammation and related symptoms within 14 weeks after the onset of illness. […] Despite comorbid conditions are associated with a higher mortality in patients with COVID-19, most fatal cases of MIS-C do not have comorbidities. […] Exploring the pathogenesis of MIC-C may help to understand the mysterious etiology and pathogenesis of KD.
  • #33 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)
    https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome.htm
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome is a serious condition that affects mostly children infected with the COVID-19. […] The exact cause of MIS-C is not known yet. […] It has been suggested that the syndrome results from an abnormal immune response to the coronavirus. […] A post-infectious process is suggested, based on the timing of the rise of these cases relative to the peak of COVID-19 cases in communities. […] Preliminary studies suggest that patients with severe MIS-C have persistent antibodies with enhanced ability to activate other immune cells that differ from findings in acute COVID-19 infection. […] The mechanisms of myocardial injury in MIS-C are not well characterized. […] The possible causes include injury from body’s response to external agent, acute viral toxin induced, absence of enough oxygen in organs, stress, and, rarely, reduced blood flow to heart. […] Given the variability in clinical presentation, it is likely that different mechanisms are responsible in different patients.
  • #34 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)
    https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome.htm
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome is a serious condition that affects mostly children infected with the COVID-19. […] The exact cause of MIS-C is not known yet. […] It has been suggested that the syndrome results from an abnormal immune response to the coronavirus. […] A post-infectious process is suggested, based on the timing of the rise of these cases relative to the peak of COVID-19 cases in communities. […] Preliminary studies suggest that patients with severe MIS-C have persistent antibodies with enhanced ability to activate other immune cells that differ from findings in acute COVID-19 infection. […] The mechanisms of myocardial injury in MIS-C are not well characterized. […] The possible causes include injury from body’s response to external agent, acute viral toxin induced, absence of enough oxygen in organs, stress, and, rarely, reduced blood flow to heart. […] Given the variability in clinical presentation, it is likely that different mechanisms are responsible in different patients.
  • #35 multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) | Dayton Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrensdayton.org/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-mis-c
    MIS-C is a hyperinflammatory syndrome that occurs in children who have likely had a recent COVID-19 infection. […] The condition usually develops three to four weeks after a COVID infection. […] MIS-C causes inflammation of the blood vessels throughout the body, causing limited blood flow that can damage the heart, kidneys and other organs.
  • #36 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and neonates (MIS-N) associated with COVID-19: optimizing definition and management | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02263-w
    Although COVID-19 was relatively mild in most children, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) subsequently evolved as a post-infectious inflammatory condition associated with abnormal immune function, left ventricular cardiac dysfunction, coronary artery aneurysms, atrioventricular block and clinical deterioration with multiorgan involvement. […] The various definitions of MIS-C are shown in Table 1 and in general include children who demonstrate persistent fever, involvement of at least two organ systems, laboratory evidence of inflammation, and laboratory confirmation of current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Given the significant overlap between the 2 entities, and the lack of a definitive diagnostic test for either one, it can be difficult to distinguish between them.
  • #37 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86668
    Until now, the exact pathophysiology is unknown, but there are theories that try to explain how SARS-CoV-2 causes such a dysregulated response in children. […] The presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 often without a positive PCR made this theory more accurate. […] The asymptomatic nature of the disease in children could be related to this type of immune response. […] The fact that MIS-C only occurs in a small group of children suggests that the immune response is associated with a genetic predisposition. […] In summary, MIS-C is due to a post-infectious immune dysregulation and virus-induced cytopathic effects and inflammation in multiple organ systems.
  • #38 COVID-19: What to Know About Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Kawasaki Disease – Cincinnati Children’s Blog
    https://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/healthy-living/covid-19-what-to-know-about-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-kawasaki-disease/
    Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is an illness that resembles something we have a great deal of experience with at Cincinnati Children’s called Kawasaki Disease. […] The exact cause of Kawasaki disease and MIS-C is unknown. But, because they cause a high fever and swelling of the lymph nodes, Kawasaki disease and MIS-C are thought to be related to an infection, viral infection in particular. It may also occur in children who have a genetic predisposition to the disease. […] MIS-C is not an active viral infection, but instead may be caused by what we call a dysregulated immune response to COVID-19. That means the virus triggers a reaction in the child’s body where it can’t control its own immune system and begins to attack its own body. […] The majority of kids will handle a virus like COVID-19 just fine. But a small number of children will have an unusual response where the immune system just goes haywire. Then the child’s body basically begins to attack its own tissues.
  • #39 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
    https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a syndrome linked to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, the virus responsible for COVID-19. […] The exact cause of MIS-C is unknown, but it has been linked to SARS-CoV-2. […] Many children with MIS-C may test negative for a SARS-CoV2 infection and they may not have a history of symptoms consistent with the virus. […] MIS-C is rare. Most affected children do not have underlying health conditions. […] However, older children and children of Afro-Caribbean, Hispanic and South Asian descent seem to be at greater risk of developing MIS-C.
  • #40 Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review of Clinical Presentation, Hypothetical Pathogenesis, and Proposed Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/7/7/69
    The emergence of clusters of cases in locations that have been heavily impacted by COVID-19, such as Italy, the UK, and New York City, is highly suggestive of a link to infection with SARS-CoV-2. […] The fact that MIS-C was not identified in China and other Asian countries affected by COVID-19 has led to speculation regarding variations in the virus affecting areas with MIS-C cases or an increased susceptibility or genomic variation of these populations, although this is currently conjectural.
