Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Myositis: Muscle Inflammation | Inflammatory Myopathy | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_myositis.asp

  Myositis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of muscle. […] The muscle inflammation in myositis is caused by white blood cells of the immune system, which are normally supposed to protect the body from infections. In people with myositis, however, these cells mistakenly attack a persons own healthy muscle fibers and can injure or destroy muscle fibers. This affects muscle function and can lead to fatigue and weakness. […] In myositis, the immune system mistakenly injures muscles and other tissues, causing muscle weakness and other related conditions. It is not clear why these conditions develop, or what sets it off for most people, though there are clues in some cases.

• #1 Myositis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/myositis/

  It’s not clear what causes myositis, but it may be passed on from your parents in your genes. […] Most types of myositis are autoimmune conditions, where the body’s immune system attacks itself, causing swelling of the muscles and joints.

• #1 Risk Factors and Disease Mechanisms in Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6745704/

  Nonetheless, considerable progress has been made in this area over the last decade. […] The finding that different HLA alleles have been associated with various myositis-specific autoantibody (MSA)-defined subgroups agrees with the finding that many MSAs are mutually exclusive. […] In general, HLA risk alleles are more strongly associated with MSA-defined subgroups than clinically-defined subgroups despite smaller sample sizes in the MSA groups. […] Although the disease mechanisms for IIM phenotypes are ill defined, the innate (including cytokines and chemokines) and adaptive immune systems (including autoantibodies, and antigen-specific T cells) are likely involved. […] Several non-immune-mediated mechanisms contribute to IIM pathogenesis, including cell stress pathways, free radicals, altered energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, and mitochondrial damage.

• #1 Risk Factors and Disease Mechanisms in Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6745704/

  Autoimmune diseases develop as a result of chronic inflammation owing to interactions between genes and the environment. […] Newly discovered risk factors and pathogenic processes in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) phenotypes have illuminated innovative approaches for understanding these diseases. […] The HLA 8.1 ancestral haplotype is a key risk factor for major IIM phenotypes in white populations, and genetic risk variants for other autoimmune diseases have been identified as IIM risk factors. Environmental risk factors are less studied but might include viruses, bacteria, ultraviolet radiation, smoking, occupational and perinatal exposures and a growing list of drugs, biologics, and dietary supplements. […] Disease mechanisms vary by phenotype, with evidence for shared innate and adaptive immune and metabolic pathways in some phenotypes but unique pathways in others.

• #1 Causes/Inheritance – Inclusion-Body Myositis (IBM) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/inclusion-body-myositis/causes-inheritance

  In most cases, the cause of inclusion body myositis (IBM) is unclear. Some viral infections or exposure to certain drugs have been reported to trigger IBM. In general, researchers believe that factors related to the immune system, genetics, aging and the environment all play a role in IBM development. […] IBM does not typically run in families, however, and causative genetic mutations have not been found in most people with IBM. […] Many researchers now believe that autoimmunity may trigger IBM and result in the degenerative changes seen in muscles. […] The events that trigger these changes and the sequence of changes that leads to disease are not well understood.

• #1 Infectious Myositis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1168167-clinical

  Known pathogens include the following: […] Viral – HIV-1 (one of the most common causes of myositis), HTLV-1, cytomegalovirus, group B coxsackievirus (epidemic myalgia), influenza […] Bacterial – S aureus (most common, 70%); Streptococcus viridans; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Salmonella enteritidis; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Clostridium freundii; Bartonella; gram-negative organisms including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria species, Yersinia species, Morganella morganii, and Citrobacter species […] Spirochetal – B burgdorferi […] Mycobacterial – Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex […] Parasitic – Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa (from eating bear meat), T nelsoni, T britovi, T pseudospiralis, Echinococcus granulosus, T solium, T cruzi, microsporidia

• #1 Viral and retroviral myositis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-and-retroviral-myositis

  Human viruses associated with inflammatory myopathy include coxsackieviruses, influenza A and B viruses, HIV, HTLV-1, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus. Rare cases have been associated with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and West Nile virus. The specific clinicopathological syndrome may narrow the likelihood of a viral etiology. […] Viral contributions to inflammatory myopathy are postulated to occur via several mechanisms. The mechanisms of viral myositis are not fully elucidated, but there is evidence for several pathophysiological mechanisms. The virus-host interactions that contribute to myositis include: (1) direct infection (acute or chronic) or host response to viral antigens, (2) molecular mimicry, and (3) immune dysregulation. […] The first report of a retrovirus associated with inflammatory myopathy came in the 1980s with monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, followed closely by human cases associated with HIV and later HTLV-1.

• #1 Secondary Causes of Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7538050/

  Medications have also been linked to myositis. Statins commonly cause myalgias, but are also rarely associated with an autoimmune necrotizing myopathy and autoantibodies to 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). […] Myositis has also been associated with connective tissue diseases, including systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mixed connective tissue disease, and Sjögren’s syndrome. […] Finally, myositis can also be secondary to underlying malignancy. Autoimmune necrotizing myopathy, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis have all been associated with malignancies. […] Risk of malignancy is highest in the year prior to and following diagnosis, and it is associated with older age, male sex, cutaneous necrosis, rapid onset of disease, high inflammatory markers, and resistance to treatment. […] When myositis is discovered to be associated with malignancy, a guiding principle is to treat the underlying malignancy, which in some cases has been shown to cure myositis.

