Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute encephalitis – diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6303463/

  Encephalitis, inflammation of the brain, is most commonly caused by a viral infection (especially herpes simplex virus [HSV] type 1 in the UK) although autoimmune causes, such as N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis, are increasingly recognised. […] Treatment of HSV encephalitis with aciclovir dramatically improves outcome, but the optimal management of autoimmune encephalitis is still uncertain. […] Aciclovir is a time-critical life-saving treatment for HSV encephalitis and should be commenced before lumbar puncture if this is delayed for any reason. […] The management of autoimmune encephalitis with immune therapy is non-standardised and based on evidence from retrospective studies. […] For initial therapy, most neurologists use corticosteroids intravenously or orally.

• #1 Acute encephalitis – diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6303463/

  The available evidence suggests that early treatment improves outcome, and that, if initial therapy is ineffective, second-line therapy with more potent agents is beneficial. […] Intravenous aciclovir is a life-saving treatment in HSV encephalitis and has reduced mortality from above 70% to around 10-20%. […] If the HSV PCR is still positive, aciclovir should be continued with repeat LP every week until the PCR is negative. […] The care of patients with encephalitis is challenging for nursing staff. […] Access to neuropsychology services can be invaluable in assisting with memory difficulties and other psychological changes in encephalitis. […] The optimal management of autoimmune encephalitis is still unclear.

• #1 Encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142

  Treatment for mild encephalitis usually consists of: Bed rest. Plenty of fluids. Anti-inflammatory medicines such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) to relieve headaches and fevers. […] Encephalitis caused by certain viruses usually requires antiviral treatment. Antiviral medicines commonly used to treat encephalitis include: Acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig). Ganciclovir. Foscarnet (Foscavir). […] If the tests show an autoimmune cause of encephalitis, then medicines that target your immune system, known as immunomodulatory medicines, or other treatments may be started. These may include: Intravenous or oral corticosteroids. Intravenous immunoglobulin. Plasma exchange. […] Some people with autoimmune encephalitis need long-term treatment with immunosuppressive medicines. These may include azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), rituximab (Rituxan) or tocilizumab (Actemra).

• #1 Encephalitis | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540190/all/Encephalitis

  HHV-6: case reports suggest ganciclovir or foscarnet may help. Follow CMV recommendations. […] Listeria: ampicillin 2mg IV q4h + gentamicin 5mg/kg/d IV divided q8h x 3-6 weeks. […] Toxoplasmosis: Pyrimethamine 100-200mg orally once (loading dose), then 50-100mg PO every day + sulfadiazine 4-8 g PO every day + folinic acid 10mg PO every day x minimum 6 weeks. […] Autoimmune encephalitis: often a probable rather than a definitive diagnosis. […] Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: neurology consultation, high-dose corticosteroids recommended. Plasma exchange or IV IgG could be considered. […] Anti-NMDAR encephalitis: antibody-mediated process directed against extracellular epitopes of NR1subunit epitope of NMDA receptor.

• #1 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  If the combination of symptoms and test results suggest that a person has “possible AE”, the current recommendations are to start first line medications that treat inflammation in the brain, such as steroids, IV immune globulin, and/or plasma exchange. […] In addition to the medications that act on the immune system to decrease brain inflammation, many people with AE will need supportive medications to treat the AE symptoms that cause suffering and disability. […] As the results return from the workup for AE, including anti-neuronal antibody testing, health care providers will be able to decide if a patient meets the criteria for “definite AE” or “probable AE” and further treatment decisions will be discussed. […] Some people with AE improve within days of receiving their first line treatments and don’t need additional medications that act on the immune system.

• #1 Autoimmune encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406

  Autoimmune encephalitis treatment focuses on the immune system, which is mistakenly attacking brain cells. If a tumor is causing autoimmune encephalitis, the first step is to diagnose and treat the tumor. […] Immunotherapy works by reducing the immune system’s activity and improving inflammation. […] Two types of immunotherapy are given through an IV in a vein in the arm. Most people get this therapy in a hospital. Medicines include: Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol). This high-dose steroid is given daily for 3 to 7 days. Immunoglobulin (IVIg). This medicine may be given daily for 2 to 5 days. […] Other treatment options include: Oral corticosteroids. With this medicine, you start with a larger dose and then slowly lower the dose over weeks to months, known as tapering. Plasma exchange. This therapy gets rid of antibodies that are causing the immune system to attack brain cells. During plasma exchange, the liquid part of your blood is removed and separated from your blood cells. The blood cells are put back into your body and your body makes more plasma.

• #1 Autoimmune encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406

  If your symptoms respond to immunotherapy, the medicine doses are slowly lowered over time, known as tapering. You may take an oral corticosteroid at a lower dose for several weeks. Or you may get monthly doses of methylprednisolone or immunoglobulin through an IV for several months. […] If your symptoms aren’t improving, your healthcare professional also may recommend the medicines rituximab (Rituxan, Truxima, others), cyclophosphamide or tocilizumab (Actemra, Tofidence, Tyenne). These medicines can improve symptoms and help lower the chances of AE coming back. […] Most people recover with treatment. The earlier you receive treatment, the more quickly you may recover. Early treatment also lowers the chances of having lasting symptoms due to AE or having another bout of autoimmune encephalitis.

• #1 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  Physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy may be very helpful to improve recovery and may be started in hospital and sometimes continued in rehabilitation centers. […] Starting treatment early seems to decrease long-term complications and the risk of relapse, as well as lead to faster recovery. […] Many patients need medications to help with behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of AE and they are an important part of AE treatment. […] It may be helpful for patients with AE to have a psychiatrist on their treatment team to discuss the different reasoning, risks and benefits of available psychiatric medications. […] After initial diagnosis and treatments, both adults and children with AE enter the period of ongoing treatment and recovery. […] This is a challenging stage of disease for patients with slow recoveries and those with major behavioral changes or psychiatric symptoms. […] Close follow-up with health care providers is important since changes in treatments may be needed.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Autoimmune encephalitis: a review of diagnosis and treatment Autoimmune encephalitis: a review of diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/mqLMtVDZLLF566CwstHwyhy/