  • #41 Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review of Clinical Presentation, Hypothetical Pathogenesis, and Proposed Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/7/7/69
    The emergence of clusters of cases in locations that have been heavily impacted by COVID-19, such as Italy, the UK, and New York City, is highly suggestive of a link to infection with SARS-CoV-2. […] The fact that MIS-C was not identified in China and other Asian countries affected by COVID-19 has led to speculation regarding variations in the virus affecting areas with MIS-C cases or an increased susceptibility or genomic variation of these populations, although this is currently conjectural.
  • #42 Frontiers | Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)—A Case Series in December 2020 in Vienna, Austria
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.656768/full
    MIS-C is a novel clinical syndrome in children and adolescents, was first encountered in the spring of 2020 as a post COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome. […] A mild or even asymptomatic acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents is followed ~2–4 weeks later by a life-threatening condition. […] The pathogenesis is not fully elucidated yet. Research suggests a postinfectious immune dysregulation, such as uncontrolled T-cell mediated immune response with a cytokine storm and the production of multiple autoantibodies. Potential triggers could be superantigens binding to T-cell receptors in combination with a genetic predisposition, such as specific HLA types. […] The syndrome partly mimics Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
  • #43
    https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions-we-treat/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-(mis-c)
    MIS-C is a serious health condition found in children that appears to be associated with COVID-19 (coronavirus). […] While the exact cause of MIS-C is not yet known, it is not a contagious disorder. MIS-C appears to be related to exposure to COVID-19, during the current pandemic. […] Those most at risk of MIS-C are children and young adults ages 2 to 21.
  • #44 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and What You Should Know | Lovelace Health System in New Mexico
    https://lovelace.com/news/blog/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-children-mis-c-and-what-you-should-know
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) can cause different parts of the body, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes or gastrointestinal organs, to become inflamed. […] At this time, the exact cause of MIS-C is not known, said Kristina Gutierrez-Barela, MD, board-certified pediatrician with Lovelace Medical Group. But in several cases, we are seeing that many with MIS-C have either had the coronavirus disease or been around someone infected with the virus, which makes it important for parents to understand its signs and symptoms. […] Gutierrez-Barela also advises that many cases of MIS-C have appeared to affect school-aged children, which differs from Kawasaki disease that primarily affects children under the age of 5.
  • #45 Unpacking the mystery of MIS-C – TMC News
    https://www.tmc.edu/news/2020/07/unpacking-the-mystery-of-mis-c/
    What we think is happening is that, at some point in the recent past, the child was exposed to COVID-19. […] Early on, doctors suspected the cases were driven by Kawasaki disease, a rare pediatric condition in which blood vessels become inflamed. […] Yet there are significant differences between Kawasaki disease and MIS-C. […] It may be that the genetic reasons for this abnormal inflammatory response are somewhat different if the primary infection is with SARS-CoV-2 rather than whatever the primary initiating factors for classic Kawasaki disease are. […] In addition, Kawasaki disease often affects children five years of age and younger, while MIS-C has been diagnosed in teenagers and young adults. […] Parents can take comfort in the fact that MIS-C is not common and the “risk of a child developing MIS-C is quite low.”
  • #46 About MIS | MIS | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/mis/about/index.html
    Most children with MIS-C do not have any reported underlying medical conditions. […] Of the children with MIS-C who do report an underlying medical condition, obesity is the most common. […] CDC is still learning the underlying reasons why some children and adults get MIS after SARS-CoV-2 infection and others do not. […] MIS is a rare but serious complication of COVID-19 that affects different body parts.
  • #47 About MIS | MIS | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/mis/about/index.html
    Most children with MIS-C do not have any reported underlying medical conditions. […] Of the children with MIS-C who do report an underlying medical condition, obesity is the most common. […] CDC is still learning the underlying reasons why some children and adults get MIS after SARS-CoV-2 infection and others do not. […] MIS is a rare but serious complication of COVID-19 that affects different body parts.
  • #48 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A dysregulated autoimmune disorder following COVID-19
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9841678/
    A study shows that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response. They may share proximal pathways of immunopathogenesis. […] Possible mechanisms for an autoimmune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection include immune complex formation, antibody or T-cell recognition of self-antigens (molecular mimicry) or viral antigens expressed on infected cells. […] The incidence of hypotension/shock is much lower than that of myocarditis in MIS-C. […] The prognosis of MIS-C is generally good. Most cases show resolution of inflammation and related symptoms within 14 weeks after the onset of illness. […] Despite comorbid conditions are associated with a higher mortality in patients with COVID-19, most fatal cases of MIS-C do not have comorbidities. […] Exploring the pathogenesis of MIC-C may help to understand the mysterious etiology and pathogenesis of KD.
  • #49 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19
    https://ceufast.com/course/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c-associated-with-covid-19
    The hallmark symptoms of MIS-C include persistent fever, systemic inflammation, and organ dysfunction. […] The mortality rate from MIS-C is between 1%-3% which is higher than other systemic hyperinflammatory conditions like Kawasaki Disease. In contrast to COVID-19, which has a higher mortality rate for children with comorbid conditions, deaths from MIS-C are most often in children without comorbid conditions. […] The most reliable evidence for a diagnosis of MIS-C is a recent infection with SARS-CoV-2.
