Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Human Papillomavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus that is responsible for causing multiple epithelial lesions and cancers. […] HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus of the Papillomaviridae family. The virus enters the epithelium through disruption to the skin/mucosa and infects basal stem cells. […] Today, HPV has been implicated as a cause of laryngeal, oral, lung, and anogenital cancer. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] HPV subtypes show a predilection for body sites they most commonly infect, and disease manifestations that result from infection may vary. […] The HPV subtypes which cause cutaneous verrucae are spread by contact between skin with microscopic or macroscopic epidermal damage and a fomite-harboring HPV.

• #2 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia in a wide variety of higher vertebrates in a species-specific manner and induce cellular proliferation. […] More than 100 types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified and approximately half of them infect the genital tract. Many types of HPV have been found in cervical cancers, while others are found rarely or not at all in large series of cancers, which gives rise to the nomenclature of high- and low-risk HPVs. […] Striking progress has been made in defining the activities of viral oncoproteins from high-risk genital HPVs, in particular HPVs 16 and 18, that promote the disruption of normal cell-cycle control. The ability to target the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins and p53 and to induce telomerase are some of the critical events that contribute to the development of malignancy.

• #3 HPV Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/hpv-infection

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that causes skin and mucous membrane (the moist lining of body cavities such as the mouth and nose that connect with the outside of the body) infections. It is usually passed from one person to another by skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact. […] There are more than 200 types of HPV that can affect different parts of the body, about 40 of which are transmitted through sexual contact. Some types of HPV can cause warts (such as genital or plantar warts) and others can lead to cancer (such as cervical or anal cancer). […] HPV infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Canada and around the world. At least 70% of sexually active men and women will have at least one HPV infection in their lifetime. […] The different HPV types are classified into low and high risk based on their association with cancer. „Low risk” types rarely cause cancer. „High risk” types have a greater likelihood of causing cancer but they do not necessarily lead to cancer.

• #4 Human Papillomavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus that is responsible for causing multiple epithelial lesions and cancers. […] HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus of the Papillomaviridae family. The virus enters the epithelium through disruption to the skin/mucosa and infects basal stem cells. […] Today, HPV has been implicated as a cause of laryngeal, oral, lung, and anogenital cancer. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] HPV subtypes show a predilection for body sites they most commonly infect, and disease manifestations that result from infection may vary. […] The HPV subtypes which cause cutaneous verrucae are spread by contact between skin with microscopic or macroscopic epidermal damage and a fomite-harboring HPV.

• #5 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #6 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia in a wide variety of higher vertebrates in a species-specific manner and induce cellular proliferation. […] More than 100 types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified and approximately half of them infect the genital tract. Many types of HPV have been found in cervical cancers, while others are found rarely or not at all in large series of cancers, which gives rise to the nomenclature of high- and low-risk HPVs. […] Striking progress has been made in defining the activities of viral oncoproteins from high-risk genital HPVs, in particular HPVs 16 and 18, that promote the disruption of normal cell-cycle control. The ability to target the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins and p53 and to induce telomerase are some of the critical events that contribute to the development of malignancy.

• #7 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections. […] In the context of HPV-associated cervical cancer, the viral life cycle is perturbed in two fundamental ways. First, the progressive histopathological changes that arise in the cervical epithelium include the loss of terminal differentiation. […] Integration events that are found in cervical cancer lead to the selective expression of E6 and E7, which is a hallmark of cervical cancers. […] The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1, E2, E6 and in some cases E7 genes. […] HPV 16 E7 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis. […] The host specificity and the benign nature of most papillomavirus infections suggest that these viruses are extremely well adapted parasites.

• #8 How does HPV cause cervical cancer?verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-does-hpv-cause-cervical-cancer

  Two HPV proteins, E6 and E7, are the main drivers of cervical cancer development. […] This means that when the body decides to destroy the invasive HPV protein, it takes this crucial tumour suppressing protein with it, making it far more likely that cancer can develop. […] Meanwhile, HPV’s E7 protein interacts with a different tumour-suppressing protein to inhibit its activity, again increasing the chances of cells becoming cancerous.

• #9 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #10 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells. Most of the 100 subtypes infect cutaneous epithelium and cause skin warts; some types infect mucosal epithelium and cause anogenital warts. […] Some types that infect mucosal epithelium can lead to anogenital or oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Most HPV infections clear spontaneously within 1 to 2 years, but some persist. […] There are 100 known types of HPV. Some infect cutaneous epithelium and cause common skin warts. Some infect primarily the mucosa of the anogenital region, as well as the oropharyngeal and laryngeal areas. […] Some data suggest HPV plays a role in the pathogenesis of some bladder cancers. […] Condylomata acuminata are benign anogenital warts most often caused by HPV types 6 and 11, as are laryngeal and oropharyngeal warts. Low- and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma may be caused by HPV.

• #11 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause oral cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPVs can cause several types of cancer. There are 12 high-risk HPV types: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59. Two of these, HPV 16 and HPV 18, are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away on their own without causing cancer: Your immune system usually controls HPV infections so they are cleared by your body, within a year or two. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. When a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can lead to cell changes that, if untreated, may get worse over time and become precancerous and then cancerous.

• #12 Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-virus-information-about-human-papillomavirus

  High-risk HPV can cause changes in your cells that can turn into cervical cancer, especially if the virus stays in your body for 10 to 20 years and youre a woman or person with a cervix who is older than 30. […] High-risk HPV types include around 14 strains. HPV types 16 and 18 cause the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including about 70% of cervical cancers.

• #13 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. […] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. […] HPV is believed to cause cancer by integrating its genome into nuclear DNA. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. […] High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide and about 37,300 cases of cancer in the United States each year. […] HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. […] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. […] HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.

• #14 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hpv-causes

  Sexually transmitted infection that can cause genital warts, raising risk for several kinds of cancer. Infection with HPV raises your risk for several different kinds of cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, and head and neck (most commonly in men). HPV is responsible for the vast majority of genital warts and other precancerous and cancerous conditions. In particular, two HPV strains (HPV types 16 and 18) cause 70 percent of all cases of cervical cancer and precancerous cervical lesions. And about 70 percent of head and neck, or oropharyngeal (including the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue) cancers are linked to HPV. High-risk HPV, which can cause cancer. Approximately 12 high-risk types of the virus have been identified, including types 16 and 18, which are responsible for most HPV-associated cancers. The HPV vaccine can prevent infection, which in turn prevents certain diseases, including HPV-associated cancers. Infection with HPV does not always lead to cancer. Most strains of HPV do not cause any symptoms or problems at all, but there are a dozen or so that can progress to cancer.

• #15 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. […] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. […] HPV is believed to cause cancer by integrating its genome into nuclear DNA. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. […] High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide and about 37,300 cases of cancer in the United States each year. […] HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. […] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. […] HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.

• #16 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections. […] In the context of HPV-associated cervical cancer, the viral life cycle is perturbed in two fundamental ways. First, the progressive histopathological changes that arise in the cervical epithelium include the loss of terminal differentiation. […] Integration events that are found in cervical cancer lead to the selective expression of E6 and E7, which is a hallmark of cervical cancers. […] The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1, E2, E6 and in some cases E7 genes. […] HPV 16 E7 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis. […] The host specificity and the benign nature of most papillomavirus infections suggest that these viruses are extremely well adapted parasites.

• #17 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infection is a viral infection. There are more than 100 types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Some types of HPV infection cause skin growths called warts and some types of HPV infection can cause cancer. […] Most HPV infections don’t lead to cancer. But some types of genital HPV can cause cancer of the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, called the cervix. Other types of cancers have been linked to HPV infection. These include cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and back of the throat. Cancer at the back of the throat is called oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex.

• #18 Human Papillomavirus Infection: Symptoms and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection

  HPV is the most common STI in the world, however, vaccines are available to prevent it. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection thats passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Some cases of genital HPV infection may not cause any health problems. However, some types of HPV can lead to the development of genital warts and even cancers of the cervix, anus, and throat. […] The virus that causes HPV infection is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Most people get a genital HPV infection through direct sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. […] Many people have HPV and dont even know it, which means you can still contract it even if your partner doesnt have any symptoms.

