Zakażenie wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (hpv)

Zakażenie wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (hpv)
Objawy

Wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) jest jednym z najczęstszych zakażeń przenoszonych drogą płciową, z około 80% osób aktywnych seksualnie zakażonych w ciągu życia. HPV obejmuje ponad 200 typów, z których około 40 zakaża okolice narządów płciowych. Typy niskiego ryzyka (np. 6 i 11) powodują brodawki płciowe, natomiast typy wysokiego ryzyka (szczególnie 16 i 18) są głównym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju zmian przednowotworowych i nowotworów, w tym niemal 100% raka szyjki macicy. Okres inkubacji jest zmienny (od kilku tygodni do lat), a większość zakażeń ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu 1-2 lat. Diagnostyka opiera się na cytologii (test Pap) i testach DNA HPV, szczególnie u kobiet, z zaleceniem wykonywania badań co 3-5 lat w zależności od wieku. Leczenie skupia się na usuwaniu objawów, takich jak brodawki (krioterapia, elektrokoagulacja, leki miejscowe), oraz zmian przednowotworowych (konizacja, LEEP, laseroterapia). Nie istnieje terapia eliminująca wirusa z organizmu.

Zakażenie wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) – charakterystyka

Wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV – Human Papillomavirus) jest jednym z najczęstszych zakażeń przenoszonych drogą płciową. Na całym świecie szacuje się, że około 80% osób aktywnych seksualnie zostanie zakażonych HPV w pewnym momencie swojego życia. W Stanach Zjednoczonych około 79 milionów osób jest obecnie zakażonych HPV, z około 14 milionami nowych zakażeń rocznie.¹²

HPV to nazwa dużej grupy pokrewnych wirusów, obejmującej ponad 200 różnych typów. Niektóre z nich mogą powodować brodawki na rękach, stopach, ustach lub gardle, podczas gdy około 40 typów może powodować zakażenia w okolicach narządów płciowych. Wirusy HPV dzielą się na dwie główne kategorie: typy „niskiego ryzyka”, które mogą powodować brodawki płciowe, oraz typy „wysokiego ryzyka”, które mogą prowadzić do rozwoju nowotworów.¹²

Zakażenie HPV następuje poprzez kontakt skóra-do-skóry, najczęściej podczas stosunku płciowego (waginalnego, analnego lub oralnego). Wirus wnika do organizmu zwykle przez drobne skaleczenia lub uszkodzenia skóry. Co ważne, zakażenie może nastąpić nawet przy braku pełnego stosunku płciowego – wystarczy bezpośredni kontakt z zakażoną skórą w okolicy narządów płciowych.¹²

Przebieg zakażenia wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego

W większości przypadków zakażenie HPV przebiega bezobjawowo i ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu 1-2 lat dzięki naturalnej odpowiedzi układu odpornościowego. U niektórych osób wirus może jednak utrzymywać się dłużej, prowadząc do rozwoju problemów zdrowotnych.¹²

Okres inkubacji HPV jest bardzo zmienny – od kilku tygodni do wielu miesięcy, a nawet lat. Brodawki płciowe najczęściej pojawiają się w ciągu 3-6 miesięcy od kontaktu z zakażoną osobą, jednak mogą również nigdy się nie pojawić. Podobnie, odstęp czasu między zakażeniem HPV a zmianami w komórkach szyjki macicy może wynosić od kilku miesięcy do nawet dekad, co utrudnia określenie dokładnego momentu i źródła zakażenia.¹

Przetrwałe zakażenie typami HPV wysokiego ryzyka (szczególnie typami 16 i 18) stanowi główny czynnik ryzyka rozwoju zmian przednowotworowych i nowotworowych. Badania wykazały, że może upłynąć od 5 do 10 lat, zanim komórki zakażone HPV przekształcą się w zmiany przednowotworowe, i około 20 lat, zanim rozwiną się w raka.¹²

Objawy zakażenia wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego

Większość osób zakażonych HPV nie doświadcza żadnych objawów i może nie wiedzieć, że ma wirusa. Jednak w niektórych przypadkach zakażenie może prowadzić do objawów klinicznych. Objawy te różnią się w zależności od typu wirusa i lokalizacji zakażenia.¹²

Brodawki płciowe (kłykciny kończyste)

Najczęstszym objawem zakażenia typami HPV niskiego ryzyka (głównie typami 6 i 11) są brodawki płciowe, znane również jako kłykciny kończyste. Brodawki te mogą przyjmować różną postać:¹²

Mogą być małe lub duże, płaskie lub wypukłe, pojedyncze lub występować w grupach
Często mają kształt przypominający kalafior
Mogą być koloru cielistego, białawego lub brązowawego
Najczęściej występują w okolicach wilgotnych powierzchni narządów płciowych (okolice odbytu, przedsionek pochwy, pochwa, wargi sromowe, srom)¹

Brodawki płciowe u mężczyzn mogą pojawić się na penisie, mosznie, w okolicy odbytu lub wewnątrz cewki moczowej. U kobiet mogą występować na sromie, pochwie, szyjce macicy lub wokół odbytu. Brodawki są zwykle bezbolesne, choć niektóre osoby mogą odczuwać świąd, dyskomfort lub krwawienie, szczególnie podczas stosunku płciowego.¹²

Warto zaznaczyć, że brodawki mogą nie być widoczne gołym okiem, zwłaszcza jeśli znajdują się wewnątrz pochwy, cewki moczowej lub odbytu. Niektóre brodawki mogą być trudne do zauważenia, więc osoba zakażona może nie wiedzieć, że je ma.¹

Zmiany przednowotworowe i nowotworowe

Przetrwałe zakażenie typami HPV wysokiego ryzyka (głównie typami 16 i 18) może prowadzić do rozwoju zmian przednowotworowych, a ostatecznie do raka. HPV jest odpowiedzialny za niemal 100% przypadków raka szyjki macicy, 90% przypadków raka odbytu, 60-73% przypadków raka gardła (nosogardzieli), 40-50% przypadków raka prącia oraz 40% przypadków raka pochwy i sromu.¹

Wczesne zmiany przednowotworowe i wczesne stadia raka zwykle nie powodują żadnych objawów. Dlatego regularne badania przesiewowe, takie jak cytologia (test Pap) i testy na obecność HPV, są kluczowe dla wczesnego wykrycia tych zmian.¹²

Objawy zaawansowanych nowotworów związanych z HPV różnią się w zależności od lokalizacji:¹²

