Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Encephalitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136

  Encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, or by immune cells mistakenly attacking the brain. Viruses that can lead to encephalitis can be spread by insects such as mosquitos and ticks. […] In about half of patients, the exact cause of encephalitis is not known. In those for whom a cause is found, there are two main types of encephalitis: […] Infectious encephalitis. This condition usually occurs when a virus infects the brain. The infection may affect one area or be widespread. Viruses are the most common causes of infectious encephalitis, including some that can be passed by mosquitoes or ticks. Very rarely, encephalitis may be caused by bacteria, fungus or parasites. […] Autoimmune encephalitis. This condition occurs when your own immune cells mistakenly attack the brain or make antibodies targeting proteins and receptors in the brain. The exact reason why this happens is not completely understood. Sometimes autoimmune encephalitis can be triggered by cancerous or noncancerous tumors, known as paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. Other types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) can be triggered by an infection in the body. This is known as post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis. In many instances, no trigger for the immune response is found.

• #1 Encephalitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/encephalitis

  Inflammation in the brain and spinal cord can be caused by infections such as viruses. Encephalitis can also be autoimmune when antibodies can attack brain cells. Infectious encephalitis is caused either by an infection invading the brain or a reactivation of a previous infection that damages the brain. Encephalitis can also arise when a virus or vaccine triggers a reaction that makes the immune system attack health brain tissue by mistake. This is referred to as autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmune encephalitis can also be triggered by tumors or be primary. Although rare, there have been cases of post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis (where it is triggered by an initial response to an infectious agent). […] Infectious causes of encephalitis include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. For some people, environmental exposure (such as a parasite), recent travel, or an immunocompromised state (such as HIV, diabetes, steroids, or chemotherapy treatment) are important risk factors.

• #1 Viral Encephalitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470162/

  Viral encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by a virus. It is the most common type of encephalitis and often coexists with viral meningitis. […] Infectious encephalitis can be viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or helminthic in etiology. The etiology of many cases of encephalitis remains unknown despite extensive workup. Viruses are the most prevalent identified cause, accounting for about 70% of confirmed cases of encephalitis. In the United States, the most common causes of viral encephalitis are herpes simplex virus (HSV), West Nile virus, and the enteroviruses. Some of the other viral etiologic agents include varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus type 6 and 7, measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, St. Louis virus, eastern equine virus, western equine virus, dengue virus, and rabies virus. […] The transmission to the brain is via hematogeneous spread. […] In the US, herpes simplex is the most common cause of encephalitis. Individuals who work in the warm humid environments are at risk for arboviruses because of the presence of mosquitoes.

• #1 Encephalitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234159-overview

  Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, presents as diffuse and/or focal neuropsychological dysfunction. Although bacterial, fungal, and autoimmune disorders can produce encephalitis, most cases are viral in origin. The cause of encephalitis is usually infectious in nature. Viral agents, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), measles virus, mumps virus, and rubella virus, are spread through person-to-person contact. Human herpesvirus 6 may also be a causative agent. The CDC has confirmed that West Nile virus (WNV) can be transmitted by means of organ transplantation and via blood transfusions. […] Important animal vectors include mosquitoes and ticks, which spread the arbovirus group, and warm-blooded mammals, which are vectors for rabies and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM). […] Noninfectious causes include the demyelinating process in acute disseminated encephalitis.

• #1 Encephalitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  Encephalitis can also occur as a late reactivation of latent or subclinical viral infection. […] Encephalitis can occur as a secondary immunologic complication of certain viral infections or vaccinations. […] The most common causes of this complication used to be measles, rubella, chickenpox, and mumps (all now uncommon because childhood vaccination is widespread); smallpox vaccine; and live-virus vaccines (eg, the older rabies vaccines prepared from sheep or goat brain). […] In the United States, most cases now result from influenza A or B virus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (1), herpes viruses (2), hepatitis A or hepatitis B virus, or HIV. […] Rarely, apparent encephalitis has developed in patients with COVID-19, caused by the novel pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2); the mechanism is not clear, but an immunologic contribution to the mechanism of apparent encephalitis is possible (2).

• #1 Viral encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_encephalitis

  Viral encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, called encephalitis, by a virus. The different forms of viral encephalitis are called viral encephalitides. Many viruses are capable of causing encephalitis during infection, including: Borna virus, California encephalitis virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, Cytomegalovirus, Dengue virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus, HIV, Human herpesvirus 6, Human herpesvirus 7, Influenza viruses, Inkoo virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, La Crosse virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Nipah virus, Powassan virus, Rabies virus, Rubella virus, SARS-CoV-2, Snowshoe hare virus, St. Louis virus, Tahyna virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Varicella-zoster virus, which causes both chickenpox and shingles, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Zika virus.

• #1 Viral Encephalitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/ID/VrlEncphlts.htm

  Causes: Viral (most cases) […] Causative organism identified in only half of cases […] Common […] Enterovirus Meningitis (50.9% of all Meningitis cases in adults) […] Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (8.3% of all Meningitis cases in adults, Very poor prognosis) […] Varicella Zoster Virus (15% of cases) […] Arbovirus (1.1% of all Meningitis causes in adults) […] Eastern Equine Encephalitis (70-90% poor prognosis) […] Western equine Encephalitis (2-20% poor prognosis) […] St. Louis Encephalitis (2-20% poor prognosis) […] Powassan Encephalitis (Tick Borne Illness, 50% with Cognitive Impairment, 10-15% mortality) […] California Encephalitis (generally benign) […] Venezuelan equine Encephalitis (generally benign) […] West Nile Virus Encephalitis (severe in elderly)

• #1 Viral encephalitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/viral-encephalitis

  Viral encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain caused by a virus. […] Other micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi and parasites, are capable of triggering encephalitis, but viruses particularly the group known as enteroviruses are the leading cause. […] Some of the viruses that are capable of causing encephalitis include: enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus, poliovirus and echovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, rubella, measles, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and Kunjin virus, Japanese encephalitis virus. […] There is evidence to suggest that some cases of viral encephalitis are caused by a dormant viral infection (such as herpes simplex virus) becoming active again. […] Both the infection and the attempts of the body to fight the infection are responsible for the symptoms of viral encephalitis.

• #1 Encephalitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/encephalitis

  Most diagnosed cases in the U.S. are caused by: Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Arboviruses (such as the West Nile Virus), which are transmitted from infected animals to humans through the bite of an infected tick, mosquito, or other blood-sucking insect, Enteroviruses, a very common type of virus that mostly causes mild illness or respiratory infection and usually occurs in the summer and fall. […] Autoimmune encephalitis refers to a group of conditions that occur when the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks healthy brain cells, leading to inflammation of the brain. Some cases of autoimmune encephalitis are caused by certain medications or an autoimmune or rheumatological disorder that may in some instances be triggered by an initial response to an infection (post-infectious), such as post-herpetic NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis or anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, or by a cancereven one that is microscopic and cannot be found (so-called paraneoplastic neurological syndromes).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries with an estimated 100 000 clinical cases every year. […] JEV is transmitted to humans through bites from infected mosquitoes of the Culex species (mainly Culex tritaeniorhynchus). […] The virus exists in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes, pigs and/or water birds (enzootic cycle). […] In endemic areas, there is little evidence to support a reduction in JE disease burden from interventions other than the vaccination of humans.

• #1 Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/encephalitis-pro

  Other viral causes include CMV, adenovirus, influenza virus, poliovirus, rubella, rabies, arbovirus (eg, California virus, Japanese B encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, Eastern and Western equine encephalitis), reovirus (Colorado tick fever virus) and parvovirus B19. […] Bacterial causes: tuberculosis (TB), mycoplasma, listeria, Lyme disease, Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever), leptospira, brucella, legionella, neurosyphilis, all causes of bacterial meningitis. […] Tick-borne encephalitis is a rapidly growing public health problem in Europe and other parts of the world. It is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the family Flaviviridae. […] Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is caused by infection from an amoeba such as Naegleria fowleri or Balamuthia mandrillaris.

• #1 Encephalitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/encephalitis

  The viruses that can cause encephalitis include: Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2 can cause encephalitis. […] Other herpes viruses. These include the Epstein-Barr virus, which commonly causes infectious mononucleosis, and the varicella-zoster virus, which commonly causes chickenpox and shingles. […] Enteroviruses. These viruses include the poliovirus and the coxsackievirus, which usually cause an illness with flu-like symptoms, eye inflammation and abdominal pain. […] Mosquito-borne viruses. These viruses can cause infections such as West Nile, La Crosse, St. Louis, western equine and eastern equine encephalitis. […] Tick-borne viruses. The Powassan virus is carried by ticks and causes encephalitis in the Midwestern United States. […] Rabies virus. Infection with the rabies virus, which is usually transmitted by a bite from an infected animal, causes a rapid progression to encephalitis once symptoms begin. Rabies is a rare cause of encephalitis in the United States.

• #1 Viral encephalitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/viral-encephalitis

  Adenoviruses typically cause respiratory or eye infections but, in rare cases, can cause encephalitis as well. The risk is greatest for people who have weakened immune systems. […] Enteroviruses consist of a large group of viruses (including coxsackieviruses) that enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract and are often responsible for a „stomach flu.” They account for only a small percentage of viral encephalitis cases, especially in children.

• #1 Encephalitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/encephalitis.html

  Other viruses that can cause encephalitis include several related viruses: varicella-zoster virus (the cause of chickenpox and shingles), cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis) and human herpesvirus-6 (a cause of transient encephalitis in very young children). […] HIV also can cause encephalitis, particularly in the early stages of infection. […] Other viruses that cause encephalitis are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. […] Arboviruses are indirectly transmitted from animals and birds to humans by insects, especially mosquitoes and ticks. […] The West Nile virus is an arbovirus that commonly infects birds. […] Arboviruses that can infect horses are called equine viruses, such as Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE or triple E).

• #1 Encephalitis | Description, Cause, Symptoms, & Epidemics | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/encephalitis

  Encephalitis is most often caused by an infectious organism, though it is sometimes caused by noninfective agents, including chemicals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury. […] Although encephalitis can be produced by many different types of organisms, such as bacteria, protozoans, and helminths (worms), the most frequent causal agents are viruses. […] The encephalitis-producing viruses are divided into two groups: (1) those that invade the body and produce no damage until they are carried by the bloodstream to neurons in the brain (e.g., the rabies and arthropod-borne viruses) and (2) those that invade the body and first injure nonnervous tissues and then secondarily invade brain cells (e.g., the viruses causing herpes simplex, herpes zoster, dengue, acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS], and yellow fever).

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an uncommon but serious condition in which the brain becomes inflamed (swollen). […] It’s not always clear what causes encephalitis, but it can be caused by: […] viral infections very rarely, encephalitis may be caused by the common viruses that causes cold sores (herpes simplex) or chickenpox (herpes varicella) spreading to the brain […] a problem with the immune system, the body’s defence against infection sometimes something goes wrong with the immune system and it mistakenly attacks the brain, causing it to become inflamed […] bacterial or fungal infections these are much rarer causes of encephalitis than viral infections. […] Some types of encephalitis are spread by mosquitoes (such as Japanese encephalitis), ticks (such as tick-borne encephalitis) and mammals (such as rabies).

• #1 Encephalitis Overview: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://lonestarneurology.net/others/encephalitis/

  Other viruses that can cause encephalitis include: Enteroviruses, Adenoviruses, Mumps virus, Measles virus, Rabies virus. […] Bacterial infections in the brain that can cause encephalitis include: Lyme disease, Syphilis, Tuberculosis. […] Fungal infections that can cause inflammation of the brain include: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis. […] Most often, the above bacteria can infect a person with encephalitis during sexual contact, contact with the saliva or mucus of an infected person, contact with a rash, and in almost all cases, all of these above viruses can be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth.

• #1 Viral Encephalitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/ID/VrlEncphlts.htm

  Japanese Encephalitis (severe disease is uncommon, but 30% mortality when it occurs) […] Limited to travelers to rural and periurban Southeast Asia, Western Pacific […] Uncommon […] Parvovirus B19 […] Epstein-Barr Virus […] Influenza […] Rabies (rare in U.S.) […] Immunocompromised […] Cytomegalovirus (AIDS) […] Causes: Other non-viral (uncommon) […] Bacterial causes […] Tuberculosis (15% of cases) […] Listeria (10% of cases) […] Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) […] Bartonella Henselae (Cat Scratch Disease) […] Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) […] Mycoplasma pneumoniae […] Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) […] Fungal causes […] Cryptococcus […] Coccidioides […] Histoplasma […] Parasitic causes […] Taenia solium (Cysticercosis) […] Plasmodium Falciparum (Malaria) […] Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) […] Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease) […] Miscellaneous causes […] NMDA Encephalitis (very common in age 30 years old)

• #1 Encephalitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is the inflammation of brain parenchyma with neurological dysfunction. Infectious encephalitis is caused by viral (most common), bacterial, parasitic, or fungal pathogens. […] Autoimmune encephalitis is associated with the production of autoantibodies to neuronal antigens and is often paraneoplastic. […] Viral encephalitis is the most common type of infectious encephalitis. […] Bacterial encephalitis may be a primary infection or secondary to extracerebral bacterial infection. […] Fungal encephalitis is caused by pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides spp., and Histoplasma capsulatum. […] Parasitic encephalitis can be caused by Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, and Naegleria fowleri. […] Risk factors for infectious encephalitis include travel to endemic areas, contact with vector animals and insects, and underimmunization. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can be classified by etiology, serological findings, or affected anatomic region. […] Most often paraneoplastic: associated with SCLC (most common), breast cancer, testicular cancer.

• #1 Encephalitis: Brain Inflammation Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://ckbirlahospitals.com/cmri/blog/encephalitis-meaning

  When the body’s immune system accidentally targets healthy brain cells, encephalitis occurs. Antibodies targeting particular proteins in the brain are formed in conditions like autoimmune encephalitis, which results in inflammation. […] They can cause encephalitis. Inflammation is caused by brain infections caused by parasites such as Baylisascaris procyonis and Toxoplasma gondii. […] Fungus-induced encephalitis targets people with weak immune systems. Fungi causing encephalitis include Aspergillus species and Cryptococcus neoformans. […] Encephalitis occurs from an inflammatory response in the brain caused by exposure to particular chemicals, allergens, or environmental toxins. […] Following a bacterial or viral infection, encephalitis usually occurs as a complication. After beating the usual infection, the immune system proceeds to target the brain tissues, causing inflammation. […] Encephalitis is a fallout of certain vaccinations. This is a very uncommon occurrence that needs to be weighed against the generally enormous benefits of vaccination over the risks.