  • #50 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    MIS-C is a serious though rare condition in children in which the body’s own immune system overreacts to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in inflammation of multiple organ systems throughout the body. […] Although the cause of MIS-C is not yet known, it is considered to be a late immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Scientists are still trying to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and MIS-C and why it affects some children and adolescents, but not others. […] MIS-C shows similarities to other known inflammatory disorders, including Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome. […] In 99% of documented MIS-C cases, children either tested positive for a current SARS CoV-2 infection or had antibodies to the coronavirus, meaning they had a previous infection. […] The number of cases of MIS-C tends to rise around 2 to 5 weeks following a surge in COVID-19 cases within a geographic region.
  • #51 COVID-19: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c-clinical-features-evaluation-and-diagnosis
    COVID-19: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis […] In April of 2020, reports from the United Kingdom documented a presentation in children similar to incomplete Kawasaki disease (KD) or toxic shock syndrome. Since then, there have been reports of similarly affected children in other parts of the world. The condition has been termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C; also referred to as pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome [PMIS], pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 [PIMS-TS], pediatric hyperinflammatory syndrome, or pediatric hyperinflammatory shock). […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, and diagnosis of MIS-C will be discussed here.
  • #52
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    The primary age group affected by Kawasaki disease is children under five years of age, while MIS-C predominantly affects children aged 2 to 14. […] The cytokine profiles of adults with acute COVID-19 disease differ entirely from those seen in children with MIS-C or Kawasaki disease. […] The main way to distinguish MIS-C from Kawasaki disease is by elevated concentrations of CXCL9. […] MIS-C is also unique in that it features an expansion of the expansion of polyclonal Vbeta21.3 T cells in both the CD4 and CD8 subsets not directed against antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV2, which was not detected in patients with KD, TSS and acute COVID-19. […] The immunopathology of MIS-C is summarized in Fig. 2. […] The reason why only a minority of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 end up developing MIS-C is still unknown.
  • #53 Unpacking the mystery of MIS-C – TMC News
    https://www.tmc.edu/news/2020/07/unpacking-the-mystery-of-mis-c/
    What we think is happening is that, at some point in the recent past, the child was exposed to COVID-19. […] Early on, doctors suspected the cases were driven by Kawasaki disease, a rare pediatric condition in which blood vessels become inflamed. […] Yet there are significant differences between Kawasaki disease and MIS-C. […] It may be that the genetic reasons for this abnormal inflammatory response are somewhat different if the primary infection is with SARS-CoV-2 rather than whatever the primary initiating factors for classic Kawasaki disease are. […] In addition, Kawasaki disease often affects children five years of age and younger, while MIS-C has been diagnosed in teenagers and young adults. […] Parents can take comfort in the fact that MIS-C is not common and the “risk of a child developing MIS-C is quite low.”
  • #54
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    The primary age group affected by Kawasaki disease is children under five years of age, while MIS-C predominantly affects children aged 2 to 14. […] The cytokine profiles of adults with acute COVID-19 disease differ entirely from those seen in children with MIS-C or Kawasaki disease. […] The main way to distinguish MIS-C from Kawasaki disease is by elevated concentrations of CXCL9. […] MIS-C is also unique in that it features an expansion of the expansion of polyclonal Vbeta21.3 T cells in both the CD4 and CD8 subsets not directed against antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV2, which was not detected in patients with KD, TSS and acute COVID-19. […] The immunopathology of MIS-C is summarized in Fig. 2. […] The reason why only a minority of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 end up developing MIS-C is still unknown.
  • #55
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    The primary age group affected by Kawasaki disease is children under five years of age, while MIS-C predominantly affects children aged 2 to 14. […] The cytokine profiles of adults with acute COVID-19 disease differ entirely from those seen in children with MIS-C or Kawasaki disease. […] The main way to distinguish MIS-C from Kawasaki disease is by elevated concentrations of CXCL9. […] MIS-C is also unique in that it features an expansion of the expansion of polyclonal Vbeta21.3 T cells in both the CD4 and CD8 subsets not directed against antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV2, which was not detected in patients with KD, TSS and acute COVID-19. […] The immunopathology of MIS-C is summarized in Fig. 2. […] The reason why only a minority of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 end up developing MIS-C is still unknown.
  • #56
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    The primary age group affected by Kawasaki disease is children under five years of age, while MIS-C predominantly affects children aged 2 to 14. […] The cytokine profiles of adults with acute COVID-19 disease differ entirely from those seen in children with MIS-C or Kawasaki disease. […] The main way to distinguish MIS-C from Kawasaki disease is by elevated concentrations of CXCL9. […] MIS-C is also unique in that it features an expansion of the expansion of polyclonal Vbeta21.3 T cells in both the CD4 and CD8 subsets not directed against antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV2, which was not detected in patients with KD, TSS and acute COVID-19. […] The immunopathology of MIS-C is summarized in Fig. 2. […] The reason why only a minority of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 end up developing MIS-C is still unknown.