Rak szyjki macicy: nieprawidłowe krwawienie z pochwy (pomiędzy miesiączkami, po menopauzie lub po stosunku), zwiększona lub nieprawidłowo pachnąca wydzielina z pochwy, ból podczas stosunku płciowego
Rak sromu/pochwy: zmiany w kolorze lub grubości skóry, przewlekły ból, świąd, guzek lub stwardnienie
Rak odbytu: krwawienie z odbytu, ból, świąd lub wydzielina, obrzęk węzłów chłonnych w okolicy odbytu lub pachwin, zmiany w rytmie wypróżnień lub kształcie stolca
Rak prącia: zmiany w tkankach prącia, takie jak zmiany koloru, zgrubienie skóry lub narastanie tkanki, bolesne lub bezbolesne rany lub narośla, które mogą krwawić
Rak gardła/krtani: przewlekły ból gardła lub ból ucha, uporczywy kaszel, trudności z oddychaniem lub przełykaniem, utrata wagi, zmiany głosu lub chrypka, guzki lub narośla na szyi

Inne objawy zakażenia HPV

Rzadkim powikłaniem zakażenia HPV jest nawracająca brodawczakowatość dróg oddechowych. Stan ten występuje, gdy noworodek zostaje zakażony HPV podczas porodu naturalnego przez kanał rodny matki z obecnymi brodawkami płciowymi. Brodawki mogą rozwijać się w gardle dziecka, powodując trudności z oddychaniem, chrypkę i problemy z połykaniem.¹

HPV może również powodować brodawki w jamie ustnej, gardle i krtani u dorosłych. Te zmiany mogą być bezobjawowe lub powodować dyskomfort podczas mówienia, połykania i oddychania.¹

Czynniki wpływające na progresję zakażenia HPV

Nie u wszystkich osób zakażonych HPV rozwija się pełnoobjawowa choroba lub nowotwór. Istnieje kilka czynników, które mogą wpływać na to, czy zakażenie przetrwa i spowoduje problemy zdrowotne:¹²

Typ wirusa HPV – typy wysokiego ryzyka (szczególnie 16 i 18) są silniej związane z rozwojem nowotworów
Stan układu odpornościowego – osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym (np. z powodu zakażenia HIV, stosowania leków immunosupresyjnych) mają większe ryzyko przetrwałego zakażenia HPV i rozwoju powikłań
Palenie tytoniu – zwiększa ryzyko przetrwania wirusa i progresji do zmian nowotworowych
Współistniejące zakażenia przenoszone drogą płciową – mogą zwiększać ryzyko zakażenia HPV i jego progresji
Liczba porodów i wczesny wiek pierwszej ciąży – czynniki te zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju raka szyjki macicy u kobiet zakażonych HPV wysokiego ryzyka
Stosowanie hormonalnych środków antykoncepcyjnych przez długi czas może zwiększać ryzyko progresji zakażenia HPV do raka szyjki macicy

Powikłania zakażenia wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego

Chociaż większość zakażeń HPV ustępuje samoistnie bez powodowania problemów zdrowotnych, w niektórych przypadkach mogą prowadzić do poważnych powikłań:¹²

Nowotwory związane z HPV

Najbardziej poważnym powikłaniem zakażenia HPV typami wysokiego ryzyka jest rozwój nowotworów. HPV jest przyczyną niemal wszystkich przypadków raka szyjki macicy oraz znaczącego odsetka innych nowotworów:¹²

Rak szyjki macicy – niemal 100% przypadków jest związanych z HPV
Rak odbytu – około 90-95% przypadków jest związanych z HPV
Rak ustnej części gardła – około 70% przypadków jest związanych z HPV
Rak sromu i pochwy – około 40-70% przypadków jest związanych z HPV
Rak prącia – około 40-50% przypadków jest związanych z HPV

Typy 16 i 18 HPV są odpowiedzialne za około 70% wszystkich przypadków raka szyjki macicy i ponad 90% innych nowotworów związanych z HPV.¹

Nawracające brodawki płciowe

Brodawki płciowe spowodowane przez HPV mogą nawracać, nawet po leczeniu. W niektórych badaniach wykazano, że brodawki mogą nawracać w ciągu kilku miesięcy od leczenia u znacznej części pacjentów. Nawracające brodawki płciowe mogą powodować dyskomfort fizyczny i psychiczny, wpływając na jakość życia i zdrowie seksualne.¹²

Nawracająca brodawczakowatość dróg oddechowych

To rzadkie powikłanie zakażenia HPV występuje głównie u niemowląt, które zostały zakażone podczas porodu przez kanał rodny matki z brodawkami płciowymi. Brodawki rozwijają się w krtani i drogach oddechowych dziecka, powodując chrypkę, trudności z oddychaniem i połykaniem. Stan ten może wymagać wielokrotnych zabiegów chirurgicznych w celu usunięcia brodawek.¹

Diagnostyka zakażenia wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego

Diagnostyka zakażenia HPV zależy od objawów klinicznych i lokalizacji zakażenia:¹

Badania przesiewowe

Dla kobiet najważniejszym badaniem przesiewowym jest cytologia szyjki macicy (test Pap) oraz test na obecność DNA HPV. Test Pap wykrywa nieprawidłowe komórki w szyjce macicy, które mogą być spowodowane przez zakażenie HPV wysokiego ryzyka. Test DNA HPV bezpośrednio wykrywa obecność wirusa w próbce komórek szyjki macicy.¹²

Aktualne wytyczne zalecają, aby kobiety w wieku od 21 do 29 lat miały wykonywany test Pap co trzy lata. Dla kobiet w wieku od 30 do 65 lat zaleca się test Pap w połączeniu z testem HPV co 5 lat lub sam test Pap co 3 lata.¹

Obecnie nie ma rutynowych testów przesiewowych dla mężczyzn na obecność HPV. Nie ma również standardowych testów na HPV w obrębie sromu, prącia, odbytu lub gardła.¹

Diagnostyka brodawek płciowych

Brodawki płciowe są zwykle diagnozowane na podstawie badania klinicznego. Lekarz może zastosować roztwór kwasu octowego, który powoduje, że brodawki stają się bardziej widoczne. W niektórych przypadkach może być konieczna biopsja w celu potwierdzenia diagnozy.¹

Diagnostyka zmian przednowotworowych

Jeśli wyniki testu Pap lub testu HPV są nieprawidłowe, lekarz może zalecić dalsze badania, takie jak kolposkopia (badanie szyjki macicy pod mikroskopem) z biopsją podejrzanych obszarów. Biopsja pozwala na dokładne określenie stopnia zmian komórkowych i podjęcie odpowiedniego leczenia.¹²