• #19 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hpv

  HPV is easily spread from sexual skin-to-skin contact with someone who has it. You get it when your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, or anus touches someone elses genitals or mouth and throat usually during sex. HPV can be spread even if no one cums, and even if a penis doesnt go inside the vagina/anus/mouth. […] HPV is the most common STD, but most of the time it isnt a big deal. It usually goes away on its own, and most people dont even know that they ever had HPV. Remember that most people who have sex get HPV at some point in their lives.

• #20 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The evolution of papillomaviruses has often been debated. […] HPV is a prevalent pathogen, the epidemiology of which has mostly been studied in the uterine cervix and the vagina. […] The major steps known to be necessary for cervical carcinogenesis include HPV infection, persistence of that infection, progression to precancerous lesions and eventually invasion. […] HPV infections can be transmitted not only by peno-vaginal intercourse, but also by other sexual practices, e.g. oral sex, peno-anal intercourse, digital-vaginal sex and use of insertive sex toys. […] The most common mode of horizontal transmission of anogenital HPV is by sexual activity through contact with infected cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile or anal epithelium. […] HPV infections are easily transmitted; however, on the basis of data on lesbians, it appears that intromissive intercourse in which an infected penis enters the vagina is not strictly necessary.

• #21 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hpv

  HPV is easily spread from sexual skin-to-skin contact with someone who has it. You get it when your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, or anus touches someone elses genitals or mouth and throat usually during sex. HPV can be spread even if no one cums, and even if a penis doesnt go inside the vagina/anus/mouth. […] HPV is the most common STD, but most of the time it isnt a big deal. It usually goes away on its own, and most people dont even know that they ever had HPV. Remember that most people who have sex get HPV at some point in their lives.

• #22 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex, is the primary mode of HPV transmission. The virus is most commonly spread through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, even if the infected individual does not have visible symptoms such as genital warts. Its important to note that penetrative sex is not required for HPV transmission; the virus can spread through any form of sexual contact, including genital-to-genital, oral-to-genital, or hand-to-genital contact. […] Having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of HPV infection. The more sexual partners a person has, the higher their likelihood of coming into contact with someone who carries the virus. Individuals who engage in high-risk sexual behaviours, such as unprotected sex or sex with partners of unknown HPV status, are at an increased risk of acquiring HPV infection.

• #23 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. […] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. […] HPV is believed to cause cancer by integrating its genome into nuclear DNA. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. […] High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide and about 37,300 cases of cancer in the United States each year. […] HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. […] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. […] HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.

• #24 Pediatric human papillomavirus (HPV) – Children’s Health Adolescent Medicine

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Pediatric human papillomavirus (papillomavirus) or HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), according to the Centers for Disease Control(CDC). It can cause genital warts and certain types of cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread, sexually transmitted infection (STI). It has become well-known due to its link to cervical cancer. While not every child with HPV will develop cervical cancer, HPV increases the risk. […] The HPV infection is primarily spread through skin-to-skin contact. […] There are several risk factors that increase the chance of a child getting a HPV infection: Having a cut. The disease can enter the blood stream through an opening in the skin (like a cut). […] Having a mother with HPV. It is possible for a mother to infect her child during vaginal childbirth.

• #25 Non-sexually acquired human papillomavirus infection

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/non-sexually-acquired-human-papillomavirus-infection

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus which has been classified into over 200 types based on genome sequencing. Each type is associated with infection at a particular anatomic site and clinical morphology. […] HPV infections can be sexually transmitted or non-sexually acquired; this review focuses on the latter. […] Transmission of non-sexually acquired HPV occurs when infected skin or skin squames are in direct contact with broken or macerated skin. […] What causes a non-sexually acquired human papillomavirus infection? Cutaneous infection is mostly associated with HPV types 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10, which cause common, flat, and plantar warts. […] Non-sexually acquired HPV with the HPV types above can occasionally affect the skin of the anogenital region. Examples of transmission include: Autoinoculation from a viral wart elsewhere on the body, typically from a child’s hand, Inoculation from the hand of a caregiver during a nappy change, Vertical transmission from mother to baby during vaginal delivery.

• #26 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infection is a viral infection. There are more than 100 types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Some types of HPV infection cause skin growths called warts and some types of HPV infection can cause cancer. […] Most HPV infections don’t lead to cancer. But some types of genital HPV can cause cancer of the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, called the cervix. Other types of cancers have been linked to HPV infection. These include cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and back of the throat. Cancer at the back of the throat is called oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex.

• #27

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/human-papillomavirus

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection in the USA, in which half of cases occur among adolescents and young adults. […] The human papillomavirus, which enters the body usually through a break in the skin or mucous membrane, is the direct cause of the infection. […] HPV infection may lead to an increased risk of cancers of the throat, vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, or penis over time.

• #28 Human Papillomavirus Infection: Symptoms and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection

  HPV is the most common STI in the world, however, vaccines are available to prevent it. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection thats passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Some cases of genital HPV infection may not cause any health problems. However, some types of HPV can lead to the development of genital warts and even cancers of the cervix, anus, and throat. […] The virus that causes HPV infection is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Most people get a genital HPV infection through direct sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. […] Many people have HPV and dont even know it, which means you can still contract it even if your partner doesnt have any symptoms.

• #29 Human Papillomavirus Infection: Symptoms and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection

  HPV is the most common STI in the world, however, vaccines are available to prevent it. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection thats passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Some cases of genital HPV infection may not cause any health problems. However, some types of HPV can lead to the development of genital warts and even cancers of the cervix, anus, and throat. […] The virus that causes HPV infection is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Most people get a genital HPV infection through direct sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. […] Many people have HPV and dont even know it, which means you can still contract it even if your partner doesnt have any symptoms.

• #30 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that can affect different parts of your body. There are over 100 types of HPV, including strains of HPV that cause warts on your hands, feet and face. About 30 HPV strains can affect your genitals, including your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and scrotum, as well as your rectum and anus. This includes the type of HPV that causes genital warts. […] HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Roughly 14 million people get the infection each year. HPV is so common that most sexually active people who aren’t vaccinated against HPV will become infected at some point in their lives. Most never know they have it. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening.

• #31 Human papillomavirus

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/human-papillomavirus

  Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. About 80% of women will get at least one type of HPV at some point in their lifetime. Some types of HPV can cause illnesses such as genital warts or cervical cancer. HPV is the name for a group of viruses that includes more than 100 types. More than 40 types of HPV can be passed through sexual contact. The types that infect the genital area are called genital HPV. Genital HPV is the most common STI in the United States for both women and men. About 79 million Americans have HPV. HPV is spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. HPV can be spread even if there are no symptoms. This means you can get HPV from someone who has no signs or symptoms. HPV usually goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems including cervical cancer, other genital cancers (such as cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus), oropharyngeal cancer (cancer of the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils), genital warts, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (a rare condition that causes warts to grow in the respiratory tract). HPV has no cure. Most often, HPV goes away on its own. If HPV does not go away on its own, there are treatments for the genital warts and cervical cell changes caused by HPV. The HPV vaccine helps prevent cervical cancer, genital warts, and some other rare cancers. The HPV vaccine works best when you get it before you have any type of sexual contact with someone else. You can still benefit from the HPV vaccine if you have already had sexual contact with someone else. Yes. It is possible to get HPV, or any other STI, if you are a woman who has sex only with women.

• #32 HPV | Human Papillomavirus | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of related viruses. They can cause warts on different parts of your body. There are more than 200 types. About 40 of them are spread through direct sexual contact with someone who has the virus. They can also spread through other intimate, skin-to-skin contact. Some of these types can cause cancer. […] High-risk HPV can cause various cancers: Cervical cancer, Anal cancer, Some types of oral and throat cancer, Vulvar cancer, Vaginal cancer, Penile cancer. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for many years, it can lead to cell changes. If these changes are not treated, they may get worse over time and become cancer. […] HPV infections are very common. Nearly all sexually active people are infected with HPV soon after they become sexually active.

