Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #2 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  Recurrence is a frequent problem in patients with reflux. Many patients require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of symptoms. […] Candida esophagitis is usually self-limiting, and most patients have a marked response to treatment with antifungal agents. However, necrotic mucosal debris and fungal mycelia in the esophagus occasionally form a mycetoma (ie, fungus ball) that causes obstruction. In other patients, severe Candida esophagitis may lead to the development of strictures. Other complications include ulceration and hemorrhage and, rarely, fistula formation into the bronchial tree. […] In immunocompetent patients, herpes esophagitis often resolves spontaneously within 1-2 weeks with conservative treatment involving analgesia and sedation. Rare complications of herpes esophagitis include perforation, tracheoesophageal fistulas, and dissemination to other organs.

• #3 Clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis: results from a multicenter Chinese cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9562142/

  Asymptomatic low-grade (Los Angeles Classification Grades A and B) esophagitis is common in clinical practice with unclear clinical outcomes. This study aimed to explore the clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis. […] This study demonstrated that asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis had relatively benign clinical outcomes. Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis and patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to be those who are in genuine need of further follow-up and treatments. […] The overall clinical outcome of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis was relatively benign. […] Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis were more likely to present follow-up GERD symptoms and had more severe follow-up esophagitis than those with Grade A. […] Patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to have persistent esophagitis than those without. […] Indiscriminate administration of acid-suppressive agents to all patients with asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis does not help improve the clinical outcome of these patients.

• #4 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  Recurrence is a frequent problem in patients with reflux. Many patients require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of symptoms. […] Candida esophagitis is usually self-limiting, and most patients have a marked response to treatment with antifungal agents. However, necrotic mucosal debris and fungal mycelia in the esophagus occasionally form a mycetoma (ie, fungus ball) that causes obstruction. In other patients, severe Candida esophagitis may lead to the development of strictures. Other complications include ulceration and hemorrhage and, rarely, fistula formation into the bronchial tree. […] In immunocompetent patients, herpes esophagitis often resolves spontaneously within 1-2 weeks with conservative treatment involving analgesia and sedation. Rare complications of herpes esophagitis include perforation, tracheoesophageal fistulas, and dissemination to other organs.

• #5 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  Recurrence is a frequent problem in patients with reflux. Many patients require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of symptoms. […] Candida esophagitis is usually self-limiting, and most patients have a marked response to treatment with antifungal agents. However, necrotic mucosal debris and fungal mycelia in the esophagus occasionally form a mycetoma (ie, fungus ball) that causes obstruction. In other patients, severe Candida esophagitis may lead to the development of strictures. Other complications include ulceration and hemorrhage and, rarely, fistula formation into the bronchial tree. […] In immunocompetent patients, herpes esophagitis often resolves spontaneously within 1-2 weeks with conservative treatment involving analgesia and sedation. Rare complications of herpes esophagitis include perforation, tracheoesophageal fistulas, and dissemination to other organs.

• #6 Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610470-overview

  EoE is a chronic, antigen-driven inflammatory disease with an allergenic nature of antigen. Current therapies include dietary therapy, topical steroids, and PPIs, as well as endoscopic dilation in cases with strictures. The disease has been seen to remit with treatments such as dietary exclusions of antigenic foods and/or topical steroids. […] Research has identified several risk factors for disease relapse, including younger onset age ( 40 years), longer time to diagnosis, presence of vomiting, and glucocorticoid treatment, while higher BMI and elevated IgE levels appear protective. EoE is increasingly recognized as part of the „atopic march,” with patients carrying a 2.8-5.1fold higher risk of developing other T2 inflammatory conditions, suggesting potential benefits from therapies targeting shared pathogenetic mechanisms across multiple atopic diseases.

• #7 Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610470-overview

  EoE is a chronic, antigen-driven inflammatory disease with an allergenic nature of antigen. Current therapies include dietary therapy, topical steroids, and PPIs, as well as endoscopic dilation in cases with strictures. The disease has been seen to remit with treatments such as dietary exclusions of antigenic foods and/or topical steroids. […] Research has identified several risk factors for disease relapse, including younger onset age ( 40 years), longer time to diagnosis, presence of vomiting, and glucocorticoid treatment, while higher BMI and elevated IgE levels appear protective. EoE is increasingly recognized as part of the „atopic march,” with patients carrying a 2.8-5.1fold higher risk of developing other T2 inflammatory conditions, suggesting potential benefits from therapies targeting shared pathogenetic mechanisms across multiple atopic diseases.