Leczenie zakażenia wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego

Nie istnieje konkretne leczenie, które eliminowałoby wirusa HPV z organizmu. Leczenie skupia się na usuwaniu objawów zakażenia i zmian komórkowych spowodowanych przez wirusa.¹²

Leczenie brodawek płciowych

Brodawki płciowe mogą być leczone na kilka sposobów:¹²

Krioterapia – zamrażanie brodawek ciekłym azotem
Elektrokoagulacja – usuwanie brodawek za pomocą prądu elektrycznego
Leczenie laserem – usuwanie brodawek za pomocą lasera
Miejscowe leki – takie jak podofilotoksyna, imikwimod lub kwas trichlorooctowy
Chirurgiczne usunięcie – w przypadku dużych lub opornych na leczenie brodawek

Ważne jest, aby pamiętać, że leczenie brodawek nie eliminuje wirusa HPV. Brodawki mogą nawracać mimo leczenia, szczególnie w ciągu pierwszych trzech miesięcy od usunięcia.¹

Leczenie zmian przednowotworowych

Zmiany przednowotworowe wywołane przez HPV wymagają leczenia, aby zapobiec ich progresji do raka. Metody leczenia obejmują:¹²

Krioterapia – zamrażanie nieprawidłowych komórek
Wycięcie stożkowe (konizacja) – chirurgiczne usunięcie nieprawidłowych obszarów
LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) – usunięcie nieprawidłowych komórek za pomocą pętli elektrycznej
Leczenie laserem – usunięcie nieprawidłowych komórek za pomocą lasera

Kolposkopia może być wykorzystana do usunięcia HPV z szyjki macicy. Procedura ta pozwala na dokładne zbadanie szyjki macicy i usunięcie nieprawidłowych komórek.¹

Leczenie nowotworów związanych z HPV

Leczenie nowotworów związanych z HPV zależy od typu nowotworu, jego lokalizacji i stadium zaawansowania. Może obejmować chirurgię, radioterapię, chemioterapię lub kombinację tych metod. Wczesne wykrycie nowotworu znacznie zwiększa szanse na skuteczne leczenie.¹²

Nowotwory związane z HPV, zwłaszcza rak szyjki macicy, są najbardziej podatne na leczenie, gdy są wykryte i leczone we wczesnym stadium. Dlatego tak ważne są regularne badania przesiewowe i szybkie podejmowanie leczenia w przypadku wykrycia nieprawidłowości.¹

Zapobieganie zakażeniu wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego

Istnieje kilka strategii zapobiegania zakażeniu HPV i jego powikłaniom:¹²

Szczepienia przeciwko HPV

Szczepionki przeciwko HPV mogą chronić przed typami wirusa, które najczęściej powodują brodawki płciowe i raka szyjki macicy. Aktualnie dostępna szczepionka Gardasil 9 chroni przed 9 typami HPV, które odpowiadają za ponad 90% przypadków raka szyjki macicy i ponad 95% nowotworów związanych z HPV, a także przed typami powodującymi 90% brodawek płciowych.¹²

Szczepienie jest najbardziej skuteczne, gdy zostanie podane przed potencjalnym narażeniem na HPV, czyli przed rozpoczęciem aktywności seksualnej. Zaleca się szczepienia dla dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 11-12 lat, ale mogą być podawane także osobom starszym, do 26 roku życia.¹

Ważne jest, aby pamiętać, że szczepionka zapobiega zakażeniu HPV, ale nie leczy istniejących zakażeń. Ponadto, szczepionka nie chroni przed wszystkimi typami HPV, które mogą powodować raka, dlatego regularne badania przesiewowe pozostają istotne.¹²

Bezpieczne praktyki seksualne

Ponieważ HPV jest przenoszony przez kontakt skóra-do-skóry, prezerwatywy zapewniają tylko częściową ochronę przed zakażeniem. Jednakże, prawidłowe i konsekwentne używanie prezerwatyw może zmniejszyć ryzyko zakażenia. Inne strategie obejmują:¹

Ograniczenie liczby partnerów seksualnych
Unikanie kontaktów seksualnych z osobami, u których widoczne są brodawki płciowe
Rozmowa z partnerem o historii chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową

Regularne badania przesiewowe

Regularne badania przesiewowe, takie jak cytologia szyjki macicy (test Pap) i test na obecność HPV, są kluczowe dla wczesnego wykrycia zmian przednowotworowych i zapobiegania rozwojowi raka szyjki macicy. Dzięki wczesnemu wykryciu i leczeniu zmian przednowotworowych można zapobiec rozwojowi raka.¹²

W przypadku wykrycia HPV wysokiego ryzyka, nawet przy normalnym wyniku cytologii, zaleca się powtarzanie badań przesiewowych co rok, aby monitorować ewentualne zmiany komórkowe.¹

Podsumowanie

Zakażenie wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) jest niezwykle powszechne i w większości przypadków przebiega bezobjawowo, ustępując samoistnie w ciągu 1-2 lat. Jednak w niektórych przypadkach, szczególnie przy zakażeniu typami wysokiego ryzyka, może prowadzić do rozwoju brodawek płciowych, zmian przednowotworowych i nowotworów.¹²

Kluczowe w zapobieganiu powikłaniom zakażenia HPV są: szczepienia przeciwko HPV, regularne badania przesiewowe (szczególnie u kobiet), bezpieczne praktyki seksualne oraz szybkie leczenie wykrytych zmian przednowotworowych. Dzięki tym strategiom można znacząco zmniejszyć ryzyko rozwoju nowotworów związanych z HPV.¹²

Świadomość na temat HPV, jego objawów i powikłań jest niezwykle ważna, ponieważ wczesne wykrycie i leczenie zmian spowodowanych przez HPV może zapobiec rozwojowi poważnych chorób, w tym nowotworów. Regularne konsultacje z lekarzem i badania przesiewowe pozostają najskuteczniejszą metodą wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia zakażenia HPV i jego powikłań.¹²