• #33 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that can affect different parts of your body. There are over 100 types of HPV, including strains of HPV that cause warts on your hands, feet and face. About 30 HPV strains can affect your genitals, including your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and scrotum, as well as your rectum and anus. This includes the type of HPV that causes genital warts. […] HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Roughly 14 million people get the infection each year. HPV is so common that most sexually active people who aren’t vaccinated against HPV will become infected at some point in their lives. Most never know they have it. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening.

• #34 About HPV | HPV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/about/index.html

  HPV, or human papillomavirus, is a common virus that can cause cancers later in life. […] Nearly everyone who is not vaccinated will get HPV at some point in their lives. […] More than 42 million Americans are infected with types of HPV that are known to cause disease. […] HPV infections can cause cancers of the cervix, vagina, and vulva, penis, anus, and back of the throat (called oropharyngeal cancer), including the base of the tongue and tonsils. […] Every year in the United States, HPV causes about 36,000 cases of cancer in both men and women. […] HPV is a common virus that can cause certain cancers later in life.

• #35 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hpv/

  Most HPV infections occur among teens and young adults. […] For persons with an HPV infection that is not controlled, it can take 15-20 years after the infection occurs for cancer to develop in persons with normal immune systems and 5-10 years in those with weakened immune systems. […] There is no treatment for HPV infection; however, there are treatments for some of the health problems that HPV can cause, such as genital warts and certain cancers.

• #36 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus. […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men. […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019. […] Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early.

• #38

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus. […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men. […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019. […] Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early.

• #39 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. […] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. […] HPV is believed to cause cancer by integrating its genome into nuclear DNA. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. […] High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide and about 37,300 cases of cancer in the United States each year. […] HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. […] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. […] HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.

• #40 HPV – Women’s Health Guide – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/infectiondontpassiton/womens-health-guide/stds/hpv.asp

  Human papillomavirus or HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least one out of every two sexually active people will have HPV at some point in their life. […] About 40 types can infect female and male genital areas. Genital HPV are grouped into two types: […] High-risk types of HPV increase the chances for some types of cancer, like cervical cancer. […] HPV is spread by skin-to-skin contact. Women get HPV from sexual contact with someone who has it. HPV can be spread by vaginal, anal, oral or handgenital sexual contact. […] Most sexually active men and women get genital HPV at some time in their lives. […] High-risk types of HPV infection can cause cervical cancer. […] Almost all cervical cancers are thought to be caused by HPV infections. […] If you have high-risk HPV the risk of cervical cancer is further increased if you: […] Almost all cervical cancers are caused by high-risk HPV infection.

• #41 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Using condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity can reduce the risk of HPV transmission, but it does not eliminate the risk entirely. HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom, such as the genital skin and surrounding areas. Additionally, condoms may not provide complete protection against HPV if they do not cover all infected skin areas or if there is skin-to-skin contact outside the covered area. […] Engaging in sexual activity at a young age, particularly before the age of 18, increases the risk of HPV infection. Adolescents and young adults who initiate sexual activity early may be more susceptible to HPV infection due to hormonal changes, immature immune systems, and lack of awareness about safe sex practices and HPV vaccination. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems are at an increased risk of HPV infection and are more likely to develop persistent HPV-related lesions and cancers. Immune suppression can result from various factors, including HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, long-term steroid use, chemotherapy, or other medical conditions that compromise the immune systems ability to fight off infections.

• #42 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The evolution of papillomaviruses has often been debated. […] HPV is a prevalent pathogen, the epidemiology of which has mostly been studied in the uterine cervix and the vagina. […] The major steps known to be necessary for cervical carcinogenesis include HPV infection, persistence of that infection, progression to precancerous lesions and eventually invasion. […] HPV infections can be transmitted not only by peno-vaginal intercourse, but also by other sexual practices, e.g. oral sex, peno-anal intercourse, digital-vaginal sex and use of insertive sex toys. […] The most common mode of horizontal transmission of anogenital HPV is by sexual activity through contact with infected cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile or anal epithelium. […] HPV infections are easily transmitted; however, on the basis of data on lesbians, it appears that intromissive intercourse in which an infected penis enters the vagina is not strictly necessary.

• #43 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hpv-overview-7377742

  The human papillomavirus causes HPV cells to enter your body through any mucous membrane which are moist, inner linings of the mouth, genitalia, and anus. HPV most easily spreads through vaginal or anal sex. […] Your risk of getting HPV increases with: New or multiple sex partners, Having sex with someone with multiple sex partners, A weakened immune system.

• #44 Pediatric human papillomavirus (HPV) – Children’s Health Adolescent Medicine

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Being sexually active. Those that are sexually active have a greater risk of contracting HPV. Further, the more sexual partners you have, the more likely you are to get HPV. Being with a partner that has had multiple partners also increases your risk. […] Weakened immune system. Immune systems can be weakened by HIV/AIDS, immune-suppressing medications (organ transplants) or other reasons.

• #45 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246670

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes an infection, typically through sexual contact. […] HPV is a virus that transmits through skin-to-skin contact, often sexual contact. The infection can develop in anyone who is sexually active. […] The strains of HPV that cause warts are different from those that increase the risk of cancer. […] Most people with HPV do not develop cancer, but the infection can increase the risk, especially in people with weakened immune systems. […] A high-risk strain of HPV can change the way that cells communicate with each other, and this can cause them to grow in an uncontrolled way. […] In many people, the immune system defeats the unwanted cells. However, if the immune system is unable to do this, the cells can stay in the body and continue to grow. In time, this can lead to cancer. […] The infection can increase the risk of developing cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, oropharynx, including the base of the tongue and the tonsils. […] The risk of cancer is higher if a person has HPV and has other sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia.

• #46 Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html

  With more than 200 types identified, human papillomavirus (HPV) commonly causes infections of the skin and mucosa. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. […] In some patients, persistent infection with high-risk mucosal types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, causes anal, cervical, oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Most HPV-related cancers are believed to be caused by sexual spread of the virus. A history of multiple sex partners; initiation of sexual activity at an early age; not using barrier protection; other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV; an immunocompromised state; alcohol use; and smoking have been identified as risk factors for persistent HPV infections. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact and has tropisms for cutaneous or mucosal epithelial cells. The approximately 40 types that infect mucosal surfaces are typically spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be divided into low-risk and high-risk types based on their associated cancer risk. Low-risk types cause warts, whereas the 15 high-risk types cause cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and squamous cell carcinomas of the anogenital tract and oropharyngeal mucosa.

• #47 Pediatric human papillomavirus (HPV) – Children’s Health Adolescent Medicine

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Being sexually active. Those that are sexually active have a greater risk of contracting HPV. Further, the more sexual partners you have, the more likely you are to get HPV. Being with a partner that has had multiple partners also increases your risk. […] Weakened immune system. Immune systems can be weakened by HIV/AIDS, immune-suppressing medications (organ transplants) or other reasons.

• #48 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #49 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Smoking tobacco has been identified as a risk factor for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic compounds that can weaken the immune system and promote the growth of HPV-infected cells, increasing the likelihood of HPV persistence and progression to cancer. […] Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to HPV infection or may have genetic variations that affect their immune response to the virus. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to HPV-related diseases, the likelihood of HPV clearance, and the effectiveness of HPV vaccination. […] HPV vaccination is a highly effective preventive measure against HPV infection and related diseases. However, individuals who are not vaccinated against HPV are at an increased risk of acquiring the virus and developing HPV-related health conditions, including genital warts and various cancers. Vaccination is recommended for both males and females, typically starting at age 9 to 12, to provide optimal protection before individuals become sexually active.

• #50 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit.

• #51 Human Papillomavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus that is responsible for causing multiple epithelial lesions and cancers. […] HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus of the Papillomaviridae family. The virus enters the epithelium through disruption to the skin/mucosa and infects basal stem cells. […] Today, HPV has been implicated as a cause of laryngeal, oral, lung, and anogenital cancer. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] HPV subtypes show a predilection for body sites they most commonly infect, and disease manifestations that result from infection may vary. […] The HPV subtypes which cause cutaneous verrucae are spread by contact between skin with microscopic or macroscopic epidermal damage and a fomite-harboring HPV.