• #8 Multi-omics to predict acute radiation esophagitis in patients with lung cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01041-6

  The study aimed to predict acute radiation esophagitis (ARE) with grade 2 for patients with locally advanced lung cancer (LALC) treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using multi-omics features, including radiomics and dosiomics. […] In LALC patients treated with CRT IMRT, the ARE grade 2 can be predicted using the pretreatment radiotherapy image features. To predict ARE, the multi-omics features had similar predictability with radiomics features; however, the dosiomics features and clinical factors had a limited classification performance. […] The model performance revealed that ARE could be predicted using the pretreatment image and dose factors. […] Our dataset showed radiation toxicity (i.e. ARE) of 31.7% when using IMRT radiotherapy only, which falls into the previously reported range of 30-55% for ARE grades 2.

• #9

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Nomogram-for-predicting-reflux-esophagitis-with-routine-metabolic-parameters-a-retrospective,175536,0,2.html

  The ordinal logistic regression revealed that the risk factors predicted RE severity. The study identified several independent risk factors associated with the severity of RE. These included hypertension (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69; p= 0.015), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.971.93;p= 0.024), HDL-C (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.420.63;p0.001), LDL-C (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.081.18;p0.001), TG (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.872.91;p0.001), and TC (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.011.15;p = 0.016). […] In conclusion, metabolic parameters are associated with the symptoms of RE in patients. In particular, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC are associated with RE severity. These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #10

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Nomogram-for-predicting-reflux-esophagitis-with-routine-metabolic-parameters-a-retrospective,175536,0,2.html

  The ordinal logistic regression revealed that the risk factors predicted RE severity. The study identified several independent risk factors associated with the severity of RE. These included hypertension (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69; p= 0.015), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.971.93;p= 0.024), HDL-C (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.420.63;p0.001), LDL-C (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.081.18;p0.001), TG (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.872.91;p0.001), and TC (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.011.15;p = 0.016). […] In conclusion, metabolic parameters are associated with the symptoms of RE in patients. In particular, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC are associated with RE severity. These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #11

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Nomogram-for-predicting-reflux-esophagitis-with-routine-metabolic-parameters-a-retrospective,175536,0,2.html

  The ordinal logistic regression revealed that the risk factors predicted RE severity. The study identified several independent risk factors associated with the severity of RE. These included hypertension (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69; p= 0.015), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.971.93;p= 0.024), HDL-C (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.420.63;p0.001), LDL-C (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.081.18;p0.001), TG (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.872.91;p0.001), and TC (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.011.15;p = 0.016). […] In conclusion, metabolic parameters are associated with the symptoms of RE in patients. In particular, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC are associated with RE severity. These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #12

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Nomogram-for-predicting-reflux-esophagitis-with-routine-metabolic-parameters-a-retrospective,175536,0,2.html

  The ordinal logistic regression revealed that the risk factors predicted RE severity. The study identified several independent risk factors associated with the severity of RE. These included hypertension (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69; p= 0.015), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.971.93;p= 0.024), HDL-C (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.420.63;p0.001), LDL-C (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.081.18;p0.001), TG (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.872.91;p0.001), and TC (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.011.15;p = 0.016). […] In conclusion, metabolic parameters are associated with the symptoms of RE in patients. In particular, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC are associated with RE severity. These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #13

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Nomogram-for-predicting-reflux-esophagitis-with-routine-metabolic-parameters-a-retrospective,175536,0,2.html

  The ordinal logistic regression revealed that the risk factors predicted RE severity. The study identified several independent risk factors associated with the severity of RE. These included hypertension (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69; p= 0.015), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.971.93;p= 0.024), HDL-C (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.420.63;p0.001), LDL-C (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.081.18;p0.001), TG (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.872.91;p0.001), and TC (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.011.15;p = 0.016). […] In conclusion, metabolic parameters are associated with the symptoms of RE in patients. In particular, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC are associated with RE severity. These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #14

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Nomogram-for-predicting-reflux-esophagitis-with-routine-metabolic-parameters-a-retrospective,175536,0,2.html

  The ordinal logistic regression revealed that the risk factors predicted RE severity. The study identified several independent risk factors associated with the severity of RE. These included hypertension (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69; p= 0.015), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.971.93;p= 0.024), HDL-C (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.420.63;p0.001), LDL-C (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.081.18;p0.001), TG (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.872.91;p0.001), and TC (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.011.15;p = 0.016). […] In conclusion, metabolic parameters are associated with the symptoms of RE in patients. In particular, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC are associated with RE severity. These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #15

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Nomogram-for-predicting-reflux-esophagitis-with-routine-metabolic-parameters-a-retrospective,175536,0,2.html