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 3 Telltale Symptoms of HPV: OB-GYN Associates of Marietta: Obstetrics and Gynecologist
https://www.obgynassociatesmarietta.com/blog/3-telltale-symptoms-of-hpv
An estimated 79 million Americans have human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. About 14 million people are newly infected with HPV each year, and most men and women will contract it at some point in their lifetimes. […] Most of the time, HPV goes away on its own without causing symptoms. Your immune system may fight off the infection, and you might never know you had it. But sometimes HPV doesnt go away and it can lead to serious health complications, including cancer. […] If HPV goes undetected and your immune system doesnt fight it off, the infection can cause symptoms. Three telltale symptoms of HPV in women are: […] Some types of HPV can cause genital warts, which are small growths on your skin. Genital warts may look like flat lesions, raised protrusions with stems, or cauliflower-like bumps.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | The Well Project
https://www.thewellproject.org/hiv-information/human-papillomavirus-hpv
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a large group of viruses. Certain types of HPV can cause warts on the hands, feet, mouth, or throat. About 30 to 40 types can cause infections in the genital area (the vulva, vagina, penis, buttocks, scrotum, and anus). […] Genital HPV types are often grouped as „low risk” or „high risk.” Low-risk types can cause genital warts. High-risk types can cause cervical cancer or cancer of the vulva, vagina, anus, and penis. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types that can cause cancer. However, if you have warts, you may have also been exposed to the types of HPV that can cause cancer. […] Most people with HPV do not know they have it because they do not develop symptoms, yet they can still pass the virus on to someone else.
#1 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596
HPV infections cause almost all cervical cancers. But cervical cancer may take 20 years or longer to develop after an HPV infection. The HPV infection and early cervical cancer typically don’t cause symptoms. […] Because early cervical cancer doesn’t cause symptoms, it’s vital that women have regular screening tests. These tests can find changes in the cervix that might lead to cancer. Current guidelines recommend that women ages 21 to 29 have a test that checks cervical cells for cancer, called a Pap test, every three years. […] HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex. […] HPV vaccines can help protect against the strains of HPV most likely to cause genital warts or cervical cancer.
#1 HPV | Human PapillomavirusÂ | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus
https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of related viruses. They can cause warts on different parts of your body. There are more than 200 types. About 40 of them are spread through direct sexual contact with someone who has the virus. They can also spread through other intimate, skin-to-skin contact. Some of these types can cause cancer. […] Low-risk HPV can cause warts on or around your genitals, anus, mouth, or throat. High-risk HPV can cause various cancers: Cervical cancer, Anal cancer, Some types of oral and throat cancer, Vulvar cancer, Vaginal cancer, Penile cancer. […] Most HPV infections go away on their own and don’t cause cancer. But sometimes the infections last longer. When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for many years, it can lead to cell changes. If these changes are not treated, they may get worse over time and become cancer.
#1 Symptoms of an HPV infection | Most Common Are Genital Warts
https://www.hpv.org.nz/Human-Papillomavirus-hpv-symptoms/symptoms-hpv-infection
The most common symptom of an HPV infection is genital warts. In some cases, HPV can also lead to cervical cell changes. […] Most people have an HPV infection and are not aware of it because it is subclinical, i.e. invisible to the naked eye. It is also possible that some people may have genital warts without knowing it, as some warts may be hard to see. […] The period between contracting the HPV virus type that causes warts and seeing the developed warts, varies so this can make it impossible to know when you were infected. Often, HPV warts will appear three to six months after sexual relations with an infected person; or they may never appear. Likewise, the interval between an infection with HPV and changes to cervical cells can vary from months to decades. The delay of these symptoms makes it hard to know exactly when or from whom you got the HPV virus.
#1 HPV and Cancer – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause oral cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. When a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can lead to cell changes that, if untreated, may get worse over time and become precancerous and then cancerous. […] HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Infection with high-risk HPV does not cause symptoms. However, depending on the site of infection, the precancers and cancers caused by a high-risk HPV infection that persists for many years may cause symptoms such as lumps, bleeding, and pain. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection
Human papillomavirus (HPV) can be sexually transmitted and causes changes in cells, which can lead to genital warts or to precancer or cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, or throat. […] Different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infect different parts of the body and can cause warts or precancer or cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and throat. […] Genital warts are visible skin lesions that sometimes cause burning pain; genital or anal precancer or cancer may cause bleeding or a mass or have no symptoms. […] Most infections go away within 1 to 2 years, but some persist. Persistent infection caused by some types of HPV can cause certain types of cancer. […] Genital warts can occur on the vulva, vagina, and/or skin in the groin area. In men, warts usually occur on the penis, especially under the foreskin in uncircumcised men, or in the urethra. In all people, genital warts may develop in the area around and inside the anus, especially in people who engage in anal sex. Genital warts are usually caused by types of HPV that are unlikely to cause cancer.
#1 HPV in men: Symptoms, complications, causes, and treatment
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314567
In males, human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause genital warts on the penis and elsewhere around the genital and anal area. The warts may appear as small or large bumps, which may be flat, raised, or cauliflower-shaped. […] HPV may also go away on its own within 2 years. […] However, when it does not go away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer. It is important to note that the types of HPV that cause warts, do not cause cancer. […] Possible symptoms of HPV can include the following developing in the genital area, mouth, or throat: warts, unusual growths, lumps. […] Genital warts can be small or large, flat or raised, or cauliflower-shaped. They might appear as a bump or group of bumps in the area surrounding the penis, anus, or genitals. […] HPV is not cancer, but the HPV virus can cause changes in the body that may lead to cancer.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview
Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The clinical history and presentation of HPV infection vary depending on the anatomic area involved. Conditions associated with HPV include the following: Anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata): Typically found near moist surfaces (eg, perianal area, vaginal introitus, vagina, labia, and vulva) but also may occur on dry surfaces (eg, penile shaft). These warts can be smooth and papular or keratotic. They generally are not painful but can be associated with pruritus or bleeding. […] Cervical disease: Includes low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL). […] Anal cancer: About 50% of homosexual men with anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have a history of anorectal warts. In contrast, only 20% of women with SCC and non-homosexual men have this history.
#1 Genital warts Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/genital-warts
Genital warts are soft growths on the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals. They may be found on the penis, vulva, urethra, vagina, cervix, and around and in the anus. […] The virus that causes genital warts is called human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Certain other types of HPV can lead to precancerous changes in the cervix, or to cervical cancer. These are called high-risk types of HPV. […] HPV can also cause warts on the lips, mouth, tongue, and throat. […] Genital warts can be so tiny, you cannot see them. […] The warts can look like flesh-colored spots that are raised or flat or growths that look like the top of a cauliflower. […] In females, genital warts can be found inside the vagina or anus, outside the vagina or anus, or on nearby skin, and on the cervix inside the body.