• #52 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #53 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #54 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #55 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Smoking tobacco has been identified as a risk factor for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic compounds that can weaken the immune system and promote the growth of HPV-infected cells, increasing the likelihood of HPV persistence and progression to cancer. […] Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to HPV infection or may have genetic variations that affect their immune response to the virus. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to HPV-related diseases, the likelihood of HPV clearance, and the effectiveness of HPV vaccination. […] HPV vaccination is a highly effective preventive measure against HPV infection and related diseases. However, individuals who are not vaccinated against HPV are at an increased risk of acquiring the virus and developing HPV-related health conditions, including genital warts and various cancers. Vaccination is recommended for both males and females, typically starting at age 9 to 12, to provide optimal protection before individuals become sexually active.

• #56 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia in a wide variety of higher vertebrates in a species-specific manner and induce cellular proliferation. […] More than 100 types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified and approximately half of them infect the genital tract. Many types of HPV have been found in cervical cancers, while others are found rarely or not at all in large series of cancers, which gives rise to the nomenclature of high- and low-risk HPVs. […] Striking progress has been made in defining the activities of viral oncoproteins from high-risk genital HPVs, in particular HPVs 16 and 18, that promote the disruption of normal cell-cycle control. The ability to target the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins and p53 and to induce telomerase are some of the critical events that contribute to the development of malignancy.

• #57 How does HPV cause cervical cancer?verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-does-hpv-cause-cervical-cancer

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer worldwide, killing hundreds of thousands of people every year. Here’s how the virus triggers cancer. […] The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. By the age of 45, around four in five men and women will have had at least one HPV infection. In nine out of ten people the body naturally clears the virus, but for some people, HPV can cause cancers such as cervical cancer. […] When HPV hasn’t been cleared by the immune system, it infects the skin cells in the cervix, causing them to become abnormal: a process called cervical dysplasia. […] So how does HPV cause cancer? It starts by disrupting the way healthy cells function. […] HPV does this by integrating its genetic code, or genome, into the genome of cervical cells.

• #58 HPV Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/hpv-infection

  HPV can cause infections and lesions in other areas of the body, such as in the upper respiratory tract. […] HPV enters the body, usually through a break in the skin, and then infects the cells in the layers of the skin. The virus then replicates or multiplies in the body. […] HPV is usually transmitted by skin-to-skin contact. HPV infections that cause skin warts (e.g., plantar or common warts) can be acquired through a cut. […] HPV infections that cause genital warts are very contagious and are usually contracted through sexual activity with an infected person. […] HPV can also cause cervical cancer, other genital cancers, and cancer of the head, neck, and throat.

• #59 Human Papillomavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus that is responsible for causing multiple epithelial lesions and cancers. […] HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus of the Papillomaviridae family. The virus enters the epithelium through disruption to the skin/mucosa and infects basal stem cells. […] Today, HPV has been implicated as a cause of laryngeal, oral, lung, and anogenital cancer. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] HPV subtypes show a predilection for body sites they most commonly infect, and disease manifestations that result from infection may vary. […] The HPV subtypes which cause cutaneous verrucae are spread by contact between skin with microscopic or macroscopic epidermal damage and a fomite-harboring HPV.

• #60 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.13.

  Etiologic agent: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. More than 200 types of HPV exist. […] HPV infects basal epidermal and squamous epithelial cells. As the infected cells mature and differentiate, replication increases and the cells undergo a transformation leading to the development of exophytic lesions, which are the clinical manifestations of HPV infection. […] Certain types of HPV are designated low-risk types and are responsible for common cutaneous and genital warts. Other, known as high-risk types, integrate into the human DNA and result in neoplastic transformation of the affected cells. These high-risk types, predominantly type 16 (50% of patients) and type 18 (20%), are recognized as the underlying etiologic agents for many cancers, including cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPV types (16, 18, and other) can cause neoplastic transformation, resulting in penile, cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

• #61 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections. […] In the context of HPV-associated cervical cancer, the viral life cycle is perturbed in two fundamental ways. First, the progressive histopathological changes that arise in the cervical epithelium include the loss of terminal differentiation. […] Integration events that are found in cervical cancer lead to the selective expression of E6 and E7, which is a hallmark of cervical cancers. […] The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1, E2, E6 and in some cases E7 genes. […] HPV 16 E7 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis. […] The host specificity and the benign nature of most papillomavirus infections suggest that these viruses are extremely well adapted parasites.

• #62 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.13.

  Etiologic agent: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. More than 200 types of HPV exist. […] HPV infects basal epidermal and squamous epithelial cells. As the infected cells mature and differentiate, replication increases and the cells undergo a transformation leading to the development of exophytic lesions, which are the clinical manifestations of HPV infection. […] Certain types of HPV are designated low-risk types and are responsible for common cutaneous and genital warts. Other, known as high-risk types, integrate into the human DNA and result in neoplastic transformation of the affected cells. These high-risk types, predominantly type 16 (50% of patients) and type 18 (20%), are recognized as the underlying etiologic agents for many cancers, including cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPV types (16, 18, and other) can cause neoplastic transformation, resulting in penile, cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

• #63 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. […] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. […] HPV is believed to cause cancer by integrating its genome into nuclear DNA. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. […] High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide and about 37,300 cases of cancer in the United States each year. […] HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. […] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. […] HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.

• #64 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.13.

  Etiologic agent: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. More than 200 types of HPV exist. […] HPV infects basal epidermal and squamous epithelial cells. As the infected cells mature and differentiate, replication increases and the cells undergo a transformation leading to the development of exophytic lesions, which are the clinical manifestations of HPV infection. […] Certain types of HPV are designated low-risk types and are responsible for common cutaneous and genital warts. Other, known as high-risk types, integrate into the human DNA and result in neoplastic transformation of the affected cells. These high-risk types, predominantly type 16 (50% of patients) and type 18 (20%), are recognized as the underlying etiologic agents for many cancers, including cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPV types (16, 18, and other) can cause neoplastic transformation, resulting in penile, cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

• #65 How does HPV cause cervical cancer?verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-does-hpv-cause-cervical-cancer

  Two HPV proteins, E6 and E7, are the main drivers of cervical cancer development. […] This means that when the body decides to destroy the invasive HPV protein, it takes this crucial tumour suppressing protein with it, making it far more likely that cancer can develop. […] Meanwhile, HPV’s E7 protein interacts with a different tumour-suppressing protein to inhibit its activity, again increasing the chances of cells becoming cancerous.

• #66 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections. […] In the context of HPV-associated cervical cancer, the viral life cycle is perturbed in two fundamental ways. First, the progressive histopathological changes that arise in the cervical epithelium include the loss of terminal differentiation. […] Integration events that are found in cervical cancer lead to the selective expression of E6 and E7, which is a hallmark of cervical cancers. […] The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1, E2, E6 and in some cases E7 genes. […] HPV 16 E7 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis. […] The host specificity and the benign nature of most papillomavirus infections suggest that these viruses are extremely well adapted parasites.

• #67 How does HPV cause cervical cancer?verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-does-hpv-cause-cervical-cancer

  Two HPV proteins, E6 and E7, are the main drivers of cervical cancer development. […] This means that when the body decides to destroy the invasive HPV protein, it takes this crucial tumour suppressing protein with it, making it far more likely that cancer can develop. […] Meanwhile, HPV’s E7 protein interacts with a different tumour-suppressing protein to inhibit its activity, again increasing the chances of cells becoming cancerous.

• #68 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia in a wide variety of higher vertebrates in a species-specific manner and induce cellular proliferation. […] More than 100 types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified and approximately half of them infect the genital tract. Many types of HPV have been found in cervical cancers, while others are found rarely or not at all in large series of cancers, which gives rise to the nomenclature of high- and low-risk HPVs. […] Striking progress has been made in defining the activities of viral oncoproteins from high-risk genital HPVs, in particular HPVs 16 and 18, that promote the disruption of normal cell-cycle control. The ability to target the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins and p53 and to induce telomerase are some of the critical events that contribute to the development of malignancy.