  • #57 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A dysregulated autoimmune disorder following COVID-19
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9841678/
    A study shows that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response. They may share proximal pathways of immunopathogenesis. […] Possible mechanisms for an autoimmune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection include immune complex formation, antibody or T-cell recognition of self-antigens (molecular mimicry) or viral antigens expressed on infected cells. […] The incidence of hypotension/shock is much lower than that of myocarditis in MIS-C. […] The prognosis of MIS-C is generally good. Most cases show resolution of inflammation and related symptoms within 14 weeks after the onset of illness. […] Despite comorbid conditions are associated with a higher mortality in patients with COVID-19, most fatal cases of MIS-C do not have comorbidities. […] Exploring the pathogenesis of MIC-C may help to understand the mysterious etiology and pathogenesis of KD.
  • #58 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisystem_inflammatory_syndrome_in_children
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), or paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS), or systemic inflammatory syndrome in COVID-19 (SISCoV), is a rare systemic illness involving persistent fever and extreme inflammation following exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. […] PMIS / MIS-C is thought to be caused by an unusual biological response to infection in certain children. […] A temporal association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical presentation of the syndrome is plausible. […] A causality assessment found that 'temporality’ was among the five (out of nine) Bradford Hill criteria that supported a causal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of the syndrome. […] It is unclear to what extent this emerging syndrome has a similar aetiology to Kawasaki disease (a condition predating the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, which is currently thought to be triggered by a distinct viral agent). […] While it has been hypothesized that the condition is related to COVID-19, it has also been emphasized that the potential link „is neither established nor well understood.” […] Further characterization of the syndrome is essential to identify risk factors and help understand causality.
  • #59 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A dysregulated autoimmune disorder following COVID-19
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9841678/
    A study shows that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response. They may share proximal pathways of immunopathogenesis. […] Possible mechanisms for an autoimmune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection include immune complex formation, antibody or T-cell recognition of self-antigens (molecular mimicry) or viral antigens expressed on infected cells. […] The incidence of hypotension/shock is much lower than that of myocarditis in MIS-C. […] The prognosis of MIS-C is generally good. Most cases show resolution of inflammation and related symptoms within 14 weeks after the onset of illness. […] Despite comorbid conditions are associated with a higher mortality in patients with COVID-19, most fatal cases of MIS-C do not have comorbidities. […] Exploring the pathogenesis of MIC-C may help to understand the mysterious etiology and pathogenesis of KD.
  • #60 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A dysregulated autoimmune disorder following COVID-19
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9841678/
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a dysregulated autoimmune-mediated illness in genetically susceptible patients following COVID-19 with an interval of 26 weeks. […] MIS-C develops several weeks after the infection rather than during the acute stage of COVID-19. […] Exploring the pathogenesis of MIS-C may shed light to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and may also help to find out the mysterious origin of Kawasaki disease (KD). […] The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still in investigation. COVID-19 is known to be associated with autoimmune phenomenon, including a higher antibody level and other exaggerated immune response in patients with severe COVID-19. […] Similar to KD, MIS-C is considered to be a dysregulated immune response toward SARS-CoV-2 with subsequent cytokine storm in genetically susceptible individuals.
  • #61 Frontiers | Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)—A Case Series in December 2020 in Vienna, Austria
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.656768/full
    MIS-C is a novel clinical syndrome in children and adolescents, was first encountered in the spring of 2020 as a post COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome. […] A mild or even asymptomatic acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents is followed ~2–4 weeks later by a life-threatening condition. […] The pathogenesis is not fully elucidated yet. Research suggests a postinfectious immune dysregulation, such as uncontrolled T-cell mediated immune response with a cytokine storm and the production of multiple autoantibodies. Potential triggers could be superantigens binding to T-cell receptors in combination with a genetic predisposition, such as specific HLA types. […] The syndrome partly mimics Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
  • #62
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    The primary age group affected by Kawasaki disease is children under five years of age, while MIS-C predominantly affects children aged 2 to 14. […] The cytokine profiles of adults with acute COVID-19 disease differ entirely from those seen in children with MIS-C or Kawasaki disease. […] The main way to distinguish MIS-C from Kawasaki disease is by elevated concentrations of CXCL9. […] MIS-C is also unique in that it features an expansion of the expansion of polyclonal Vbeta21.3 T cells in both the CD4 and CD8 subsets not directed against antigenic peptides of SARS-CoV2, which was not detected in patients with KD, TSS and acute COVID-19. […] The immunopathology of MIS-C is summarized in Fig. 2. […] The reason why only a minority of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 end up developing MIS-C is still unknown.
  • #63 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
    https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    MIS is thought to occur secondary to a postinfectious, dysregulated inflammatory response to previous exposure or infection with SARS-CoV-2. […] Temporal association exists with COVID-19 both in individual cases (positive RNA or serologic test result) and in epidemiologic curve of both conditions; MIS commonly appears 2 to 6 weeks after COVID-19. […] Over successive pandemic waves, the incidence of MIS has decreased, likely attributable to increased immunity from vaccination and exposure and to differences in variants. […] The estimated risk of MIS-C following SARS-CoV-2 exposure is 1 in 3000 to 4000. […] Most patients have responded well to therapy and have favorable short-term prognosis, but mortality is 1% to 2% in children and 7% in adults. […] MIS-C is characterized by persistent fever, elevated laboratory markers of inflammation, and evidence of organ dysfunction, including myocarditis.
  • #64
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    It is plausible that the initial antibody response does not create enough neutralizing antibodies for some children. […] The emergence of the more contagious Omicron variant has presented us with numerous difficulties, notably its increased transmissibility, reduced effectiveness even after vaccination, and waning efficacy over time. […] Studies carried out in various countries have found that the prevalence of MIS-C is significantly decreasing but remains a serious complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] In the USA, a recent casecontrol study showed that the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine is 91% effective in preventing MIS-C among vaccinated individuals aged 1218 years. […] In conclusion, although MIS-C is a severe disease that should be monitored, it is clear that the risks posed by the SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine are far outweighed by its benefits.
  • #65
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    It is plausible that the initial antibody response does not create enough neutralizing antibodies for some children. […] The emergence of the more contagious Omicron variant has presented us with numerous difficulties, notably its increased transmissibility, reduced effectiveness even after vaccination, and waning efficacy over time. […] Studies carried out in various countries have found that the prevalence of MIS-C is significantly decreasing but remains a serious complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] In the USA, a recent casecontrol study showed that the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine is 91% effective in preventing MIS-C among vaccinated individuals aged 1218 years. […] In conclusion, although MIS-C is a severe disease that should be monitored, it is clear that the risks posed by the SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine are far outweighed by its benefits.
  • #66 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
    https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    MIS is thought to occur secondary to a postinfectious, dysregulated inflammatory response to previous exposure or infection with SARS-CoV-2. […] Temporal association exists with COVID-19 both in individual cases (positive RNA or serologic test result) and in epidemiologic curve of both conditions; MIS commonly appears 2 to 6 weeks after COVID-19. […] Over successive pandemic waves, the incidence of MIS has decreased, likely attributable to increased immunity from vaccination and exposure and to differences in variants. […] The estimated risk of MIS-C following SARS-CoV-2 exposure is 1 in 3000 to 4000. […] Most patients have responded well to therapy and have favorable short-term prognosis, but mortality is 1% to 2% in children and 7% in adults. […] MIS-C is characterized by persistent fever, elevated laboratory markers of inflammation, and evidence of organ dysfunction, including myocarditis.
  • #67
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    It is plausible that the initial antibody response does not create enough neutralizing antibodies for some children. […] The emergence of the more contagious Omicron variant has presented us with numerous difficulties, notably its increased transmissibility, reduced effectiveness even after vaccination, and waning efficacy over time. […] Studies carried out in various countries have found that the prevalence of MIS-C is significantly decreasing but remains a serious complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] In the USA, a recent casecontrol study showed that the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine is 91% effective in preventing MIS-C among vaccinated individuals aged 1218 years. […] In conclusion, although MIS-C is a severe disease that should be monitored, it is clear that the risks posed by the SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine are far outweighed by its benefits.
  • #68 Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824951/
    Race and ethnicity predisposition may suggest a contributing role of host genetics in the development of MIS-C. […] The pathophysiology may be multifactorial, potentially including direct injury to cardiomyocytes from SARS-CoV-2 viral invasion and the impact of a dysregulated immune response, leading to microvascular dysfunction and endothelial injury. […] Hyperinflammation is a hallmark of MIS-C. […] A plethora of cytokines have been found to be elevated in the context of MIS-C, including IL-1, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, IFN, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). […] T-cell lymphopenia is consistently observed in MIS-C and encompasses CD4+, CD8+, and T cells. […] It has been shown that patients with MIS-C mount an appropriate antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines may have a significant protective effect against the development of MIS-C.
  • #69 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
    https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    Diagnosis is based on case definition comprised of a constellation of clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and epidemiologic factors. Most patients have evidence of recent SARS-CoV-2 infection and no evidence of alternate microbial or alternate cause for illness. […] Studies are ongoing to determine best diagnostic and management strategies. […] COVID-19 vaccination is effective in preventing MIS-C in children aged 5 to 18 years, and is likely effective at preventing MIS overall by lowering risk of preceding COVID-19 infection.
  • #70 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
    https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/MIS-C.shtml
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a condition that causes inflammation of certain body parts. MIS-C is associated with COVID-19 but is rare. […] MIS-C is a rare but serious condition that usually occurs 2-6 weeks after a child is infected with COVID-19. […] MIS-C causes different body parts to become inflamed, including: heart, kidneys, lungs, brain, skin, eyes, gastrointestinal organs. […] There is no specific test for MIS-C. Providers diagnose MIS-C by a combination of signs and symptoms along with blood tests. […] Doctors may provide supportive care for symptoms (medicine, or fluids, or both) and may use various medicines to treat inflammation (e.g., steroids, or Intravaneous Immunoglobulin, or both). […] The best way to prevent MIS-C is to protect against getting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, including staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccines and other prevention actions. […] Like in children, adults who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 can develop MIS (MIS-A) days to weeks after getting sick with COVID-19. MIS-A is a condition where inflammation occurs in different internal and external body parts like the heart, gastrointestinal tract, skin, or brain.
  • #71 COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) – Kidshealth | Akron Children’s
    https://www.akronchildrens.org/kidshealth/en/parents/pmis.html
    How doctors treat MIS-C depends on a child’s symptoms and test results. They can give oxygen, medicines, and intravenous (IV) fluids to reduce inflammation, prevent excessive blood clotting, or protect the affected organs from more problems. […] MIS-C is very rare. The best way to prevent it is to prevent COVID-19. Everyone 6 months of age or older should stay up to date on their COVID-19 vaccines. The updated vaccine protects against the variants that are now most common.
  • #72 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine
    https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children
    Researchers across NIH are collaborating on research to determine how the COVID-19 virus behaves in children and how it can lead to long-term conditions like long COVID and MIS-C. […] The Long-term Outcomes after the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MUSIC) study is looking at how MIS-C affects childrens healthboth in the short term and over time. […] The study has a specific focus on health disparities (when certain groups of people have worse health outcomes than others) and aims to: Understand who gets MIS-C and why. […] Predicting Viral-associated Inflammatory Disease Severity in Children with Laboratory Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence (PreVAIL kIds) is a study being led by NICHD as part of NIHs Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) initiative. Its goal is to develop innovative approaches to understanding the underlying factors that influence the spectrum of conditions that may occur in children infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The study explores which factors in a childs genes, immune system, and environment can affect: Who goes on to develop severe COVID-19 and MIS-C.
  • #73 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine
    https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children
    Researchers across NIH are collaborating on research to determine how the COVID-19 virus behaves in children and how it can lead to long-term conditions like long COVID and MIS-C. […] The Long-term Outcomes after the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MUSIC) study is looking at how MIS-C affects childrens healthboth in the short term and over time. […] The study has a specific focus on health disparities (when certain groups of people have worse health outcomes than others) and aims to: Understand who gets MIS-C and why. […] Predicting Viral-associated Inflammatory Disease Severity in Children with Laboratory Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence (PreVAIL kIds) is a study being led by NICHD as part of NIHs Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) initiative. Its goal is to develop innovative approaches to understanding the underlying factors that influence the spectrum of conditions that may occur in children infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The study explores which factors in a childs genes, immune system, and environment can affect: Who goes on to develop severe COVID-19 and MIS-C.
  • #74 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine
    https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children
    Researchers across NIH are collaborating on research to determine how the COVID-19 virus behaves in children and how it can lead to long-term conditions like long COVID and MIS-C. […] The Long-term Outcomes after the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MUSIC) study is looking at how MIS-C affects childrens healthboth in the short term and over time. […] The study has a specific focus on health disparities (when certain groups of people have worse health outcomes than others) and aims to: Understand who gets MIS-C and why. […] Predicting Viral-associated Inflammatory Disease Severity in Children with Laboratory Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence (PreVAIL kIds) is a study being led by NICHD as part of NIHs Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) initiative. Its goal is to develop innovative approaches to understanding the underlying factors that influence the spectrum of conditions that may occur in children infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The study explores which factors in a childs genes, immune system, and environment can affect: Who goes on to develop severe COVID-19 and MIS-C.
  • #75 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine
    https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children
    Researchers across NIH are collaborating on research to determine how the COVID-19 virus behaves in children and how it can lead to long-term conditions like long COVID and MIS-C. […] The Long-term Outcomes after the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MUSIC) study is looking at how MIS-C affects childrens healthboth in the short term and over time. […] The study has a specific focus on health disparities (when certain groups of people have worse health outcomes than others) and aims to: Understand who gets MIS-C and why. […] Predicting Viral-associated Inflammatory Disease Severity in Children with Laboratory Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence (PreVAIL kIds) is a study being led by NICHD as part of NIHs Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) initiative. Its goal is to develop innovative approaches to understanding the underlying factors that influence the spectrum of conditions that may occur in children infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The study explores which factors in a childs genes, immune system, and environment can affect: Who goes on to develop severe COVID-19 and MIS-C.
  • #76 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C): What Parents Need to Know – Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital
    https://www.lebonheur.org/blogs/practical-parenting/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-mis-c-what-parents-need-to-know
    The heart is affected in some children with MIS-C. This usually resolves quickly, but some children may have lasting effects. […] Le Bonheur providers are studying why the immune response doesn’t „stop” in children with MIS-C, how we can predict which children are at risk of MIS-C, and what can we do to prevent COVID-19 infection, the trigger for MIS-C.
  • #77 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C): What Parents Need to Know – Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital
    https://www.lebonheur.org/blogs/practical-parenting/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-mis-c-what-parents-need-to-know
    The heart is affected in some children with MIS-C. This usually resolves quickly, but some children may have lasting effects. […] Le Bonheur providers are studying why the immune response doesn’t „stop” in children with MIS-C, how we can predict which children are at risk of MIS-C, and what can we do to prevent COVID-19 infection, the trigger for MIS-C.
  • #78 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C): What Parents Need to Know – Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital
    https://www.lebonheur.org/blogs/practical-parenting/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-mis-c-what-parents-need-to-know
    The heart is affected in some children with MIS-C. This usually resolves quickly, but some children may have lasting effects. […] Le Bonheur providers are studying why the immune response doesn’t „stop” in children with MIS-C, how we can predict which children are at risk of MIS-C, and what can we do to prevent COVID-19 infection, the trigger for MIS-C.
  • #79 What Parents Need to Know About Multi-system Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/what-parents-should-know-about-misc
    Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is an extremely rare condition in which different parts of the body including eyes, skin and some internal organs become inflamed. MIS-C is a serious condition requiring hospital care. […] Almost all children diagnosed with multi-system inflammatory syndrome have also tested positive for antibodies to SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While most children with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms and need no advanced medical care, the virus seems to set off an excessive immune response in a very small number of children, resulting in inflammation throughout the body, or MIS-C. […] Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children is treated with medications typically used to treat Kawasaki disease, including steroids and intravenous immunoglobin (IVIG). These medications reduce the body’s excessive immune response, lowering fever and inflammation and allowing heart function to return to normal. Most patients diagnosed with MIS-C recover quickly with treatment. […] By studying the immune biology and genetics of affected children, our scientists and researchers hope to better understand the potential causes of MIS-C and why some children experience this excessive immune response to COVID-19.
  • #80 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and neonates (MIS-N) associated with COVID-19: optimizing definition and management | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02263-w
    The diagnostic criteria for MIS during the neonatal period (MIS-N) are controversial and evolving. […] Maternal infection during pregnancy can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. […] This condition is different from early SARS-CoV-2 infection in the neonate. […] The autoimmune response in the neonate is followed by a multisystem inflammatory response. […] Currently published data on immune function does not include infants 11 months. […] There is a paucity of data on newborn immune responses and especially MIS-N. […] Further exploration of detailed immune function and cell phenotype is required to establish a better understanding and to develop appropriate immunotherapies for children and neonates with the multiorgan inflammatory syndrome.
  • #81 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and neonates (MIS-N) associated with COVID-19: optimizing definition and management | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02263-w
    The diagnostic criteria for MIS during the neonatal period (MIS-N) are controversial and evolving. […] Maternal infection during pregnancy can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. […] This condition is different from early SARS-CoV-2 infection in the neonate. […] The autoimmune response in the neonate is followed by a multisystem inflammatory response. […] Currently published data on immune function does not include infants 11 months. […] There is a paucity of data on newborn immune responses and especially MIS-N. […] Further exploration of detailed immune function and cell phenotype is required to establish a better understanding and to develop appropriate immunotherapies for children and neonates with the multiorgan inflammatory syndrome.
  • #82 COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pmis.html
    COVID-19 usually causes a milder infection in kids than in adults and older people. But some children have developed more serious symptoms several weeks after being infected with the virus. This condition is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Experts are still studying how these symptoms are related to COVID-19 and why they happen in some children and not others. […] MIS-C can cause different problems in different kids. The inflammation can affect the heart, blood cells, blood vessels, skin, digestive system, or eyes. Sometimes, this can damage the organs, especially the heart. […] MIS-C symptoms can be similar to those caused by other illnesses, such as Kawasaki disease or toxic shock syndrome. If a doctor thinks a child might have MIS-C, they will do a COVID-19 test and other tests that look for signs of inflammation in the body.
  • #83 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
    https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    MIS is thought to occur secondary to a postinfectious, dysregulated inflammatory response to previous exposure or infection with SARS-CoV-2. […] Temporal association exists with COVID-19 both in individual cases (positive RNA or serologic test result) and in epidemiologic curve of both conditions; MIS commonly appears 2 to 6 weeks after COVID-19. […] Over successive pandemic waves, the incidence of MIS has decreased, likely attributable to increased immunity from vaccination and exposure and to differences in variants. […] The estimated risk of MIS-C following SARS-CoV-2 exposure is 1 in 3000 to 4000. […] Most patients have responded well to therapy and have favorable short-term prognosis, but mortality is 1% to 2% in children and 7% in adults. […] MIS-C is characterized by persistent fever, elevated laboratory markers of inflammation, and evidence of organ dysfunction, including myocarditis.
  • #84 Clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): a systematic review | BMJ Paediatrics Open
    https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e002344
    The overall mortality rate was 4%, but patients with MIS-C from MIC had a disproportionately higher mortality rate (7% in MIC vs 1% in HIC). […] This comprehensive systematic review presents all the available global data on MIS-C in the English language, delving into the clinical and diagnostic features, management strategies and patient outcomes.
  • #85 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A dysregulated autoimmune disorder following COVID-19
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9841678/
    A study shows that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response. They may share proximal pathways of immunopathogenesis. […] Possible mechanisms for an autoimmune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection include immune complex formation, antibody or T-cell recognition of self-antigens (molecular mimicry) or viral antigens expressed on infected cells. […] The incidence of hypotension/shock is much lower than that of myocarditis in MIS-C. […] The prognosis of MIS-C is generally good. Most cases show resolution of inflammation and related symptoms within 14 weeks after the onset of illness. […] Despite comorbid conditions are associated with a higher mortality in patients with COVID-19, most fatal cases of MIS-C do not have comorbidities. […] Exploring the pathogenesis of MIC-C may help to understand the mysterious etiology and pathogenesis of KD.
  • #86 Multi-system Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/multi-system-inflammatory-syndrome-children
    MIS-C is a newly discovered syndrome, and there is no one test to diagnosis a patient with the condition. […] Patients are also tested for the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Children diagnosed with MIS-C are treated with medications often used to treat Kawasaki disease, including steroids and intravenous immunoglobin (IVIG). […] These medications reduce the bodys excessive immune response, lowering fever and inflammation and allowing heart function to return to normal. […] Because this is a newly discovered syndrome, however, the long-term outlook of this condition is still unknown.
  • #87 What parents need to know about multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) | Texas Children’s
    https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/wellness/what-parents-need-know-about-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-children-mis-c
    As pediatric rheumatologists at Texas Children’s, we see children with a range of rheumatic diseases including juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, auto inflammatory diseases, vasculitides (inflammation of blood vessels), and inflammatory brain disorders. A fairly new condition that we treat is a pediatric inflammatory illness linked to COVID-19. […] Although the exact mechanism that causes MIS-C is still unknown, experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and academic pediatric institutions, such as Texas Children’s, believe that MIS-C is related to an inappropriate activation of inflammation pathways 3 to 6 weeks after a mild COVID-19 illness or exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in previously healthy children. […] Based on research in the past 15 months, MIS-C is thought to be caused by an overactive immune system in response to exposure or illness with COVID-19, leading to abnormal inflammation throughout the body. […] We don’t believe this condition is more common in children with pre-existing conditions. Since the pandemic began, we’ve learned when a child gets the coronavirus infection, their body elicits an overactive immune response to this infection – and that is what results in MIS-C.
  • #88 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/mis-c
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), also called pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome temporally related to SARS CoV-2 (PMIS or PIMS-TS), is a potentially serious illness in children that appears to be a delayed, post-infectious complication of COVID-19 infection. […] The cause of MIS-C is not yet fully understood its a question thats being actively investigated, here at Boston Childrens and elsewhere. […] Some researchers suspect that MIS-C is caused by a delayed immune response to the coronavirus that somehow goes into overdrive, causing inflammation that damages organs. […] It is important to remember that overall, children fare very well with COVID-19 as compared to adults. Only a small number of children seem to develop signs and symptoms of MIS-C, and most have recovered quickly.
  • #89 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 | Health Library | Memorial Health System
    https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20492798/
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a group of symptoms linked to swollen, called inflamed, organs or tissues. […] MIS-C was first detected in April 2020. MIS-C is currently linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Experts are still studying the cause of MIS-C and risk factors for getting it. […] The exact cause of MIS-C is not known yet. Many children with MIS-C have had a recent infection with the COVID-19 virus. Some may have a current infection with the virus. […] One idea of a possible cause of MIS-C is that infection with the virus that causes COVID-19, either current or earlier, causes the immune system to overreact. […] MIS-C is thought to be a complication of COVID-19. Without early diagnosis and treatment, MIS-C can lead to severe problems with vital organs, such as the heart. In rare cases, MIS-C could lead to permanent damage or even death.
  • #90 Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824951/
    Given the clinical overlap, the immunologic mechanisms proposed underlying the pathophysiology of MIS-C vs KD are of increased interest, with the hope that insights for one condition may shed light on the other. […] The emergence of the novel and clinically important condition MIS-C associated with previous COVID-19 in children, together with the pivot during the pandemic to prioritize research and publication associated with COVID-19, has created a rapid and unprecedented understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.
  • #91 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
    https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c
    Diagnosis is based on case definition comprised of a constellation of clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and epidemiologic factors. Most patients have evidence of recent SARS-CoV-2 infection and no evidence of alternate microbial or alternate cause for illness. […] Studies are ongoing to determine best diagnostic and management strategies. […] COVID-19 vaccination is effective in preventing MIS-C in children aged 5 to 18 years, and is likely effective at preventing MIS overall by lowering risk of preceding COVID-19 infection.
  • #92
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-023-01272-3
    It is plausible that the initial antibody response does not create enough neutralizing antibodies for some children. […] The emergence of the more contagious Omicron variant has presented us with numerous difficulties, notably its increased transmissibility, reduced effectiveness even after vaccination, and waning efficacy over time. […] Studies carried out in various countries have found that the prevalence of MIS-C is significantly decreasing but remains a serious complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] In the USA, a recent casecontrol study showed that the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine is 91% effective in preventing MIS-C among vaccinated individuals aged 1218 years. […] In conclusion, although MIS-C is a severe disease that should be monitored, it is clear that the risks posed by the SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine are far outweighed by its benefits.

Zobacz więcej

wymaz z nosogardła zapalenie naczyń krwionośnych tętniak tętnicy wieńcowej zapalenie spojówek hipotensja choroba Kawasakiego autoprzeciwciało limfocyt T wariant Omikron zespół wstrząsu toksycznego reumatologia szczepionka mRNA limfopenia wysypka test serologiczny pediatryczny wieloukładowy zespół zapalny Staphylococcus aureus zespół zapalny wielonarządowy u dzieci Streptococcus pyogenes zakażenie COVID-19 test PCR niewydolność wielonarządowa obrzęk kończyn limfocyt T CD4+ ludzki antygen leukocytarny burza cytokinowa interleukina-1 kardiomiocyt kompleks immunologiczny uszkodzenie śródbłonka dysfunkcja mikronaczyniowa waskulopatia wstrząs czynnik martwicy nowotworów zakażenie SARS-CoV-2 kardiologia dziecięca gorączka