#1 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html
Most people who have an HPV infection don’t have symptoms. […] Someone with an HPV infection who doesn’t have symptoms can still spread HPV to a sexual partner. […] HPV infections can cause: cancers and pre-cancerous lesions, anogenital warts (relating to the anus and genitals). […] The HPV types that are more likely to cause cancer are classified as high risk. […] Infections with high-risk HPV types that don’t go away can cause cells to become abnormal, which are called pre-cancerous lesions. A small percentage of these pre-cancerous lesions can progress to cancer. […] Persistent infection with high-risk types can lead to cancer of the cervix, throat, anus, vagina, vulva, penis. […] HPV is responsible for nearly 100% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 60% to 73% of throat (oropharyngeal) cancers, 40% to 50% of penile cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulva cancers.
#1 HPV in men: Symptoms, complications, causes, and treatment
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314567
A doctor may not diagnose cancer for years after a person has HPV because the changes in the cells that have HPV build up very slowly. […] High risk HPV infections do not cause typically cause symptoms. However, depending on the site of infection, a person may notice symptoms such as lumps, bleeding, and pain. […] The symptoms of HPV-related anal cancer include: bleeding, discharge, pain, or itching of the anus; swelling of the lymph nodes in the anal or groin area; changes in bowel habits or the shape of stools. […] Penile cancer can lead to: tissue changes on the penis, such as color, skin thickening, or tissue buildup; painful or painless sores or growths on the penis that might bleed. […] Cancer of the back of the throat can trigger: constant sore throat or ear pain; persistent coughing; trouble breathing or swallowing; weight loss; voice changes or hoarseness; lumps or growths in the neck.
#1
https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection/
A rare complication of HPV involves transmission of the virus from mother to child: during birth, an infant can be exposed to the virus and develop a condition called Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. Warts may develop in the child’s throat and airway, resulting in breathing difficulties, vocal hoarseness, and swallowing problems.
#1 HPV in the Mouth: Symptoms, Treatment & Living With Oral HPV
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15010-oropharyngeal-human-papilloma-virus-hpv-infection
Most of the time, your immune system wipes out HPV before it causes symptoms. But, approximately 10% of men and 3.6% of women in the U.S. go on to develop symptomatic oral HPV. […] Oftentimes, there arent any symptoms associated with oral HPV. But, some people may develop sores or warts on their lips, in their mouth or in their throat. […] Most people with oral HPV infections dont have symptoms. Because they dont realize theyre infected, theyre more likely to transmit the virus to a partner. […] Some people develop oral HPV lesions such as sores or warts on their lips, inside their mouth or in their throat though this is less common. […] Its likely. In fact, most oral HPV infections clear up on their own without treatment in about two years. […] But, for some people, the virus stays in their system for decades. In these cases, oral HPV could go on to cause more serious health issues, including oropharyngeal cancer. […] Its important to see your healthcare provider for routine follow-ups, as oral HPV can potentially turn into oropharyngeal cancer. HPV-positive cancers have better outcomes with treatment compared to HPV-negative cancers. Early detection and treatment are key.
#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Persistent HPV infection of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus or womb, which opens into the vagina also called the birth canal) if left untreated, causes 95% of cervical cancers. […] Risk factors for cancer progression include the grade of oncogenicity of the HPV type, immune status, the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, number of births, young age at first pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, and smoking. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. Women should see a healthcare professional if they notice: unusual bleeding between periods, after menopause, or after sexual intercourse; increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge; symptoms like persistent pain in the back, legs, or pelvis; weight loss, fatigue and loss of appetite; vaginal discomfort; swelling in the legs. […] After a positive HPV test (or other screening method) a healthcare provider can look for changes on the cervix (such as precancers) which may develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer.
#1 Human Papillomavirus Infection: Symptoms and Prevention
https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection
HPV is the most common STI in the world, however, vaccines are available to prevent it. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection thats passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. […] Some cases of genital HPV infection may not cause any health problems. However, some types of HPV can lead to the development of genital warts and even cancers of the cervix, anus, and throat. […] Often, HPV infection doesnt cause any noticeable symptoms or health problems. […] When the virus doesnt go away on its own, it can cause serious health problems. These include genital warts and warts in the throat (known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis). […] HPV can also cause cervical cancer and other cancers of the genitals, head, neck, and throat. […] Cancers caused by HPV often dont show symptoms until the cancer is in later stages of growth.
#1 Common Signs and Symptoms of HPV | Cervival Cancer Test –
https://www.mylabbox.com/resources/common-signs-symptoms-hpv/?srsltid=AfmBOopW1UGcP0qkZXRXPH19ioVDaA9Jc42OUpnUxx1AwHHussUirLpA
High-risk HPV causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer (70% of these are from types 16 and 18 alone), 95% of all anal cancer and 70% of all oropharyngeal cancer (cancer in the back of the throat). HPV type 16 also causes the majority of vaginal and vulvar cancer along with 35% of penile cancer.
#1 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen
https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv
When women seek treatment for genital warts, it’s usually because they don’t like the way the warts look or because of symptoms. The treatment does not prevent the warts from recurring or the individual from transmitting the infection to someone else. In fact, genital wart recurrence is common, especially within the first three months. […] There is no cure for HPV, but most infections are cleared to levels that are no longer detected. However, there are treatments for genital warts. […] The best defense against HPV is to minimize your risk of exposure. Using condoms, limiting your number of sexual contacts and continuing to have regular cervical cancer screening with Pap and HPV tests are important steps to reducing risk. […] If I have HPV, does that mean I am at risk for other sexually transmitted infections or cervical cancer? Yes. Having HPV increases the likelihood that a woman may have other sexually transmitted diseases or cervical cancer.
#1 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen
https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv
In addition to cervical cancer, other health problems can result from HPV infection as well. These include recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, a rare condition where warts grow in the throat generally due to infection of a baby who has delivered through the birth canal of an infected mother, and other less common but potentially serious cancers, including cancer of the vulva, vagina, anus and penis, and oropharyngeal cancer, a type of head and neck cancer that affects the back of the throat, base of the tongue and the tonsils. […] Most people with HPV infections never know the virus has been present and don’t require treatment. Your body’s immune system simply gets rid of the virus on its own. Only a small number of women develop problems that require treatment, ranging from warts to precancer or cervical cancer.
#1 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602
A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] Warts often go away without treatment, particularly in children. But there’s no cure for the virus. So the warts can come back in the same place or other places. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. […] Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. […] Don’t hesitate to ask all the questions you have about HPV infection.