• #69 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections. […] In the context of HPV-associated cervical cancer, the viral life cycle is perturbed in two fundamental ways. First, the progressive histopathological changes that arise in the cervical epithelium include the loss of terminal differentiation. […] Integration events that are found in cervical cancer lead to the selective expression of E6 and E7, which is a hallmark of cervical cancers. […] The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1, E2, E6 and in some cases E7 genes. […] HPV 16 E7 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis. […] The host specificity and the benign nature of most papillomavirus infections suggest that these viruses are extremely well adapted parasites.

• #70 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia in a wide variety of higher vertebrates in a species-specific manner and induce cellular proliferation. […] More than 100 types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified and approximately half of them infect the genital tract. Many types of HPV have been found in cervical cancers, while others are found rarely or not at all in large series of cancers, which gives rise to the nomenclature of high- and low-risk HPVs. […] Striking progress has been made in defining the activities of viral oncoproteins from high-risk genital HPVs, in particular HPVs 16 and 18, that promote the disruption of normal cell-cycle control. The ability to target the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins and p53 and to induce telomerase are some of the critical events that contribute to the development of malignancy.

• #71 Understanding The Connection Between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/understanding-the-connection-between-human-papillomavirus-hpv-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection affecting millions of people worldwide. While often harmless, certain strains of HPV are known to cause some types of cancer. […] Of the approximate 100 different types of HPV, infectious disease doctors consider only a few of them to be high risk, particularly HPV 16 and HPV 18. These two strains are the ones most often connected to the development of cancer. […] HPV causes cancer by inserting itself into the body’s DNA, which disrupts normal cellular functions. The virus generates proteins that disrupt the cell’s normal regulatory process, resulting in genetic instability. This instability may cause cells to grow uncontrollably, eventually forming tumors. […] Cervical cancer is the most studied HPV-related cancer, with a clear link established between persistent HPV infection and the development of precancerous lesions. Without regular screening and treatment, these lesions can progress to cancer.

• #72 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit.

• #73 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The presence of HPV 16 DNA was 59% and 81% in cases of CIN3 in Spain and Colombia, respectively; that among cases of cervical cancer was 59% and 51%, respectively. […] HPV 16 had the highest prevalence in all European studies and also in most of the other studies. […] The persistence of high-risk HPV infection is prerequisite for progressive CIN. […] HPV infections (even with carcinogenic types) are so common that becoming infected is not the limiting factor in cervical carcinogenesis. […] The critical step for most women might be whether a precancerous lesion develops as an uncommon outcome of infection. […] HPV 16 is uniquely associated with risk for cancer and, even for HPV 16 (and other carcinogenic types), variants are relevant to the natural history. […] HPV 16 is the type most frequently found in tumours in the general population. […] The introduction of the term genus is useful, as this concise term will now replace the somewhat vague expressions of major branches or supergroups. […] The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections.

• #74 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells. Most of the 100 subtypes infect cutaneous epithelium and cause skin warts; some types infect mucosal epithelium and cause anogenital warts. […] Some types that infect mucosal epithelium can lead to anogenital or oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Most HPV infections clear spontaneously within 1 to 2 years, but some persist. […] There are 100 known types of HPV. Some infect cutaneous epithelium and cause common skin warts. Some infect primarily the mucosa of the anogenital region, as well as the oropharyngeal and laryngeal areas. […] Some data suggest HPV plays a role in the pathogenesis of some bladder cancers. […] Condylomata acuminata are benign anogenital warts most often caused by HPV types 6 and 11, as are laryngeal and oropharyngeal warts. Low- and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma may be caused by HPV.

• #75 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections. […] In the context of HPV-associated cervical cancer, the viral life cycle is perturbed in two fundamental ways. First, the progressive histopathological changes that arise in the cervical epithelium include the loss of terminal differentiation. […] Integration events that are found in cervical cancer lead to the selective expression of E6 and E7, which is a hallmark of cervical cancers. […] The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1, E2, E6 and in some cases E7 genes. […] HPV 16 E7 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis. […] The host specificity and the benign nature of most papillomavirus infections suggest that these viruses are extremely well adapted parasites.

• #76 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Infection and Vaccination | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/hpv-vaccination

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus. Like all viruses, HPV causes infection by entering cells. Once inside a cell, HPV takes control of the cells internal machinery and uses it to make copies of itself. These copies then infect other nearby cells. HPV infection is a slow process. In most people, the immune system clears the body of HPV before it causes disease. […] HPV infections can also cause changes in cells that can lead to cancer over time, including cancer of the cervix. […] There are at least 13 types of HPV linked to cancer of the cervix, anus, vagina, penis, mouth, and throat. Most cases of HPV-related cancer are caused by just two high-risk types of HPV: type 16 and type 18. […] HPV infection can lead to changes in the cells on the cervix. These changes are called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical dysplasia.

• #77 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  HPV infection causes cervical cancer. Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for years, it can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion. If the precancerous lesion is not found and removed, it may eventually develop into cervical cancer. […] Some risk factors make it more likely for a person who has a high-risk HPV infection of the cervix to develop cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important.

• #78 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hpv/

  Most HPV infections occur among teens and young adults. […] For persons with an HPV infection that is not controlled, it can take 15-20 years after the infection occurs for cancer to develop in persons with normal immune systems and 5-10 years in those with weakened immune systems. […] There is no treatment for HPV infection; however, there are treatments for some of the health problems that HPV can cause, such as genital warts and certain cancers.

• #79 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit.

• #80 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit.

• #81 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Q&A | UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/cancer/education-programs/patients/hpv/about-human-pavillomavirus-HPV.html

  HPV is considered one of the most powerful human carcinogens, and it is the cause of 5% of all cancers. […] There are more than 100 types of HPV; 13 of them are responsible for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anogenital and oropharynx cancers. HPV 16 is responsible for the majority of HPV-associated cancers. […] The HPV 16 and 18 strains are known to cause cervical cancer. […] HPV is passed through genital (skin-to-skin) contact, most often during vaginal or anal sex. […] HPV gets into the body through tiny scrapes on the skin. Once it reaches the basal layer of the epithelial cells the virus replicates and causes changes to the normal cervical cell, transforming it into a cancer cell. […] Whether a woman clears the virus depends on her immune response and the ability of the virus to evade the immune response and reproduce.

• #82 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Q&A | UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/cancer/education-programs/patients/hpv/about-human-pavillomavirus-HPV.html

  HPV is considered one of the most powerful human carcinogens, and it is the cause of 5% of all cancers. […] There are more than 100 types of HPV; 13 of them are responsible for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anogenital and oropharynx cancers. HPV 16 is responsible for the majority of HPV-associated cancers. […] The HPV 16 and 18 strains are known to cause cervical cancer. […] HPV is passed through genital (skin-to-skin) contact, most often during vaginal or anal sex. […] HPV gets into the body through tiny scrapes on the skin. Once it reaches the basal layer of the epithelial cells the virus replicates and causes changes to the normal cervical cell, transforming it into a cancer cell. […] Whether a woman clears the virus depends on her immune response and the ability of the virus to evade the immune response and reproduce.

• #83 Cancers Linked with HPV | Human Papillomavirus and Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-cancer-info.html

  HPV (human papillomavirus) is known to cause many types of cancer in adults, including cancers of the mouth and throat, cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anus. […] In fact, nearly all cervical cancers are caused by HPV. […] HPV can cause cancer of the vulva. […] Most cancers of the vagina contain HPV. […] HPV can cause cancer of the penis. […] HPV can cause cancer of the anus in both men and women. […] HPV is found in many oral (mouth) and throat cancers. Most cancers found in the part of the throat behind the mouth are HPV-related.