• #1 Polymyositis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335925-overview

  Polymyositis is an immune-mediated syndrome secondary to defective cellular immunity that is most commonly associated with other systemic autoimmune diseases. It may be due to diverse causes that occur alone or in association with viral infections, malignancies, or connective-tissue disorders. […] An increased association of myositis has been found with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes A1, B8, and DR3, which also increase the risk for autoimmune diseases. Environmental triggers, especially infectious agents, have been suggested as etiologic agents. These include the following: Coxsackievirus B1, HIV, HTLV-1, Hepatitis B virus, Influenza, Echovirus, Adenovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. […] Many drugs are known to cause myopathy. Most of those drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine and colchicine, cause a toxic or metabolic myopathy. However, several drugs may rarely induce an immune-mediated myopathy or myositis; in these cases, muscle biopsy shows chronic inflammatory changes consistent with polymyositis. Drugs such as D-penicillamine, hydralazine, procainamide, phenytoin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been associated with this type of inflammatory myopathy. Statins can cause severe muscle inflammation and rhabdomyolysis.

• #1 Myositis – AmeriPharma® Specialty Care

  https://ameripharmaspecialty.com/other-health-conditions/myositis/

  Certain medications can cause temporary muscle damage. […] Heavy drinking is associated with myopathy, causing symptoms of muscle pain and weakness. […] Cocaine is a highly addictive substance that affects the central nervous system. It adversely affects muscle cells and is known to cause myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. […] Myopathy can occur right after starting one of these medications or may occur after months to years of use. Most cases are reversible upon drug discontinuation if recognized early.

• #1 Myositis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24170-myositis

  Experts arent certain what causes myositis, and theres no cure for it. […] Myositis is an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases are the result of your immune system accidentally attacking your body instead of protecting it. Its unclear why your immune system does this. Some people with other autoimmune diseases are more likely to develop myositis, including: […] Experts dont know for sure what causes myositis. It can occur on its own, but its sometimes triggered by other health conditions. […] Some people develop myositis after they have a viral infection, including:

• #1 Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/systemic-rheumatic-diseases/idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathies

  The cause of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy seems to be an autoimmune reaction to muscle tissue in genetically susceptible people. Familial clustering occurs, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) subtypes are associated with myositis. For example, the alleles of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (HLA-DRB1*03-DQA1*05-DQB1*02) increase risk of polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and interstitial lung disease. Possible inciting events include viral infection, certain medications, and underlying cancer. The association of cancer with dermatomyositis and necrotizing myopathies suggests that a tumor may incite myositis as the result of an autoimmune reaction against a common antigen in the muscle and in the tumor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (used in the treatment of certain cancers) may induce severe myositis and sometimes myocarditis and myasthenia gravis (triple M syndrome).

• #1 Dermatomyositis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatomyositis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353188

  The cause of dermatomyositis is unknown, but the disease has much in common with autoimmune disorders, in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body tissues. […] Genetic and environmental factors also might play a role. Environmental factors could include viral infections, sun exposure, certain medications and smoking.

• #1 Polymyositis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12053-polymyositis

  Polymyositis is a rare autoimmune disease that makes your immune system attack your muscles. […] Experts aren’t certain what causes polymyositis, and there’s no cure for it. […] Polymyositis is an autoimmune disease, but experts aren’t sure what causes it. Autoimmune diseases happen when your immune system accidentally attacks your body instead of protecting it. […] Polymyositis can start on its own with no cause (idiopathically). Sometimes, other health conditions or reactions to medications trigger it. […] Some viral infections can trigger polymyositis, including COVID-19, Influenza (the flu), the common cold, and HIV. […] Because experts aren’t sure what causes it, there’s no way to prevent it. […] Some studies have found that polymyositis (and other types of myositis) might have a genetic component. This means that biological parents might pass specific genetic mutations to their children that make them more likely to develop a condition. […] However, experts haven’t been able to identify specific genetic mutations that cause polymyositis, and they can’t prove that there’s an increased risk your biological children will develop polymyositis if you have it.

• #1 Myositis | Causes, symptoms, treatment

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/myositis/

  Myositis can affect people of any age, including children. […] Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, as well as other types of myositis, are autoimmune conditions. […] If someone has an autoimmune condition the body can create inflammation when there is no infection to fight. The unnecessary inflammation can then cause problems. […] Inclusion body myositis (IBM) causes weakness in muscles, usually near the ends of the arms or around the tops of the legs. […] The key difference in inclusion body myositis compared to other types of myositis is that as well as inflammation in the muscles, there is also a build-up of protein. […] Inclusion body myositis doesn’t respond to steroids or disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS), that are used to treat other types of myositis. […] Anti-synthetase syndrome is a condition where several parts of the body are affected by inflammation.

• #1 Myositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/myositis-symptoms-treatments-prognosis

  Myositis can describe muscle inflammation on its own, or a group of diseases where muscle inflammation is the main problem. While experts aren’t exactly sure what causes these diseases, several factors can trigger inflammation, including: […] Experts aren’t completely sure what causes myositis, but they think it could be triggered by infection, injury, autoimmune conditions, or drug side effects. […] Certain conditions that cause inflammation throughout the body may also affect the muscles. Many of these are autoimmune conditions, where the body attacks its own tissues. […] Viral infections are the most common infectious causes of myositis. Rarely, bacteria, fungi, or other organisms can also trigger it. […] Certain medications and drugs can cause temporary muscle damage. […] Intense exercise can lead to muscle pain, swelling, and weakness that lasts hours or even days after a workout. […] This condition occurs when muscles break down quickly, often after a major injury or extreme exercise.

• #1 Myositis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myositis-types-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Drugs: Several different medications and drugs may lead to temporary muscle damage. Inflammation in the muscles is often misdiagnosed as myopathy and not myositis. […] Injury: Strenuous exercise may lead to muscle pain, inflammation, and weakness for a few hours or days after a workout. Inflammation of the muscles causes symptoms of myositis. Myositis is caused due to exercise or injury typically and always completely resolves with rest and recovery. […] Other environmental factors that include are as follows: UV radiation, Smoking, Recreational drugs, Dietary supplements, Exposure to dust, gas, and fumes.

• #1 Myositis: Definition, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/myositis

  Myositis is a condition that causes inflammation of the muscles. There are different types of myositis, which may be the result of an infection, injury, medication, or autoimmune disease. […] Scientists do not know exactly what causes myositis. Researchers have suggested that genetic and environmental factors may play a role. […] Some environmental factors may include: viruses, bacteria, UV radiation, smoking, recreational drugs, dietary supplements, exposure to dust, gas, or fumes. […] One study suggests people may find that their conditions improve after avoiding these risk factors and worsen or reoccur after being reexposed. […] The same study suggests that certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of specific types of myositis. […] Scientists are not sure exactly what causes myositis. However, they believe that environmental and genetic risk factors increase the risk of it occurring.

• #1 Inflammatory Muscle Diseases | Orlando | UCF Health

  https://ucfhealth.com/our-services/rheumatology/inflammatory-muscle-diseases/

  Due to the rarity of inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis and dermatomyositis affect about 6 to 8 people out of 100,000 people) the causes and risk factors of these diseases are still being studied. […] These diseases are known to be idiopathic, which means the cause is generally unknown, and these diseases can develop spontaneously. This spontaneous development makes it difficult to prevent myopathies. […] Having a pre-existing virus is a potential trigger for autoimmune myositis. […] In several cases, myositis has developed after the use of specific medications or exposure to various drugs. […] An existing myopathy, especially polymyositis or dermatomyositis, places a person at a higher risk of developing cancer. […] Although, these diseases are commonly found in children ages 5 to 10, and adults ages 40 to 50. Women also have been known to develop inflammatory myopathies twice as often as men.

• #1 Myositis: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/bones-joints-and-muscles/myositis

  Myositis is muscle inflammation that can cause prolonged muscle fatigue and weakness. […] Muscle weakness can occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks or causes injury to healthy muscle tissues. Medical professionals do not know exactly what causes myositis to develop in most people. […] Possible causes include: an allergic reaction to a medication or toxic substance, exposure to a virus, an infection, other autoimmune conditions. […] Possible risk factors for myositis include: genetic factors, such as the presence of HLA 8.1 ancestral haplotype, exposure to viruses or bacteria, UV radiation, smoking, dietary supplements, biologic drugs, other autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma.

• #1 Myositis: Causes & Symptoms of Autoimmune Muscle Diseases – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/myositis/

  Myositis is a general name for a group of conditions that cause muscle inflammation. The diseases are also known as inflammatory myopathies and can cause muscle weakness, pain and damage. In most cases, the disease responds to medical treatment. […] Many cases of myositis do not have a clear cause. They happen when the body’s immune system starts to attack its own muscles, joints, blood vessels and connective tissues. These cases are considered autoimmune myositis. Toxic myopathies happen in reaction to medications. […] In general, myositis causes may include: (5, 6, 7, 8) Viruses such as HIVH/AIDS, HTLV-1 or the Coxsackie B virus, a temporary infection caused by a virus, fungus or bacteria, medications such as carticaine (an anesthetic), penicillamine (used to lower copper in the body), interferon-alpha (a cancer or hepatitis drug), cimetidine (ulcer medication), carbimazole (thyroid medication), phenytoin (a seizure drug), growth hormone and statin medications (prescribed for cholesterol), allergic reactions to medicine or a toxic substance, injury. […] Most forms of myositis are autoimmune-related. They can be triggered by infection or injury. Certain medications (such as statins) can also cause the condition.

• #1 Secondary Causes of Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7538050/

  The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively evaluate secondary causes of inflammatory myopathies (myositis) and to review treatment options. […] This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of known causes of myositis, including newer drugs that may cause myositis such as checkpoint inhibitors and viruses such as influenza, HIV, and SARS-CoV2. We also discuss treatment for malignancy-associated myositis and overlap myositis, thought to be a separate entity from other rheumatologic diseases. […] Infections, drugs, rheumatologic diseases, and malignancies are important causes of myositis and are important to diagnose as they may have specific therapies beyond immunomodulatory therapy. […] However, there are also known causes of inflammatory myopathies which must be considered in the evaluation of patients with acute or subacute myopathy, including infections, drugs, mixed connective tissue disease, and malignancies.

• #1 Risk Factors and Disease Mechanisms in Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6745704/

  The heterogeneity and rarity of the IIMs make advancements in diagnosis and treatment cumbersome. […] The pathomechanisms of most immune-mediated diseases relate to chronic organ inflammation that can be caused by specific interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. […] Immune activation in such diseases often involves both innate and adaptive mechanisms, as well as other non-immune mechanisms; however, the details and the interactions of different pathways are usually not clear. […] The rarity and heterogeneity of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), a group of systemic autoimmune diseases which include polymyositis, dermatomyositis, necrotizing myopathy, myositis that is found in conjunction with other autoimmune diseases, called overlap syndromes, and inclusion body myositis (IBM), have hampered our understanding of their risk factors and pathogenesis.

• #2 Polymyositis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335925-overview

  Polymyositis is an immune-mediated syndrome secondary to defective cellular immunity that is most commonly associated with other systemic autoimmune diseases. It may be due to diverse causes that occur alone or in association with viral infections, malignancies, or connective-tissue disorders. […] An increased association of myositis has been found with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes A1, B8, and DR3, which also increase the risk for autoimmune diseases. Environmental triggers, especially infectious agents, have been suggested as etiologic agents. These include the following: Coxsackievirus B1, HIV, HTLV-1, Hepatitis B virus, Influenza, Echovirus, Adenovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. […] Many drugs are known to cause myopathy. Most of those drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine and colchicine, cause a toxic or metabolic myopathy. However, several drugs may rarely induce an immune-mediated myopathy or myositis; in these cases, muscle biopsy shows chronic inflammatory changes consistent with polymyositis. Drugs such as D-penicillamine, hydralazine, procainamide, phenytoin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been associated with this type of inflammatory myopathy. Statins can cause severe muscle inflammation and rhabdomyolysis.

• #2 About Myositis – The Myositis Association

  https://www.myositis.org/about-myositis/

  The term myositis refers to a general inflammation or swelling of the muscles. […] More often, however, the term myositis is used to refer to a set of autoimmune diseases involving chronic inflammation of the muscles. […] While it is still unclear what causes myositis, some scientists believe certain individuals have a genetic predisposition to develop an autoimmune disease, which is triggered by an environmental exposure to some trigger, such as infection, virus, toxin, or sunlight.

• #2 Myositis: Types, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/myositis

  Myositis is considered an autoimmune disorder, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy muscle tissues. Genetic alterations, particularly in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex, may increase a person’s risk of developing myositis. The HLA complex plays a vital role in helping the immune system distinguish between the body’s own proteins and foreign invaders. […] Environmental triggers also have an impact on myositis development. These include: […] Viral infections, such as the common cold, influenza, and HIV […] Statins and alpha-interferon […] Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma are linked with an increased possibility of developing myositis. […] Exposure to Ultraviolet Light and Toxins: They are also identified as potential risk factors.

• #2 Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/systemic-rheumatic-diseases/idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathies

  The cause of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy seems to be an autoimmune reaction to muscle tissue in genetically susceptible people. Familial clustering occurs, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) subtypes are associated with myositis. For example, the alleles of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (HLA-DRB1*03-DQA1*05-DQB1*02) increase risk of polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and interstitial lung disease. Possible inciting events include viral infection, certain medications, and underlying cancer. The association of cancer with dermatomyositis and necrotizing myopathies suggests that a tumor may incite myositis as the result of an autoimmune reaction against a common antigen in the muscle and in the tumor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (used in the treatment of certain cancers) may induce severe myositis and sometimes myocarditis and myasthenia gravis (triple M syndrome).

• #2 Myositis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/rheumatology/conditions/myositis

  Doctors think that some people are prone to getting myositis through genetics. A bacteria, virus, or chemical may then trigger the disease. […] But many people don’t know what triggers their myositis.

• #2 Dermatomyositis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatomyositis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353188

  The cause of dermatomyositis is unknown, but the disease has much in common with autoimmune disorders, in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body tissues. […] Genetic and environmental factors also might play a role. Environmental factors could include viral infections, sun exposure, certain medications and smoking.

• #2 Infectious Myositis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1168167-clinical

  Fungal – Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida species (especially Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida albicans), Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides species, Aspergillus species, Pneumocystis jiroveci, microsporidia (eg, Anncaliia algerae), Fusarium species, and Actinomyces species; less common are mucormycosis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Blastomyces dermatitidis.

• #2 Medication Causes of Myositis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Pharm/MdctnCsOfMysts.htm

  Medication Causes of Myositis, Toxic Myopathy, Drug Induced Myositis, Muscle Weakness due to Medication, Drug-Induced Muscle Weakness […] Cardiovascular agents […] Statin medications (e.g. Atorvastatin, Simvastatin) […] Chemotherapeutics […] Gastrointestinal Agents […] Infectious Disease Agents […] Metabolic Agents […] Antithyroid medications […] Corticosteroids or Glucocorticoids (e.g. Prednisone) […] Neurologic Agents […] Rheumatologic Agents […] Substances of Abuse […] Miscellaneous

• #2 What are the Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment for Myositis?

  https://familymedicineaustin.com/myositis-symptoms-causes-and-prognosis/

  Myositis disease is caused by a variety of factors, according to experts. Myositis is regarded to be an immunological disorder in which the body attacks the muscles. The majority of cases have no recognized cause. Injury and illness, however, are considered to play a role. According to some studies, myositis could also be produced by autoimmune illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus viruses like the common cold and flu, as well as HIV medication toxicity. […] Some prescription medicines and illegal narcotics are suspected of inducing toxic myositis. Statins, which decrease cholesterol, may be among the most prevalent medicines to induce this syndrome. Other drugs and chemicals that may induce myositis, albeit exceedingly rare, include: Omeprazole and other immunosuppressants (Prilosec), Cocaine, Toluene, Adalimumab (Humira).

• #2 Secondary Causes of Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7538050/

  Medications have also been linked to myositis. Statins commonly cause myalgias, but are also rarely associated with an autoimmune necrotizing myopathy and autoantibodies to 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). […] Myositis has also been associated with connective tissue diseases, including systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mixed connective tissue disease, and Sjögren’s syndrome. […] Finally, myositis can also be secondary to underlying malignancy. Autoimmune necrotizing myopathy, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis have all been associated with malignancies. […] Risk of malignancy is highest in the year prior to and following diagnosis, and it is associated with older age, male sex, cutaneous necrosis, rapid onset of disease, high inflammatory markers, and resistance to treatment. […] When myositis is discovered to be associated with malignancy, a guiding principle is to treat the underlying malignancy, which in some cases has been shown to cure myositis.

• #2 Myositis: Causes, Symptoms, and Classification — ALKIVIA Study

  https://www.alkiviamyositis.com/myositis-causes-symptoms-and-classification

  Myositis is known as inflammatory myopathies; however, people may confuse it with other diseases like arthritis, which has inflammation as a symptom. These rare conditions are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the bodys own cells, as it would attack a virus, with antibodies. This action triggers an internal inflammatory process that can destroy healthy, normal cells, and cause muscle weakness. As a result, you may have heard your doctor refer to your condition as autoimmune myositis. […] The five main types of inflammatory myopathies that have specific antibodies to identify them are: Dermatomyositis, Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), Sporadic inclusion-body myositis, Overlap myositis (including antisynthetase syndrome) – anti-ARS, Polymyositis. […] It is associated with the use of certain medications, like statins (a common cholesterol medication). It can also be present along with other autoimmune diseases, such as Sjgren’s syndrome or celiac disease, often known as Overlap Syndromes.

• #2 Myositis | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/myositis

  Myositis causes muscle swelling and damage. […] Myositis refers to any condition that causes muscle inflammation. […] Anything that causes swelling in the muscles including injury, vigorous exercise, infection or exposure to some viruses (the common cold and flu) can trigger myositis. […] Certain medications (such as statins) and illegal drugs (like cocaine) can cause myositis, too. […] Inflammatory types of myositis, like polymyositis and dermatomyositis, are likely the result of an improperly working immune system. […] Experts still aren’t sure why this happens. […] A trigger, like an infection, may jump start the disease process in people who have certain genes. […] Myositis doesn’t cause cancer, but people with myositis (especially dermatomyositis) are more likely to get cancer. […] Experts believe that an improperly working immune system may play a role.

• #2 Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/systemic-rheumatic-diseases/idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathies

  The prognosis for patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is generally favorable; however, worse outcomes are associated with older age, the presence of certain myositis-specific autoantibodies (eg, anti-TIF1-g, NXP-2, MDA-5), and associated comorbidities (eg, severe interstitial lung disease, cancer, recurrent infection).

• #2 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/polymyositis/article.htm

  Muscle Pain Polymyositis is a disease of muscle featuring inflammation of the muscle fibers. The cause of the disease is not known. It begins when white blood cells, the immune cells of inflammation, spontaneously invade muscles. […] To date, no cause of polymyositis has been isolated by scientific researchers. There are indicators of heredity (genetic) susceptibility that can be found in some patients. There is indirect evidence of infection by a virus that has yet to be identified in a muscle disease related to polymyositis that is particularly resistant to treatment, called inclusion body myositis. […] Researchers have found that T-cells of the immune system in some polymyositis or dermatomyositis patients reacted against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and that detectable antibodies against CMV were present. Their conclusion was that there may be subsets of patients who develop their disease, in part, because of infection with this particular virus.

• #2 Myositis and its Causes – CreakyJoints

  https://creakyjoints.org.au/education/myositis/

  Myositis causes include infection, injury, autoimmune conditions, and drug side effects. […] Myositis can be caused by inflammatory conditions like lupus, scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. It can also be caused by viruses such as the flu and HIV, or by parasites and bacterial infections. […] Though the exact cause is unknown, evidence suggests that polymyositis and dermatomyositis are autoimmune disorders in which the immune system mistakenly attacks tissues in the body. […] With inclusion body myositis, the muscles have an abnormal protein called amyloid, similar to the amyloid that forms in the brain in people with Alzheimers disease, but the reason it forms is unknown.

• #2 Myositis | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/rheumatology/myositis-clinic/myositis

  Myositis is a term for inflammation of your muscles. It is a rare condition caused by your immune system mistakenly attacking your own muscles, leading to long-term inflammation. […] Causes a skin rash and muscle weakness. […] Causes inflammation in muscle groups near the center of your body, such as your shoulders, hips, abdomen, upper arms and chest. […] A degenerative muscle disease that causes weakness in areas such as your legs, arms, fingers and wrists. […] Causes inflammation throughout your body that can affect your muscles, joints, lungs, skin and blood vessels. […] Kills muscle cells (necrosis) and leads to muscle weakness on both sides of the body in areas such as the hips, thighs, upper arms, shoulders and neck. […] Occurs when someone is diagnosed with two or more autoimmune diseases.

• #2 Myositis: Causes, Symptoms, and Classification — Know Rare

  https://www.knowrare.com/blog-v2/types-of-myositis

  Myositis is known as inflammatory myopathies; however, people may confuse it with other diseases like arthritis, which has inflammation as a symptom. These rare conditions are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the bodys own cells, as it would attack a virus, with antibodies. This action triggers an internal inflammatory process that can destroy healthy, normal cells, and cause muscle weakness. As a result, you may have heard your doctor refer to your condition as autoimmune myositis. […] It is associated with the use of certain medications, like statins (a common cholesterol medication). […] Specialists recognize anti-synthetase syndrome as a separate condition that causes muscle weakness, affects the skin and lungs, and presents anti-synthetase antibodies.

• #2 Myositis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myositis-types-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Drugs: Several different medications and drugs may lead to temporary muscle damage. Inflammation in the muscles is often misdiagnosed as myopathy and not myositis. […] Injury: Strenuous exercise may lead to muscle pain, inflammation, and weakness for a few hours or days after a workout. Inflammation of the muscles causes symptoms of myositis. Myositis is caused due to exercise or injury typically and always completely resolves with rest and recovery. […] Other environmental factors that include are as follows: UV radiation, Smoking, Recreational drugs, Dietary supplements, Exposure to dust, gas, and fumes.

• #2 Myositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/myositis-overview-4778444

  Inflammatory conditions: Conditions that cause systemic (whole-body) inflammation affect the muscles and may result in myositis. Many inflammatory causes are autoimmune diseases, where the body attacks its own healthy tissues. Inflammatory causes are the most serious causes of myositis and require long-term treatment. […] Infection: Viral infections are the most common infective causes of myositis. Bacteria, fungi, and other organisms can also cause myositis, but these cases are more rare. […] Medications: Many different medications can cause muscle weakness. Medications, such as statins, colchicine, and hydroxychloroquine, can induce different types of myositis. […] Rhabdomyolysis occurs when muscles break down quickly, leading to the release of muscle fiber materials into the blood. These substances are harmful to the kidneys. Muscle pain, weakness, and swelling are symptoms of this condition.

• #2 Myositis: Definition, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/myositis

  Myositis is a condition that causes inflammation of the muscles. There are different types of myositis, which may be the result of an infection, injury, medication, or autoimmune disease. […] Scientists do not know exactly what causes myositis. Researchers have suggested that genetic and environmental factors may play a role. […] Some environmental factors may include: viruses, bacteria, UV radiation, smoking, recreational drugs, dietary supplements, exposure to dust, gas, or fumes. […] One study suggests people may find that their conditions improve after avoiding these risk factors and worsen or reoccur after being reexposed. […] The same study suggests that certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of specific types of myositis. […] Scientists are not sure exactly what causes myositis. However, they believe that environmental and genetic risk factors increase the risk of it occurring.

• #2 Risk Factors and Disease Mechanisms in Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6745704/

  The heterogeneity and rarity of the IIMs make advancements in diagnosis and treatment cumbersome. […] The pathomechanisms of most immune-mediated diseases relate to chronic organ inflammation that can be caused by specific interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. […] Immune activation in such diseases often involves both innate and adaptive mechanisms, as well as other non-immune mechanisms; however, the details and the interactions of different pathways are usually not clear. […] The rarity and heterogeneity of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), a group of systemic autoimmune diseases which include polymyositis, dermatomyositis, necrotizing myopathy, myositis that is found in conjunction with other autoimmune diseases, called overlap syndromes, and inclusion body myositis (IBM), have hampered our understanding of their risk factors and pathogenesis.

• #2 Polymyositis – What is it? How is it treated? – Myositis UK

  https://www.myositis.org.uk/myositis-info/conditions/polymyositis/

  Polymyositis can affect people of any age and gender. It affects about twice as many females as males. […] We do not know what causes polymyositis. Like all types of myositis, it is thought to be down to a number of factors both genetic and environmental, and nothing a particular individual has done themselves. Many doctors and researchers worldwide are looking into the cause of myositis. […] Most think that myositis is an autoimmune disease. This means that the disease is a result of a defect in the immune system, which is the body’s natural defence against disease. […] Others feel myositis may be started by a virus or the combination of a viral infection and defective immune system.

• #2 Myositis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/myositis

  Myositis’ precise cause is still unknown, but research indicates that a mix of hereditary and environmental factors may contribute to the onset of this uncommon autoimmune condition. […] Some of the factors that may contribute to the development of myositis include; Autoimmune Dysfunction: Myositis is thought to be caused by a dysfunction of the immune system, in which the body’s own immune cells mistakenly attack healthy muscle tissue, leading to inflammation and muscle damage. […] Certain viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis C, or Epstein-Barr virus, have been linked to the development of myositis. […] Certain medications, such as statins, can cause myositis as a side effect. […] Exposure to environmental toxins, such as solvents, pesticides, or heavy metals, may also contribute to the development of myositis. […] Myositis may have a genetic component, as it is known to run in families. Researchers are currently investigating specific genes that may increase the risk of developing myositis.

• #2

  https://arthritis.ca/about-arthritis/arthritis-types-(a-z)/types/myositis-(dermatomyositis,-polymyositis)

  Myositis is a type of autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system (which is supposed to fight off infection) becomes confused and starts attacking normal muscle causing damage and inflammation (myo = muscle, itis = inflammation). […] Myositis can occur alone or in combination with another autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or scleroderma (overlap myositis). […] Myositis is an autoimmune disease. This means that it begins with the immune system (which normally protects the body from germs, viruses, and bacteria) malfunctioning. The immune system generates antibodies that attack healthy tissues in other parts of the body in this case, in the muscles causing inflammation and weakness. […] No one knows why the immune system does this, but it may involve a combination of environmental factors (such as viral infections, certain medications, smoking) and genetic factors (a tendency to develop the disease based on the presence or absence of particular genes).

• #3 Myositis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myositis

  Myositis can arise from various causes, including injury, certain medications, infections, inherited muscle disorders, or autoimmune conditions. In some instances, the origins of myositis remain idiopathic, without a discernible cause. […] A variety of different medicines can cause myositis. One of the most common types of drugs that can cause myositis are statins, which are used to lower cholesterol levels. […] The most common infectious cause of myositis is viral infections, such as the common cold. Other viruses, such as COVID-19, are also shown to be a rare cause of myositis. […] Autoimmune disease is an abnormal immune response to specific body protein or other biomolecular target, such as one of the muscles. The three main types of idiopathic myositis (known as inflammatory myopathies) that typically test positive for autoantibodies are dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis.

• #3 Polymyositis | Johns Hopkins Myositis Center

  https://www.hopkinsmyositis.org/myositis/polymyositis/

  Polymyositis is a disease caused by inflammation of the muscles. This occurs when white blood cells, the immune cells of inflammation, begin to invade the muscle tissue. Polymyositis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the muscles. […] In this five part series on Polymyositis, Dr. Lisa Christopher-Stine discusses the disease, signs symptoms, how it is diagnosed, how it is treated and some lifestyle tips for those with the disease.

• #3 Polymyositis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12053-polymyositis

  Polymyositis is a rare autoimmune disease that makes your immune system attack your muscles. […] Experts aren’t certain what causes polymyositis, and there’s no cure for it. […] Polymyositis is an autoimmune disease, but experts aren’t sure what causes it. Autoimmune diseases happen when your immune system accidentally attacks your body instead of protecting it. […] Polymyositis can start on its own with no cause (idiopathically). Sometimes, other health conditions or reactions to medications trigger it. […] Some viral infections can trigger polymyositis, including COVID-19, Influenza (the flu), the common cold, and HIV. […] Because experts aren’t sure what causes it, there’s no way to prevent it. […] Some studies have found that polymyositis (and other types of myositis) might have a genetic component. This means that biological parents might pass specific genetic mutations to their children that make them more likely to develop a condition. […] However, experts haven’t been able to identify specific genetic mutations that cause polymyositis, and they can’t prove that there’s an increased risk your biological children will develop polymyositis if you have it.

• #3 Myositis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myositis-types-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Drugs: Several different medications and drugs may lead to temporary muscle damage. Inflammation in the muscles is often misdiagnosed as myopathy and not myositis. […] Injury: Strenuous exercise may lead to muscle pain, inflammation, and weakness for a few hours or days after a workout. Inflammation of the muscles causes symptoms of myositis. Myositis is caused due to exercise or injury typically and always completely resolves with rest and recovery. […] Other environmental factors that include are as follows: UV radiation, Smoking, Recreational drugs, Dietary supplements, Exposure to dust, gas, and fumes.

• #3 Viral and retroviral myositis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-and-retroviral-myositis

  Myositis is one of the complications of viral infections. Viral myositis is an illness characterized by muscle weakness and pain associated with elevated muscle enzyme levels and laboratory evidence of viral infection, ideally supported by detection of viral presence in the muscle. Both viruses and retroviruses are well-known pathogens that can be associated with inflammatory myopathy. Viral myositis results from direct infection of muscle or the ensuing inflammatory response. […] Certain infectious agents have been associated with idiopathic chronic inflammatory myopathies and might shed light on pathogenesis and offer practical treatment strategies. This became especially important in the 1990s when HIV and other retroviruses as well as hepatitis C virus were investigated for their role in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis.

• #3 Myositis | Causes, symptoms, treatment

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/myositis/

  Infectious or post-infectious reactive myositis can occur during and after some viral infections. […] Drug-induced myopathies can sometimes appear like myositis. The most common drugs to cause this are statins used to lower people’s cholesterol levels. […] Even in severe cases, myositis usually responds to treatment, although many people need life-long drug treatment to keep their condition under control.

• #3 Myositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/myositis-overview-4778444

  Inflammatory conditions: Conditions that cause systemic (whole-body) inflammation affect the muscles and may result in myositis. Many inflammatory causes are autoimmune diseases, where the body attacks its own healthy tissues. Inflammatory causes are the most serious causes of myositis and require long-term treatment. […] Infection: Viral infections are the most common infective causes of myositis. Bacteria, fungi, and other organisms can also cause myositis, but these cases are more rare. […] Medications: Many different medications can cause muscle weakness. Medications, such as statins, colchicine, and hydroxychloroquine, can induce different types of myositis. […] Rhabdomyolysis occurs when muscles break down quickly, leading to the release of muscle fiber materials into the blood. These substances are harmful to the kidneys. Muscle pain, weakness, and swelling are symptoms of this condition.

• #3 Polymyositis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymyositis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353208

  Polymyositis (pol-e-my-o-SY-tis) is an uncommon inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness affecting both sides of your body. […] The exact cause of polymyositis is unknown, but the disease shares many characteristics with autoimmune disorders, in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body tissues. […] Your risk of polymyositis is higher if you have lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or Sjogren’s syndrome. […] Polymyositis may cause the muscular walls of your heart to become inflamed (myocarditis). In a small number of people who have polymyositis, congestive heart failure and heart arrhythmias may develop. […] People who have polymyositis have an elevated risk of cancer.

• #3 Myositis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/myositis

  Myositis is a rare disease in which the immune system chronically inflames (produces inflammation in) the body’s own healthy muscle tissue. Over time, this persistent inflammation weakens muscles, often resulting in muscle aches, pain, and fatigue. […] It is not known what triggers the immune system’s attack. There is no cure for myositis; however, prompt treatment for some types of myositis may prevent the disease from worsening. […] People with inflammatory myopathies, especially adults with a variant of dermatomyositis, can have an increased risk of cancer. This risk increases with age and is associated with the same common cancers that affect the general population, including cancer of the lung, breast, prostate (in men), and ovaries (in women). […] Unlike other forms of myositis, inclusion-body myositis occurs more often in men than in women. There are currently no effective treatments known for inclusion-body myositis.

• #3 Causes/Inheritance – Inclusion-Body Myositis (IBM) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/inclusion-body-myositis/causes-inheritance

  In most cases, the cause of inclusion body myositis (IBM) is unclear. Some viral infections or exposure to certain drugs have been reported to trigger IBM. In general, researchers believe that factors related to the immune system, genetics, aging and the environment all play a role in IBM development. […] IBM does not typically run in families, however, and causative genetic mutations have not been found in most people with IBM. […] Many researchers now believe that autoimmunity may trigger IBM and result in the degenerative changes seen in muscles. […] The events that trigger these changes and the sequence of changes that leads to disease are not well understood.

• #3 Risk Factors and Disease Mechanisms in Myositis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6745704/

  Autoimmune diseases develop as a result of chronic inflammation owing to interactions between genes and the environment. […] Newly discovered risk factors and pathogenic processes in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) phenotypes have illuminated innovative approaches for understanding these diseases. […] The HLA 8.1 ancestral haplotype is a key risk factor for major IIM phenotypes in white populations, and genetic risk variants for other autoimmune diseases have been identified as IIM risk factors. Environmental risk factors are less studied but might include viruses, bacteria, ultraviolet radiation, smoking, occupational and perinatal exposures and a growing list of drugs, biologics, and dietary supplements. […] Disease mechanisms vary by phenotype, with evidence for shared innate and adaptive immune and metabolic pathways in some phenotypes but unique pathways in others.

• #3 Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/systemic-rheumatic-diseases/idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathies

  The cause of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is unknown, but an autoimmune reaction to muscle tissue in people who have certain genes seems to be a trigger, and these diseases can run in families. Other triggers include viral infections, certain medications, and cancer. […] Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies usually occur in adults aged 40 to 60 or in children aged 5 to 15. Women are more likely than men to develop a type.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-020-00646-0

  The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively evaluate secondary causes of inflammatory myopathies (myositis) and to review treatment options. […] This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of known causes of myositis, including newer drugs that may cause myositis such as checkpoint inhibitors and viruses such as influenza, HIV, and SARS-CoV2. […] Infections, drugs, rheumatologic diseases, and malignancies are important causes of myositis and are important to diagnose as they may have specific therapies beyond immunomodulatory therapy.

• #4 Viral and retroviral myositis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-and-retroviral-myositis

  Human viruses associated with inflammatory myopathy include coxsackieviruses, influenza A and B viruses, HIV, HTLV-1, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus. Rare cases have been associated with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and West Nile virus. The specific clinicopathological syndrome may narrow the likelihood of a viral etiology. […] Viral contributions to inflammatory myopathy are postulated to occur via several mechanisms. The mechanisms of viral myositis are not fully elucidated, but there is evidence for several pathophysiological mechanisms. The virus-host interactions that contribute to myositis include: (1) direct infection (acute or chronic) or host response to viral antigens, (2) molecular mimicry, and (3) immune dysregulation. […] The first report of a retrovirus associated with inflammatory myopathy came in the 1980s with monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, followed closely by human cases associated with HIV and later HTLV-1.

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