#1 Open Search
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hpv/what-are-symptoms-hpv
Most people with HPV dont have any symptoms or health problems. Sometimes HPV can cause genital warts. Some types of HPV can cause cancer. […] Unfortunately, most people who have a high-risk type of HPV will never show any signs of the infection until its already caused serious health problems. […] There isnt a test for high-risk HPV in the vulva, penis, anus, or throat, and HPV itself doesnt have any symptoms. If it becomes cancer, then there may be some symptoms. […] Penile cancer cancer of the penis might show symptoms like changes in color or thickness of the skin of your penis, or a painful sore might show up on your penis. […] Anal cancer might cause anal bleeding, pain, itching, or discharge, or changes in bowel habits (pooping). […] Vulvar cancer cancer of the vulva might show symptoms like changes in color/thickness of the skin of your vulva. There may be chronic pain, itching, or there may be a lump.
#1 Human papillomavirus
https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/human-papillomavirus
No, HPV has no cure. Most often, HPV goes away on its own. If HPV does not go away on its own, there are treatments for the genital warts and cervical cell changes caused by HPV. […] Yes. You can have HPV but still have a normal Pap test. Changes on your cervix might not show up right away; or they might never appear. […] Yes. There are many types of HPV, so you can get it again. […] Yes. It is possible to get HPV, or any other STI, if you are a woman who has sex only with women.
#1 Human Papillomavirus Infection: Symptoms and Prevention
https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection
If you contract a high-risk type of HPV, some factors can make it more likely that the infection will continue and may develop into cancer. […] The easiest ways to prevent HPV are to use condoms and to practice safe sex. […] In addition, the Gardasil 9 vaccine is available for the prevention of genital warts and cancers caused by HPV. […] Contracting HPV doesnt decrease your chances of becoming pregnant. […] However, in some cases, HPV infection can cause complications. […] In rare cases, a woman with HPV can pass it on to her baby.
#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer
The early changes in cervical cells and precancers mostly do not cause symptoms. Symptoms of cervical cancer may include bleeding between periods or after sexual intercourse or a foul-smelling vaginal discharge. […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] Most people will not have any symptoms from an HPV infection. The immune system usually clears HPV from the body within a year or two with no lasting effects. […] Treatments exist for genital warts, cervical precancers and cervical cancer. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early.
#1 3 Telltale Symptoms of HPV: OB-GYN Associates of Marietta: Obstetrics and Gynecologist
https://www.obgynassociatesmarietta.com/blog/3-telltale-symptoms-of-hpv
Pelvic pain is very common in women, and it has many possible causes. But if you experience pelvic pain and you have an HPV infection, it could be a warning sign of cancer. […] Changes in your menstrual cycle or unusual vaginal discharge could also indicate cancer caused by HPV. Schedule a gynecology appointment if you notice: […] HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer in women. While theres no cure for the HPV virus itself, theres a lot you can do to lower your risk of cancer and other health complications. […] All women should get regular Pap smears, because this screening is the best way to identify cervical precancer and cancer. The earlier cancerous growths are detected, the more effective your treatment will be.
#1 Human papillomavirus (HPV) and immunisation | Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/human-papillomavirus-hpv-immunisation
It is rare for HPV infection to lead to cervical cancer. […] Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer for example the strain that causes genital warts. […] Around 14 HPV strains can infect the cervix. They can cause abnormal cell changes (known as dysplasia) if the virus does not clear naturally from the body, which can then lead to cancer cell formation. This usually takes a long time to occur (10 years or more). […] The HPV vaccine protects against 9 strains of HPV that cause over 90% of cervical cancers and over 95 % of HPV-related cancers. […] The vaccine also protects against another 2 types of HPV which cause 90% of genital warts. […] The vaccine prevents the disease caused by HPV, but does not treat existing HPV infections. If you have symptoms of active HPV infection, you should see a medical professional. […] HPV protection is expected to be long-lasting and is probably life-long. […] Yes the vaccine doesnt prevent all types of HPV infection that cause cervical cancer.
#1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html
Most strains of HPV do not cause cancer or any symptoms at all. However, in cases where HPV does have symptoms, they might include genital warts. […] Other strains of HPV are known to be high-risk and can cause cancer. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are two strains commonly linked to cancer, but there are also a handful of other high-risk subtypes. […] The risk for cancer increases if your body cannot fight off the virus for some reason, and it stays in your system. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test is normal, your doctor will most likely recommend repeating the Pap and HPV screening exams in one year. […] If you have HPV, there’s a very good chance it won’t be a long-term problem for you. […] The HPV vaccine can help the body recognize and eliminate the virus more effectively. […] The vaccine has been proven again and again to be safe and effective and long lasting.
#1 HPV: Symptoms, Risks, and Vaccination | Ada Health
https://ada.com/conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection/
HPV infections can be prevented in a number of ways: By getting vaccinated. The vaccine is recommended for pre-teens and can still be administered until 26 years old. Its ideal to get vaccinated before becoming sexually active, so that you havent been exposed to the virus yet. […] Screening for HPV infections is an important strategy to prevent cervical cancer. This is because women with persistent HPV infections or a compromised immune system due to conditions such as HIV are more likely to develop cervical cancer. Early intervention could therefore help you protect yourself against progression to pre-cancer and cancer. […] The vast majority of cases clear within 1-2 years after infection. […] HPV can be dormant for years before causing problems like genital warts or cancers.
#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] In 90% of people the body controls the infection by itself. Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus. […] HPV can affect the skin, genital area and throat. […] Some HPV infections cause genital warts. Others can cause abnormal cells to develop, which go on to become cancer. […] HPV infection that does not go away on its own can cause changes to cervical cells, which lead to precancers that may become cervical cancer if left untreated. It usually takes 15-20 years for cervical cancer to develop after HPV infection.
#2 Human papillomavirus
https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/human-papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. About 80% of women will get at least one type of HPV at some point in their lifetime. Many women do not know they have HPV, because it usually has no symptoms and usually goes away on its own. Some types of HPV can cause illnesses such as genital warts or cervical cancer. […] Most people with HPV do not have any symptoms. This is one reason why women need regular Pap tests. […] Another way to tell if you have an HPV infection is if you have genital warts. Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. […] HPV usually goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems including cervical cancer, other genital cancers, oropharyngeal cancer, genital warts, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
#2 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus
More than 30 strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect your genitals. Only some types of HPV are high risk because they can progress to cancer. HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Certain strains of HPV (most often types 16 and 18) can cause changes in the cells of your cervix, a condition called cervical dysplasia. Left untreated, cervical dysplasia sometimes advances to cervical cancer. High-risk forms of HPV often dont cause symptoms until theyve progressed to cancer. The virus itself doesnt turn into cancer. But high-risk strains of HPV infection can cause precancerous cell changes. These cell changes can eventually lead to cancer if they arent managed. HPV that affects your genitals doesnt usually cause symptoms. When symptoms do occur, the most common sign of the virus is warts in your genital area. Genital warts are rough, cauliflower-like lumps that grow on your skin. They may also appear like skin tags. Genital warts are contagious (like all forms of HPV). They can also be itchy and very uncomfortable. The most serious complication of HPV is cancer. Cervical cancer is the most common type of HPV-related cancer. Other types of cancer are much rarer. Its important to remember that having HPV even a high-risk strain doesnt mean that youll develop these cancers. Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer.
#2 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html
Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and result in no clinical disease. Clinical manifestations of HPV infection include anogenital warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, cancer precursors or cancers, including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, or oropharyngeal cancers. […] A small proportion of infected persons become persistently infected; persistent infection is the most important risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. […] If left undetected and untreated, such cancer precursors can progress to cervical cancer years or decades later. […] HPV infection is extremely common throughout the world. Most sexually active adults will have an HPV infection at some point during their lives, although they may be unaware of their infection. […] HPV is transmitted through intimate, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Transmission is most common during vaginal, penile, anal, or oral sex. […] HPV vaccination does not eliminate the need for cervical cancer screening, since up to 30% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV types not prevented by the quadrivalent or bivalent vaccines, and 15% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV types not prevented by the 9-valent vaccine.
#2 About Genital HPV Infection | STI | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html
HPV is the most common STI. There are many different types of HPV. While most do not cause any health problems, some types can cause genital warts and cancers. […] Genital HPV often has no symptoms, but it can cause serious health problems, even without symptoms. Most people with HPV never develop symptoms or health problems from it. In most cases (9 out of 10), HPV goes away on its own within two years without health problems. When HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer. The types of HPV that cause warts do not cause cancer. […] Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. The warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number.
#2 Human Papillomavirus: Clinical Manifestations and Prevention | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1115/p1209.html
Persistent high-risk HPV types can cause intraepithelial lesions, which can lead to cancer of the lower genital tract if not treated. […] Up to 90 percent of persons infected with high- or low-risk HPV clear the infection within about two years. […] The small minority who fail to clear the infection are at risk of progression to malignancy. […] The interval between infection and diagnosis of cancer is 10 to 20 years. […] Although cervical cancer is the primary concern in women with persistent HPV infection, other rarer HPV-induced cancers include those of the vagina, vulva, anus, and penis. […] Infections with high-risk HPV types tend to persist longer than those with low-risk types, and may result in cervical dysplasia that leads to cervical cancer. […] Eight high-risk HPV types account for 95 percent of all cervical cancers, with just two of these types 16 and 18 causing about 70 percent.
#2 About HPV | Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infection
https://www.hpv.org.nz/about-hpv/about-hpv
HPV is thought to be the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world, and most people are infected with HPV at some time in their lives. […] HPV can be present as an infection of the skin which is not visible to the naked eye (subclinical infection). Therefore, many people with genital HPV do not know they have it. The virus can also cause visible genital warts. […] HPV can lie dormant in your system for months, or even many years, before the emergence of genital warts or cervical abnormalities. […] There are links between cancers such as cervical cancer and HPV, but please be reassured that a diagnosis of HPV infection does not equate to cancer. HPV infections are divided into low-risk HPV (lrHPV) types, which are not associated with pre-cancer or cancer, and high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types, which are associated with pre-cancer and cancer. […] No treatment is available for HPV that is 'silent’ i.e. has no symptoms. However the majority of HPV is naturally cleared by the body’s immune system within 1-2 years.
#2 Open Search
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hpv
HPV stands for human papillomavirus. Its the most common sexually transmitted infection. HPV is usually harmless and goes away by itself, but some types can lead to cancer or genital warts. […] Most genital HPV infections arent harmful at all and go away on their own. But some kinds of HPV can lead to genital warts or certain types of cancer. […] Two types of HPV (types 6 and 11) cause most cases of genital warts. Warts are no fun, but theyre considered low-risk HPV because they dont lead to cancer or other serious health problems. […] At least a dozen types of HPV can sometimes lead to cancer, though two in particular (types 16 and 18) lead to the majority of cancer cases. These are called high-risk HPV. Cervical cancer is most commonly linked to HPV, but HPV can also cause cancer in your vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, and throat. […] Theres no cure for HPV. But theres a lot you can do to keep HPV from having a negative impact on your health. […] High-risk HPV can usually be easily treated before it turns into cancer, which is why regular Pap/HPV tests are so important.
#2 Genital warts Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/genital-warts
In males, genital warts can be found on the penis, scrotum, groin area, thighs, and inside or around the anus. […] Other symptoms are rare, but can include increased dampness in the genital area near the warts, increased vaginal discharge, genital itching, and vaginal bleeding during or after sex. […] Many sexually active young women become infected with HPV. In many cases, HPV goes away on its own. […] Most men who become infected with HPV never develop any symptoms or problems from the infection. However, they can still pass it on to current and sometimes future sexual partners. […] Some types of HPV can cause cancer of the cervix and vulva. They are the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Genital warts may become numerous and quite large. These will need further treatment.
#2 What are the symptoms of HPV in women? Signs, testing, and treatment
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hpv-symptoms-in-women
The presence of early cervical cancer or precancerous cells may not cause any symptoms. […] Some symptoms of advanced cervical cancer include: pain during sex, pain in the pelvic region, unusual discharge from the vagina, unusual bleeding, such as after sex. […] Without treatment, high risk HPV may cause vaginal or vulvar cancer. Females may not experience any symptoms when they have precancerous cells or during the early stages of vaginal or vulvar cancer. […] Some symptoms of vaginal cancer include: bleeding after sex, unusual discharge, a lump in the vagina, pain while having sex. […] Some symptoms of vulvar cancer include: a patch of lighter or darker skin, a discolored lump or bump, thickening of the skin, itching, pain, bleeding, an open sore that does not heal within a month.
#2 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview
HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. […] HPV infection primarily involves the basal epithelial cells, leading to common recurrences and regressions. The prognosis generally is good, and most cases of genital warts are treatable. However, patients who do not develop immunity to HPV may face potentially serious sequelae. […] HPV accounts for more than 99% of the attributable risk for cervical dysplasia. […] Women who are immunocompromised due to immunosuppressive drug therapy or HIV infection are at higher risk for persistent HPV disease.
#2 What Is HPV? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
https://www.everydayhealth.com/hpv/guide/