• #84 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Long-lasting infections with high-risk HPVs can cause cancer in parts of the body where HPV infects cells. HPV infects the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inner surfaces of these organs. Most HPV-related cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. […] HPV-related cancers include: Anal cancer: Over 90% of anal cancer is caused by HPV. […] Cervical cancer: Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. […] Most oropharyngeal cancer (70%) is caused by HPV. […] Most penile cancers (63%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vulvar cancer (69%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #85 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  HPV infection causes cervical cancer. Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for years, it can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion. If the precancerous lesion is not found and removed, it may eventually develop into cervical cancer. […] Some risk factors make it more likely for a person who has a high-risk HPV infection of the cervix to develop cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important.

• #86 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV; about 70% is caused by types 16 and 18, and many of the rest result from types 31, 33, 45. 52, and 58. […] HPV types that affect mainly the anogenital area can be transmitted to the oropharynx by orogenital contact; type 16 appears responsible for many cases of oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV is transmitted from lesions during contact with skin or mucosa. […] Genital warts are more common among immunocompromised patients. […] Anogenital warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly types 6 and 11. […] HPV types 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancers and can cause cancer in other areas, including the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx.

• #87 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Long-lasting infections with high-risk HPVs can cause cancer in parts of the body where HPV infects cells. HPV infects the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inner surfaces of these organs. Most HPV-related cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. […] HPV-related cancers include: Anal cancer: Over 90% of anal cancer is caused by HPV. […] Cervical cancer: Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. […] Most oropharyngeal cancer (70%) is caused by HPV. […] Most penile cancers (63%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vulvar cancer (69%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #88 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Long-lasting infections with high-risk HPVs can cause cancer in parts of the body where HPV infects cells. HPV infects the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inner surfaces of these organs. Most HPV-related cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. […] HPV-related cancers include: Anal cancer: Over 90% of anal cancer is caused by HPV. […] Cervical cancer: Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. […] Most oropharyngeal cancer (70%) is caused by HPV. […] Most penile cancers (63%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vulvar cancer (69%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #89 HPV in the Mouth: Symptoms, Treatment & Living With Oral HPV

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15010-oropharyngeal-human-papilloma-virus-hpv-infection

  Oral HPV is a subtype of human papillomavirus the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. […] HPV is an umbrella term for human papillomavirus. But, there are many types and subtypes of the virus. Oral HPV is one of them. […] There are almost 200 different strains of HPV. Approximately 40 of those can infect genital and oral mucosa (mucus membranes). Out of those 40 strains, nine can potentially turn into cancer. The strain thats most likely to cause oropharyngeal cancer is HPV-16. […] Studies have found that certain types of HPV can turn into oropharyngeal cancer, especially HPV-16. […] To put it in perspective, HPV-16 only occurs in about 1% of the population. Yet, about two-thirds of oropharyngeal cancers are linked to HPV. […] Most people with oral HPV infections dont have symptoms.

• #90 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Long-lasting infections with high-risk HPVs can cause cancer in parts of the body where HPV infects cells. HPV infects the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inner surfaces of these organs. Most HPV-related cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. […] HPV-related cancers include: Anal cancer: Over 90% of anal cancer is caused by HPV. […] Cervical cancer: Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. […] Most oropharyngeal cancer (70%) is caused by HPV. […] Most penile cancers (63%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vulvar cancer (69%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #91 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Long-lasting infections with high-risk HPVs can cause cancer in parts of the body where HPV infects cells. HPV infects the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inner surfaces of these organs. Most HPV-related cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. […] HPV-related cancers include: Anal cancer: Over 90% of anal cancer is caused by HPV. […] Cervical cancer: Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. […] Most oropharyngeal cancer (70%) is caused by HPV. […] Most penile cancers (63%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vulvar cancer (69%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #92 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Long-lasting infections with high-risk HPVs can cause cancer in parts of the body where HPV infects cells. HPV infects the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inner surfaces of these organs. Most HPV-related cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. […] HPV-related cancers include: Anal cancer: Over 90% of anal cancer is caused by HPV. […] Cervical cancer: Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. […] Most oropharyngeal cancer (70%) is caused by HPV. […] Most penile cancers (63%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vulvar cancer (69%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #93 Understanding The Connection Between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/understanding-the-connection-between-human-papillomavirus-hpv-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection affecting millions of people worldwide. While often harmless, certain strains of HPV are known to cause some types of cancer. […] Of the approximate 100 different types of HPV, infectious disease doctors consider only a few of them to be high risk, particularly HPV 16 and HPV 18. These two strains are the ones most often connected to the development of cancer. […] HPV causes cancer by inserting itself into the body’s DNA, which disrupts normal cellular functions. The virus generates proteins that disrupt the cell’s normal regulatory process, resulting in genetic instability. This instability may cause cells to grow uncontrollably, eventually forming tumors. […] Cervical cancer is the most studied HPV-related cancer, with a clear link established between persistent HPV infection and the development of precancerous lesions. Without regular screening and treatment, these lesions can progress to cancer.

• #94 What is HPV Cancer? Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | The Anal Cancer Foundation

  https://www.analcancerfoundation.org/what-is-anal-cancer/hpv-cancer/

  HPV types that cause cancer include 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 and 70. Types 16 and 18 are the most common. […] HPV 16 and 18 are the most common and most high-risk types of the virus. Of all cancers probably caused by HPV worldwide, the following are linked to these two specific types: 70% of cervical cancer, 92% of anal cancer, 89% of oropharyngeal cancer, 63% of penile cancer, 80% of vaginal cancer, 80% of vulvar cancer. […] Researchers have actually suspected that cervical cancer is linked to a sexually transmitted mechanism since the 19th century. They only discovered the specific connection between HPV and cervical cancer in the 1980s, however, when researchers in Germany found HPV in the majority of cervical tumors.

• #95 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause oral cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPVs can cause several types of cancer. There are 12 high-risk HPV types: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59. Two of these, HPV 16 and HPV 18, are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away on their own without causing cancer: Your immune system usually controls HPV infections so they are cleared by your body, within a year or two. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. When a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can lead to cell changes that, if untreated, may get worse over time and become precancerous and then cancerous.

• #96 HPV Strains | Only Small Number Cause Problems

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/about-hpv/hpv-strains

  Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are extremely common DNA viruses that only infect humans. […] HPV is thought to be the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. Almost every person will have HPV at some point in their lives. […] There are over 150 types of HPV that live on the body and only a small number of types (ie. high-risk HPV) cause problems by changing cells from normal to abnormal. […] Infection with high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types that are not cleared by the immune system can cause cervical cancers and a significant proportion of cancers of the anus, oropharynx, vagina, vulva and penis. HPV cancers take many years to develop. […] The 14 most cancer-causing HPV types include types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68. Types 16 and HPV 18 are most commonly associated with development of cancer, together accounting for about 70% of invasive cervical cancers. […] Current research indicates that high-risk HPV changes the host (human) cell but its growth needs additional triggers to cause cancer.

• #97 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause oral cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPVs can cause several types of cancer. There are 12 high-risk HPV types: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59. Two of these, HPV 16 and HPV 18, are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away on their own without causing cancer: Your immune system usually controls HPV infections so they are cleared by your body, within a year or two. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. When a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can lead to cell changes that, if untreated, may get worse over time and become precancerous and then cancerous.

• #98 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause oral cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPVs can cause several types of cancer. There are 12 high-risk HPV types: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59. Two of these, HPV 16 and HPV 18, are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away on their own without causing cancer: Your immune system usually controls HPV infections so they are cleared by your body, within a year or two. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. When a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can lead to cell changes that, if untreated, may get worse over time and become precancerous and then cancerous.

• #99 Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-virus-information-about-human-papillomavirus

  High-risk HPV can cause changes in your cells that can turn into cervical cancer, especially if the virus stays in your body for 10 to 20 years and youre a woman or person with a cervix who is older than 30. […] High-risk HPV types include around 14 strains. HPV types 16 and 18 cause the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including about 70% of cervical cancers.