• #1 Encephalitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/encephalitis

  Encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, or by immune cells mistakenly attacking the brain. Viruses that can lead to encephalitis can be spread by insects such as mosquitos and ticks. […] In about half of patients, the exact cause of encephalitis is not known. […] In those for whom a cause is found, there are two main types of encephalitis: Infectious encephalitis. This condition usually occurs when a virus infects the brain. The infection may affect one area or be widespread. Viruses are the most common causes of infectious encephalitis, including some that can be passed by mosquitoes or ticks. Very rarely, encephalitis may be caused by bacteria, fungus or parasites. […] Autoimmune encephalitis. This condition occurs when your own immune cells mistakenly attack the brain or make antibodies targeting proteins and receptors in the brain. The exact reason why this happens is not completely understood. Sometimes autoimmune encephalitis can be triggered by cancerous or noncancerous tumors, known as paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. Other types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) can be triggered by an infection in the body. This is known as post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis. In many instances, no trigger for the immune response is found.

• #1 Autoimmune encephalitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20576380

  Autoimmune encephalitis causes are not known. Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy brain cells. […] AE may be triggered by: […] Certain cancers. When this happens, it’s known as paraneoplastic AE. […] Infections, such as from the herpes simplex virus. […] Certain medicines, such as monoclonal antibodies and medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant. […] Autoimmune encephalitis is more likely to occur in people who have an autoimmune disease or who have a strong family history of autoimmune disease.

• #1 Encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis

  Autoimmune encephalitis signs can include catatonia, psychosis, abnormal movements, and autonomic dysregulation. […] Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune form, and is accompanied by ovarian teratoma in 58 percent of affected women 1845 years of age. […] Another autoimmune cause includes acute disseminated encephalitis, a demyelinating disease which primarily affects children.

• #1 Encephalitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/encephalitis-7369234

  Encephalitis is usually classified based its underlying cause. […] Infectious encephalitis (IE) is the most common category. It includes brain inflammation caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. […] Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is another broad category of encephalitis. Your immune system, which regulates inflammation and protects your body from infection, gets abnormally activated. […] IE has historically been thought to be more common than AE. However, some researchers believe that autoimmune-type encephalitis syndromes are underdiagnosed and may be more common than IE. […] Encephalitis is most often caused by viruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV 2) is among the most common causes of encephalitis in the U.S. […] Rarely, encephalitis can develop as an immune complication of certain cancers like breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. This is sometimes called paraneoplastic encephalitis.

• #1 Encephalitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/encephalitis

  NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis or anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis occurs when the immune system makes antibodies that mistakenly attack proteins on the surface of nerve cells called NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins which identify and help remove viruses and bacteria. This type of encephalitis has become more common. It sometimes develops after encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus or a non-cancerous tumor which is thought to stimulate the production of NMDA receptor antibodies.

• #1 Encephalitis: Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/encephalitis

  Although the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine has a long history of being safe and effective, in rare cases it has caused encephalitis. Approximately 1 in 3 million children who receive the vaccine develop encephalitis. However, the statistics are much more striking for children who dont receive the vaccine. Rates of encephalitis in the days before routine vaccination reached as high as 1 in 1,000. In other words, encephalitis was roughly 3,000 times more common before vaccination was available.

• #1 What is encephalitis? Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Encephalitis International

  https://www.encephalitis.info/what-is-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It is caused either by an infection invading the brain (infectious encephalitis) or through the immune system attacking the brain in error (post-infectious or autoimmune encephalitis). […] The inflammation is caused either by an infection invading the brain (infectious encephalitis) or through the immune system attacking the brain in error (post-infectious or autoimmune encephalitis). […] Viruses are the most frequently identified cause of infectious encephalitis. […] Very rarely, bacteria, fungi or parasites can also cause encephalitis. […] Some types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are caused by infection in which case the term post-infectious encephalitis is used. […] Other forms of autoimmune encephalitis are associated with finding specific antibodies in blood such as anti-LGI1 and Caspr2, NMDA receptor, GAD, AMPAR, GABA antibodies.

• #1 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types, Viral EEE & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/encephalitis/article_em.htm

  Viral Infections Encephalitis is a general term for inflammation of the brain. It may be caused by a variety of different viral infections. […] There are many causes of encephalitis: viruses, bacteria, parasites, chemicals, and even autoimmune reactions. […] In clinical practice, most doctors consider encephalitis to be a viral illness. […] Major causes of viral encephalitis are herpesviruses and arboviruses. […] Although viruses are the most common source of infection, bacteria, fungi, parasites, chemicals, and autoimmune reactions (limbic encephalitis) can also be responsible for encephalitis. However, current data suggest that these are far less common than viral infections as causes of encephalitis. […] Herpes simplex (the virus causing cold sores) remains the most common virus involved in encephalitis in the United States and throughout the world.

• #1 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6092-rasmussens-encephalitis

  Rasmussens encephalitis may be an autoimmune condition that affects one side of your brain. […] Rasmussens encephalitis may be the result of an unknown virus entering your brain. However, researchers haven’t identified a specific virus despite careful studies of the affected brains.

• #1 Encephalitis Viral

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/encephalitis-viral.page

  Encephalitis, or swelling of the brain, is rare. There are several causes, but infection with a virus is the most common. […] Viral encephalitis may develop during or after an infection with any of several viruses, including: […] Viral encephalitis can occur in otherwise healthy persons. Young children, the elderly and those with a weak immune system are most vulnerable. […] The specific treatment is determined by the cause of the illness. […] The patient’s chance of recovery depends on the specific cause of the illness and the severity of the swelling in the brain and surrounding tissues and fluids.

• #1 Encephalitis – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/encephalitis-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  According to studies, viral encephalitis is less frequent than NMDAR-resistant encephalitis. […] The initial cases of NMDAR-resistant encephalitis were in young women with ovarian teratomas, although it can affect people of any age and of either sex. […] Encephalitis-causing viruses can be carried by ticks and mosquitoes. […] Encephalitis is more common in the summer and falls when these insects are most active. […] The statistics for kids who don’t get the vaccine, though, are even more startling. Before widespread vaccination, encephalitis cases were as high as 1 per 1,000. In other words, before vaccines were available, encephalitis was almost 3,000 times more common. […] Encephalitis-related complications can take the following forms: memory decline, changes in personality or behaviour, epilepsy, fatigue, physical fragility, cognitive impairment, insufficient muscular coordination, issues with vision, issues with hearing, problems speaking, coma, breathing difficulties, death. […] Encephalitis is a dangerous condition.

• #1 Japanese Encephalitis: Causes and How It Spreads | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/causes-and-spread/index.html

  Japanese encephalitis is caused by a virus primarily spread to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. […] Japanese encephalitis virus is maintained in the environment between mosquitoes and other animals, namely wading birds and pigs. […] Japanese encephalitis is caused by a virus that is found in Asia and the western Pacific. […] The virus belongs to a group of viruses called flaviviruses. […] Japanese encephalitis virus circulates in the environment between mosquitoes (primarily Culex species) and other animals, namely wading birds and pigs. […] People become infected with the virus when mosquitoes feed on other infected animals and then bite people. […] People are considered dead-end hosts meaning they do not develop high enough levels of virus in their bloodstream and cannot pass the virus on to other biting mosquitoes.

• #1 Viral encephalitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/viral-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, most commonly caused by a viral infection. The main causes of viral encephalitis are: […] The most common cause of encephalitis is infection by a virus. In very rare cases, encephalitis can also be caused by bacterial infection, protozoa, or as a complication from other infectious diseases. […] Many viruses can cause encephalitis. In the United States, the most common viral causes of encephalitis are arboviruses, herpes viruses, enteroviruses, and coxsackieviruses. […] The herpes virus family includes at least 8 distinct viruses that cause infections in humans. These viruses include the herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus (the cause of chickenpox and shingles), Epstein-Barr virus (the cause of mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus 6. Although any herpes virus can cause encephalitis, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of encephalitis.

• #1 Encephalitis: Symptoms, causes, risks, treatment, diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168997

  Encephalitis can develop due to a direct brain infection with a virus, bacteria, or fungus. It can also occur when the immune system responds to a past infection and the immune system mistakenly attacks brain tissue. […] There are three main categories of viruses that cause primary encephalitis: common viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus; childhood viruses, including measles and mumps; arboviruses, which spread through mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects. […] Secondary encephalitis is often a complication of a viral infection. Symptoms start to appear days or even weeks after the initial infection. The persons immune system treats healthy brain cells as foreign organisms and attacks them. It is not known why the immune system malfunctions in this way. […] In more than 60% of encephalitis cases, the exact cause of the illness is unknown.

• #1 Encephalitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/encephalitis-7369234

  Researchers are still learning how the body’s immune system gets abnormally activated in different types of AE. Many genetic and environmental factors may play a role. […] Cancer-related encephalitis may occur because the body’s natural immune response to fight cancer accidentally triggers inflammation and immune activation against the brain itself.

• #1 VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS: CAUSES, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/suppl_1/i10

  Encephalitis refers to an acute, usually diffuse, inflammatory process affecting the brain. An infection by a virus is the most common and important cause of encephalitis, although other organisms may sometimes cause an encephalitis. An encephalitic illness caused by alteration of normal immune function in the context of a previous viral infection or following vaccination is also well recognised (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ADEM). […] Among the factors which have helped to focus attention on viral encephalitis over the last few years have been: the development of effective antiviral agents for this condition, most notably acyclovir for herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) which is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 or HSV-2, the advent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with its wide range of associated acute viral infections, the recent recognition of emerging viral infections of the CNS such as West Nile encephalitis and Nipah virus encephalitis.

• #1 Encephalitis • LITFL • CCC Neurology

  https://litfl.com/encephalitis/

  Encephalitis an acute encephalopathy due to an inflammatory cause. […] Underlying causes are numerous and may be infectious or non-infectious, many of which lack effective therapies. […] Herpes simplex encephalitis is the commonest cause in Australasia and acyclovir should be started as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. […] Always consider epidemiological factors that may indicate an unusual cause of encephalitis (e.g. arboviruses and zoonoses), especially in Australia. […] Most cases are viral, but inflammation may result from other infectious (e.g. bacterial, fungal, or protozoan) or autoimmune disorders. […] Unique infectious etiologies to consider in Australia, include: Hendra virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus. […] Causes of encephalitis that are important regionally have potential for introduction into Australia include: Japanese encephalitis virus, Enterovirus 71, Dengue virus, Nipah virus.

• #2 Encephalitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/encephalitis

  Encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, or by immune cells mistakenly attacking the brain. Viruses that can lead to encephalitis can be spread by insects such as mosquitos and ticks. […] In about half of patients, the exact cause of encephalitis is not known. […] In those for whom a cause is found, there are two main types of encephalitis: Infectious encephalitis. This condition usually occurs when a virus infects the brain. The infection may affect one area or be widespread. Viruses are the most common causes of infectious encephalitis, including some that can be passed by mosquitoes or ticks. Very rarely, encephalitis may be caused by bacteria, fungus or parasites. […] Autoimmune encephalitis. This condition occurs when your own immune cells mistakenly attack the brain or make antibodies targeting proteins and receptors in the brain. The exact reason why this happens is not completely understood. Sometimes autoimmune encephalitis can be triggered by cancerous or noncancerous tumors, known as paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. Other types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) can be triggered by an infection in the body. This is known as post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis. In many instances, no trigger for the immune response is found.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/causes/

  It’s not always clear what causes encephalitis. When a cause is found, it’s usually an infection or a problem with the immune system (the body’s natural defences). […] Encephalitis is most often due to a virus, such as: herpes simplex viruses, which cause cold sores (this is the most common cause of encephalitis) […] Encephalitis caused by a virus is known as „viral encephalitis”. In rare cases, encephalitis is caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites. […] But very rarely something goes wrong with the immune system and it mistakenly attacks the brain, causing encephalitis. […] Encephalitis due to a reaction to a previous infection is known as „post-infectious encephalitis”. If it’s caused by a tumour or the cause is unknown, it’s called „autoimmune encephalitis”.

• #2 What is encephalitis? Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Encephalitis International

  https://www.encephalitis.info/what-is-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It is caused either by an infection invading the brain (infectious encephalitis) or through the immune system attacking the brain in error (post-infectious or autoimmune encephalitis). […] The inflammation is caused either by an infection invading the brain (infectious encephalitis) or through the immune system attacking the brain in error (post-infectious or autoimmune encephalitis). […] Viruses are the most frequently identified cause of infectious encephalitis. […] Very rarely, bacteria, fungi or parasites can also cause encephalitis. […] Some types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are caused by infection in which case the term post-infectious encephalitis is used. […] Other forms of autoimmune encephalitis are associated with finding specific antibodies in blood such as anti-LGI1 and Caspr2, NMDA receptor, GAD, AMPAR, GABA antibodies.

• #2 Infectious Encephalitis | Encephalitis International

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/

  Viruses are the most common cause of infectious encephalitis. […] Bacteria, fungus and parasites can cause infectious encephalitis more rarely.

• #2 Encephalitis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/encephalitis/article.htm

  Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. […] Bacteria or viruses, and rarely a fungus, or be noninfectious in origin can cause encephalitis. […] Encephalitis is a rare condition that is most often caused by viruses (viral encephalitis). […] It can also be caused by noninfectious diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Behet’s disease (an autoimmune disorder). […] The leading cause of severe encephalitis is the herpes simplex virus. […] Other causes include enterovirus infections or mosquito-borne viruses. […] Patients with suppressed immune systems (due to medications or diseases) have an increased risk for encephalitis. […] Infectious forms of encephalitis are contagious. […] Viral and many bacterial forms of encephalitis are contagious. […] Encephalitis can also be caused by an infection in the body that spreads to the brain.

• #2 Viral Encephalitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470162/

  Viral encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by a virus. It is the most common type of encephalitis and often coexists with viral meningitis. […] Infectious encephalitis can be viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or helminthic in etiology. The etiology of many cases of encephalitis remains unknown despite extensive workup. Viruses are the most prevalent identified cause, accounting for about 70% of confirmed cases of encephalitis. In the United States, the most common causes of viral encephalitis are herpes simplex virus (HSV), West Nile virus, and the enteroviruses. Some of the other viral etiologic agents include varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus type 6 and 7, measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, St. Louis virus, eastern equine virus, western equine virus, dengue virus, and rabies virus. […] The transmission to the brain is via hematogeneous spread. […] In the US, herpes simplex is the most common cause of encephalitis. Individuals who work in the warm humid environments are at risk for arboviruses because of the presence of mosquitoes.

• #2 VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS: CAUSES, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/suppl_1/i10

  Encephalitis refers to an acute, usually diffuse, inflammatory process affecting the brain. An infection by a virus is the most common and important cause of encephalitis, although other organisms may sometimes cause an encephalitis. An encephalitic illness caused by alteration of normal immune function in the context of a previous viral infection or following vaccination is also well recognised (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ADEM). […] Among the factors which have helped to focus attention on viral encephalitis over the last few years have been: the development of effective antiviral agents for this condition, most notably acyclovir for herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) which is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 or HSV-2, the advent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with its wide range of associated acute viral infections, the recent recognition of emerging viral infections of the CNS such as West Nile encephalitis and Nipah virus encephalitis.

• #2 Viral encephalitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/viral-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, most commonly caused by a viral infection. The main causes of viral encephalitis are: […] The most common cause of encephalitis is infection by a virus. In very rare cases, encephalitis can also be caused by bacterial infection, protozoa, or as a complication from other infectious diseases. […] Many viruses can cause encephalitis. In the United States, the most common viral causes of encephalitis are arboviruses, herpes viruses, enteroviruses, and coxsackieviruses. […] The herpes virus family includes at least 8 distinct viruses that cause infections in humans. These viruses include the herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus (the cause of chickenpox and shingles), Epstein-Barr virus (the cause of mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus 6. Although any herpes virus can cause encephalitis, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of encephalitis.

• #2 Encephalitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234159-overview

  Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, presents as diffuse and/or focal neuropsychological dysfunction. Although bacterial, fungal, and autoimmune disorders can produce encephalitis, most cases are viral in origin. The cause of encephalitis is usually infectious in nature. Viral agents, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), measles virus, mumps virus, and rubella virus, are spread through person-to-person contact. Human herpesvirus 6 may also be a causative agent. The CDC has confirmed that West Nile virus (WNV) can be transmitted by means of organ transplantation and via blood transfusions. […] Important animal vectors include mosquitoes and ticks, which spread the arbovirus group, and warm-blooded mammals, which are vectors for rabies and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM). […] Noninfectious causes include the demyelinating process in acute disseminated encephalitis.

• #2 Encephalitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  Encephalitis is inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain, resulting from direct viral invasion or occurring as a postinfectious immunologic complication caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to a virus or another foreign protein. […] Etiology of Encephalitis […] Primary viral infection […] Viruses causing primary encephalitis directly invade the brain. These infections may be epidemic (eg, due to arbovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus, or poliovirus [in some underdeveloped countries]) or sporadic (eg, due to herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, rabies, or mumps virus). […] In the United States, the most common sporadic encephalitis is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV); hundreds to several thousand cases occur yearly. […] Rabies remains a significant cause of encephalitis in developing countries and still causes a few cases of encephalitis in the United States.

• #2 Viral encephalitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/viral-encephalitis

  Adenoviruses typically cause respiratory or eye infections but, in rare cases, can cause encephalitis as well. The risk is greatest for people who have weakened immune systems. […] Enteroviruses consist of a large group of viruses (including coxsackieviruses) that enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract and are often responsible for a „stomach flu.” They account for only a small percentage of viral encephalitis cases, especially in children.

• #2 Encephalitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/encephalitis

  Encephalitis is irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections. […] Encephalitis is most often caused by a virus. Many types of viruses may cause it. […] Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus is the leading cause of more severe cases in all ages, including newborns. […] Other viruses that cause encephalitis include: Adenovirus, Coxsackievirus, Cytomegalovirus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Echovirus, Japanese encephalitis, which occurs in Asia, West Nile virus. […] Other causes of encephalitis may include: An allergic reaction to vaccinations, Autoimmune disease, Bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis, Parasites such as roundworms, cysticercosis, and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS and other people who have a weakened immune system, The effects of cancer.

• #2 Japanese Encephalitis: Causes and How It Spreads | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/causes-and-spread/index.html

  Japanese encephalitis is caused by a virus primarily spread to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. […] Japanese encephalitis virus is maintained in the environment between mosquitoes and other animals, namely wading birds and pigs. […] Japanese encephalitis is caused by a virus that is found in Asia and the western Pacific. […] The virus belongs to a group of viruses called flaviviruses. […] Japanese encephalitis virus circulates in the environment between mosquitoes (primarily Culex species) and other animals, namely wading birds and pigs. […] People become infected with the virus when mosquitoes feed on other infected animals and then bite people. […] People are considered dead-end hosts meaning they do not develop high enough levels of virus in their bloodstream and cannot pass the virus on to other biting mosquitoes.

• #2 Viral encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_encephalitis

  Viral encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, called encephalitis, by a virus. The different forms of viral encephalitis are called viral encephalitides. Many viruses are capable of causing encephalitis during infection, including: Borna virus, California encephalitis virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, Cytomegalovirus, Dengue virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus, HIV, Human herpesvirus 6, Human herpesvirus 7, Influenza viruses, Inkoo virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, La Crosse virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Nipah virus, Powassan virus, Rabies virus, Rubella virus, SARS-CoV-2, Snowshoe hare virus, St. Louis virus, Tahyna virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Varicella-zoster virus, which causes both chickenpox and shingles, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Zika virus.

• #2 Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Causes and How It Spreads | Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/eastern-equine-encephalitis/cause-and-spread/index.html

  Eastern equine encephalitis is caused by a virus usually spread to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. […] Eastern equine encephalitis is caused by a virus that is found in North America and the Caribbean. […] Eastern equine encephalitis virus circulates in the environment between mosquitoes and birds typically found in freshwater hardwood swamps. […] Eastern equine encephalitis virus was transmitted through organ transplantation involving one organ donor and three organ recipients.

• #2 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types, Viral EEE & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/encephalitis/article_em.htm

  In the United States, there are five main encephalitis-causing viruses spread by mosquitoes: West Nile, Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), La Crosse, and St. Louis encephalitis. […] Japanese encephalitis virus is the most common arbovirus in the world (a virus transmitted by blood-sucking mosquitoes or ticks) and is responsible for 50,000 cases and 15,000 deaths per year worldwide. […] The following is a short summary of the viruses that cause the majority of encephalitis infections, although they may also cause other diseases. […] A special cause of viral encephalitis is HIV. […] Other causes of encephalitis are as follows but will not be further discussed in detail in this article; the reader is referred to the links provided: […] The cause of encephalitis has an important bearing on outcomes; as medicine advances, the prognosis may improve for some causes.

• #2 Encephalitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  Encephalitis can also occur as a late reactivation of latent or subclinical viral infection. […] Encephalitis can occur as a secondary immunologic complication of certain viral infections or vaccinations. […] The most common causes of this complication used to be measles, rubella, chickenpox, and mumps (all now uncommon because childhood vaccination is widespread); smallpox vaccine; and live-virus vaccines (eg, the older rabies vaccines prepared from sheep or goat brain). […] In the United States, most cases now result from influenza A or B virus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (1), herpes viruses (2), hepatitis A or hepatitis B virus, or HIV. […] Rarely, apparent encephalitis has developed in patients with COVID-19, caused by the novel pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2); the mechanism is not clear, but an immunologic contribution to the mechanism of apparent encephalitis is possible (2).

• #2 Viral encephalitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/viral-encephalitis

  HSV is the second most common cause of encephalitis in the United States. Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) can be caused by either a new HSV infection or reactivation of a latent pre-existing herpes infection. […] Arboviruses, including the West Nile virus, are transmitted by blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes and ticks. […] Arboviruses that cause encephalitis are primarily found among three virus families: Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] Different arboviruses cause different forms of encephalitis. Although the overall disease is the same, there are subtle differences in symptoms and the type of brain damage they produce. […] The rabies virus is transmitted from the saliva of an infected animal. The encephalitis it causes is virtually always fatal but although it is more common in Eastern Europe, it is very rare in the U.S.

• #2 Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/encephalitis-pro

  Other viral causes include CMV, adenovirus, influenza virus, poliovirus, rubella, rabies, arbovirus (eg, California virus, Japanese B encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, Eastern and Western equine encephalitis), reovirus (Colorado tick fever virus) and parvovirus B19. […] Bacterial causes: tuberculosis (TB), mycoplasma, listeria, Lyme disease, Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever), leptospira, brucella, legionella, neurosyphilis, all causes of bacterial meningitis. […] Tick-borne encephalitis is a rapidly growing public health problem in Europe and other parts of the world. It is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the family Flaviviridae. […] Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is caused by infection from an amoeba such as Naegleria fowleri or Balamuthia mandrillaris.

• #2 Encephalitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/encephalitis

  Inflammation in the brain and spinal cord can be caused by infections such as viruses. Encephalitis can also be autoimmune when antibodies can attack brain cells. Infectious encephalitis is caused either by an infection invading the brain or a reactivation of a previous infection that damages the brain. Encephalitis can also arise when a virus or vaccine triggers a reaction that makes the immune system attack health brain tissue by mistake. This is referred to as autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmune encephalitis can also be triggered by tumors or be primary. Although rare, there have been cases of post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis (where it is triggered by an initial response to an infectious agent). […] Infectious causes of encephalitis include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. For some people, environmental exposure (such as a parasite), recent travel, or an immunocompromised state (such as HIV, diabetes, steroids, or chemotherapy treatment) are important risk factors.

• #2 Encephalitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  An autoimmune encephalitis may also develop if the immune system produces antibodies that attack proteins on the surface of nerve cells called N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. […] Rarely, people with COVID-19 develop what appears to be encephalitis. COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2.) This encephalitis may be caused by an autoimmune or a partly autoimmune reaction.

• #2 Encephalitis | Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/brain-nerves/encephalitis-leaflet

  Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. It is usually caused by a viral infection. In the UK, the most common virus to cause encephalitis is herpes simplex virus. […] The usual cause of brain inflammation (encephalitis) is a viral infection. […] Examples of viral infections that can cause encephalitis include: The virus that causes cold sores and genital herpes (herpes simplex virus). The chickenpox virus (varicella-zoster virus). The mumps virus. The measles virus. Flu viruses. […] In the UK, the most common virus to cause encephalitis is herpes simplex virus. […] However, rarely, in some people, the virus can travel in the bloodstream to attack the brain and cause encephalitis. […] Elsewhere in the world, other viruses can cause encephalitis after bites by insects such as mosquitoes (Japanese B encephalitis virus, West Nile virus) or ticks (Central European tick-borne virus). Sometimes encephalitis can develop with rabies virus infection after an animal bite.

• #2 Encephalitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-encephalitis-basics

  Encephalitis is usually caused by an infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, although it can be caused by an autoimmune condition or some medicines as well. […] Viral infections with any of the following three groups of viruses are the most common cause of encephalitis. These include: Herpes viruses, which include HSV (especially HSV-1), chickenpox, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. […] Less commonly, encephalitis may be caused by: Infection with HIV or the virus that causes rabies; Bacterial and other infections, such as syphilis or toxoplasmosis (an infection with a parasite from infected cat poop); Autoimmune conditions; Some kinds of cancer; Some medicines. […] Sometimes, your doctor may not be able to tell what caused your encephalitis.

• #2 Encephalitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain that occurs when a virus directly infects the brain or when a virus, vaccine, or something else triggers inflammation. […] Encephalitis is most commonly due to viruses, such as herpes simplex, herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus, or West Nile virus. It can occur in the following ways: A virus directly infects the brain. […] Sometimes bacteria cause encephalitis, usually as part of bacterial meningitis (called meningoencephalitis). […] Sometimes a brain infection, a vaccine, cancer, or another disorder triggers a misguided immune reaction, causing the immune system to attack normal cells in the brain (an autoimmune reaction). […] Encephalitis can result from reactivation of a virus, including Herpes simplex virus type 1, Varicella zoster virus (the virus that causes chickenpox), JC virus (which causes a usually fatal disorder called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy common among people who have end-stage HIV infection or other conditions that impair the immune system), and the virus that causes measles (which, if reactivated, leads to a usually fatal disorder called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis years after measles occurs).

• #2 Encephalitis | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/neuroscience/conditions/encephalitis

  Encephalitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the brain. […] The cause of encephalitis varies depending on the season, the area of the country, and the exposure of the child. Viruses are the leading cause of encephalitis. […] Encephalitis can also occur following infection by disease-carrying agents including ticks (Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever), mosquitoes (West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis), and cats (toxoplasmosis and cat-scratch disease). […] The key to treating encephalitis is early detection and treatment. A child with encephalitis requires immediate hospitalization and close monitoring. […] The goal of treatment is to reduce the swelling in the head and to prevent other related complications. Medications to control the infection, seizures, fever, or other conditions may be used.

• #2 Encephalitis in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/rehabilitation/conditions/encephalitis-in-children

  Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. The inflammation causes the brain to swell. […] Researchers think that viruses are the main cause. […] Encephalitis can also happen after a bacterial infection, such as Lyme disease, tuberculosis, or syphilis. It can also happen after an infection caused by parasites, such as toxoplasmosis. […] Another cause is an autoimmune reaction. This is when the body’s own immune system attacks the brain tissues. For example, an antibody made against a protein called an NMDA receptor or others may cause encephalitis. This may be set off by an infection or tumor. […] Experts think that viruses are the main cause. It can also happen after a bacterial infection. Or it may happen after an infection caused by parasites, such as toxoplasmosis.

• #2 Viral Encephalitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/ID/VrlEncphlts.htm

  Japanese Encephalitis (severe disease is uncommon, but 30% mortality when it occurs) […] Limited to travelers to rural and periurban Southeast Asia, Western Pacific […] Uncommon […] Parvovirus B19 […] Epstein-Barr Virus […] Influenza […] Rabies (rare in U.S.) […] Immunocompromised […] Cytomegalovirus (AIDS) […] Causes: Other non-viral (uncommon) […] Bacterial causes […] Tuberculosis (15% of cases) […] Listeria (10% of cases) […] Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) […] Bartonella Henselae (Cat Scratch Disease) […] Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) […] Mycoplasma pneumoniae […] Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) […] Fungal causes […] Cryptococcus […] Coccidioides […] Histoplasma […] Parasitic causes […] Taenia solium (Cysticercosis) […] Plasmodium Falciparum (Malaria) […] Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) […] Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease) […] Miscellaneous causes […] NMDA Encephalitis (very common in age 30 years old)

• #2 Encephalitis in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=encephalitis-in-children-90-P02600

  Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. […] Researchers think that viruses are the main cause. […] Encephalitis can also happen after a bacterial infection such as Lyme disease, tuberculosis, or syphilis. […] Another cause is an autoimmune reaction. […] Experts think that viruses are the main cause. It can also happen after a bacterial infection. Or it may happen after an infection caused by parasites, such as toxoplasmosis.

• #2 Encephalitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001415.htm

  Encephalitis is irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections. […] Encephalitis is most often caused by a virus. Many types of viruses may cause it. […] Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus is the leading cause of more severe cases in all ages, including newborns. […] Other causes of encephalitis may include: An allergic reaction to vaccinations, Autoimmune disease, Bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis, Parasites such as roundworms, cysticercosis, and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS and other people who have a weakened immune system, The effects of cancer.

• #2 Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6058-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is brain inflammation (swelling). Causes include viral infections, infections from insect bites or an autoimmune reaction that affects your brain. […] Encephalitis can occur as a result of an infection or an autoimmune process. […] Condition types include infective encephalitis and autoimmune encephalitis. Infective encephalitis includes: Viral encephalitis: This is the most common form of encephalitis. You can develop viral encephalitis after having certain infectious diseases or viruses. […] In autoimmune encephalitis, your immune system mistakenly attacks your brain, causing inflammation that may affect how your brain works. […] Viral infections and viruses carried by insects are common encephalitis causes. […] Medication to treat underlying conditions, like viruses, may cure encephalitis. In some cases, however, encephalitis may cause long-term issues that require ongoing medical care. […] Common viruses like herpes simplex tend to cause less serious issues and, as a result, don’t have a significant impact on life expectancy.

• #2 Autoimmune Encephalitis | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Autoimmune encephalitis is a collection of related conditions in which the body’s immune system attacks the brain, causing inflammation. The immune system produces substances called antibodies that mistakenly attack brain cells. […] In many cases, the cause of autoimmune encephalitis is unknown. But experts say it can be caused by: Exposure to certain bacteria and viruses, including streptococcus and herpes simplex virus. A type of tumor called a teratoma, generally in the ovaries, that causes the immune system to produce specific antibodies. Rarely, some cancers that can trigger an autoimmune response (when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues).

• #2 Encephalitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/encephalitis

  Most diagnosed cases in the U.S. are caused by: Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Arboviruses (such as the West Nile Virus), which are transmitted from infected animals to humans through the bite of an infected tick, mosquito, or other blood-sucking insect, Enteroviruses, a very common type of virus that mostly causes mild illness or respiratory infection and usually occurs in the summer and fall. […] Autoimmune encephalitis refers to a group of conditions that occur when the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks healthy brain cells, leading to inflammation of the brain. Some cases of autoimmune encephalitis are caused by certain medications or an autoimmune or rheumatological disorder that may in some instances be triggered by an initial response to an infection (post-infectious), such as post-herpetic NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis or anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, or by a cancereven one that is microscopic and cannot be found (so-called paraneoplastic neurological syndromes).

• #2 Encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis

  Autoimmune encephalitis signs can include catatonia, psychosis, abnormal movements, and autonomic dysregulation. […] Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune form, and is accompanied by ovarian teratoma in 58 percent of affected women 1845 years of age. […] Another autoimmune cause includes acute disseminated encephalitis, a demyelinating disease which primarily affects children.

• #2 Encephalitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  Encephalopathies caused by autoantibodies to neuronal membrane proteins (eg, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]) may mimic viral encephalitis. […] Anti-NMDAR encephalitis also occurs as a postinfectious complication of HSV encephalitis, resulting in clinical decline within weeks of the HSV infection.

• #2 Encephalitis – Causes of encephalitis | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/encephalitis/causes-of-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is usually the result of an infection. In many cases this is caused by a virus, but often no cause is found. […] In rare cases, encephalitis is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. […] However, no cause can be identified in over half of all cases. This is thought to be due to the difficulties in diagnosing some types of infection in certain people, rather than the absence of an infection. […] Autoimmune encephalitis and post-infectious encephalitis are caused by a problem with the immune system (the body’s natural defence against infection). […] Some cases of autoimmune encephalitis are caused by the immune system reacting to the presence of a tumour (an abnormal growth) inside the body. […] Post-infectious encephalitis can be a rare complication of some common infections, such as measles, mumps, influenza (flu), varicella zoster virus, rubella, Epstein-Barr virus, which causes glandular fever, cytomegalovirus a common infection that usually causes few or no symptoms, HIV.

• #2 Encephalitis – Causes of encephalitis | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/encephalitis/causes-of-encephalitis

  In rare cases, post-infectious encephalitis has occurred following vaccination. However, it’s important to stress that the risk of developing post-infectious encephalitis as a result of being vaccinated is far outweighed by the risk of developing a condition by not being vaccinated. […] There are several types of chronic encephalitis including subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, progressive multifocal leukodystrophy (PML), chronic progressive HIV encephalitis.

• #2 Encephalitis: Cause of Inflammation, Effects, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/encephalitis-8401276

  Encephalitis is a rare condition characterized by brain inflammation. Causes of encephalitis include infections, medication toxicity, or immune disorders. […] Encephalitis has many different causes. Anyone can develop encephalitis, but having a weak immune system due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS, advanced cancer, or powerful immune-suppressing therapies can increase the risk. […] Causes of encephalitis include: Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is responsible for about 10% of all encephalitis cases. Mosquito transmission can cause several types of encephalitis, including LaCrosse encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis. Central nervous system inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, can cause encephalitis. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a type of encephalitis that develops due to the reactivation of the John Cunningham (JC) virus, a common viral infection. Certain medications can trigger it. Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections can cause encephalitis. Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, can cause inflammatory encephalitis. Leptomeningeal encephalitis is the spread of cancer throughout the brain and spinal cord. Radiation treatment to the brain or chemotherapy can cause an inflammatory reaction. Some cancers can cause paraneoplastic syndrome, which displays neurological symptoms caused by cancer-induced antibodies or hormones that target certain cells in the brain. Rasmussen encephalitis is a congenital (present at birth) inflammatory disease of the brain. […] According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), no cause is identified in up to 60% of encephalitis cases. Outside the United States, Japanese encephalitis is one of the most common causes of encephalitis worldwide.

• #2 Encephalitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is the inflammation of brain parenchyma with neurological dysfunction. Infectious encephalitis is caused by viral (most common), bacterial, parasitic, or fungal pathogens. […] Autoimmune encephalitis is associated with the production of autoantibodies to neuronal antigens and is often paraneoplastic. […] Viral encephalitis is the most common type of infectious encephalitis. […] Bacterial encephalitis may be a primary infection or secondary to extracerebral bacterial infection. […] Fungal encephalitis is caused by pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides spp., and Histoplasma capsulatum. […] Parasitic encephalitis can be caused by Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, and Naegleria fowleri. […] Risk factors for infectious encephalitis include travel to endemic areas, contact with vector animals and insects, and underimmunization. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can be classified by etiology, serological findings, or affected anatomic region. […] Most often paraneoplastic: associated with SCLC (most common), breast cancer, testicular cancer.

• #2 Encephalitis • LITFL • CCC Neurology

  https://litfl.com/encephalitis/

  Encephalitis an acute encephalopathy due to an inflammatory cause. […] Underlying causes are numerous and may be infectious or non-infectious, many of which lack effective therapies. […] Herpes simplex encephalitis is the commonest cause in Australasia and acyclovir should be started as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. […] Always consider epidemiological factors that may indicate an unusual cause of encephalitis (e.g. arboviruses and zoonoses), especially in Australia. […] Most cases are viral, but inflammation may result from other infectious (e.g. bacterial, fungal, or protozoan) or autoimmune disorders. […] Unique infectious etiologies to consider in Australia, include: Hendra virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus. […] Causes of encephalitis that are important regionally have potential for introduction into Australia include: Japanese encephalitis virus, Enterovirus 71, Dengue virus, Nipah virus.

• #2 Encephalitis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/encephalitis/article.htm

  Noninfectious encephalitis, such as from diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and Behet’s disease, are not contagious. […] The prognosis for encephalitis varies. […] The type of infection present and how quickly treatment starts determine the prognosis. […] Some vaccinations for bacterial or viral diseases can help prevent encephalitis.

• #2 Encephalitis: Symptoms, causes, risks, treatment, diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168997

  Encephalitis can develop due to a direct brain infection with a virus, bacteria, or fungus. It can also occur when the immune system responds to a past infection and the immune system mistakenly attacks brain tissue. […] There are three main categories of viruses that cause primary encephalitis: common viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus; childhood viruses, including measles and mumps; arboviruses, which spread through mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects. […] Secondary encephalitis is often a complication of a viral infection. Symptoms start to appear days or even weeks after the initial infection. The persons immune system treats healthy brain cells as foreign organisms and attacks them. It is not known why the immune system malfunctions in this way. […] In more than 60% of encephalitis cases, the exact cause of the illness is unknown.

• #2 Encephalitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/encephalitis.html

  Encephalitis means inflammation of the brain. This inflammation usually is triggered by a viral infection, although sometimes it can be caused by a bacterial infection of the brain, such as Lyme disease. […] In some cases, symptoms are caused by direct infection of the brain. In other cases, the brain inflammation is caused by the immune system’s response to the brain infection. […] Even if the immune system attack succeeds in eliminating the infection, it may injure the brain in the process. This is called post-infectious encephalitis. […] Of the many different viruses that can cause meningoencephalitis, enteroviruses (particularly coxsackievirus and echovirus) are the most common cause in the United States, particularly if the illness occurs in the summer or fall. […] Encephalitis also can be caused by the herpes simplex virus, which also causes cold sores and genital herpes.

• #2 Encephalitis causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment – TeleMed2U

  https://www.telemed2u.com/neurology/encephalitis

  Autoimmune encephalitis (also called secondary, or post-infection encephalitis) is the result of a faulty immune-system reaction to an infection in another part of the body. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can also be caused by specific antibodies in blood that attack the brain. […] The exact cause of an individual case of encephalitis is often unknown.

• #2 VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS: CAUSES, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/suppl_1/i10

  The various causes of acute infectious viral encephalitis are shown in table 1. While precise figures for the incidence of encephalitis following these various viruses are not available, estimates have been given for some of them. For example, it has been estimated that HSE, the most important treatable viral encephalitis, has an incidence of about one case per million per year.

• #3 Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6058-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is brain inflammation (swelling). Causes include viral infections, infections from insect bites or an autoimmune reaction that affects your brain. […] Encephalitis can occur as a result of an infection or an autoimmune process. […] Condition types include infective encephalitis and autoimmune encephalitis. Infective encephalitis includes: Viral encephalitis: This is the most common form of encephalitis. You can develop viral encephalitis after having certain infectious diseases or viruses. […] In autoimmune encephalitis, your immune system mistakenly attacks your brain, causing inflammation that may affect how your brain works. […] Viral infections and viruses carried by insects are common encephalitis causes. […] Medication to treat underlying conditions, like viruses, may cure encephalitis. In some cases, however, encephalitis may cause long-term issues that require ongoing medical care. […] Common viruses like herpes simplex tend to cause less serious issues and, as a result, don’t have a significant impact on life expectancy.

• #3 Encephalitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  Encephalitis is inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain, resulting from direct viral invasion or occurring as a postinfectious immunologic complication caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to a virus or another foreign protein. […] Etiology of Encephalitis […] Primary viral infection […] Viruses causing primary encephalitis directly invade the brain. These infections may be epidemic (eg, due to arbovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus, or poliovirus [in some underdeveloped countries]) or sporadic (eg, due to herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, rabies, or mumps virus). […] In the United States, the most common sporadic encephalitis is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV); hundreds to several thousand cases occur yearly. […] Rabies remains a significant cause of encephalitis in developing countries and still causes a few cases of encephalitis in the United States.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/causes/

  It’s not always clear what causes encephalitis. When a cause is found, it’s usually an infection or a problem with the immune system (the body’s natural defences). […] Encephalitis is most often due to a virus, such as: herpes simplex viruses, which cause cold sores (this is the most common cause of encephalitis) […] Encephalitis caused by a virus is known as „viral encephalitis”. In rare cases, encephalitis is caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites. […] But very rarely something goes wrong with the immune system and it mistakenly attacks the brain, causing encephalitis. […] Encephalitis due to a reaction to a previous infection is known as „post-infectious encephalitis”. If it’s caused by a tumour or the cause is unknown, it’s called „autoimmune encephalitis”.

• #3 What is encephalitis? Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Encephalitis International

  https://www.encephalitis.info/what-is-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It is caused either by an infection invading the brain (infectious encephalitis) or through the immune system attacking the brain in error (post-infectious or autoimmune encephalitis). […] The inflammation is caused either by an infection invading the brain (infectious encephalitis) or through the immune system attacking the brain in error (post-infectious or autoimmune encephalitis). […] Viruses are the most frequently identified cause of infectious encephalitis. […] Very rarely, bacteria, fungi or parasites can also cause encephalitis. […] Some types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are caused by infection in which case the term post-infectious encephalitis is used. […] Other forms of autoimmune encephalitis are associated with finding specific antibodies in blood such as anti-LGI1 and Caspr2, NMDA receptor, GAD, AMPAR, GABA antibodies.

• #3 Encephalitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/encephalitis

  An autoimmune encephalitis may also develop if the immune system produces antibodies that attack proteins on the surface of nerve cells called N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. […] Rarely, people with COVID-19 develop what appears to be encephalitis. COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2.) This encephalitis may be caused by an autoimmune or a partly autoimmune reaction.

• #3 Encephalitis: Cause of Inflammation, Effects, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/encephalitis-8401276

  Encephalitis is a rare condition characterized by brain inflammation. Causes of encephalitis include infections, medication toxicity, or immune disorders. […] Encephalitis has many different causes. Anyone can develop encephalitis, but having a weak immune system due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS, advanced cancer, or powerful immune-suppressing therapies can increase the risk. […] Causes of encephalitis include: Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is responsible for about 10% of all encephalitis cases. Mosquito transmission can cause several types of encephalitis, including LaCrosse encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis. Central nervous system inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, can cause encephalitis. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a type of encephalitis that develops due to the reactivation of the John Cunningham (JC) virus, a common viral infection. Certain medications can trigger it. Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections can cause encephalitis. Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, can cause inflammatory encephalitis. Leptomeningeal encephalitis is the spread of cancer throughout the brain and spinal cord. Radiation treatment to the brain or chemotherapy can cause an inflammatory reaction. Some cancers can cause paraneoplastic syndrome, which displays neurological symptoms caused by cancer-induced antibodies or hormones that target certain cells in the brain. Rasmussen encephalitis is a congenital (present at birth) inflammatory disease of the brain. […] According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), no cause is identified in up to 60% of encephalitis cases. Outside the United States, Japanese encephalitis is one of the most common causes of encephalitis worldwide.

• #3 Encephalitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is the inflammation of brain parenchyma with neurological dysfunction. Infectious encephalitis is caused by viral (most common), bacterial, parasitic, or fungal pathogens. […] Autoimmune encephalitis is associated with the production of autoantibodies to neuronal antigens and is often paraneoplastic. […] Viral encephalitis is the most common type of infectious encephalitis. […] Bacterial encephalitis may be a primary infection or secondary to extracerebral bacterial infection. […] Fungal encephalitis is caused by pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides spp., and Histoplasma capsulatum. […] Parasitic encephalitis can be caused by Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, and Naegleria fowleri. […] Risk factors for infectious encephalitis include travel to endemic areas, contact with vector animals and insects, and underimmunization. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can be classified by etiology, serological findings, or affected anatomic region. […] Most often paraneoplastic: associated with SCLC (most common), breast cancer, testicular cancer.

• #3 Encephalitis – Causes of encephalitis | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/encephalitis/causes-of-encephalitis

  Encephalitis is usually the result of an infection. In many cases this is caused by a virus, but often no cause is found. […] In rare cases, encephalitis is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. […] However, no cause can be identified in over half of all cases. This is thought to be due to the difficulties in diagnosing some types of infection in certain people, rather than the absence of an infection. […] Autoimmune encephalitis and post-infectious encephalitis are caused by a problem with the immune system (the body’s natural defence against infection). […] Some cases of autoimmune encephalitis are caused by the immune system reacting to the presence of a tumour (an abnormal growth) inside the body. […] Post-infectious encephalitis can be a rare complication of some common infections, such as measles, mumps, influenza (flu), varicella zoster virus, rubella, Epstein-Barr virus, which causes glandular fever, cytomegalovirus a common infection that usually causes few or no symptoms, HIV.

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