You should see your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of HPV-related cancers. […] In many cases, the immune system fights off HPV, so a person may have no symptoms and test negative on the relevant HPV tests. […] And in still other cases, an HPV infection causes abnormal changes in the infected cells that can eventually develop into cancer. The time between an infection and the development of precancerous changes or cancer may be years or even decades. […] The earlier HPV-related symptoms are found, the more likely they can be treated successfully. […] The most serious potential complication of HPV infection is cancer. […] HPV is believed to cause over 90 percent of cases of cervical and anal cancer, about 70 percent of cases of vaginal and vulvar cancer, and about 60 percent of cases of penile cancer, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Overall, the CDC estimates there are 37,000 cases of cancer in the United States each year that are linked to HPV, with about 21,500 cancer cases related to HPV in women and 15,500 related to HPV in men.
#2
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer
The early changes in cervical cells and precancers mostly do not cause symptoms. Symptoms of cervical cancer may include bleeding between periods or after sexual intercourse or a foul-smelling vaginal discharge. […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] Most people will not have any symptoms from an HPV infection. The immune system usually clears HPV from the body within a year or two with no lasting effects. […] Treatments exist for genital warts, cervical precancers and cervical cancer. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early.
#2 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
https://www.health.com/hpv-symptoms-7483378
Over 90% of those with HPV never have symptoms and the infection disappears on its own after a couple of years. […] If you do experience symptoms with a strain of HPV, the most common symptom is genital warts, or lumps and growths that occur in the genital area, inner thigh, anus, mouth, or throat. […] It’s important to note that some warts may increase in number and size, while others regress (lessen or disappear) within the first few months of the infection. However, most genital warts will come back within a few months, even after treatment. […] While HPV treatment exists, there is no cure for the infection when it causes genital warts or cancer. Instead, the goal of treatment is to reduce the presence of warts and limit the symptom of HPV-related cancer. […] Treatment for genital warts is primarily cosmetic and focuses on removing the warty tissue. Genital wart treatment does not cure HPV. However, most genital warts return within three months of treatment. […] If you have a strain of HPV that increases your risk of cervical cancer, your provider will recommend treatment options that reduce the cancer symptoms.
#2 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen
https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv
The most common HPV infections are by high-risk types, and there are no visible symptoms. These infections can only be detected on HPV tests or because of abnormal cell changes detected on Pap tests. […] Because human papillomavirus (HPV) infections often cause no symptoms in men or women and are hard to identify, you must see a health care professional for diagnosis. […] Genital warts are the least common problem caused by HPV infection. They can be flesh-colored and hidden inside the cervix, vagina, penis, scrotum or anus. They can be small or large, alone or in clusters, flat or round. They can spread along the groin or thigh or be found in the mouth. […] The more common change from HPV are lesions of the cervix that are not visible to the naked eye and are detected through screening with Pap and HPV testing. These changes, called squamous intraepithelial lesions, are not visible to the naked eye and are only visible after vinegar has been applied to the cervix and the clinician looks through a microscope.
#2 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html
Anogenital warts are caused by certain low-risk HPV types. Low-risk HPV types have little risk of causing cancer. […] Anogenital warts are a type of growth that can appear in the anal and genital area. […] Having anogenital warts can impact your emotional and sexual health, and intimate relationships. […] Most HPV infections go away without treatment within a couple of years. […] Treatments are available for anogenital warts or pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions. […] Screening can find abnormal cells, allowing professionals to treat them before cancer develops. If screening finds cervical cancer early, treatments are generally very successful. […] The majority of anogenital warts will resolve over time, but there are treatments available to remove them.
#2 HPV Symptoms: A Guide to Understanding and Managing Them
https://ezraclinic.sg/hpv-symptoms/
For precancerous cell changes in the cervix caused by HPV, treatments like cryotherapy (freezing), conization (removing abnormal areas), laser therapy, or loop electrosurgical excision procedure can be used to remove the abnormal cells. […] Most HPV infections do not show any symptoms and typically resolve on their own without causing any significant health issues. […] Early detection and treatment help manage symptoms effectively and reduce the risk of complications. Regular Pap smear screenings for women are essential in catching any precancerous changes early.
#2 3 Telltale Symptoms of HPV: OB-GYN Associates of Marietta: Obstetrics and Gynecologist
https://www.obgynassociatesmarietta.com/blog/3-telltale-symptoms-of-hpv
Pelvic pain is very common in women, and it has many possible causes. But if you experience pelvic pain and you have an HPV infection, it could be a warning sign of cancer. […] Changes in your menstrual cycle or unusual vaginal discharge could also indicate cancer caused by HPV. Schedule a gynecology appointment if you notice: […] HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer in women. While theres no cure for the HPV virus itself, theres a lot you can do to lower your risk of cancer and other health complications. […] All women should get regular Pap smears, because this screening is the best way to identify cervical precancer and cancer. The earlier cancerous growths are detected, the more effective your treatment will be.
#2 Human Papillomavirus Infection: Symptoms and Prevention
https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection
If you contract a high-risk type of HPV, some factors can make it more likely that the infection will continue and may develop into cancer. […] The easiest ways to prevent HPV are to use condoms and to practice safe sex. […] In addition, the Gardasil 9 vaccine is available for the prevention of genital warts and cancers caused by HPV. […] Contracting HPV doesnt decrease your chances of becoming pregnant. […] However, in some cases, HPV infection can cause complications. […] In rare cases, a woman with HPV can pass it on to her baby.
#2 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html
HPV is a virus that is spread by intimate skin-to-skin contact. While most cases are sexually transmitted, people who haven’t had intercourse can become infected. There are more than 150 types of the HPV virus. Several types cause genital warts. There are about 12 types known as high-risk types — that cause HPV-related cancer. […] Most people with HPV don’t know they’re infected and never develop symptoms. The body most often clears the virus before it causes any health problems. But for some, the infection persists and can lead to precancerous changes. […] Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV. […] About 75% of throat cancers are the result of HPV infections. […] The HPV vaccine prevents most cervical cancers, anal cancers, vaginal cancers, and vulvar cancers. It reduces the risk of most HPV-related cancers of the throat and the penis, and it also prevents HPV-related genital warts in both men and women.
#2
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Persistent HPV infection of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus or womb, which opens into the vagina also called the birth canal) if left untreated, causes 95% of cervical cancers. […] Risk factors for cancer progression include the grade of oncogenicity of the HPV type, immune status, the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, number of births, young age at first pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, and smoking. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. Women should see a healthcare professional if they notice: unusual bleeding between periods, after menopause, or after sexual intercourse; increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge; symptoms like persistent pain in the back, legs, or pelvis; weight loss, fatigue and loss of appetite; vaginal discomfort; swelling in the legs. […] After a positive HPV test (or other screening method) a healthcare provider can look for changes on the cervix (such as precancers) which may develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer.