Materiały źródłowe

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  More than 30 strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect your genitals. […] Only some types of HPV are high risk because they can progress to cancer. […] HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening. […] Certain strains of HPV (most often types 16 and 18) can cause changes in the cells of your cervix, a condition called cervical dysplasia. […] If you test positive, you may be at a higher risk and need more frequent testing. […] Getting regular Pap smears to screen for cervical cancer is important (usually beginning at age 21).

• #2 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/march/hpv-diagnostics,-vaccines-and-preventive-health-st

  HPV infections stem from a DNA virus in the Papillomaviridae family and target skin, genital or oral mucosa (though the virus does not enter the bloodstream). HPV also causes several types of cancers, including cervical and throat cancers, making early detection and preventive medical interventions vital. […] It’s one of the few cancers that is preventable, and where timely care and appropriate screening can really make a difference in terms of incidence and outcomes. […] This is why screening to detect high-risk HPV strains most importantly HPV16 and HPV18, which cause the majority of HPV-related cancers is so critical. […] There are 2 primary ways in which health care professionals will screen patients with a cervix for cervical cancer: cytology (i.e., Pap test) or an HPV test (for high-risk HPV strains).

• #3 Laboratory diagnosis of human papillomavirus virus infection in female genital tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3139291/

  A human papillomavirus (HPV), a member of the papillomavirus, is a double-stranded DNA virus and produces cytopathic effect in epithelium. Genital mucosal infection is persistent and multifocal and can be subclinical. More than 30 to 40 types of HPV are typically transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region. Some sexually transmitted HPV types may cause genital warts. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types different from the ones that cause skin warts, may progress to precancerous lesions and invasive cancer. HPV infection is a cause of nearly all cases of cervical cancer; however, most infections with these types do not cause disease. […] The important methods to diagnose HPV infection are: Colposcopy and acetic acid test, Biopsy, DNA test (PCR, Southern Blot Hybridization, In Situ Hybridization), Pap smear.

• #4 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.

• #5 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  The virus itself doesnt turn into cancer. But high-risk strains of HPV infection can cause precancerous cell changes. […] HPV that affects your genitals doesnt usually cause symptoms. […] High-risk forms of HPV often dont cause symptoms until theyve progressed to cancer. […] A healthcare provider will typically be able to diagnose genital warts and other bodily warts just by looking. […] High-risk forms of HPV dont cause symptoms, which means youll likely learn about an infection through a routine Pap smear or HPV test. […] Pap smear: A Pap smear screens for cervical cancer and precancerous cells that may become cancer if left untreated. […] HPV tests can detect the high-risk strains of the virus that may lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. […] Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer.

• #6 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.

• #7 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Workup: Approach Considerations, Cytologic Testing, HPV DNA Typing

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-workup

  The two primary methods for HPV DNA testing are the Hybrid Capture II (HC II) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enzyme immunoassay. Both methods exhibit high sensitivity and are valuable tools for detecting HPV infections and for monitoring post-treatment outcomes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). […] HPV DNA testing is recommended for managing women with Pap test results showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), especially when liquid-based cytology or co-collection is utilized. […] The acetic acid test is useful in diagnosing genital warts, enhancing suspicion for lesions lacking classic features. […] In general, tissue biopsy is a useful tool to confirm HPV infection, especially when the diagnosis is uncertain or when warts appear abnormally pigmented, ulcerated, or indurated. […] Histopathology plays a crucial role in diagnosing HPV-related lesions.

• #8 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.

• #9 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  More than 30 strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect your genitals. […] Only some types of HPV are high risk because they can progress to cancer. […] HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening. […] Certain strains of HPV (most often types 16 and 18) can cause changes in the cells of your cervix, a condition called cervical dysplasia. […] If you test positive, you may be at a higher risk and need more frequent testing. […] Getting regular Pap smears to screen for cervical cancer is important (usually beginning at age 21).

• #10 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  The virus itself doesnt turn into cancer. But high-risk strains of HPV infection can cause precancerous cell changes. […] HPV that affects your genitals doesnt usually cause symptoms. […] High-risk forms of HPV often dont cause symptoms until theyve progressed to cancer. […] A healthcare provider will typically be able to diagnose genital warts and other bodily warts just by looking. […] High-risk forms of HPV dont cause symptoms, which means youll likely learn about an infection through a routine Pap smear or HPV test. […] Pap smear: A Pap smear screens for cervical cancer and precancerous cells that may become cancer if left untreated. […] HPV tests can detect the high-risk strains of the virus that may lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. […] Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer.

• #11 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html

  Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Research is still being done on HPV tests for other parts of the body.

• #12 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html

  Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Research is still being done on HPV tests for other parts of the body.

• #13 What an HPV Diagnosis Really Means | TIME

  https://time.com/7176632/what-does-hpv-diagnosis-mean-sti/

  There are more than 300 types of HPV, and some are more problematic than others. The highest-risk types are HPV 16 and 18; these are responsible for the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and head and neck. […] HPV spreads through sexual contact, including direct genital skin-to-skin contact, vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. […] If a woman discovers after a gynecological visit that she has HPV, the information is important because it tells you how you would follow up with additional tests, says Emu. […] Its not a cause for alarmits a cause for follow-up. […] If a woman had co-testing (a combination of an HPV test and a Pap test) and her Pap smear results were normal but she had a positive HPV test, her doctor might advise her to come back in a year and have both tests again, Schmeler says.

• #14 A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirusinfection | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-9-262

  The HPV-PCR protocols use consensus primers such as PGMY09/PGMY1 and GP5+/GP6+, which allow amplification of a large number of HPV genotypes in a single reaction. […] The main techniques used to detect mRNA for E6/E7 oncogenes are two commercial assays: PreTect Proofer and APTIMA HPV Assay. […] The APTIMA HPV assay detects HPV E6/E7 mRNA of the 14 HR (-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, and -68), which provides better sensitivity than the Proofer test, which detects only 5 HR-HPV. […] HPV-DNA is usually present in extrachromosomal or episomal form in beginning cervical precursor lesions. Integration of viral DNA frequently occurs in HSIL and CC, and these lesions may often contain episomal and integrated HPV-DNA at the same time. […] The main methods used for HPV integration detection are PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and Real-Time PCR.

• #15 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Human Papillomavirus Tests for Cervical Cancer Screening […] Clinical tests for HPV are used for the following: cervical cancer screening as a primary test, cervical cancer screening with a cytology test, triage of some abnormal cervical cytology results, follow-up after abnormal screening test results, follow-up after a colposcopy in which no CIN 2 or CIN 3 is found, and follow-up after treatment of cervical precancers. These tests are only FDA cleared for use with cervical specimens, not oral or anal specimens. Testing for nononcogenic HPV types (e.g., types 6 and 11) is not recommended. […] FDA-cleared HPV tests detect viral DNA or messenger RNA. Several FDA-cleared tests for HPV are available for use in the United States. The Cobas 4800 HPV test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics) and the Onclarity HPV test (Becton Dickinson) can detect the presence of 14 oncogenic HPV types (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68), as well as individual types 16 and 18, and are cleared for primary cervical cancer screening.

• #16 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Workup: Approach Considerations, Cytologic Testing, HPV DNA Typing

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-workup

  The two primary methods for HPV DNA testing are the Hybrid Capture II (HC II) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enzyme immunoassay. Both methods exhibit high sensitivity and are valuable tools for detecting HPV infections and for monitoring post-treatment outcomes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). […] HPV DNA testing is recommended for managing women with Pap test results showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), especially when liquid-based cytology or co-collection is utilized. […] The acetic acid test is useful in diagnosing genital warts, enhancing suspicion for lesions lacking classic features. […] In general, tissue biopsy is a useful tool to confirm HPV infection, especially when the diagnosis is uncertain or when warts appear abnormally pigmented, ulcerated, or indurated. […] Histopathology plays a crucial role in diagnosing HPV-related lesions.

• #17 A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirusinfection | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-9-262

  The HPV-PCR protocols use consensus primers such as PGMY09/PGMY1 and GP5+/GP6+, which allow amplification of a large number of HPV genotypes in a single reaction. […] The main techniques used to detect mRNA for E6/E7 oncogenes are two commercial assays: PreTect Proofer and APTIMA HPV Assay. […] The APTIMA HPV assay detects HPV E6/E7 mRNA of the 14 HR (-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, and -68), which provides better sensitivity than the Proofer test, which detects only 5 HR-HPV. […] HPV-DNA is usually present in extrachromosomal or episomal form in beginning cervical precursor lesions. Integration of viral DNA frequently occurs in HSIL and CC, and these lesions may often contain episomal and integrated HPV-DNA at the same time. […] The main methods used for HPV integration detection are PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and Real-Time PCR.

• #18 A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirusinfection | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-9-262

  The HPV-PCR protocols use consensus primers such as PGMY09/PGMY1 and GP5+/GP6+, which allow amplification of a large number of HPV genotypes in a single reaction. […] The main techniques used to detect mRNA for E6/E7 oncogenes are two commercial assays: PreTect Proofer and APTIMA HPV Assay. […] The APTIMA HPV assay detects HPV E6/E7 mRNA of the 14 HR (-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, and -68), which provides better sensitivity than the Proofer test, which detects only 5 HR-HPV. […] HPV-DNA is usually present in extrachromosomal or episomal form in beginning cervical precursor lesions. Integration of viral DNA frequently occurs in HSIL and CC, and these lesions may often contain episomal and integrated HPV-DNA at the same time. […] The main methods used for HPV integration detection are PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and Real-Time PCR.

• #19 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Human Papillomavirus Tests for Cervical Cancer Screening […] Clinical tests for HPV are used for the following: cervical cancer screening as a primary test, cervical cancer screening with a cytology test, triage of some abnormal cervical cytology results, follow-up after abnormal screening test results, follow-up after a colposcopy in which no CIN 2 or CIN 3 is found, and follow-up after treatment of cervical precancers. These tests are only FDA cleared for use with cervical specimens, not oral or anal specimens. Testing for nononcogenic HPV types (e.g., types 6 and 11) is not recommended. […] FDA-cleared HPV tests detect viral DNA or messenger RNA. Several FDA-cleared tests for HPV are available for use in the United States. The Cobas 4800 HPV test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics) and the Onclarity HPV test (Becton Dickinson) can detect the presence of 14 oncogenic HPV types (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68), as well as individual types 16 and 18, and are cleared for primary cervical cancer screening.

• #20 I have HPV. Now what? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/i-have-hpv-now-what.h00-159698334.html

  The results of your Pap and HPV test are used to determine if you need additional testing. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test is normal, your doctor will most likely recommend repeating the Pap and HPV screening exams in one year. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test was abnormal, your doctor will probably follow up with a colposcopy. […] The best way to protect yourself from HPV-related cancers is to get the HPV vaccine. […] Ramondetta says that getting the HPV vaccine after being infected doesnt make the infection go away. However, getting the vaccine before you’re exposed to HPV can prevent against 7 high risk subtypes and 2 low risk subtypes.

• #21 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.

• #22 Laboratory diagnosis of human papillomavirus virus infection in female genital tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3139291/

  Colposcopy allows tissue sampling (biopsy) that is targeted to the abnormal areas. In fact, the biopsy of abnormal areas is a critical part of colposcopy because treatment will depend on how severe the abnormality is on the biopsy sample. If the biopsy results show pre-cancer (dysplasia) or cancer, then treatment is recommended. […] The established routine method for viral detection is the hybridization of viral nucleic acids. The two main techniques are: Hybrid capture HPV DNA Test 2 (hc2) and Polymerase chain reaction. […] Apart from premalignant and malignant changes, viral infections like HPV infection and Herpes can also be detected. Positive test requires further confirmatory tests like coloscopy, cervical biopsy, and DNA tests like PCR. […] Intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) is common in HPV infected patients with HIV/AIDS. There are no clinical markers that can diagnose early IEN, so it is necessary to biopsy and genotype all HIV positive patients with condylomata accuminata before treatment.

• #23 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Workup: Approach Considerations, Cytologic Testing, HPV DNA Typing

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-workup

  The two primary methods for HPV DNA testing are the Hybrid Capture II (HC II) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enzyme immunoassay. Both methods exhibit high sensitivity and are valuable tools for detecting HPV infections and for monitoring post-treatment outcomes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). […] HPV DNA testing is recommended for managing women with Pap test results showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), especially when liquid-based cytology or co-collection is utilized. […] The acetic acid test is useful in diagnosing genital warts, enhancing suspicion for lesions lacking classic features. […] In general, tissue biopsy is a useful tool to confirm HPV infection, especially when the diagnosis is uncertain or when warts appear abnormally pigmented, ulcerated, or indurated. […] Histopathology plays a crucial role in diagnosing HPV-related lesions.

• #24 Core Concepts – Human Papillomavirus Infection – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/hpv/core-concept/all

  Available data, primarily from cervical HPV natural history, suggest that more than 90% of individuals with genital HPV infections are asymptomatic and clear the infection within 3 years. […] Most HPV infections are transient, asymptomatic, or subclinical; among immunocompetent individuals, most HPV infections have no clinical consequences. Persons with clinically evident disease have a range of possible presentations that correlate with the HPV type and host factors, with the most common manifestations being anogenital warts, also referred to as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), precancerous lesions, known as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and invasive cancer. […] Although most cases of anogenital warts are diagnosed clinically, confirmation by biopsy may be needed in any of the following situations: The lesions are atypical (e.g., pigmented, indurated, affixed to underlying tissue, bleeding, or ulcerated). The diagnosis is uncertain. The person with the anogenital warts is immunocompromised (including individuals with HIV). The lesions do not respond to therapy. The lesions worsen during treatment.

• #25 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html

  Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Research is still being done on HPV tests for other parts of the body.

• #26 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html

  Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Research is still being done on HPV tests for other parts of the body.

• #27 The HPV Test | Cervical Cancer Screening Test | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-tests/hpv-test.html

  All the screening tests (primary HPV test, co-test, and Pap test) are good at finding cancer and pre-cancer. The primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test done alone and does not add more unnecessary tests, which can happen with a co-test. […] The result of the HPV test, along with your past test results, determines your risk of developing cervical cancer. If the test is positive, this could mean more follow-up visits, more tests to look for a pre-cancer or cancer, and sometimes a procedure to treat any pre-cancers that might be found. […] Because there are many different follow-up or treatment options depending on your specific risk of developing cervical cancer, it is best to talk to your healthcare provider about your screening results in more detail, to fully understand your risk of cervical cancer and what follow-up plan is best for you.

• #28 The HPV Test | Cervical Cancer Screening Test | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-tests/hpv-test.html

  All the screening tests (primary HPV test, co-test, and Pap test) are good at finding cancer and pre-cancer. The primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test done alone and does not add more unnecessary tests, which can happen with a co-test. […] The result of the HPV test, along with your past test results, determines your risk of developing cervical cancer. If the test is positive, this could mean more follow-up visits, more tests to look for a pre-cancer or cancer, and sometimes a procedure to treat any pre-cancers that might be found. […] Because there are many different follow-up or treatment options depending on your specific risk of developing cervical cancer, it is best to talk to your healthcare provider about your screening results in more detail, to fully understand your risk of cervical cancer and what follow-up plan is best for you.

• #29 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html

  Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Research is still being done on HPV tests for other parts of the body.

• #30 HPV Symptoms & Tests in Women & Men

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-symptoms-tests

  If you have human papillomavirus (HPV), you might never know it. Its so common that the CDC estimates that almost 80 million people in the U.S. have it. […] You get an HPV infection when youre exposed to HPV. There are more than 200 types (or strains) of HPV. Some HPV types can cause genital warts. Others are linked to cancer of the cervix and other organs. […] If you have genital warts or warts on other parts of your body, thats a sign of HPV. […] If you have genital warts or warts on other parts of your body, thats a sign of HPV. […] HPV is a regular part of cervical cancer screening. […] There are no approved tests to screen for HPV in men. […] If youre healthy, doctors dont routinely test for HPV. […] Your doctor may check for HPV at the same time as your Pap test, called co-testing, or order an HPV test by itself.

• #31 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in men — Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.chelwest.nhs.uk/your-visit/patient-leaflets/womens-services/human-papillomavirus-hpv-in-men

  At present there is no reliable HPV test for men. […] HPV can be detected in females who have had an abnormal smear test. […] There are no reliable treatments (such as antibiotics or antivirals) that have been proven to get rid of the virus. […] You may wish to visit your GP or sexual health clinic for further explanation. There is currently no reliable test to detect HPV in men so, unless there is evidence of genital warts, there is no examination/ test that male partners can have.

• #32 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv/

  If you have a type of HPV that can cause cancer, your doctor may want to perform a colposcopy. In this test, he or she will use a special magnifying lens to get a closer look at your cervix. If the tissue looks abnormal, they will cut out a small bit to perform a biopsy. This test will check for signs of cancer. […] There is no FDA-approved test for HPV for men. Men who have sex with other men or are HIV-positive might be a candidate for an anal Pap test. This test will not confirm HPV, but it can find abnormal skin cells.

• #33 HPV: transmission, diagnosis and care | Sapi Med

  https://www.sapimed.com/en/trivia/human-papilloma-virus-transmission-diagnosis-and-care/

  HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide. The only way to diagnose HPV infection is through an HPV test. This screening test is primarily aimed at women and determines whether they have come into contact with the virus. A positive HPV test does not mean that a tumor will develop because the majority of infections regress spontaneously. However, a positive patient will undergo further examinations. One investigative examination is colposcopy, which allows for an enlarged view of the cervix and any lesions detected during the screening test through the use of a special instrument and specific staining techniques. For males, there is currently no test available to detect HPV infection. High-resolution anoscopy (HRA) is used to detect anal HPV lesions.

• #34 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infections – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  For genital warts, a doctor’s evaluation […] For cervical cancer screening, a cervical Pap test and/or HPV testing […] Sometimes, anal cytology (Pap test) […] For abnormal HPV or Pap test results, sometimes colposcopy, anoscopy, and/or biopsy. […] Genital warts can usually be diagnosed based on their appearance. If warts look unusual, bleed, become open sores (ulcerate), or persist after treatment, a doctor should take a sample (biopsy) and examine it under a microscope to check for precancer or cancer. […] Anoscopy (use of a viewing tube to examine the interior of the anus) is done to check for precancer or cancer in the anus.

• #35 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. […] Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future. […] The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.

• #36 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. […] Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future. […] The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.

• #37 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: Results & Interpretation

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22163-human-papillomavirus-hpv-test

  This test result doesnt mean you already have cervical cancer. Its all about risk. […] A negative HPV test means you dont have a high-risk strain of HPV. […] The only way to know you have HPV is from an HPV test or a Pap/HPV co-test. […] HPV tests are key to detecting cancer before healthy cervical cells change to cancerous ones. If you have a cervix and are between the ages of 30 and 65, its essential to get regular Pap smears, HPV tests or co-tests.

• #38 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. […] Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future. […] The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.

• #39 The HPV Test | Cervical Cancer Screening Test | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-tests/hpv-test.html

  All the screening tests (primary HPV test, co-test, and Pap test) are good at finding cancer and pre-cancer. The primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test done alone and does not add more unnecessary tests, which can happen with a co-test. […] The result of the HPV test, along with your past test results, determines your risk of developing cervical cancer. If the test is positive, this could mean more follow-up visits, more tests to look for a pre-cancer or cancer, and sometimes a procedure to treat any pre-cancers that might be found. […] Because there are many different follow-up or treatment options depending on your specific risk of developing cervical cancer, it is best to talk to your healthcare provider about your screening results in more detail, to fully understand your risk of cervical cancer and what follow-up plan is best for you.

• #40 I have HPV. Now what? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/i-have-hpv-now-what.h00-159698334.html

  The results of your Pap and HPV test are used to determine if you need additional testing. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test is normal, your doctor will most likely recommend repeating the Pap and HPV screening exams in one year. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test was abnormal, your doctor will probably follow up with a colposcopy. […] The best way to protect yourself from HPV-related cancers is to get the HPV vaccine. […] Ramondetta says that getting the HPV vaccine after being infected doesnt make the infection go away. However, getting the vaccine before you’re exposed to HPV can prevent against 7 high risk subtypes and 2 low risk subtypes.

• #41 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  Self-collection may also be used in situations in which a pelvic exam is not an acceptable option for a patient. […] HPV testing is available for women ages 25 and older. […] While screening and early treatment can prevent cervical cancer, there are no widespread screening tests for the other HPV-associated cancers, such as oropharyngeal (throat) cancer and anal cancer. […] Routine screening is not recommended or available at this time. […] The results of your Pap and HPV test are used to determine if you need additional testing. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test is normal, your doctor will most likely recommend repeating the Pap and HPV screening exams in one year. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test was abnormal, your doctor will probably follow up with a colposcopy. […] The best way to protect yourself from HPV-related cancers is to get the HPV vaccine.

• #42 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. […] Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future. […] The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.

• #43 HPV test – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hpv-test/about/pac-20394355

  A positive HPV test doesn’t mean that you’ll get cervical cancer. But it does mean that your healthcare professional may suggest screening more often or for longer than is typical. […] As with any screening test, an HPV test carries the risk of false-positive or false-negative results. […] A positive test result means that you have a type of high-risk HPV that’s linked to cervical cancer. It doesn’t mean that you have or will get cervical cancer. But it’s a warning that you could get cervical cancer. […] A negative test result means that you don’t have any of the types of HPV that cause cervical cancer or that your body has the HPV infection under control.

• #44 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. […] Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future. […] The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.

• #45 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Unlike cytology, samples for HPV testing have the potential to be collected by the patient and mailed to health programs for analysis, thus self-collection might be one strategy for increasing screening rates among populations where screening rates are low. Self-collection for HPV testing is not cleared by FDA or recommended by U.S. medical organizations. […] Follow-Up of Abnormal Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Test Results […] If the result of the cytology (Pap test) is abnormal, follow-up care should be provided according to the 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. Clinics that serve clients who might have difficulty adhering to follow-up recommendations and for whom linkage to care is unlikely should consider offering in-house colposcopy and biopsy services.

• #46 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Consensus guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests combine patient-level risk data with clinical action thresholds to generate personalized management recommendations. This framework allows management on the basis of risk for CIN 3, not specific test results. The guidelines were designed to identify persons at high risk who require colposcopy or expedited treatment and persons at low risk who might be able to safely defer invasive diagnostic procedures. The risk-based framework was designed to easily incorporate future revisions, such as the inclusion of new technologies for screening and management. Use of the guidelines can be facilitated by electronic technology that is continually updated, such as a smartphone application or the website. […] The following are highlights of the new management guidelines: Colposcopy can be deferred for patients at low risk. If a patient has a minimally abnormal test result (i.e., negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy HPV positive, ASC-US HPV positive, LSIL, or HPV positive) that was preceded by a negative screening HPV test or cotest within the past 5 years, follow-up in 1 year instead of colposcopy is recommended. Referral to colposcopy is recommended if cytology test results are abnormal or the HPV test is positive at the 1-year follow-up visit.

• #47 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Consensus guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests combine patient-level risk data with clinical action thresholds to generate personalized management recommendations. This framework allows management on the basis of risk for CIN 3, not specific test results. The guidelines were designed to identify persons at high risk who require colposcopy or expedited treatment and persons at low risk who might be able to safely defer invasive diagnostic procedures. The risk-based framework was designed to easily incorporate future revisions, such as the inclusion of new technologies for screening and management. Use of the guidelines can be facilitated by electronic technology that is continually updated, such as a smartphone application or the website. […] The following are highlights of the new management guidelines: Colposcopy can be deferred for patients at low risk. If a patient has a minimally abnormal test result (i.e., negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy HPV positive, ASC-US HPV positive, LSIL, or HPV positive) that was preceded by a negative screening HPV test or cotest within the past 5 years, follow-up in 1 year instead of colposcopy is recommended. Referral to colposcopy is recommended if cytology test results are abnormal or the HPV test is positive at the 1-year follow-up visit.

• #48 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. Another method called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) uses a thin looped wire charged with an electric current to remove a thin layer of a section of the cervix. And cold knife conization is a surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of the cervix.

• #49 How Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/diagnosing-hpv-514130

  Once removed, the tissue can be examined under the microscope. […] Unless there is evidence of neoplasia (the uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells), the doctor would consider a positive result of an HPV screen to be a „red flag” and continue to monitor the condition closely. […] By contrast, high-grade dysplasia without treatment may develop into an early form of cancer known as carcinoma in situ (CIS). […] In the unlikely event that cancer or precancer is diagnosed, you would be referred to an oncologist to stage the disease and decide upon the appropriate course of treatment.

• #50 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Treatment can be expedited for high-risk patients. If a patient has a high-grade cytology (Pap test) result (i.e., HSIL) and an HPV test that is positive for HPV type 16, then treatment with a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is preferred. A colposcopy with biopsy is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis first. If a patient who has not been screened in more than 5 years (i.e., rarely screened) has an HSIL cytology result and a positive HPV test (regardless of type), then treatment with LEEP is preferred. A colposcopy with biopsy is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis first. When considering treatment without confirmatory biopsy, shared decision-making with the patient is important. Considerations include age, concern about cancer, ability to follow up, financial concerns, and concerns about the potential effect of treatment on a future pregnancy.

• #51 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Treatment can be expedited for high-risk patients. If a patient has a high-grade cytology (Pap test) result (i.e., HSIL) and an HPV test that is positive for HPV type 16, then treatment with a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is preferred. A colposcopy with biopsy is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis first. If a patient who has not been screened in more than 5 years (i.e., rarely screened) has an HSIL cytology result and a positive HPV test (regardless of type), then treatment with LEEP is preferred. A colposcopy with biopsy is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis first. When considering treatment without confirmatory biopsy, shared decision-making with the patient is important. Considerations include age, concern about cancer, ability to follow up, financial concerns, and concerns about the potential effect of treatment on a future pregnancy.

• #52 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  Unlike cytology, samples for HPV testing have the potential to be collected by the patient and mailed to health programs for analysis, thus self-collection might be one strategy for increasing screening rates among populations where screening rates are low. Self-collection for HPV testing is not cleared by FDA or recommended by U.S. medical organizations. […] Follow-Up of Abnormal Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Test Results […] If the result of the cytology (Pap test) is abnormal, follow-up care should be provided according to the 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. Clinics that serve clients who might have difficulty adhering to follow-up recommendations and for whom linkage to care is unlikely should consider offering in-house colposcopy and biopsy services.

• #53

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/2025-04-02-Quest-Diagnostics-Introduces-HPV-Specimen-Self-Collection-for-Cervical-Cancer-Screening

  Quest Diagnostics Introduces HPV Specimen Self-Collection for Cervical Cancer Screening […] Providers in the United States may now order the FDA-cleared HPV self-collection solution for their patients to use in their offices or other healthcare settings, with goal to reduce barriers to screening by enabling discreet self-collection. […] Quest also plans to make self-collection option available at its 2,000 patient service centers in the United States early next month, expanding access to screening. […] Physicians can now offer patients the option to collect their own specimen for HPV screening in a physician’s office or other healthcare setting. […] The new offering utilizes the FDA-cleared HPV self-collection solution from Roche, approved for use with Roche’s cobas HPV test in May 2024.

• #54

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/2025-04-02-Quest-Diagnostics-Introduces-HPV-Specimen-Self-Collection-for-Cervical-Cancer-Screening

  Recent draft guidelines from the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) on cervical cancer screening states self-collection for HPV screening „has similar accuracy to clinician-collected tests and is associated with increased screening in underscreened individuals and in historically underscreened populations.” […] Quest Diagnostics is a leader in women’s and reproductive health, which includes a complete menu of solutions for screening for and diagnosing cervical cancer.

• #55

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/2025-04-02-Quest-Diagnostics-Introduces-HPV-Specimen-Self-Collection-for-Cervical-Cancer-Screening

  Quest Diagnostics Introduces HPV Specimen Self-Collection for Cervical Cancer Screening […] Providers in the United States may now order the FDA-cleared HPV self-collection solution for their patients to use in their offices or other healthcare settings, with goal to reduce barriers to screening by enabling discreet self-collection. […] Quest also plans to make self-collection option available at its 2,000 patient service centers in the United States early next month, expanding access to screening. […] Physicians can now offer patients the option to collect their own specimen for HPV screening in a physician’s office or other healthcare setting. […] The new offering utilizes the FDA-cleared HPV self-collection solution from Roche, approved for use with Roche’s cobas HPV test in May 2024.

• #56

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/2025-04-02-Quest-Diagnostics-Introduces-HPV-Specimen-Self-Collection-for-Cervical-Cancer-Screening

  „Cervical cancer is highly preventable when detected early, and yet, over 4,000 American women will die this year of cervical cancer primarily due to inadequate screening. Our goal is to make HPV screening more accessible and discreet for women who may otherwise skip or delay this vital preventive care test and therefore increase their risk of developing cervical cancer.” […] The solution is not FDA approved for at-home collection, and self-collection is not intended to replace a pelvic examination provided by a clinician. […] When testing for HPV in conventional practice, a healthcare provider collects a specimen from a patient in their office or clinic and forwards it to a laboratory for testing. […] „The most reliable cervical cancer method is co-testing, which combines HPV and Pap testing, on a specimen collected by a skilled physician,” said board-certified obstetrician and gynecologist Damian P. Alagia, MD, Senior Medical Director, Women’s Health, Quest Diagnostics.

• #57 Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2024.12671

  The HCII method is the most commonly utilized approach for the clinical detection of HPV due to its high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability and objectivity. […] Molecular assays are the gold standard for HPV identification. […] The aim of the present review and the clinical material available is to determine the optimal method for HPV detection. […] Further investigation is required to clarify the role of molecular HPV testing in current primary cervical screening programs. […] With the continued development of detection technology, low-cost methods with high versatility, operability, and improved sensitivity and specificity will be needed for the early diagnosis of cervical HPV infection.

• #58 A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirusinfection | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-9-262

  The HPV-PCR protocols use consensus primers such as PGMY09/PGMY1 and GP5+/GP6+, which allow amplification of a large number of HPV genotypes in a single reaction. […] The main techniques used to detect mRNA for E6/E7 oncogenes are two commercial assays: PreTect Proofer and APTIMA HPV Assay. […] The APTIMA HPV assay detects HPV E6/E7 mRNA of the 14 HR (-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, and -68), which provides better sensitivity than the Proofer test, which detects only 5 HR-HPV. […] HPV-DNA is usually present in extrachromosomal or episomal form in beginning cervical precursor lesions. Integration of viral DNA frequently occurs in HSIL and CC, and these lesions may often contain episomal and integrated HPV-DNA at the same time. […] The main methods used for HPV integration detection are PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and Real-Time PCR.

• #59 A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirusinfection | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-9-262

  The HPV-PCR protocols use consensus primers such as PGMY09/PGMY1 and GP5+/GP6+, which allow amplification of a large number of HPV genotypes in a single reaction. […] The main techniques used to detect mRNA for E6/E7 oncogenes are two commercial assays: PreTect Proofer and APTIMA HPV Assay. […] The APTIMA HPV assay detects HPV E6/E7 mRNA of the 14 HR (-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, and -68), which provides better sensitivity than the Proofer test, which detects only 5 HR-HPV. […] HPV-DNA is usually present in extrachromosomal or episomal form in beginning cervical precursor lesions. Integration of viral DNA frequently occurs in HSIL and CC, and these lesions may often contain episomal and integrated HPV-DNA at the same time. […] The main methods used for HPV integration detection are PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and Real-Time PCR.

• #60 Cervical cancer and human papillomavirus virus (HPV) screening

  https://diagnostics.roche.com/global/en/products/product-category/health-topic/oncology/cervical-cancer.html

  Almost all cervical cancer cases are linked to infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), an extremely common virus transmitted through sexual contact. […] HPV DNA detection is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the primary screening test to help achieve cervical cancer elimination. […] By leveraging advanced tools such as cobas HPV for risk assessment, CINtec PLUS Cytology for immediate triage, and CINtec Histology for accurate diagnosis, this approach addresses critical points in cervical cancer prevention and management. […] With its comprehensive cervical cancer screening portfolio, Roche delivers powerful, clinically proven diagnostic and innovative digital solutions designed to help standardize care and protect all women from a preventable disease. […] Our triage options for women with a positive high-risk HPV result further improve disease management decisions. Dual stain, biomarker technology, an immunocytologic triage test, can be performed using the same sample collected for HPV primary screening, meaning no additional patient exam is needed, and there is less potential loss to follow-up.

• #61 HPV Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  An HPV test detects evidence of an infection with a high-risk strain of HPV. […] HPV testing indicates whether you currently have or have been infected with a high-risk strain, but not every HPV test identifies the specific strain causing an infection. […] HPV DNA testing: A patient’s cells are examined in a laboratory for the genetic material (DNA) of HPV. […] HPV ribonucleic acid (RNA) testing: A sample of cells is examined in a laboratory for a different type of genetic material called RNA. […] Detection of cellular markers: Unlike other types of HPV testing, this method doesn’t look for the genetic material of the HPV virus. Instead, it looks for evidence of two proteins called p16 and Ki-67. […] If you have an abnormal Pap smear, your doctor might recommend an HPV test to determine if abnormal cell changes are related to an HPV infection and require additional follow-up.

• #62 A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirusinfection | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-9-262

  Molecular techniques are most commonly used for HPV testing, and are the gold standard for diagnosing this viral infection. […] To date, there is no one ideal biomarker; however, overall, the combination of biomarkers can contribute to early determination of CC, which can be used to increase the positive predictive value of current screening methods.

• #63 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html

  Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Research is still being done on HPV tests for other parts of the body.

• #64 HPV Symptoms & Tests in Women & Men

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-symptoms-tests

  If you have human papillomavirus (HPV), you might never know it. Its so common that the CDC estimates that almost 80 million people in the U.S. have it. […] You get an HPV infection when youre exposed to HPV. There are more than 200 types (or strains) of HPV. Some HPV types can cause genital warts. Others are linked to cancer of the cervix and other organs. […] If you have genital warts or warts on other parts of your body, thats a sign of HPV. […] If you have genital warts or warts on other parts of your body, thats a sign of HPV. […] HPV is a regular part of cervical cancer screening. […] There are no approved tests to screen for HPV in men. […] If youre healthy, doctors dont routinely test for HPV. […] Your doctor may check for HPV at the same time as your Pap test, called co-testing, or order an HPV test by itself.

• #65 HPV test – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hpv-test/about/pac-20394355

  A positive HPV test doesn’t mean that you’ll get cervical cancer. But it does mean that your healthcare professional may suggest screening more often or for longer than is typical. […] As with any screening test, an HPV test carries the risk of false-positive or false-negative results. […] A positive test result means that you have a type of high-risk HPV that’s linked to cervical cancer. It doesn’t mean that you have or will get cervical cancer. But it’s a warning that you could get cervical cancer. […] A negative test result means that you don’t have any of the types of HPV that cause cervical cancer or that your body has the HPV infection under control.

• #66 Human Papillomavirus

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/hpv.html

  Genital human papillomavirus (also called HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Most women are diagnosed with HPV on the basis of abnormal Pap tests. A Pap test is the primary cancer-screening tool for cervical cancer or pre-cancerous changes in the cervix, many of which are related to HPV. Also, a specific test is available to detect HPV DNA in women. The test may be used in women with mild Pap test abnormalities, or in women older than 30 years of age at the time of Pap testing. The results of HPV DNA testing can help health care providers decide if further tests or treatment are necessary. […] The HPV tests on the market are only used to help screen women at certain ages and with certain Pap test findings, for cervical cancer. There is no general test for men or women to check ones overall „HPV status,” nor is there an approved HPV test to find HPV on the genitals or in the mouth or throat.

• #67 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hpv_infection_human_papillomavirus/article.htm

  Most people who develop HPV infection never have any signs or symptoms of the infection. […] As discussed in this article, in rare cases, the HPV infection persists and ultimately leads to certain cancers. […] The reason for vaccination against HPV types that are linked to cancer is that it is currently impossible to tell which people will have persistent HPV infection or infection that leads to cancer. […] Most cases of HPV infection do not even cause signs or symptoms and resolve on their own without treatment. […] However, in some cases, infections with certain HPV types can cause cancers of the cervix, vagina, or vulva in women; cancers of the anus or cancers of the oral cavity in women or men; and cancer of the penis in men.

• #68 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. […] Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future. […] The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.

• #69 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/march/hpv-diagnostics,-vaccines-and-preventive-health-st

  The current HPV vaccine on the market targets 7 of 12-known strains that are considered high risk for the development of cervical cancer and 2 types (HPV6 and HPV11) that cause benign genital warts. […] Future vaccine technology could also benefit patients with persistent infections that have caused cancer. […] A 2019 study echoed this sentiment, indicating that the vaccine does not cause earlier initiation of sexual activity. […] I hope [the stigma surrounding the virus] doesn’t prevent people from seeking care or seeking testing or doing their cervical cancer screening.

• #70 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | CHOC

  https://choc.org/primary-care/hpv-vaccine/what-is-hpv/

  The only way to prevent HPV infection is by getting vaccinated before contracting the virus. Even condoms do not fully protect against HPV infection. […] The HPV vaccine prevents HPV infections when administered before exposure and protects against cancers and diseases caused by HPV. Vaccination works best when given at a young age, beginning at 11 years old. Research shows that young people have a better immune response to the HPV vaccine than someone vaccinated later in life. […] Visit a CHOC pediatrician at one of our many primary care locations to discuss HPV prevention, symptoms and treatment.

• #71 Human Papillomavirus | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/human-papillomavirus-hpv/

  There is no treatment for the HPV infection itself, but treatment of the symptoms can remove warts and prevent complications such as cancer. Treatment options include: […] For precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix, our treatments include: […] Our experienced physicians conduct a thorough evaluation, which includes a: […] For persistent or recurrent warts, we can remove the warts with these procedures: […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the vaccine primarily for boys and girls ages 11 to 12, and the vaccine can be given at any time between ages 9 and 26. In fall 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Gardasil 9 for men and women between the ages of 27 and 45.

• #72 Human Papillomavirus Disease: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/human

  HPV vaccination prevents HPV infection and is ideally administered before sexual exposure to HPV. Although HPV vaccine is most effective in people with few or no sex partners prior to vaccination, HPV vaccination in people with multiple lifetime sex partners can still prevent HPV infection from subtypes they have not been exposed to yet. […] Routine HPV vaccination with the 9-valent vaccine should be initiated at age 11 or 12 years but may be started as early as age 9 years.93,94 Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a two-dose series,95 the Panel recommends that people with HIV receive a three-dose series (0, 12, and 6 months) because their immune response to vaccination might be attenuated […] People with HIV who have been vaccinated should continue routine cervical cancer screening because the vaccine does not prevent all HPV types that may be precursors to cervical cancer, and because the vaccine may be less effective in people with HIV (especially those with low CD4 counts) than in people without HIV.

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