  If an associated tumor is detected, oncologic management (chemotherapy or tumor resection) is important for improvement. […] Autoimmune encephalitis patients who fail to improve after 10-14 days should receive second-line therapies such as rituximab or cyclophosphamide, or both. […] Better prognosis has been associated with early treatment, no requirement for intensive care admission and non-paraneoplastic AIE. […] The treatment response and relapse rate vary among patients with AIE. […] Relapses may occur in 31% of patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis and 10% of those with anti-CASPR2 encephalitis, sometimes years after the first episode. […] The diagnosis should not rely solely on antibody testing as patients with AIE may be seronegative. […] Patients benefit from early aggressive treatment and relapses may occur.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Autoimmune-Encephalitis-Treatment.aspx

  First-line therapy consists of intravenous, high dose corticosteroids and IVIG/plasmapheresis. […] Failure of first-line therapy to reverse the symptoms occurs in about 50%, and leads to the prompt use of second-line drugs. […] The treatment of relapse is with second-line therapy, though first-line treatment may be tried first. […] Tumor removal is essential in most cases to remove the source of the antibodies and to improve the prognosis of the tumor itself. […] Behavioral and psychotic symptoms may require the use of antipsychotics. […] Steroids may cause psychosis, however, benzodiazepines and clonidine, among others, may help induce sleep in sleep-deprived individuals. […] Prognostic factors included: Less severe symptoms at presentation, Non-ICU admission, Early therapy, Second-line treatment in case of failure of first-line therapy.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/treatment/

  Encephalitis needs to be treated urgently. Treatment involves tackling the underlying cause, relieving symptoms and supporting bodily functions. […] It’s treated in hospital usually in an intensive care unit (ICU), which is for people who are very ill and need extra care. […] If a cause of encephalitis is found, treatment will start straight away. […] Possible treatments include: antiviral medicine used if encephalitis is caused by the herpes simplex or chickenpox viruses; it’s usually given into a vein three times a day for 2 to 3 weeks; steroid injections used if encephalitis is caused by a problem with the immune system and sometimes in cases linked to the chickenpox virus; treatment is usually for a few days; immunoglobulin therapy medicine that helps control the immune system; plasmapheresis a procedure which removes the substances that are attacking the brain from the blood; surgery to remove abnormal growths (tumours) if encephalitis was triggered by a tumour somewhere in the body; antibiotics or antifungal medicine used if encephalitis is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.

• #1 Encephalitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791896-treatment

  In the prehospital setting, evaluate and treat for shock or hypotension. Administer crystalloid infusion in patients with evidence of circulatory compromise. Consider airway protection in patients with an altered mental status. Seizure precautions are indicated. Treat seizures according to usual protocols (ie, lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg given intravenously [IV]). All patients should receive oxygen and have intravenous access secured en route to the emergency department (ED). […] With the important exceptions of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and varicella-zoster encephalitis, the viral encephalitides are not treatable beyond supportive care. Treatments for T gondii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis are available but generally not initiated in the ED. […] The goal of treatment for acutely ill patients is administration of the first dose or doses of acyclovir, with or without antibiotics or steroids, as quickly as possible.

• #1 Encephalitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791896-treatment

  In patients with hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure (ICP), general measures include management of fever and pain, control of straining and coughing, and prevention of seizures and systemic hypotension. […] Look for and treat systemic complications (eg, hypotension or shock, hypoxemia, hyponatremia, and exacerbation of chronic diseases), particularly in herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Japanese virus encephalitis (JE). […] Empiric adult emergency treatment for herpes simplex virus (HSV) meningoencephalitis and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis consists of acyclovir 10 mg/kg (infused over 1 h) q8h for 14-21 days. Give acyclovir 10-15 mg/kg IV q8h for neonatal HSV; for HSV encephalitis in the pediatric population, give acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV q8h.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/treatment/

  If there’s no treatment for the underlying cause, treatment is given to support the body, relieve symptoms, and allow the best chance of recovery. […] Most people need treatment to relieve these symptoms and to support certain bodily functions until they’re feeling better. […] This may involve: fluids given into a vein to prevent dehydration; painkillers to reduce discomfort or a high temperature; medicine to control seizures or fits; medicine to help the person relax if they’re very agitated; oxygen given through a face mask to support the lungs sometimes a machine called a ventilator may be used to control breathing; medicine to prevent a build-up of pressure inside the skull. […] Occasionally, surgery to remove a small piece of the skull may be needed if the pressure inside increases and medicine is not helping.

• #1 Encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142

  Autoimmune encephalitis caused by tumors may require treatment of those tumors. This may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of treatments. […] People who are hospitalized with serious encephalitis might need: Breathing assistance, as well as careful monitoring of breathing and heart function. Intravenous fluids to ensure proper hydration and levels of essential minerals. Anti-inflammatory medicines, such as corticosteroids, to reduce swelling and pressure within the skull. Anti-seizure medicines to stop or prevent seizures. […] If you experience complications of encephalitis, you might need additional therapy, such as: Brain rehabilitation to improve cognition and memory. Physical therapy to improve strength, flexibility, balance, motor coordination and mobility. Occupational therapy to develop everyday skills and to use adaptive products that help with everyday activities. Speech therapy to relearn muscle control and coordination to produce speech. Psychotherapy to learn coping strategies and new behavioral skills to improve mood disorders or address personality changes.

• #1 Encephalitis Rehabilitation – NewGait

  https://thenewgait.com/blog/encephalitis-rehabilitation/

  It is the job of the occupational therapist to recommend modifications or effective alternatives for the patient’s condition. This makes their daily life easier and give them more autonomy over their diagnosis. Occupational and vocational therapists may also be consulted in helping the patient adjust to their work life after diagnosis. […] Physical therapy will be incorporated into rehabilitation for functions that involve more specific bodily movements. […] The physical therapist helps patients reclaim control of their muscles. The therapist trains them to build the strength they need to return to their previous level of functioning. […] Physical therapy may also help maintain balance and a more stable gait. For encephalitis patients, physical therapy may involve relearning supposedly simple functions. The activities include walking, talking, and moving with precision.

• #1 Encephalitis Rehabilitation – NewGait

  https://thenewgait.com/blog/encephalitis-rehabilitation/

  Rehabilitation is a different process for all patients. That said, for an ideal rehabilitation process, professionals from multiple disciplines may be contacted to provide the patients with the best quality care and training. […] Occupational therapy aims to adjust the patient back into their daily life. Rather than focusing on the primary functions such as movement, walking, and talking, occupational therapy focuses on the nitty-gritty aspects of everyday life. […] An occupational therapist will facilitate the encephalitis patient relearning how to perform basic tasks. These include dressing themselves, washing and grooming, cooking basic meals, and modifying their environment in a way that is conducive to their condition. […] Because encephalitis may also cause cognitive distortion and other mental issues. Occupational therapists may also help the patients develop life skills such as budgeting, planning, and organizing.

• #1 Encephalitis Rehabilitation – NewGait

  https://thenewgait.com/blog/encephalitis-rehabilitation/

  Therefore, psychiatrists are the perfect addition to the rehabilitation process. Once the neuropsychologist provides adequate information, the psychiatrist can prescribe medication to alleviate and lessen some of the symptoms. […] Psychological rehabilitation will also involve psychologists. […] For effective treatment, it is essential that the patient also receives psychological care. One main reason is the effect the knowledge of the diagnosis may have on the patient. Such a diagnosis takes a toll on the patient’s mental health. It makes them more worried and anxious about their life, financial issues, and the changes they need to make. […] A psychologist will aid them in adjusting to their new life and focus on becoming mentally stronger. […] Alternatively, patients with encephalitis may also struggle with executive functions. This includes planning and organizing because of psychological turmoil rather than neurological reasons. In this case, psychologists will be needed for the patient’s rehabilitation.

• #1 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-encephalitis-basics

  Most people who have mild encephalitis fully recover. Your treatment and chance of recovery depend on the cause and severity of your inflammation. […] Because the complications from encephalitis can be serious, you may need to go to the hospital. You will usually need monitoring for your blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. You will also usually need IV fluid therapy to help keep your brain from swelling more. […] Some common treatments include: steroids that can help reduce swelling in your brain, antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir (Zovirax), Foscarnet (Foscavir), or Ganciclovir (Cytovene) for people who have viral encephalitis, antibiotics for people with bacterial encephalitis, anticonvulsant therapy for people with seizures, immune globulin and plasmapheresis for people with autoimmune encephalitis, over-the-counter medicines, such as acetaminophen, that can help control fever and headaches.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/

  Encephalitis needs to be treated in a hospital. The earlier treatment is started, the more successful it’s likely to be. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include: antiviral medicines, steroid injections, treatments to help control the immune system, antibiotics or antifungal medicines, painkillers to reduce discomfort or a high temperature, medicine to control seizures or fits, support with breathing, such as oxygen through a face mask or a breathing machine (ventilator). […] How long someone with encephalitis needs to stay in hospital can range from a few days to several weeks or even months.

• #1 Encephalitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/encephalitis

  Corticosteroids can reduce brain swelling. […] Once the acute illness, which normally lasts for 1 to 2 weeks, is under control, comprehensive rehabilitation should include cognitive rehabilitation and physical, speech, and occupational therapy if brain function is severely affected. […] The outlook for people with encephalitis generally depends on the type of encephalitis, the severity of the illness, and how quickly the person gets treatment. […] In more serious cases, the disease can cause hearing and/or speech loss, blindness, permanent brain and nerve damage, behavioral changes, cognitive disabilities, lack of muscle control, seizures, memory loss, or death. People with serious cases of encephalitis may need long-term therapy, medication, and supportive care.

• #1 Recovering from Encephalitis: Ways and Key Factors

  https://lonestarneurology.net/others/recovering-from-encephalitis/

  After treatment for encephalitis, you should be prepared because recovering can be long and difficult. […] On average, in the mild form, the body recovers in 1-2 months, in the moderate form in 3-4 months, and in the severe condition in several years. […] Creating an environment for a natural recovery process is vital for any type of encephalitis. […] The recovery process after encephalitis typically involves a neurologist, psychologist, speech therapist, occupational therapist, and other therapists. […] In the process of autoimmune encephalitis recovery, it is important to consider psychological and universal care: try to regain cognitive skills; work with motivation and emotional state; develop physical and mental stamina; improve quality of life; proper daily routine; develop social skills.

• #1 Encephalitis Recovery: Guidelines | Encephalitis International

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/recovery-from-encephalitis/guidelines-for-recovery/

  Recovery can be helped by a structured timetable where short period activities (physical and mental) are followed by rest. […] A healthy diet is beneficial for your recovery after encephalitis. […] It is important that the person affected and their family/carers know about this condition and its possible consequences and understand the impact it has on their lives. […] Medical intervention and treatments such as immunosuppressive drugs are crucial. […] The longer-term effects of encephalitis often include fatigue, headaches, trouble with concentration, sleep issues, memory problems, and shifts in mood. These challenges highlight the need for comprehensive medical care and support to help individuals manage symptoms and reclaim a fulfilling life. […] If you are struggling, support from family and friends, referral to professionals and making sure that you have all the financial/social help you are entitled to might make all the difference.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/treatment/

  Encephalitis needs to be treated urgently. Treatment involves tackling the underlying cause, relieving symptoms and supporting bodily functions. […] It’s treated in hospital usually in an intensive care unit (ICU), which is for people who are very ill and need extra care. […] If a cause of encephalitis is found, treatment will start straight away. […] Possible treatments include: antiviral medicine used if encephalitis is caused by the herpes simplex or chickenpox viruses; it’s usually given into a vein three times a day for 2 to 3 weeks; steroid injections used if encephalitis is caused by a problem with the immune system and sometimes in cases linked to the chickenpox virus; treatment is usually for a few days; immunoglobulin therapy medicine that helps control the immune system; plasmapheresis a procedure which removes the substances that are attacking the brain from the blood; surgery to remove abnormal growths (tumours) if encephalitis was triggered by a tumour somewhere in the body; antibiotics or antifungal medicine used if encephalitis is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.

• #2 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Management, Antiviral Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1165183-treatment

  Intensive care unit (ICU) care may be required, especially if seizure activity or increased ICP is present. […] Treatment of brain edema ranges from simple measures (eg, elevating head of bed, gentle diuresis with medication such as furosemide) to more complex measures (eg, mannitol and steroids, intubation with hyperventilation). […] Should seizure activity become apparent or should electroencephalography (EEG) show evidence of nonconvulsive seizures, begin anticonvulsant therapy. […] Pharmacotherapy for HSE is available in the form of acyclovir. Patient outcome is improved after treatment with this agent. Acyclovir is the treatment of choice for HSE. When the diagnosis of HSE is suspected or has been established, acyclovir (typically 30 mg/kg/d intravenously [IV] in adults) should be initiated immediately.