  The ordinal logistic regression revealed that the risk factors predicted RE severity. The study identified several independent risk factors associated with the severity of RE. These included hypertension (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69; p= 0.015), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.971.93;p= 0.024), HDL-C (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.420.63;p0.001), LDL-C (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.081.18;p0.001), TG (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.872.91;p0.001), and TC (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.011.15;p = 0.016). […] In conclusion, metabolic parameters are associated with the symptoms of RE in patients. In particular, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC are associated with RE severity. These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #16 Nomogram for predicting reflux esophagitis with routine metabolic parameters: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11493045/

  These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #17 Nomogram for predicting reflux esophagitis with routine metabolic parameters: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11493045/

  These findings suggest the importance of identifying metabolic parameters in studies on the prevalence of RE. Among these parameters, blood lipid metabolism disorders have been found to exert the most significant influence on RE severity. Furthermore, the new RE prevalence model for patients with metabolic disorders constructed in this study had excellent identification and calibration ability, which was helpful for clinical practice.

• #18 Multi-omics to predict acute radiation esophagitis in patients with lung cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01041-6

  Acute radiation esophagitis grade 2 can be predicted using pretreatment RT image features for patients with lung cancer treated with IMRT. To predict ARE, the multi-omics features have similar predictability to radiomics features; however, dosiomics features have a limited classification performance.

• #19 Does Measurement of Esophagogastric Junction Distensibility by EndoFLIP Predict Therapy-responsiveness to Endoluminal Fundoplication in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm14111

  Preoperative EGJ distensibility and preoperative AET were independent predictors for objective treatment outcome but not for clinical outcome after TIF. […] According to our data, the EndoFLIP technique has no added value either in the preoperative diagnostic work-up or in the post-procedure evaluation of endoluminal antireflux therapy. […] Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative EGJ distensibility (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03?0.78; P = 0.023) and preoperative AET (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42?0.90; P = 0.013) were independent predictors for objective treatment outcome but not for clinical outcome after TIF. […] Our findings confirm the hypothesis by the outcome of a higher percentage of patients with normal gastroesophageal flap valve grade in patients with normalized AET compared to patients with persistent abnormal AET at 6 months follow-up. […] According to our data, we conclude that the EndoFLIP technique has no added value either in the preoperative diagnostic work-up or in the post-procedure evaluation of endoluminal antireflux therapy.

• #20 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #21 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #22 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #23 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #24 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #25 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  Recurrence is a frequent problem in patients with reflux. Many patients require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of symptoms. […] Candida esophagitis is usually self-limiting, and most patients have a marked response to treatment with antifungal agents. However, necrotic mucosal debris and fungal mycelia in the esophagus occasionally form a mycetoma (ie, fungus ball) that causes obstruction. In other patients, severe Candida esophagitis may lead to the development of strictures. Other complications include ulceration and hemorrhage and, rarely, fistula formation into the bronchial tree. […] In immunocompetent patients, herpes esophagitis often resolves spontaneously within 1-2 weeks with conservative treatment involving analgesia and sedation. Rare complications of herpes esophagitis include perforation, tracheoesophageal fistulas, and dissemination to other organs.

• #26 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  Recurrence is a frequent problem in patients with reflux. Many patients require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of symptoms. […] Candida esophagitis is usually self-limiting, and most patients have a marked response to treatment with antifungal agents. However, necrotic mucosal debris and fungal mycelia in the esophagus occasionally form a mycetoma (ie, fungus ball) that causes obstruction. In other patients, severe Candida esophagitis may lead to the development of strictures. Other complications include ulceration and hemorrhage and, rarely, fistula formation into the bronchial tree. […] In immunocompetent patients, herpes esophagitis often resolves spontaneously within 1-2 weeks with conservative treatment involving analgesia and sedation. Rare complications of herpes esophagitis include perforation, tracheoesophageal fistulas, and dissemination to other organs.

• #27 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #28 Clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis: results from a multicenter Chinese cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9562142/

  Asymptomatic low-grade (Los Angeles Classification Grades A and B) esophagitis is common in clinical practice with unclear clinical outcomes. This study aimed to explore the clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis. […] This study demonstrated that asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis had relatively benign clinical outcomes. Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis and patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to be those who are in genuine need of further follow-up and treatments. […] The overall clinical outcome of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis was relatively benign. […] Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis were more likely to present follow-up GERD symptoms and had more severe follow-up esophagitis than those with Grade A. […] Patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to have persistent esophagitis than those without. […] Indiscriminate administration of acid-suppressive agents to all patients with asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis does not help improve the clinical outcome of these patients.

• #29 Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610470-overview

  EoE is a chronic, antigen-driven inflammatory disease with an allergenic nature of antigen. Current therapies include dietary therapy, topical steroids, and PPIs, as well as endoscopic dilation in cases with strictures. The disease has been seen to remit with treatments such as dietary exclusions of antigenic foods and/or topical steroids. […] Research has identified several risk factors for disease relapse, including younger onset age ( 40 years), longer time to diagnosis, presence of vomiting, and glucocorticoid treatment, while higher BMI and elevated IgE levels appear protective. EoE is increasingly recognized as part of the „atopic march,” with patients carrying a 2.8-5.1fold higher risk of developing other T2 inflammatory conditions, suggesting potential benefits from therapies targeting shared pathogenetic mechanisms across multiple atopic diseases.

• #30 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #31 Clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis: results from a multicenter Chinese cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9562142/

  Asymptomatic low-grade (Los Angeles Classification Grades A and B) esophagitis is common in clinical practice with unclear clinical outcomes. This study aimed to explore the clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis. […] This study demonstrated that asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis had relatively benign clinical outcomes. Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis and patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to be those who are in genuine need of further follow-up and treatments. […] The overall clinical outcome of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis was relatively benign. […] Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis were more likely to present follow-up GERD symptoms and had more severe follow-up esophagitis than those with Grade A. […] Patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to have persistent esophagitis than those without. […] Indiscriminate administration of acid-suppressive agents to all patients with asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis does not help improve the clinical outcome of these patients.

• #32 Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610470-overview

  EoE is a chronic, antigen-driven inflammatory disease with an allergenic nature of antigen. Current therapies include dietary therapy, topical steroids, and PPIs, as well as endoscopic dilation in cases with strictures. The disease has been seen to remit with treatments such as dietary exclusions of antigenic foods and/or topical steroids. […] Research has identified several risk factors for disease relapse, including younger onset age ( 40 years), longer time to diagnosis, presence of vomiting, and glucocorticoid treatment, while higher BMI and elevated IgE levels appear protective. EoE is increasingly recognized as part of the „atopic march,” with patients carrying a 2.8-5.1fold higher risk of developing other T2 inflammatory conditions, suggesting potential benefits from therapies targeting shared pathogenetic mechanisms across multiple atopic diseases.

• #33 Multi-omics to predict acute radiation esophagitis in patients with lung cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01041-6

  The study aimed to predict acute radiation esophagitis (ARE) with grade 2 for patients with locally advanced lung cancer (LALC) treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using multi-omics features, including radiomics and dosiomics. […] In LALC patients treated with CRT IMRT, the ARE grade 2 can be predicted using the pretreatment radiotherapy image features. To predict ARE, the multi-omics features had similar predictability with radiomics features; however, the dosiomics features and clinical factors had a limited classification performance. […] The model performance revealed that ARE could be predicted using the pretreatment image and dose factors. […] Our dataset showed radiation toxicity (i.e. ARE) of 31.7% when using IMRT radiotherapy only, which falls into the previously reported range of 30-55% for ARE grades 2.

• #34 Multi-omics to predict acute radiation esophagitis in patients with lung cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01041-6

  Acute radiation esophagitis grade 2 can be predicted using pretreatment RT image features for patients with lung cancer treated with IMRT. To predict ARE, the multi-omics features have similar predictability to radiomics features; however, dosiomics features have a limited classification performance.

• #35 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #36 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  The prognosis is good with rapid diagnosis and proper treatment. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the underlying disease process. […] Minimal morbidity and mortality result from mild symptoms of esophagitis. Pain from moderate-to-severe symptoms may produce anxiety and lost work and may lead to medical evaluations for more serious causes of pain. […] Complicated esophagitis may lead to esophageal strictures (typically long, smooth, tapered areas of narrowing), malnutrition, and, rarely, perforation or bleeding. In addition to strictures, serious gastrointestinal complications of esophagitis include Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma. […] Severe esophagitis may lead to dysphagia, pain, odynophagia, and malnutrition. Rarely, life-threatening bleeding occurs and may lead to death. Outcomes and survival in these patients are related to the severity of their underlying systemic illness.

• #37 Esophagitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174223-overview

  Recurrence is a frequent problem in patients with reflux. Many patients require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of symptoms. […] Candida esophagitis is usually self-limiting, and most patients have a marked response to treatment with antifungal agents. However, necrotic mucosal debris and fungal mycelia in the esophagus occasionally form a mycetoma (ie, fungus ball) that causes obstruction. In other patients, severe Candida esophagitis may lead to the development of strictures. Other complications include ulceration and hemorrhage and, rarely, fistula formation into the bronchial tree. […] In immunocompetent patients, herpes esophagitis often resolves spontaneously within 1-2 weeks with conservative treatment involving analgesia and sedation. Rare complications of herpes esophagitis include perforation, tracheoesophageal fistulas, and dissemination to other organs.

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