Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet

  Like other tick-borne infectious diseases, the risk from TBE can be reduced by using insect repellents and protective clothing to prevent tick bites. A vaccine is available in some disease endemic areas. […] TBE virus infection can be prevented by avoiding tick bites through the following methods: vaccination against TBE (inactivated vaccine) is considered to be the most effective means of preventing TBE in endemic countries; application of tick repellents; wearing protective clothing, with long sleeves and long trousers tucked into socks treated with an appropriate insecticide; inspecting the body for ticks after outdoor activities and removing ticks with tweezers or forceps; and avoiding consumption of unpasteurised dairy products in risk areas.

• #1 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  Counsel travelers about using personal protective measures to prevent tick bites and avoiding consumption of unpasteurized dairy products; a TBE vaccine is also available. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. The primary vaccination schedule includes 3 doses, and a booster dose can be administered if a person will be at risk for being infected with TBE. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. This includes: Avoiding wooded and brushy areas in places where TBE is endemic, Applying insect repellents, Treating clothing and gear with products containing 0.5% permethrin or buying permethrin-treated clothing and gear, Finding and removing ticks before they have a chance to attach. […] More information about reducing exposure to ticks is available on the CDC Ticks website. Travelers also should be advised to avoid the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.

• #1 Global Landscape of Encephalitis: Key Priorities to Reduce Future Disease Burden

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686956/

  The introduction of the JE vaccine has resulted in a substantial reduction in disease burden in at-risk areas; however, there is further room for improvement. […] Five types of TBE vaccine are currently licensed in Europe and Russia. […] Vaccines are the most effective intervention for the aforementioned causes of encephalitis. However, other measures exist that could help reduce disease burden. […] Efforts should focus on improving access to vaccine availability and campaigns to overcome misapprehensions driving vaccine hesitancy. […] Addressing the key priorities including better diagnostic capacity and surveillance, equity of vaccine access and uptake, appropriate management and longer-term care will help improving disease control and reduce the disease burden of this often-devastating condition.

• #1 Tick-borne Encephalitis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/tick-borne-encephalitis

  If you are planning to spend long periods of time outdoors in forests or rural areas of countries where TBE infection is common, you should be aware of how to avoid tick bites. […] The most effective way to prevent infection is by having the TBE vaccine, particularly if you are planning to do outdoor activities such as walking, hiking, camping, cycling, fishing orienteering or running in rural or forested areas. […] You should aim to have the first injection at least one month before you travel. […] You will need at least 2 doses to provide you with adequate protection for your trip. […] A third injection will offer you protection for about 3 years.

• #1 Food-Borne Transmission of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus—Spread, Consequences, and Prophylaxis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/3/1812

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most common viral neurological disease in Eurasia. […] The present paper summarises the knowledge of the food-borne TBEV transmission and presents methods for the prevention of its spread. […] Alimentary TBEV infections can be effectively prevented by consumption of pasteurised milk and the use of TBEV vaccines. […] It is recommended that milk and dairy products should be checked for the presence of TBE viruses prior to distribution. […] Protection of dairy animals against tick attacks and education of humans regarding the epidemiology and prophylaxis of TBE are equally important. […] Food-borne TBEV transmission can be effectively reduced by the consumption of pasteurised goat, sheep, and cow milk. […] Vaccination against TBEV is an effective prophylaxis of the development of TBE caused by tick- and food-borne infections.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent JE. WHO recommends that JE vaccination be integrated into national immunization schedules in all areas where JE disease is recognized as a public health issue. […] Progress has been made in Asia with the implementation of JE vaccination programmes, with most endemic countries having country-wide or targeted programmes in place. A decline in incidence of the disease has been reported in recent years, which is likely due in part to vaccination. […] WHO recommends having strong JE prevention and control activities, including JE immunization in all regions where the disease is a recognized public health priority, along with strengthening surveillance and reporting mechanisms. […] The risk to travellers to Japanese encephalitis-endemic areas is normally low, but travellers should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Personal preventive measures include the use of mosquito repellents, long-sleeved clothes, coils and vaporizers. Travellers spending extensive time in JE endemic areas are recommended to get vaccinated before travel. […] In endemic areas, there is little evidence to support a reduction in JE disease burden from interventions other than the vaccination of humans. Thus, vaccination of humans should be prioritized over vaccination of pigs and mosquito control measures.

• #1 Encephalitis Prevention is Just A Vaccination Away — Vax-Before-Travel

  https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/encephalitis-prevention-just-vaccination-away-2025-05-03

  Encephalitis International has recently launched a global awareness campaign to emphasize the importance of vaccination against the growing threat of encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain’s active tissues. […] Several countries are taking action to prevent diseases such as Japanese encephalitis (JE). […] For example, India’s Universal Immunisation Programme, one of the world’s largest, targets 27 million infants and 30 million pregnant women annually. It provides free vaccination against 12 diseases, including Japanese Encephalitis. […] Throughout Australia, JE vaccinations are available and offered for free. […] „A vaccinated world is a safer world each shot is a step towards freedom from preventable diseases,” Dr Netravathi M, a professor at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, said in a news article, highlighting the long-term benefits of vaccination.

• #1 Encephalitis Prevention is Just A Vaccination Away — Vax-Before-Travel

  https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/encephalitis-prevention-just-vaccination-away-2025-05-03

  As of May 2025, one Japanese encephalitis vaccine (IXIARO) is U.S. FDA-approved and recommended for travelers. IXIARO is commercially available at travel clinics and pharmacies in the U.S. […] Developed by the World Health Organization, the ENCEPHALITIS: GLOBAL THREATS, TRENDS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: A TECHNICAL BRIEF outlines key actions required to improve prevention, data collection and surveillance, diagnostics and treatment, aftercare and awareness, and research innovation in encephalitis.

• #1 Vaccine Strategies for the Control and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis in Mainland China, 1951–2011 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003015

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is arguably one of the most serious viral encephalitis diseases worldwide. […] However, the introduction of vaccines, developed in China, combined with an intensive vaccination program initiated during the 1970s, as well as other public health interventions, has dramatically decreased the incidence from 20.92/100,000 in 1971, to 0.12/100,000 in 2011. […] Here, we review and discuss strategies for promotion and expansion of vaccination programs to reduce the incidence of JE even further, for the benefit of health authorities throughout Asia and, potentially, worldwide. […] Consequently, following the isolation of JEV in China, a great deal of research was conducted to develop a suitable JE vaccine and accordingly, both inactivated and live-attenuated JE vaccines were successfully developed in the hope of resolving the public health problem of JE morbidity and mortality in China.

• #1 Vaccine Strategies for the Control and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis in Mainland China, 1951–2011 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003015

  The first vaccine, the formaldehyde-inactivated JEV (P3 strain) derived vaccine, was developed in China. […] Subsequently in 1988, the first live-attenuated vaccine (using the SA14-14-2 strain) was licensed for use in China. […] Therefore, the use of the SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated JE vaccine gradually increased and eventually replaced the P3 inactivated JE vaccine. […] Since 2008, the live-attenuated vaccine has accounted for almost 100% of JE vaccines administered in China after its inclusion in the national Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI). […] These measures have greatly improved JE immunization coverage, and the risk of infection by JEV in mainland China has been reduced to very low levels, as will be described in more detail below. […] The government provided a high proportion of the immunization costs, with individuals contributing a small proportion towards the costs.

• #1 Centre for Health Protection – Japanese Encephalitis

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/28.html

  Use DEET-containing insect repellent on exposed parts of the body and clothing. […] Take preventive measures to avoid mosquito bites. For children who travel to countries or areas where mosquito-borne diseases are endemic or epidemic and where exposure is likely, children aged 2 months or above can use DEET-containing insect repellents with a concentration of DEET up to 30%.

• #1 Preventing Eastern Equine Encephalitis | Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/eastern-equine-encephalitis/prevention/index.html

  There are no human vaccines or medicines to prevent eastern equine encephalitis. […] The best way to prevent infection is to protect yourself from mosquito bites. […] There are no human vaccines or medicines to prevent eastern equine encephalitis. […] The best way to prevent eastern equine encephalitis is to protect yourself from mosquito bites.

• #1 Eastern Equine Encephalitis Prevention – City of Essex Junction, Vermont

  https://www.essexjunction.org/meeting/eastern-equine-encephalitis-prevention

  The Health Department strongly urges people in Essex Junction to take precautions to prevent mosquito bites: […] Use insect repellent labeled as effective against mosquitoes. […] Get rid of standing water. Mosquitoes breed in water that has been standing for more than four days. […] Cover strollers and outdoor playpens with mosquito netting. […] Fix holes in screens and make sure they are tightly attached to doors and windows.

• #1 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/eastern-equine-encephalitis-eee/

  Prevention of mosquito bites is the best protection against EEE: […] Use insect repellent containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535 or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin and/or clothing. The repellent/insecticide permethrin can be used on clothing to protect through several washes. Always follow the directions on the package. […] Wear long sleeves and pants when weather permits. […] Have secure, intact screens on windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out.

• #1 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/eastern_equine_encephalitis/

  How can people reduce the chance of getting infected with EEE? There is no human vaccine for EEE. The best way to protect yourself is to keep mosquitoes from biting you. Consider wearing long sleeves and tucking pants into socks and shirts into pants when outdoors at dusk or dawn, the time of day when mosquitoes are most active. People spending time outdoors in mosquito-infested areas can use insect repellents containing DEET. […] To reduce the mosquito population around your home and property, reduce or remove all standing water: […] Vaccines are available to help protect horses from getting sick from the EEEV. Horse owners should also minimize exposure to infected mosquitoes by frequently changing water in troughs and buckets and eliminating other standing water sources.

• #1 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/zoonotic-diseases/eastern-equine-encephalitis-virus/

  The best way to prevent EEE virus disease is to avoid mosquito bites. See our mosquito prevention page for more information. […] If evidence of widespread EEE virus activity is detected in Northern Indiana, IDOH may coordinate aerial application of pesticide as an emergency measure to reduce the risk of EEE virus infection. IDOH will not initiate aerial pesticide application in any jurisdiction without the explicit invitation and consent of county commissioners and Tribal representatives in affected areas.

• #1 Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/toxoplasmosis

  People with HIV should be counseled regarding sources of Toxoplasma infection. Those with CD4 counts 200 cells/mm3 should be tested for IgG antibody to Toxoplasma soon after they are diagnosed with HIV to detect latent infection with T. gondii. […] To minimize risk of acquiring toxoplasmosis, people with HIV, especially those with CD4 counts 200 cells/mm3, should be advised not to eat raw or undercooked meat, including undercooked lamb, beef, pork, or venison, and not to eat raw shellfish, including oysters, clams, and mussels. […] Toxoplasma-seropositive people who have CD4 counts 100 cells/mm3 should receive prophylaxis against TE. […] The preferred primary prophylaxis regimen is one double-strength tablet daily of TMP-SMX. […] Prophylaxis against TE should be discontinued in adults and adolescents with HIV receiving ARV therapy with sustained suppression of plasma HIV RNA levels below the detection limits of available assays whose CD4 counts increase to 200 cells/mm3 for more than 3 months. […] Primary prophylaxis should be reintroduced if the CD4 count decreases to 100 cells/mm3 regardless of the HIV plasma viral load.

• #1 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/

  Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease. Rabies vaccine can be given by two routes: intramuscularly (into a muscle) and intradermally (into the skin). The use of the intradermal immunisation regime requires a smaller quantity of vaccine but has equivalent effectiveness. […] Given the lethality of clinical rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (to prevent the disease) is imperative. […] Pre-exposure prophylaxis is recommended for persons who are at high risk of exposure to rabies because of their occupation (e.g veterinarians, animal handlers, rabies researchers etc), travel or residence in rabies-endemic areas. It comprises active immunisation with multiple doses of rabies vaccine, over one to four weeks. […] In the event of exposure to rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with vaccination is still required for those who have received pre-exposure vaccination, but without the need for immunoglobulin.

• #1 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/

  Rabies can be effectively prevented after a bite through post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) which comprises: wound cleansing, active immunisation with multiple doses of rabies vaccine, over one to four weeks and passive immunisation with human rabies immunoglobulin injected into the wound and intramuscularly. […] Travellers need to be aware of the risk of rabies and take preventive measures which include: Knowing if the country they visit is endemic for rabies. Vaccination (pre-exposure prophylaxis) before travelling in areas with a high risk (it takes one week to complete the vaccine course). Avoiding contact with animals; even a bite from what appears to be a harmless pet must be considered carefully. Getting information about PEP measures in the area they travel to: where the closest medical facilities with PEP are and what to do in case of a contact with an infected animal. […] Mass vaccination of dogs is the most cost-effective way to eliminate rabies. Rabies elimination remains a significant public health challenge, due to the lack of resources for vaccination programmes and rabies surveillance in endemic regions.

• #1 Expert Alert: Encephalitis prevention another reason to receive COVID-19 vaccine | Newswise

  https://www.newswise.com/articles/expert-alert-encephalitis-prevention-another-reason-to-receive-covid-19-vaccine

  „Encephalitis cases have been reported in patients with COVID-19, although on the whole it appears to be a relatively rare complication.” […] „In the case of encephalitis caused by communicable diseases for which there is a vaccine available, getting vaccinated is the best way of preventing the disease.” […] „It is important for the public to know that COVID-19 is now a vaccine-preventable disease. The best way to avoid developing potential neurologic complications from COVID-19 is to not get the virus in the first place.”

• #1 Viral encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_encephalitis

  As many encephalitic viruses are transmitted by mosquitos, many prevention efforts revolve around preventing mosquito bites. In areas where such arboviruses are widespread, people should use protective clothing and should sleep under a mosquito net. Removing containers of stagnant water and spraying insecticides can be beneficial. Activities that increase the likelihood of tick bites should be avoided. Vaccines against some arboviruses that cause viral encephalitis exist, such as those against Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Although these vaccines are not perfectly effective, they are recommended for people who live in or travel to high-risk areas.[1][6] Some vaccines that are included in standard vaccination programs, such as the MMR vaccine, which prevents measles, mumps, and rubella, are also capable of preventing viral encephalitis.[15]

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/

  It’s not always possible to prevent encephalitis, but some of the infections that cause it can be prevented with vaccinations. […] These include the: measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine a routine vaccination offered to all children in England […] Japanese encephalitis vaccine recommended for travellers to at-risk areas, such as parts of Asia […] tick-borne encephalitis vaccine recommended for travellers to certain parts of Europe (but not the UK) and Asia […] rabies vaccination recommended for travellers to at-risk where access to medical care is likely to be limited. Find out about rabies risks in terrestrial animals by country on GOV.UK. […] Speak to a GP surgery if you’re not sure whether your vaccinations are up to date, or you’re planning to travel abroad and do not know if you need any vaccinations.

• #1 Encephalitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001415.htm

  Children and adults should avoid contact with anyone who has encephalitis. […] Controlling mosquitoes (a mosquito bite can transmit some viruses) may reduce the chance of some infections that can lead to encephalitis. […] Apply an insect repellant containing the chemical DEET when you go outside (but do not use DEET products on infants younger than 2 months). […] Remove any sources of standing water (such as old tires, cans, gutters, and wading pools). […] Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants when outside, especially at dusk. […] Children and adults should get routine vaccinations for viruses that can cause encephalitis. People should receive specific vaccines if they are traveling to places such as parts of Asia, where Japanese encephalitis is found. […] Vaccinate animals to prevent encephalitis caused by the rabies virus.

• #1 Encephalitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136

  The best way to prevent viral encephalitis is to take precautions to avoid exposure to viruses that can cause the disease. Try to: […] Practice good hygiene. Wash hands often and thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before and after meals. […] Get vaccinations. Keep your own and your children’s vaccinations current. Before traveling, talk to your healthcare professional about recommended vaccinations for different destinations. […] To minimize your exposure to mosquitoes and ticks: […] Dress to protect yourself. Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants outside. This is especially important if you’re outside between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active. […] Apply mosquito repellent. Chemicals such as DEET can be applied to both the skin and clothes.

• #1 Global Landscape of Encephalitis: Key Priorities to Reduce Future Disease Burden

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686956/

  Encephalitis affects people across the lifespan, has high rates of mortality and morbidity, and results in significant neurological sequelae with long-term consequences to quality of life and wider society. […] Many types of encephalitis are vaccine preventable, whereas others are treatable with early diagnosis and appropriate management. […] In low-resource settings, existing healthcare infrastructure should be strengthened, laboratory training programs implemented, affordable rapid diagnostic tests developed, and partnerships between public and private organizations encouraged. […] Vaccines have led to major reductions in disease burden for some causes of encephalitis, including JEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), rabies, measles, and VZV. […] The WHO recommends JE vaccine be included in the national immunisation schedule for countries where JE is recognized as a public health priority.

• #1 Acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis: development and validation of clinical prediction models from two independent prospective multicentre cohorts | BMJ Neurology Open

  https://neurologyopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e000323

  Age, GCS, fever and aetiology can effectively stratify acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis. These findings can support the development of targeted interventions and aid clinical trial design for antiseizure medication prophylaxis. […] The findings can be used to support the development of targeted interventions, such as early specialist care involvement, for patients at highest risk of seizures and to aid the design of clinical trials of antiseizure medication prophylaxis. […] There are currently no established tools to stratify patients as to their risk of seizures and status epilepticus. Without such risk stratification, it is currently not possible to identify which patients would be best managed in centres with adequate clinical facilities, such as those with intensive therapy units and continuous EEG monitoring, and also to identify whom might benefit from primary and secondary ASM prophylaxis.

• #1 Acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis: development and validation of clinical prediction models from two independent prospective multicentre cohorts | BMJ Neurology Open

  https://neurologyopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e000323

  This study provides a foundation for risk stratification of seizures in encephalitis on clinical grounds alone. Biomarkers and improved access to EEG-monitoring could enhance model accuracy and allow for the development of targeted interventions. The SEIZURE score can be used to aid the design of clinical trials of primary and secondary prophylaxis with ASM.

• #1 Association between human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the letermovir era | Bone Marrow Transplantation

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41409-024-02313-3

  The impact of letermovir (LTV) an anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) drug on human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis is unclear. […] To evaluate the association between HHV-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis, 7985 adult patients from a nationwide registry who underwent their first HSCT between January 2019 and December 2021 were analyzed. […] The findings of this large modern database study indicate that broad-spectrum antiviral prophylaxis, rather than LTV prophylaxis, is paradoxically associated with HHV-6 encephalitis in the LTV era. […] This paradoxical finding needs to be further explored in future studies.

• #1 Encephalitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encephalitis.html

  Encephalitis can’t be prevented, but you can avoid the illnesses that may lead to it. Vaccines protect kids from many common childhood illnesses. So follow the schedule recommended by your doctor. Kids should also avoid contact with anyone who already has encephalitis. […] It’s also important for everyone in your family to wash their hands well and often. […] To avoid mosquito bites, kids should: Avoid being outside at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Wear protective clothing outside, like long sleeves and long pants. Use insect repellent. […] Drain standing water from around your home, including in buckets, birdbaths, flowerpots, and tire swings. These are breeding grounds for mosquitoes. […] To avoid tick bites: Limit kids’ contact with soil, leaves, and vegetation. Have kids wear long-sleeved, light-colored shirts and long pants when outdoors. Check your kids and your pets for ticks when they come inside.

• #1 Encephalitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136

  Use insecticide. The Environmental Protection Agency recommends the use of products containing permethrin, which repels and kills ticks and mosquitoes. […] Get rid of water sources outside your home. Eliminate standing water in your yard, where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. […] Insect repellents aren’t recommended for use on infants younger than 2 months of age. Instead, cover an infant carrier or stroller with mosquito netting. […] For older infants and children, repellents with 10% to 30% DEET are considered safe.

• #2 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  Counsel travelers about using personal protective measures to prevent tick bites and avoiding consumption of unpasteurized dairy products; a TBE vaccine is also available. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. The primary vaccination schedule includes 3 doses, and a booster dose can be administered if a person will be at risk for being infected with TBE. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. This includes: Avoiding wooded and brushy areas in places where TBE is endemic, Applying insect repellents, Treating clothing and gear with products containing 0.5% permethrin or buying permethrin-treated clothing and gear, Finding and removing ticks before they have a chance to attach. […] More information about reducing exposure to ticks is available on the CDC Ticks website. Travelers also should be advised to avoid the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.

• #2 TBE Protection | TicoVac™ (Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine) | Safety Info

  https://www.ticovac.com/travelers/tick-bite-tbe-protection

  Vaccination is an effective preventative method for TBE.2 TicoVacTM may be available for people traveling to endemic countries and will have extensive exposure to ticks based on their planned outdoor activities and itinerary. Talk to your healthcare provider or a pharmacist about tick bite treatment and the importance of getting vaccinated with TicoVac. […] TicoVac is a vaccine indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and is approved for use in individuals 1 year of age and older.

• #2 Tick-borne Encephalitis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/tick-borne-encephalitis

  If you are planning to spend long periods of time outdoors in forests or rural areas of countries where TBE infection is common, you should be aware of how to avoid tick bites. […] The most effective way to prevent infection is by having the TBE vaccine, particularly if you are planning to do outdoor activities such as walking, hiking, camping, cycling, fishing orienteering or running in rural or forested areas. […] You should aim to have the first injection at least one month before you travel. […] You will need at least 2 doses to provide you with adequate protection for your trip. […] A third injection will offer you protection for about 3 years.

• #2 Prevention of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tick-borne-encephalitis/prevention-tick-borne-encephalitis.html

  Consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic 6 weeks before you travel. […] The following precautions will help prevent illness. […] Protect yourself from tick bites in high-risk regions when doing activities in forests or overgrown areas. […] You should wear closed-toe shoes, long-sleeved shirts and pants. […] Use insect repellent containing DEET (an active ingredient to keep bugs away) or Icaridin (always follow directions). […] A vaccine against TBE does exist but is only available in countries where the disease is present. […] Travellers at high risk can consult a health care provider at their destination to discuss the benefits of getting vaccinated.

• #2 Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet

  Like other tick-borne infectious diseases, the risk from TBE can be reduced by using insect repellents and protective clothing to prevent tick bites. A vaccine is available in some disease endemic areas. […] TBE virus infection can be prevented by avoiding tick bites through the following methods: vaccination against TBE (inactivated vaccine) is considered to be the most effective means of preventing TBE in endemic countries; application of tick repellents; wearing protective clothing, with long sleeves and long trousers tucked into socks treated with an appropriate insecticide; inspecting the body for ticks after outdoor activities and removing ticks with tweezers or forceps; and avoiding consumption of unpasteurised dairy products in risk areas.

• #2 The future of Japanese encephalitis vaccination: expert recommendations for achieving and maintaining optimal JE control | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-021-00338-z

  Vaccines against Japanese encephalitis (JE) have been available for decades. Currently, most JE-endemic countries have vaccination programs for their at-risk populations. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has long recommended JE vaccination programs in areas where JE is a public health problem. […] Substantial impact on JE-associated deaths and disability has been shown in countries administering JE vaccine in childhood vaccination schedules. […] In 2018, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and PATH co-convened a group of independent experts to review JE prevention and control successes, identify remaining scientific and operational issues that need to be addressed, discuss opportunities to further strengthen JE vaccination programs, and identify strategies and solutions to ensure sustainability of JE control during the next decade. This paper summarizes the key discussion points and recommendations to sustain and expand JE control.

• #2 Encephalitis Prevention is Just A Vaccination Away — Vax-Before-Travel

  https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/encephalitis-prevention-just-vaccination-away-2025-05-03

  Encephalitis International has recently launched a global awareness campaign to emphasize the importance of vaccination against the growing threat of encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain’s active tissues. […] Several countries are taking action to prevent diseases such as Japanese encephalitis (JE). […] For example, India’s Universal Immunisation Programme, one of the world’s largest, targets 27 million infants and 30 million pregnant women annually. It provides free vaccination against 12 diseases, including Japanese Encephalitis. […] Throughout Australia, JE vaccinations are available and offered for free. […] „A vaccinated world is a safer world each shot is a step towards freedom from preventable diseases,” Dr Netravathi M, a professor at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, said in a news article, highlighting the long-term benefits of vaccination.

• #2 Centre for Health Protection – Japanese Encephalitis

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/28.html

  To prevent contracting the disease, one should take general measures to prevent mosquito bites and avoid going to rural areas from dusk till dawn when the mosquitoes spreading this virus are most active. […] Japanese encephalitis vaccination is safe and effective in preventing the disease. Vaccination for Japanese encephalitis is available in Hong Kong but it is generally not recommended to members of the general public. Vaccination is recommended for travellers who plan to stay one month or longer in endemic areas, particularly in rural areas; and for short-term (less than one month) travellers if they plan to have significant/ extensive outdoor or night-time exposure in rural areas during the transmission season of the disease. […] Wear loose, light-coloured, long-sleeved tops and trousers.

• #2 Japanese encephalitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/japanese-encephalitis

  The most effective way to reduce your risk of Japanese encephalitis and other mosquito-borne diseases is by avoiding mosquito bites and removing mosquito breeding sites around your home. […] The most effective way to prevent Japanese encephalitis and other mosquito-borne diseases is by avoiding mosquito bites and removing mosquito breeding sites around your home and property. […] Protect yourself and your family from exposure to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases: Cover up wear long, loose-fitting, light-coloured clothing. […] A vaccine is available to protect against Japanese encephalitis. […] Speak with your doctor (GP) or immunisation provider if it has been one to 2 years since getting a primary course of Japanese encephalitis vaccine to check if you require a booster dose. […] The best way to avoid infection is to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes.

• #2 Eastern Equine Encephalitis – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/vector-borne/eee/index.shtml

  There is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat EEE virus infection in people. […] The best way to prevent mosquito-borne diseases is to prevent mosquito bites in the first place. Take these simple steps every day to prevent mosquito bites: […] You can make your yard a mosquito-safe zone: […] Remember to wear an EPA-approved repellent when you go outside. You can use products with DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon eucalyptus on your skin. You can also use permethrin on your clothes. […] The best way to prevent a mosquito-borne disease is to prevent mosquito bites. Wear repellent and protective clothing to fight the bite.

• #2 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/eastern-equine-encephalitis-eee/

  Prevention of mosquito bites is the best protection against EEE: […] Use insect repellent containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535 or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin and/or clothing. The repellent/insecticide permethrin can be used on clothing to protect through several washes. Always follow the directions on the package. […] Wear long sleeves and pants when weather permits. […] Have secure, intact screens on windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out.

• #2 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/eastern_equine_encephalitis/

  How can people reduce the chance of getting infected with EEE? There is no human vaccine for EEE. The best way to protect yourself is to keep mosquitoes from biting you. Consider wearing long sleeves and tucking pants into socks and shirts into pants when outdoors at dusk or dawn, the time of day when mosquitoes are most active. People spending time outdoors in mosquito-infested areas can use insect repellents containing DEET. […] To reduce the mosquito population around your home and property, reduce or remove all standing water: […] Vaccines are available to help protect horses from getting sick from the EEEV. Horse owners should also minimize exposure to infected mosquitoes by frequently changing water in troughs and buckets and eliminating other standing water sources.

• #2

  https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/fast-facts-encephalitis-and-prevention-tips/

  Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) is rare in humans. […] The CDC suggests reducing the risk by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing and staying indoors while mosquitoes are most active. […] It is strongly recommended that horse owners vaccinate their horses; the fatality rate in equines is 80-90 percent. […] The people most at risk are those who live in or visit woodland areas or those who spent a large amount of time outdoors.

• #2 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/

  Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease. Rabies vaccine can be given by two routes: intramuscularly (into a muscle) and intradermally (into the skin). The use of the intradermal immunisation regime requires a smaller quantity of vaccine but has equivalent effectiveness. […] Given the lethality of clinical rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (to prevent the disease) is imperative. […] Pre-exposure prophylaxis is recommended for persons who are at high risk of exposure to rabies because of their occupation (e.g veterinarians, animal handlers, rabies researchers etc), travel or residence in rabies-endemic areas. It comprises active immunisation with multiple doses of rabies vaccine, over one to four weeks. […] In the event of exposure to rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with vaccination is still required for those who have received pre-exposure vaccination, but without the need for immunoglobulin.

• #2 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/

  Rabies can be effectively prevented after a bite through post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) which comprises: wound cleansing, active immunisation with multiple doses of rabies vaccine, over one to four weeks and passive immunisation with human rabies immunoglobulin injected into the wound and intramuscularly. […] Travellers need to be aware of the risk of rabies and take preventive measures which include: Knowing if the country they visit is endemic for rabies. Vaccination (pre-exposure prophylaxis) before travelling in areas with a high risk (it takes one week to complete the vaccine course). Avoiding contact with animals; even a bite from what appears to be a harmless pet must be considered carefully. Getting information about PEP measures in the area they travel to: where the closest medical facilities with PEP are and what to do in case of a contact with an infected animal. […] Mass vaccination of dogs is the most cost-effective way to eliminate rabies. Rabies elimination remains a significant public health challenge, due to the lack of resources for vaccination programmes and rabies surveillance in endemic regions.

• #2 Expert Alert: Encephalitis prevention another reason to receive COVID-19 vaccine | Newswise

  https://www.newswise.com/articles/expert-alert-encephalitis-prevention-another-reason-to-receive-covid-19-vaccine

  „Encephalitis cases have been reported in patients with COVID-19, although on the whole it appears to be a relatively rare complication.” […] „In the case of encephalitis caused by communicable diseases for which there is a vaccine available, getting vaccinated is the best way of preventing the disease.” […] „It is important for the public to know that COVID-19 is now a vaccine-preventable disease. The best way to avoid developing potential neurologic complications from COVID-19 is to not get the virus in the first place.”

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/

  It’s not always possible to prevent encephalitis, but some of the infections that cause it can be prevented with vaccinations. […] These include the: measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine a routine vaccination offered to all children in England […] Japanese encephalitis vaccine recommended for travellers to at-risk areas, such as parts of Asia […] tick-borne encephalitis vaccine recommended for travellers to certain parts of Europe (but not the UK) and Asia […] rabies vaccination recommended for travellers to at-risk where access to medical care is likely to be limited. Find out about rabies risks in terrestrial animals by country on GOV.UK. […] Speak to a GP surgery if you’re not sure whether your vaccinations are up to date, or you’re planning to travel abroad and do not know if you need any vaccinations.

• #2 Encephalitis Viral

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/encephalitis-viral.page

  While some viruses can be spread from one person to another, most people will not develop encephalitis. […] However, in most people these viruses either cause no symptoms at all, or a mild respiratory or diarrhea illness.

• #2 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-encephalitis-basics

  The best way to avoid getting encephalitis is to avoid the germs that can cause it. Here are some tips: […] Get yourself and your kids vaccinated, as recommended by your doctors. The elimination of smallpox and the availability of vaccines that prevent mumps, measles, and rubella have lowered cases of encephalitis, especially in children. If you’re traveling in an area that has a high risk of tick-borne or mosquito-borne viruses, make sure you get vaccinated before you head out. […] Wash your hands completely and often with soap and water throughout your day, especially before you handle food, eat or drink, and after using the bathroom. […] Don’t share food, eating utensils, or glasses. […] Don’t share personal-care items and remind your kids not to share their things, such as razors, towels, makeup, or toothbrushes.

• #2 Global Landscape of Encephalitis: Key Priorities to Reduce Future Disease Burden

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686956/

  Encephalitis affects people across the lifespan, has high rates of mortality and morbidity, and results in significant neurological sequelae with long-term consequences to quality of life and wider society. […] Many types of encephalitis are vaccine preventable, whereas others are treatable with early diagnosis and appropriate management. […] In low-resource settings, existing healthcare infrastructure should be strengthened, laboratory training programs implemented, affordable rapid diagnostic tests developed, and partnerships between public and private organizations encouraged. […] Vaccines have led to major reductions in disease burden for some causes of encephalitis, including JEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), rabies, measles, and VZV. […] The WHO recommends JE vaccine be included in the national immunisation schedule for countries where JE is recognized as a public health priority.

• #2 Global Landscape of Encephalitis: Key Priorities to Reduce Future Disease Burden

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686956/

  The introduction of the JE vaccine has resulted in a substantial reduction in disease burden in at-risk areas; however, there is further room for improvement. […] Five types of TBE vaccine are currently licensed in Europe and Russia. […] Vaccines are the most effective intervention for the aforementioned causes of encephalitis. However, other measures exist that could help reduce disease burden. […] Efforts should focus on improving access to vaccine availability and campaigns to overcome misapprehensions driving vaccine hesitancy. […] Addressing the key priorities including better diagnostic capacity and surveillance, equity of vaccine access and uptake, appropriate management and longer-term care will help improving disease control and reduce the disease burden of this often-devastating condition.

• #2 Acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis: development and validation of clinical prediction models from two independent prospective multicentre cohorts | BMJ Neurology Open

  https://neurologyopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e000323

  Age, GCS, fever and aetiology can effectively stratify acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis. These findings can support the development of targeted interventions and aid clinical trial design for antiseizure medication prophylaxis. […] The findings can be used to support the development of targeted interventions, such as early specialist care involvement, for patients at highest risk of seizures and to aid the design of clinical trials of antiseizure medication prophylaxis. […] There are currently no established tools to stratify patients as to their risk of seizures and status epilepticus. Without such risk stratification, it is currently not possible to identify which patients would be best managed in centres with adequate clinical facilities, such as those with intensive therapy units and continuous EEG monitoring, and also to identify whom might benefit from primary and secondary ASM prophylaxis.

• #2 Association between human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the letermovir era | Bone Marrow Transplantation

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41409-024-02313-3

  The impact of letermovir (LTV) an anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) drug on human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis is unclear. […] To evaluate the association between HHV-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis, 7985 adult patients from a nationwide registry who underwent their first HSCT between January 2019 and December 2021 were analyzed. […] The findings of this large modern database study indicate that broad-spectrum antiviral prophylaxis, rather than LTV prophylaxis, is paradoxically associated with HHV-6 encephalitis in the LTV era. […] This paradoxical finding needs to be further explored in future studies.

• #2 Encephalitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encephalitis.html

  Encephalitis can’t be prevented, but you can avoid the illnesses that may lead to it. Vaccines protect kids from many common childhood illnesses. So follow the schedule recommended by your doctor. Kids should also avoid contact with anyone who already has encephalitis. […] It’s also important for everyone in your family to wash their hands well and often. […] To avoid mosquito bites, kids should: Avoid being outside at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Wear protective clothing outside, like long sleeves and long pants. Use insect repellent. […] Drain standing water from around your home, including in buckets, birdbaths, flowerpots, and tire swings. These are breeding grounds for mosquitoes. […] To avoid tick bites: Limit kids’ contact with soil, leaves, and vegetation. Have kids wear long-sleeved, light-colored shirts and long pants when outdoors. Check your kids and your pets for ticks when they come inside.

• #2 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-encephalitis-basics

  For infants younger than 2 months, you can’t use insect repellent, so cover their carrier or stroller with mosquito netting. For infants and children older than 2 months old, you can use 10%-30% DEET products. Don’t use a combined sunscreen and DEET product because you’ll need to reapply sunscreen for a full day of outside play. Reapplying a DEET-containing product can expose your child to high levels of DEET. […] Get rid of standing water outside your house. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water. Common problem areas for standing water are old flowerpots, flat roofs, old tires, and clogged gutters. […] Report any sick or dying birds or small animals to your local health department. They could be infected with viruses such as West Nile virus that cause encephalitis.

• #3 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/

  Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease. Rabies vaccine can be given by two routes: intramuscularly (into a muscle) and intradermally (into the skin). The use of the intradermal immunisation regime requires a smaller quantity of vaccine but has equivalent effectiveness. […] Given the lethality of clinical rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (to prevent the disease) is imperative. […] Pre-exposure prophylaxis is recommended for persons who are at high risk of exposure to rabies because of their occupation (e.g veterinarians, animal handlers, rabies researchers etc), travel or residence in rabies-endemic areas. It comprises active immunisation with multiple doses of rabies vaccine, over one to four weeks. […] In the event of exposure to rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with vaccination is still required for those who have received pre-exposure vaccination, but without the need for immunoglobulin.

• #3 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/

  Rabies can be effectively prevented after a bite through post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) which comprises: wound cleansing, active immunisation with multiple doses of rabies vaccine, over one to four weeks and passive immunisation with human rabies immunoglobulin injected into the wound and intramuscularly. […] Travellers need to be aware of the risk of rabies and take preventive measures which include: Knowing if the country they visit is endemic for rabies. Vaccination (pre-exposure prophylaxis) before travelling in areas with a high risk (it takes one week to complete the vaccine course). Avoiding contact with animals; even a bite from what appears to be a harmless pet must be considered carefully. Getting information about PEP measures in the area they travel to: where the closest medical facilities with PEP are and what to do in case of a contact with an infected animal. […] Mass vaccination of dogs is the most cost-effective way to eliminate rabies. Rabies elimination remains a significant public health challenge, due to the lack of resources for vaccination programmes and rabies surveillance in endemic regions.

• #3 Global Landscape of Encephalitis: Key Priorities to Reduce Future Disease Burden

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686956/

  Encephalitis affects people across the lifespan, has high rates of mortality and morbidity, and results in significant neurological sequelae with long-term consequences to quality of life and wider society. […] Many types of encephalitis are vaccine preventable, whereas others are treatable with early diagnosis and appropriate management. […] In low-resource settings, existing healthcare infrastructure should be strengthened, laboratory training programs implemented, affordable rapid diagnostic tests developed, and partnerships between public and private organizations encouraged. […] Vaccines have led to major reductions in disease burden for some causes of encephalitis, including JEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), rabies, measles, and VZV. […] The WHO recommends JE vaccine be included in the national immunisation schedule for countries where JE is recognized as a public health priority.

• #3 Encephalitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encephalitis.html

  Encephalitis can’t be prevented, but you can avoid the illnesses that may lead to it. Vaccines protect kids from many common childhood illnesses. So follow the schedule recommended by your doctor. Kids should also avoid contact with anyone who already has encephalitis. […] It’s also important for everyone in your family to wash their hands well and often. […] To avoid mosquito bites, kids should: Avoid being outside at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Wear protective clothing outside, like long sleeves and long pants. Use insect repellent. […] Drain standing water from around your home, including in buckets, birdbaths, flowerpots, and tire swings. These are breeding grounds for mosquitoes. […] To avoid tick bites: Limit kids’ contact with soil, leaves, and vegetation. Have kids wear long-sleeved, light-colored shirts and long pants when outdoors. Check your kids and your pets for ticks when they come inside.

• #4 Global Landscape of Encephalitis: Key Priorities to Reduce Future Disease Burden

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686956/

  Encephalitis affects people across the lifespan, has high rates of mortality and morbidity, and results in significant neurological sequelae with long-term consequences to quality of life and wider society. […] Many types of encephalitis are vaccine preventable, whereas others are treatable with early diagnosis and appropriate management. […] In low-resource settings, existing healthcare infrastructure should be strengthened, laboratory training programs implemented, affordable rapid diagnostic tests developed, and partnerships between public and private organizations encouraged. […] Vaccines have led to major reductions in disease burden for some causes of encephalitis, including JEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), rabies, measles, and VZV. […] The WHO recommends JE vaccine be included in the national immunisation schedule for countries where JE is recognized as a public health priority.

• #4 Encephalitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encephalitis.html

  Encephalitis can’t be prevented, but you can avoid the illnesses that may lead to it. Vaccines protect kids from many common childhood illnesses. So follow the schedule recommended by your doctor. Kids should also avoid contact with anyone who already has encephalitis. […] It’s also important for everyone in your family to wash their hands well and often. […] To avoid mosquito bites, kids should: Avoid being outside at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Wear protective clothing outside, like long sleeves and long pants. Use insect repellent. […] Drain standing water from around your home, including in buckets, birdbaths, flowerpots, and tire swings. These are breeding grounds for mosquitoes. […] To avoid tick bites: Limit kids’ contact with soil, leaves, and vegetation. Have kids wear long-sleeved, light-colored shirts and long pants when outdoors. Check your kids and your pets for ticks when they come inside.

• #5 Encephalitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encephalitis.html

  Encephalitis can’t be prevented, but you can avoid the illnesses that may lead to it. Vaccines protect kids from many common childhood illnesses. So follow the schedule recommended by your doctor. Kids should also avoid contact with anyone who already has encephalitis. […] It’s also important for everyone in your family to wash their hands well and often. […] To avoid mosquito bites, kids should: Avoid being outside at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Wear protective clothing outside, like long sleeves and long pants. Use insect repellent. […] Drain standing water from around your home, including in buckets, birdbaths, flowerpots, and tire swings. These are breeding grounds for mosquitoes. […] To avoid tick bites: Limit kids’ contact with soil, leaves, and vegetation. Have kids wear long-sleeved, light-colored shirts and long pants when outdoors. Check your kids and your pets for ticks when they come inside.

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