• #2 Encephalitis | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540190/all/Encephalitis

  It is essential to consider treatable causes and use empiric therapy. […] Start acyclovir 10mg/kg q8h in all pts with suspected encephalitis, given it is a leading treatable cause. […] Supportive care is all that can be done for most pts. […] Many cases of encephalitis are without an identifiable cause or due to a virus without known therapy. […] Empiric corticosteroids have not been shown to improve outcomes with infectious encephalitis. […] HSV: acyclovir 10mg/kg IV q8h x 14-21d. […] VZV: acyclovir 10-15mg/kg IV q8h x 10-14d. Alternative: ganciclovir. […] CMV: ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV q12h x 14-21 days; then 5mg/kg IV every day for maintenance. […] B virus: ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV twice daily or acyclovir 15 mg/kg IV q8h x 14d or until all CNS sx resolve, then acyclovir 800 mg PO 5 times daily or valacyclovir 1 g PO three times a day indefinitely.

• #2 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Management, Antiviral Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1165183-treatment

  A high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), and expeditious evaluation is indicated after the diagnosis is considered. In the absence of any other identifiable cause, consider HSE in any febrile patient with encephalopathy and CSF pleocytosis. Start empiric acyclovir therapy promptly in patients with suspected HSE pending confirmation of the diagnosis because acyclovir, the drug of choice, is relatively nontoxic and because the prognosis for untreated HSE is poor. […] Failure to consider the possibility of HSE can result in delayed diagnosis and treatment, with subsequent increased risks of mortality and morbidity. […] Prehospital care consists of supportive management of the patients airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). General nutritional and fluid support is important. Universal precautions are appropriate. Monitor for increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and seizures.

• #2 Encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis

  Treatment may include antiviral medications (such as acyclovir), anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids. […] Treatment generally takes place in hospital. […] Some people require artificial respiration. […] Once the immediate problem is under control, rehabilitation may be required. […] Treatment (which is based on supportive care) is as follows: Antiviral medications (if virus is cause), Antibiotics, (if bacteria is cause), Steroids are used to reduce brain swelling, Sedatives for restlessness, Acetaminophen for fever, Occupational and physical therapy (if brain is affected post-infection). […] Pyrimethamine-based maintenance therapy is often used to treat toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), which is caused by Toxoplasma gondii and can be life-threatening for people with weak immune systems.

• #2 Autoimmune encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406

  Autoimmune encephalitis treatment focuses on the immune system, which is mistakenly attacking brain cells. If a tumor is causing autoimmune encephalitis, the first step is to diagnose and treat the tumor. […] Immunotherapy works by reducing the immune system’s activity and improving inflammation. […] Two types of immunotherapy are given through an IV in a vein in the arm. Most people get this therapy in a hospital. Medicines include: Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol). This high-dose steroid is given daily for 3 to 7 days. Immunoglobulin (IVIg). This medicine may be given daily for 2 to 5 days. […] Other treatment options include: Oral corticosteroids. With this medicine, you start with a larger dose and then slowly lower the dose over weeks to months, known as tapering. Plasma exchange. This therapy gets rid of antibodies that are causing the immune system to attack brain cells. During plasma exchange, the liquid part of your blood is removed and separated from your blood cells. The blood cells are put back into your body and your body makes more plasma.

• #2 Treatments for Autoimmune Encephalitis | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/multiple-sclerosis-and-clinical-neuroimmunology-program/autoimmune-encephalitis/treatments

  AE is a severe condition, with an approximately six percent mortality rate. […] Treatments may include: […] Removal of a teratoma (if present, a tumor made of many different types of tissues) that could be triggering the autoimmune response […] Steroids to reduce immune response and inflammation […] Plasmapheresis/plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies from blood […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), which works in many different ways to increase removal of antibodies, inhibit binding of the harmful antibodies, and decrease the inflammatory response to antibodies […] Immunosuppressant drugs may be used if these treatments fail to improve symptoms.

• #2 Treatment Of Autommune Encephalitis | Immunotherapy Treatment

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/treatment/

  Treatment should begin swiftly. Immunotherapy treatment is the combination of treatments that include first-line therapies: Steroids, IVIG, Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis), and resection of any underlying tumor are of primary importance. Second-line therapies: Rituxamab/Rituxan, Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) Those who remain refractory to first and second line treatment have benefited from Third-line/experimental treatments: IL6 blockade (tocilizumab) or plasma cell-specific therapy (proteasome inhibitors) or bortezomib, a treatment that depletes plasma cells. This is followed in many cases by steroid-sparing agents such as Cellcept or Azathioprine in the long term. The fact that patients who receive second-line immunotherapies have fewer relapses, is leading many physicians to use rituximab initially as a first-line treatment.

• #2 Autoimmune encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406

  If your symptoms respond to immunotherapy, the medicine doses are slowly lowered over time, known as tapering. You may take an oral corticosteroid at a lower dose for several weeks. Or you may get monthly doses of methylprednisolone or immunoglobulin through an IV for several months. […] If your symptoms aren’t improving, your healthcare professional also may recommend the medicines rituximab (Rituxan, Truxima, others), cyclophosphamide or tocilizumab (Actemra, Tofidence, Tyenne). These medicines can improve symptoms and help lower the chances of AE coming back. […] Most people recover with treatment. The earlier you receive treatment, the more quickly you may recover. Early treatment also lowers the chances of having lasting symptoms due to AE or having another bout of autoimmune encephalitis.

• #2 Autoimmune encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406

  You may need treatment for complications, such as epilepsy, sleep conditions and trouble with movements. You also may need rehabilitation if AE affected your memory, thinking skills or speech. Occupational and speech therapists, along with mental health professionals and other specialists, can help in your recovery. […] The long-term outlook can vary from person to person. Full recovery may take months or years. Many people continue to have symptoms related to thinking and behavior for longer than a year. But treatment continues to improve symptoms for 18 months to two years. […] Some people fully recover while others may have lasting symptoms that are mild or more serious. Getting treated early helps improve your long-term outlook.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Autoimmune-Encephalitis-Treatment.aspx

  First-line therapy consists of intravenous, high dose corticosteroids and IVIG/plasmapheresis. […] Failure of first-line therapy to reverse the symptoms occurs in about 50%, and leads to the prompt use of second-line drugs. […] The treatment of relapse is with second-line therapy, though first-line treatment may be tried first. […] Tumor removal is essential in most cases to remove the source of the antibodies and to improve the prognosis of the tumor itself. […] Behavioral and psychotic symptoms may require the use of antipsychotics. […] Steroids may cause psychosis, however, benzodiazepines and clonidine, among others, may help induce sleep in sleep-deprived individuals. […] Prognostic factors included: Less severe symptoms at presentation, Non-ICU admission, Early therapy, Second-line treatment in case of failure of first-line therapy.

• #2 Treatment Of Autommune Encephalitis | Immunotherapy Treatment

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/treatment/

  The response to immune therapy is generally good, particularly if the more effective treatments are used promptly. However, powerful immune suppression may be needed for weeks or months in difficult cases and treatment may take many months to reach its full effects. The speed of recovery, degree of residual deficit, and frequency of relapse vary according to the type of autoimmune encephalitis and level of severity. The length a patient may be treated for AE can range from many months/less than a year of treatment after diagnosis to many years of treatment until recovery is reached. It is estimated that some AE patients are left with a 35-42% amount of persistent deficits, especially in the domains of memory and cognition. Autoimmune encephalitis may relapse, so follow-up care is important.

• #2 Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6058-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is brain inflammation (swelling). Treatment varies, but most people require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support. […] Treatment varies depending on the cause, but most people with encephalitis require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support measures. […] Healthcare providers treat the conditions underlying cause and symptoms. Most people with encephalitis are treated in the hospital so providers can monitor their symptoms and move quickly if symptoms get worse. Treatments include: […] Antiseizure medication: Treatment to manage seizures that autoimmune encephalitis can cause. […] Antiviral medications: Providers often treat all viral encephalitis with acyclovir (Zovirax). […] Breathing assistance: People with severe encephalitis may need supplemental oxygen or support from a ventilator (mechanical ventilation).

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/treatment/

  If there’s no treatment for the underlying cause, treatment is given to support the body, relieve symptoms, and allow the best chance of recovery. […] Most people need treatment to relieve these symptoms and to support certain bodily functions until they’re feeling better. […] This may involve: fluids given into a vein to prevent dehydration; painkillers to reduce discomfort or a high temperature; medicine to control seizures or fits; medicine to help the person relax if they’re very agitated; oxygen given through a face mask to support the lungs sometimes a machine called a ventilator may be used to control breathing; medicine to prevent a build-up of pressure inside the skull. […] Occasionally, surgery to remove a small piece of the skull may be needed if the pressure inside increases and medicine is not helping.

• #2 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-encephalitis-basics

  Once you have been treated for encephalopathy and the inflammation is gone, you may still need some treatment and support to continue your recovery. Some people need help such as: physical therapy to help regain your muscle strength to stand, walk, or perform regular tasks, occupational therapy (OT), which often works hand in hand with physical therapy, speech therapy, which helps you regain or fine-tune your ability to speak or communicate clearly, brain rehabilitation or retraining, which helps you improve your memory and your cognition, psychotherapy, which helps you learn how to cope with changes in your life and manage your moods and behavior.

• #2 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  Physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy may be very helpful to improve recovery and may be started in hospital and sometimes continued in rehabilitation centers. […] Starting treatment early seems to decrease long-term complications and the risk of relapse, as well as lead to faster recovery. […] Many patients need medications to help with behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of AE and they are an important part of AE treatment. […] It may be helpful for patients with AE to have a psychiatrist on their treatment team to discuss the different reasoning, risks and benefits of available psychiatric medications. […] After initial diagnosis and treatments, both adults and children with AE enter the period of ongoing treatment and recovery. […] This is a challenging stage of disease for patients with slow recoveries and those with major behavioral changes or psychiatric symptoms. […] Close follow-up with health care providers is important since changes in treatments may be needed.

• #2 Encephalitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/encephalitis.html

  Most people with encephalitis will need treatment in the hospital. Depending on the cause, treatments may include antiviral medicines, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and other medicines. […] For some types of encephalitis, there is no medicine to treat it. But rest, nutrition, and fluids can help your body fight the infection and relieve symptoms. […] Some people may need physical, speech, and occupational therapy once the illness is under control.

• #2 5 Effective Treatments for Managing Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://ameripharmaspecialty.com/autoimmune-treatment/5-effective-treatments-for-managing-autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Fortunately, there are several long-term treatment options for autoimmune encephalitis. Here, we will explore five autoimmune encephalitis treatments that have been proven effective by studies and patients. […] After diagnosis, your doctor can decide which long-term treatment for autoimmune encephalitis is best for you. Here are five of the most effective treatments for AIE. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a first-line therapy for autoimmune encephalitis. IVIG infusion treatment involves administering a concentrated dose of antibodies extracted from healthy donated blood plasma to AIE patients. […] Another long-term treatment for autoimmune encephalitis is plasmapheresis (plasma exchange). This technique involves removing and replacing the person’s plasma to eliminate harmful antibodies and inflammatory substances.

• #2 Encephalitis causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment – TeleMed2U

  https://www.telemed2u.com/neurology/encephalitis

  Prompt treatment of the underlying cause of your encephalitis is essential to survive encephalitis. Treatment is sometimes started before a definite cause is found. You should seek immediate medical care if you have a severe headache, fever, and altered consciousness. You may be admitted to a hospitals intensive care unit to monitor you for seizures, brain swelling, heart rhythm changes or respiratory failure. […] Your treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause, your symptoms and how long you’ve had symptoms. […] Mild encephalitis may be treated with bed rest, plenty of fluids, and anti-inflammatory medications such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen sodium for headache and fever. Mild cases of encephalitis are usually short and result in a full recovery. […] More serious cases may require these treatments: antiviral medications, antibiotics, seizure control medications, immunotherapy (steroids, intravenous antibodies, or plasma exchange) for some types of autoimmune encephalitis, if the patient has lost consciousness, a breathing tube, urinary catheter, or feeding tube may be necessary, sometimes a patient is placed in a temporary, induced coma to shut down the brain and allow time to recover from the swelling.

• #2 Recovering from Encephalitis: Ways and Key Factors

  https://lonestarneurology.net/others/recovering-from-encephalitis/

  You can discuss with your doctor the rehabilitation program and the profile of specialists to be involved. […] When recovering from encephalitis, it is essential to remain in bed, as the disease puts an increased strain on the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and other systems of the body. […] Diet plays a significant role in everyday life. […] The first thing to remember is that nutrition and drinking habits are vital to recovering from encephalitis. […] Its significant to give people the correct and current information about the disease and its effects, recovery, and autoimmune encephalitis life expectancy. […] The absence of medical treatment leads to a progressive deterioration to complete personal degradation. But if you help the person in time, you can avoid encephalitis with minimal after effects.

• #2 Encephalitis: Cause of Inflammation, Effects, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/encephalitis-8401276

  Types of rehabilitation from encephalitis include: Speech therapy, Cognitive therapy, Physical therapy, Occupational therapy, Swallow evaluation and therapy, Counseling. […] Long-term effects of encephalitis may include a decline in physical or cognitive abilities, vision changes, epilepsy, or hydrocephalus (excess fluid in the brain). […] Complications of encephalitis: Learning challenges, Cognitive decline, Weakness or coordination difficulties, Vision changes, Epilepsy, Hydrocephalus.

• #2 Acute encephalitis – diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6303463/

  The available evidence suggests that early treatment improves outcome, and that, if initial therapy is ineffective, second-line therapy with more potent agents is beneficial. […] Intravenous aciclovir is a life-saving treatment in HSV encephalitis and has reduced mortality from above 70% to around 10-20%. […] If the HSV PCR is still positive, aciclovir should be continued with repeat LP every week until the PCR is negative. […] The care of patients with encephalitis is challenging for nursing staff. […] Access to neuropsychology services can be invaluable in assisting with memory difficulties and other psychological changes in encephalitis. […] The optimal management of autoimmune encephalitis is still unclear.

• #3 Encephalitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/encephalitis.html

  Most people with encephalitis will need treatment in the hospital. Depending on the cause, treatments may include antiviral medicines, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and other medicines. […] For some types of encephalitis, there is no medicine to treat it. But rest, nutrition, and fluids can help your body fight the infection and relieve symptoms. […] Some people may need physical, speech, and occupational therapy once the illness is under control.

• #3 Encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142

  Treatment for mild encephalitis usually consists of: Bed rest. Plenty of fluids. Anti-inflammatory medicines such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) to relieve headaches and fevers. […] Encephalitis caused by certain viruses usually requires antiviral treatment. Antiviral medicines commonly used to treat encephalitis include: Acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig). Ganciclovir. Foscarnet (Foscavir). […] If the tests show an autoimmune cause of encephalitis, then medicines that target your immune system, known as immunomodulatory medicines, or other treatments may be started. These may include: Intravenous or oral corticosteroids. Intravenous immunoglobulin. Plasma exchange. […] Some people with autoimmune encephalitis need long-term treatment with immunosuppressive medicines. These may include azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), rituximab (Rituxan) or tocilizumab (Actemra).

• #3 Viral encephalitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/viral-encephalitis

  Viral encephalitis is a serious medical condition. Although there are no specific medications to treat it, people with symptoms are often given the antiviral medication acyclovir (Zovirax). It works against herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses. […] Treatment includes careful observation and rest, proper nutrition, and fluids, to allow the body to fight the infection. You should always see your doctor if you have symptoms of encephalitis. Do not try to treat it yourself. […] Medications used to treat viral encephalitis include: Acyclovir (Zovirax) — treats encephalitis caused by HSV, VZV, and EBV; Ganciclovir (Cytovene) — treats encephalitis caused by cytomegalovirus and HSV1; Anticonvulsant medications — prevent and treat seizures that may happen with encephalitis. […] A study of a small number of people with complications from encephalitis suggests that acupuncture on the scalp may reduce severe complications and symptoms. Some practitioners believe that scalp acupuncture works for people with encephalitis because all meridians converge at the head and the method can stimulate and regulate qi (energy) throughout the entire body. More research is needed.

• #3 Encephalitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791896-treatment

  In the prehospital setting, evaluate and treat for shock or hypotension. Administer crystalloid infusion in patients with evidence of circulatory compromise. Consider airway protection in patients with an altered mental status. Seizure precautions are indicated. Treat seizures according to usual protocols (ie, lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg given intravenously [IV]). All patients should receive oxygen and have intravenous access secured en route to the emergency department (ED). […] With the important exceptions of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and varicella-zoster encephalitis, the viral encephalitides are not treatable beyond supportive care. Treatments for T gondii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis are available but generally not initiated in the ED. […] The goal of treatment for acutely ill patients is administration of the first dose or doses of acyclovir, with or without antibiotics or steroids, as quickly as possible.

• #3 Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/encephalitis-pro

  Encephalitis treatment […] Treatment of HSV encephalitis with aciclovir dramatically improves outcome, but the optimal management of autoimmune encephalitis is still uncertain. […] […] Urgent hospital admission. […] […] Immediate parenteral antibiotics for possible diagnosis of meningitis. Intravenous or intramuscular benzylpenicillin should be given as long as the patient is not allergic to penicillins. […] […] In any case of possible encephalitis, prompt treatment with aciclovir by intravenous infusion, to cover herpes simplex. Aciclovir can be life-saving but must be started immediately if the diagnosis is suspected. Aciclovir has been shown to greatly improve the prognosis if given before coma develops but any delay in starting treatment leads to a much worse prognosis. […]

• #3 Encephalitis: Symptoms, causes, risks, treatment, diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168997

  Treatment for encephalitis focuses on treating underlying causes and alleviating symptoms. […] Treatment options include: […] Corticosteroids: Doctors may recommend steroid injections to reduce inflammation in the brain. […] Antiviral medication: In cases of viral encephalitis, antiviral medications can treat the root cause of the condition. […] Antibiotics: Antibiotics can treat bacterial infections that may cause encephalitis. […] Antifungal medications: In cases of fungal encephalitis, antifungal medications can help. […] Anticonvulsants: If encephalitis is causing seizures, these medications can reduce convulsions. […] Surgery: If doctors determine that a tumor or other growth caused encephalitis, they may perform surgery to remove it. […] Immunoglobulin therapy: During immunoglobulin therapy, a doctor will administer a solution containing a large number of antibodies from donated blood. This is often an IV administration. […] Therapeutic plasma exchange: This process removes blood from the body and filters out antibodies to help prevent them from attacking the body. A doctor then replaces the person’s blood with albumin or donated blood. Albumin is a protein the liver creates.

• #3 Autoimmune Encephalitis: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is treatable with immunosuppressant medications. […] The main treatment goals for autoimmune encephalitis include immunosuppression and tumor removal (if applicable). […] First-line therapy works to decrease brain inflammation. It includes corticosteroids, IV immunoglobulins, and plasmapheresis. […] If this therapy isn’t effective, the next treatment options include rituximab (a monoclonal antibody injection) and cyclophosphamide (a chemotherapy medication). […] If you have a tumor, your healthcare team will recommend surgically removing it and/or chemotherapy. This helps speed up the improvement of AE. […] You may need additional medications to manage the symptoms of AE, including antiseizure medications to reduce or prevent seizures, medications that manage anxiety and depression, like antidepressants and anxiolytics, and antipsychotic medications if you’re experiencing psychosis.

• #3 Treatment Of Autommune Encephalitis | Immunotherapy Treatment

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/treatment/

  The treatment of patients should be multidisciplinary and involve neurologists, as well as neuroimmunologists, oncologists, rheumatologists, and psychiatrists. Autoimmune Encephalitis is treated with immunotherapy. Immunotherapy slows down the over-excited immune system. By slowing down the immune system it slows down the process the immune system is engaging in, which is creating the foreign antibodies that are attacking healthy brain cells. Suppressing the immune system attempts to stop the attack that is occurring. […] There is no uniform standard immunotherapy. Initially, high dose steroids are used to slow down the immune system and bring down the inflammation in the brain in a broad way. Many patients experience the return of mental clarity after their initial 3-5 days of one gram IV Solumedrol. However, treatment for autoimmune encephalitis is a marathon and not a sprint as treatment is on-going and usually involves several combinations of treatment in the protocol.

• #3 Treatment Of Autommune Encephalitis | Immunotherapy Treatment

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/treatment/

  Treatment of autoimmune encephalitis is currently based on expert opinion and experience. Randomized controlled trials are needed to establish best practice and standards of care for these conditions. […] Many forms of autoimmune encephalitis are paraneoplastic, and each of these conveys a distinct risk profile for various tumors. Tumor screening and, if necessary, tumor removal is essential to proper management of treatment.

• #3 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  PLEX (5-10 sessions every other day) is an effective option for acute immunomodulation when corticosteroids are contraindicated or ineffective. […] If there is no meaningful clinical or radiological response to optimised first-line therapy after 24 weeks, the addition of a second-line agent with both rapid and sustained immunosuppressive effects can improve the outcome. […] On the AEACN survey, 50% of responders indicated they would consider adding a second-line agent in the acute setting only if there was no response to more than one first-line agent, 32% indicated adding a second-line agent if there was no response to one first-line agent, while only 15% indicated using a second-line agent in the acute setting on all patients regardless of the response to first-line therapy.

• #3 Treatment Of Autommune Encephalitis | Immunotherapy Treatment

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/treatment/

  Treatment should begin swiftly. Immunotherapy treatment is the combination of treatments that include first-line therapies: Steroids, IVIG, Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis), and resection of any underlying tumor are of primary importance. Second-line therapies: Rituxamab/Rituxan, Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) Those who remain refractory to first and second line treatment have benefited from Third-line/experimental treatments: IL6 blockade (tocilizumab) or plasma cell-specific therapy (proteasome inhibitors) or bortezomib, a treatment that depletes plasma cells. This is followed in many cases by steroid-sparing agents such as Cellcept or Azathioprine in the long term. The fact that patients who receive second-line immunotherapies have fewer relapses, is leading many physicians to use rituximab initially as a first-line treatment.

• #3 Autoimmune Encephalitis: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/autoimmune-encephalitis

  The effectiveness of treatment for AE varies from case to case. Some people with AE respond very quickly to the first medications they receive within days. Others will need treatment that lasts for weeks or months. […] In general, getting treatment early in the course of autoimmune encephalitis tends to decrease your risk of long-term complications and relapse. […] Autoimmune encephalitis generally responds well to treatment and goes away. But this can take a long time for some people. AE can also relapse (come back), especially if you have cancer that’s not responding to treatment.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-024-00786-7

  The decision to start maintenance immunotherapy is still debated among experts. […] Current international consensus recommendations for treatment of NMDARE based on expert opinion recommend a similar treatment approach in both relapsing and refractory disease. […] Several studies suggest that a lower relapse rate is observed in patients who receive earlier second-line treatment. […] A more recent study using a survival model demonstrated that rituximab treatment during the initial attack reduces the risk of relapse by 51%. […] In the pediatric population, rituximab was associated with a reduced hazard ratio of 0.30 for time to first relapse after adjusting for age of onset, sex and presence of tumor. […] Treatment outcomes in pediatric cohorts are largely published in the context of anti-NMDARE. […] While there is strong data to support early immunotherapy to improve clinical outcomes, there is less data on long-term management and treatment strategies to reduce the risk for relapsing disease.

• #3 Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6058-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is brain inflammation (swelling). Treatment varies, but most people require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support. […] Treatment varies depending on the cause, but most people with encephalitis require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support measures. […] Healthcare providers treat the conditions underlying cause and symptoms. Most people with encephalitis are treated in the hospital so providers can monitor their symptoms and move quickly if symptoms get worse. Treatments include: […] Antiseizure medication: Treatment to manage seizures that autoimmune encephalitis can cause. […] Antiviral medications: Providers often treat all viral encephalitis with acyclovir (Zovirax). […] Breathing assistance: People with severe encephalitis may need supplemental oxygen or support from a ventilator (mechanical ventilation).

• #3

  https://zana.com/a/encephalitis-treatment.1705

  medication to help the person relax if they’re very agitated […] oxygen given through a face mask to support the lungs sometimes a machine called a ventilator may be used to control breathing […] medication to prevent a build-up of pressure inside the skull. […] Occasionally, surgery to remove a small piece of the skull may be needed if the pressure inside increases and medication isn’t helping.

• #3 Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6058-encephalitis

  Corticosteroids: Both viral and autoimmune encephalitis cause brain inflammation or swelling that puts pressure on your brain. Steroids help to reduce swelling and brain pressure. […] Enteral nutrition: Severe encephalitis may cause unconsciousness. Enteral nutrition (tube feeding) supports nutrition when you arent conscious. […] Immune globulin: This medication treats autoimmune encephalitis. […] Intravenous (IV) fluids: This is supportive care to prevent dehydration. […] Mental health support: Encephalitis may cause memory issues and personality changes. Working with a clinical psychologist may help. […] Physical therapy: The condition may affect balance. Physical therapy may help you develop coping strategies. […] Plasmapheresis: This is autoimmune encephalitis treatment. […] Speech therapy: Encephalitis may cause neurological issues that affect speech.

• #3 Encephalitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/encephalitis

  Corticosteroids can reduce brain swelling. […] Once the acute illness, which normally lasts for 1 to 2 weeks, is under control, comprehensive rehabilitation should include cognitive rehabilitation and physical, speech, and occupational therapy if brain function is severely affected. […] The outlook for people with encephalitis generally depends on the type of encephalitis, the severity of the illness, and how quickly the person gets treatment. […] In more serious cases, the disease can cause hearing and/or speech loss, blindness, permanent brain and nerve damage, behavioral changes, cognitive disabilities, lack of muscle control, seizures, memory loss, or death. People with serious cases of encephalitis may need long-term therapy, medication, and supportive care.

• #3 Encephalitis causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment – TeleMed2U

  https://www.telemed2u.com/neurology/encephalitis

  Treatment for complications may require additional therapy. The brain takes much longer to recover from an injury than any other part of the body. Recovery can be a long and slow process and should not be rushed. It may require: physical therapy to improve strength, flexibility, balance, motor coordination and mobility, occupational therapy to learn new skills, habits and strategies to cope with your remaining deficits, speech therapy to relearn muscle control and coordination to produce speech, psychotherapy to learn coping strategies and new behavioral skills to improve mood disorders or address personality changes. […] Encephalitis can be an invisible disability which affects not only the patient but their whole family. Emotional support for the whole family may be needed.

• #3 Encephalitis Rehabilitation – NewGait

  https://thenewgait.com/blog/encephalitis-rehabilitation/

  If a patient is struggling with a more severe type of encephalitis, they may have difficulty concentrating, planning, speaking, and remembering. […] These issues will also be apparent through occupational therapy and speech-language therapy. The neuropsychologist may determine why the patient is struggling and provide valuable information for the team. […] The rehabilitation team for encephalitis patients may involve both psychiatrists and psychologists. […] Psychiatrists play a crucial role in the diagnosis of encephalitis as the condition directly affects the brain and its functions. […] Besides the diagnosis, psychiatrists can also aid in encephalitis rehabilitation. Encephalitis patients may require various forms of treatment, including pharmacological solutions and non-pharmacological therapies.

• #3 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-encephalitis-basics

  Most people who have mild encephalitis fully recover. Your treatment and chance of recovery depend on the cause and severity of your inflammation. […] Because the complications from encephalitis can be serious, you may need to go to the hospital. You will usually need monitoring for your blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. You will also usually need IV fluid therapy to help keep your brain from swelling more. […] Some common treatments include: steroids that can help reduce swelling in your brain, antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir (Zovirax), Foscarnet (Foscavir), or Ganciclovir (Cytovene) for people who have viral encephalitis, antibiotics for people with bacterial encephalitis, anticonvulsant therapy for people with seizures, immune globulin and plasmapheresis for people with autoimmune encephalitis, over-the-counter medicines, such as acetaminophen, that can help control fever and headaches.

• #3 Encephalitis Recovery: Guidelines | Encephalitis International

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/recovery-from-encephalitis/guidelines-for-recovery/

  Recovery can be helped by a structured timetable where short period activities (physical and mental) are followed by rest. […] A healthy diet is beneficial for your recovery after encephalitis. […] It is important that the person affected and their family/carers know about this condition and its possible consequences and understand the impact it has on their lives. […] Medical intervention and treatments such as immunosuppressive drugs are crucial. […] The longer-term effects of encephalitis often include fatigue, headaches, trouble with concentration, sleep issues, memory problems, and shifts in mood. These challenges highlight the need for comprehensive medical care and support to help individuals manage symptoms and reclaim a fulfilling life. […] If you are struggling, support from family and friends, referral to professionals and making sure that you have all the financial/social help you are entitled to might make all the difference.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/treatment/

  Encephalitis needs to be treated urgently. Treatment involves tackling the underlying cause, relieving symptoms and supporting bodily functions. […] It’s treated in hospital usually in an intensive care unit (ICU), which is for people who are very ill and need extra care. […] If a cause of encephalitis is found, treatment will start straight away. […] Possible treatments include: antiviral medicine used if encephalitis is caused by the herpes simplex or chickenpox viruses; it’s usually given into a vein three times a day for 2 to 3 weeks; steroid injections used if encephalitis is caused by a problem with the immune system and sometimes in cases linked to the chickenpox virus; treatment is usually for a few days; immunoglobulin therapy medicine that helps control the immune system; plasmapheresis a procedure which removes the substances that are attacking the brain from the blood; surgery to remove abnormal growths (tumours) if encephalitis was triggered by a tumour somewhere in the body; antibiotics or antifungal medicine used if encephalitis is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.

• #3 Encephalitis Rehabilitation – NewGait

  https://thenewgait.com/blog/encephalitis-rehabilitation/

  Encephalitis rehabilitation involves heavy treatments and intensive care from the beginning of the recovery process. Recovery time differs from person to person. Some patients may recover within a few years, others may take a lifetime. […] In any case, rehabilitation is a crucial step after diagnosis. It is possible that the patient may not recover in a short time. Specific treatments may need to persist for a more extended period to be practical and helpful for the patient. […] The rehabilitation goals for encephalitis patients will involve building habits and systems. There will also be the use of aids that will compensate for their condition. The patients will be taught techniques and strategies that will aid them in carrying on their daily life and completing everyday tasks. […] Rehabilitation may begin from the center or hospital, but it must be continued to the patient’s regular life and home as well. Some may find it hard to readjust to their daily life. Rehabilitation needs to focus on practical issues and procedures they can translate into their everyday life.

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