• #100 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The presence of HPV 16 DNA was 59% and 81% in cases of CIN3 in Spain and Colombia, respectively; that among cases of cervical cancer was 59% and 51%, respectively. […] HPV 16 had the highest prevalence in all European studies and also in most of the other studies. […] The persistence of high-risk HPV infection is prerequisite for progressive CIN. […] HPV infections (even with carcinogenic types) are so common that becoming infected is not the limiting factor in cervical carcinogenesis. […] The critical step for most women might be whether a precancerous lesion develops as an uncommon outcome of infection. […] HPV 16 is uniquely associated with risk for cancer and, even for HPV 16 (and other carcinogenic types), variants are relevant to the natural history. […] HPV 16 is the type most frequently found in tumours in the general population. […] The introduction of the term genus is useful, as this concise term will now replace the somewhat vague expressions of major branches or supergroups. […] The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections.

• #101 HPV in the Mouth: Symptoms, Treatment & Living With Oral HPV

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15010-oropharyngeal-human-papilloma-virus-hpv-infection

  Oral HPV is a subtype of human papillomavirus the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. […] HPV is an umbrella term for human papillomavirus. But, there are many types and subtypes of the virus. Oral HPV is one of them. […] There are almost 200 different strains of HPV. Approximately 40 of those can infect genital and oral mucosa (mucus membranes). Out of those 40 strains, nine can potentially turn into cancer. The strain thats most likely to cause oropharyngeal cancer is HPV-16. […] Studies have found that certain types of HPV can turn into oropharyngeal cancer, especially HPV-16. […] To put it in perspective, HPV-16 only occurs in about 1% of the population. Yet, about two-thirds of oropharyngeal cancers are linked to HPV. […] Most people with oral HPV infections dont have symptoms.

• #102 Human Papillomavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus that is responsible for causing multiple epithelial lesions and cancers. […] HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus of the Papillomaviridae family. The virus enters the epithelium through disruption to the skin/mucosa and infects basal stem cells. […] Today, HPV has been implicated as a cause of laryngeal, oral, lung, and anogenital cancer. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] HPV subtypes show a predilection for body sites they most commonly infect, and disease manifestations that result from infection may vary. […] The HPV subtypes which cause cutaneous verrucae are spread by contact between skin with microscopic or macroscopic epidermal damage and a fomite-harboring HPV.

• #103 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #104 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #105 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Smoking tobacco has been identified as a risk factor for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic compounds that can weaken the immune system and promote the growth of HPV-infected cells, increasing the likelihood of HPV persistence and progression to cancer. […] Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to HPV infection or may have genetic variations that affect their immune response to the virus. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to HPV-related diseases, the likelihood of HPV clearance, and the effectiveness of HPV vaccination. […] HPV vaccination is a highly effective preventive measure against HPV infection and related diseases. However, individuals who are not vaccinated against HPV are at an increased risk of acquiring the virus and developing HPV-related health conditions, including genital warts and various cancers. Vaccination is recommended for both males and females, typically starting at age 9 to 12, to provide optimal protection before individuals become sexually active.

• #106 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit.

• #107 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #108 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246670

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes an infection, typically through sexual contact. […] HPV is a virus that transmits through skin-to-skin contact, often sexual contact. The infection can develop in anyone who is sexually active. […] The strains of HPV that cause warts are different from those that increase the risk of cancer. […] Most people with HPV do not develop cancer, but the infection can increase the risk, especially in people with weakened immune systems. […] A high-risk strain of HPV can change the way that cells communicate with each other, and this can cause them to grow in an uncontrolled way. […] In many people, the immune system defeats the unwanted cells. However, if the immune system is unable to do this, the cells can stay in the body and continue to grow. In time, this can lead to cancer. […] The infection can increase the risk of developing cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, oropharynx, including the base of the tongue and the tonsils. […] The risk of cancer is higher if a person has HPV and has other sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia.

• #109 HPV – Women’s Health Guide – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/infectiondontpassiton/womens-health-guide/stds/hpv.asp

  Human papillomavirus or HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least one out of every two sexually active people will have HPV at some point in their life. […] About 40 types can infect female and male genital areas. Genital HPV are grouped into two types: […] High-risk types of HPV increase the chances for some types of cancer, like cervical cancer. […] HPV is spread by skin-to-skin contact. Women get HPV from sexual contact with someone who has it. HPV can be spread by vaginal, anal, oral or handgenital sexual contact. […] Most sexually active men and women get genital HPV at some time in their lives. […] High-risk types of HPV infection can cause cervical cancer. […] Almost all cervical cancers are thought to be caused by HPV infections. […] If you have high-risk HPV the risk of cervical cancer is further increased if you: […] Almost all cervical cancers are caused by high-risk HPV infection.

• #110 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #111 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Using condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity can reduce the risk of HPV transmission, but it does not eliminate the risk entirely. HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom, such as the genital skin and surrounding areas. Additionally, condoms may not provide complete protection against HPV if they do not cover all infected skin areas or if there is skin-to-skin contact outside the covered area. […] Engaging in sexual activity at a young age, particularly before the age of 18, increases the risk of HPV infection. Adolescents and young adults who initiate sexual activity early may be more susceptible to HPV infection due to hormonal changes, immature immune systems, and lack of awareness about safe sex practices and HPV vaccination. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems are at an increased risk of HPV infection and are more likely to develop persistent HPV-related lesions and cancers. Immune suppression can result from various factors, including HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, long-term steroid use, chemotherapy, or other medical conditions that compromise the immune systems ability to fight off infections.

• #112 HPV – human papillomavirus. Causes, symptoms, treatment

  https://tumor3d.com/en/blog/hpv-human-papillomavirus-causes-symptoms-treatment

  In order to reduce the risk of the infection turning into a chronic infection, it is necessary to take care of immune system, which allows for more effective fight against the virus. […] HPV may lead to the development of, among others, penile cancer. […] Unfortunately, there is no such thing as a cure for HPV.

• #113 Human Papillomavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/

  HPV is known to cause lesions of the mucous membranes and skin. There are over 100 subtypes of HPV, and some are associated with an increased risk of malignancy. […] The biggest concern with genital warts is the risk of cervical cancer. HPV is also known to be associated with anal and head and neck cancers. […] Individuals who are immunocompromised are also at risk for developing dysplasia or cancer of the vagina and vulva.

• #114

  https://premiermed.com/what-you-should-know-about-human-papillomavirus-hpv/

  At least 13 HPV genotypes have been shown to cause cervical cancer. Most cases are caused by HPV genotypes 16 and 18. […] No. In most people, the immune system fights most HPV infections and clears them from the body within 1-2 years. Infections that are not cleared from the body are called persistent infections. A persistent infection can cause cells to become abnormal and lead to a condition called precancer. […] Risk factors for HPV persistence and development of cervical cancer include early first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, tobacco use, and immune suppression (for example, HIV-infected individuals are at higher risk of HPV infection). […] A vaccine is available that can prevent infection with HPV. HPV vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of anogenital cancer and genital warts in women and men by up to 99%.

• #115 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Smoking tobacco has been identified as a risk factor for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic compounds that can weaken the immune system and promote the growth of HPV-infected cells, increasing the likelihood of HPV persistence and progression to cancer. […] Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to HPV infection or may have genetic variations that affect their immune response to the virus. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to HPV-related diseases, the likelihood of HPV clearance, and the effectiveness of HPV vaccination. […] HPV vaccination is a highly effective preventive measure against HPV infection and related diseases. However, individuals who are not vaccinated against HPV are at an increased risk of acquiring the virus and developing HPV-related health conditions, including genital warts and various cancers. Vaccination is recommended for both males and females, typically starting at age 9 to 12, to provide optimal protection before individuals become sexually active.

• #116 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. HPV infections are common and result in various clinical manifestations on epidermal surfaces. HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. HPV types demonstrate a high degree of site specificity, with some types only found on certain parts of the skin or mucous membranes. Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented. HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors. HPV infection alone does not directly cause malignant transformation of infected tissue. However, cofactors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression have been implicated in this process, particularly in the anogenital-mucosal category.

• #117 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Certain strains are more likely to lead to cancer. Your healthcare provider will monitor these strains and recommend further testing or treatment. Early detection of high-risk strains and follow-up screenings such as frequent Pap tests can prevent HPV from causing cervical cancer. […] No. There isn’t a cure for HPV. Still, your immune system is incredibly efficient at getting rid of the virus for you. Most HPV infections (about 90%) are cleared within a year or two.

• #118 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Infection and Vaccination | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/hpv-vaccination

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus. Like all viruses, HPV causes infection by entering cells. Once inside a cell, HPV takes control of the cells internal machinery and uses it to make copies of itself. These copies then infect other nearby cells. HPV infection is a slow process. In most people, the immune system clears the body of HPV before it causes disease. […] HPV infections can also cause changes in cells that can lead to cancer over time, including cancer of the cervix. […] There are at least 13 types of HPV linked to cancer of the cervix, anus, vagina, penis, mouth, and throat. Most cases of HPV-related cancer are caused by just two high-risk types of HPV: type 16 and type 18. […] HPV infection can lead to changes in the cells on the cervix. These changes are called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical dysplasia.

• #119 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause oral cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPVs can cause several types of cancer. There are 12 high-risk HPV types: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59. Two of these, HPV 16 and HPV 18, are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away on their own without causing cancer: Your immune system usually controls HPV infections so they are cleared by your body, within a year or two. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. When a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can lead to cell changes that, if untreated, may get worse over time and become precancerous and then cancerous.

• #120 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246670

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes an infection, typically through sexual contact. […] HPV is a virus that transmits through skin-to-skin contact, often sexual contact. The infection can develop in anyone who is sexually active. […] The strains of HPV that cause warts are different from those that increase the risk of cancer. […] Most people with HPV do not develop cancer, but the infection can increase the risk, especially in people with weakened immune systems. […] A high-risk strain of HPV can change the way that cells communicate with each other, and this can cause them to grow in an uncontrolled way. […] In many people, the immune system defeats the unwanted cells. However, if the immune system is unable to do this, the cells can stay in the body and continue to grow. In time, this can lead to cancer. […] The infection can increase the risk of developing cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, oropharynx, including the base of the tongue and the tonsils. […] The risk of cancer is higher if a person has HPV and has other sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia.

• #121 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  HPV is a group of over 200 types of related viruses. Around 40 of them infect the genital area, mouth and throat. […] HPV infections can cause: cancers and pre-cancerous lesions, anogenital warts (relating to the anus and genitals). […] The HPV types that are more likely to cause cancer are classified as high risk. […] HPV is responsible for nearly: 100% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 60% to 73% of throat (oropharyngeal) cancers, 40% to 50% of penile cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulva cancers. […] Anogenital warts are caused by certain low-risk HPV types. Low-risk HPV types have little risk of causing cancer. […] The low-risk HPV types can also cause a rare but serious condition where warts develop on the respiratory tract. […] Most HPV infections go away without treatment within a couple of years. […] Treatments are available for anogenital warts or pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions.

• #122 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells. Most of the 100 subtypes infect cutaneous epithelium and cause skin warts; some types infect mucosal epithelium and cause anogenital warts. […] Some types that infect mucosal epithelium can lead to anogenital or oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Most HPV infections clear spontaneously within 1 to 2 years, but some persist. […] There are 100 known types of HPV. Some infect cutaneous epithelium and cause common skin warts. Some infect primarily the mucosa of the anogenital region, as well as the oropharyngeal and laryngeal areas. […] Some data suggest HPV plays a role in the pathogenesis of some bladder cancers. […] Condylomata acuminata are benign anogenital warts most often caused by HPV types 6 and 11, as are laryngeal and oropharyngeal warts. Low- and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma may be caused by HPV.

• #123 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  The persistence of certain more aggressive types of the virus can put some of us at higher risk for cervical cancer and other HPV-associated cancers. […] The HPV vaccine can help the body recognize and eliminate the virus more effectively. […] The risk for cancer increases if your body cannot fight off the virus for some reason, and it stays in your system. […] If you have HPV, there’s a very good chance it won’t be a long-term problem for you. […] Most of those cases are cervical cancer; almost all cervical cancer cases are caused by the HPV virus.

• #124 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Q&A | UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/cancer/education-programs/patients/hpv/about-human-pavillomavirus-HPV.html

  HPV is considered one of the most powerful human carcinogens, and it is the cause of 5% of all cancers. […] There are more than 100 types of HPV; 13 of them are responsible for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anogenital and oropharynx cancers. HPV 16 is responsible for the majority of HPV-associated cancers. […] The HPV 16 and 18 strains are known to cause cervical cancer. […] HPV is passed through genital (skin-to-skin) contact, most often during vaginal or anal sex. […] HPV gets into the body through tiny scrapes on the skin. Once it reaches the basal layer of the epithelial cells the virus replicates and causes changes to the normal cervical cell, transforming it into a cancer cell. […] Whether a woman clears the virus depends on her immune response and the ability of the virus to evade the immune response and reproduce.

• #125 How does HPV cause cervical cancer?verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-does-hpv-cause-cervical-cancer

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer worldwide, killing hundreds of thousands of people every year. Here’s how the virus triggers cancer. […] The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. By the age of 45, around four in five men and women will have had at least one HPV infection. In nine out of ten people the body naturally clears the virus, but for some people, HPV can cause cancers such as cervical cancer. […] When HPV hasn’t been cleared by the immune system, it infects the skin cells in the cervix, causing them to become abnormal: a process called cervical dysplasia. […] So how does HPV cause cancer? It starts by disrupting the way healthy cells function. […] HPV does this by integrating its genetic code, or genome, into the genome of cervical cells.

• #126 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  HPV is highly contagious, in part because it’s transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. You don’t have to exchange body fluids with someone for you to contract the virus or spread it to someone else. You can infect your partner, or your partner can infect you even if no one ejaculates. […] The most serious complication of HPV is cancer. Cervical cancer is the most common type of HPV-related cancer. Other types of cancer are much rarer. […] Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer. […] The only way to prevent HPV is to abstain from sex. For many people, more realistic goals include reducing the risk of contracting HPV and preventing cervical cancer while still enjoying a healthy sex life.

• #127 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  HPV infection causes cervical cancer. Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for years, it can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion. If the precancerous lesion is not found and removed, it may eventually develop into cervical cancer. […] Some risk factors make it more likely for a person who has a high-risk HPV infection of the cervix to develop cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important.

• #128 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The presence of HPV 16 DNA was 59% and 81% in cases of CIN3 in Spain and Colombia, respectively; that among cases of cervical cancer was 59% and 51%, respectively. […] HPV 16 had the highest prevalence in all European studies and also in most of the other studies. […] The persistence of high-risk HPV infection is prerequisite for progressive CIN. […] HPV infections (even with carcinogenic types) are so common that becoming infected is not the limiting factor in cervical carcinogenesis. […] The critical step for most women might be whether a precancerous lesion develops as an uncommon outcome of infection. […] HPV 16 is uniquely associated with risk for cancer and, even for HPV 16 (and other carcinogenic types), variants are relevant to the natural history. […] HPV 16 is the type most frequently found in tumours in the general population. […] The introduction of the term genus is useful, as this concise term will now replace the somewhat vague expressions of major branches or supergroups. […] The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections.

• #129 Basic Information about HPV and Cancer | Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic-information.html

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several kinds of cancer. […] HPV types are often referred to as „non-oncogenic” (wart-causing) or „oncogenic” (cancer-causing), based on whether they put a person at risk for cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer found that 13 HPV types can cause cervical cancer, and at least one of these types can cause cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and certain head and neck cancers (specifically, the oropharynx, which includes the back of the throat, base of the tongue and tonsils). […] In general, HPV is thought to be responsible for more than 90% of anal and cervical cancers, about 70% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and 60% of penile cancers. […] When the body’s immune system can’t get rid of an HPV infection with oncogenic HPV types, it can linger over time and turn normal cells into abnormal cells and then cancer.

• #130 Basic Information about HPV and Cancer | Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic-information.html

  About 10% of women with HPV infection on their cervix will develop long-lasting HPV infections that put them at risk for cervical cancer. […] Similarly, when high-risk HPV lingers and infects the cells of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus, it can cause cell changes called precancers. These may eventually develop into cancer if they’re not found and removed in time.

• #131 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit.

• #132 Human papillomavirus (HPV) and immunisation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/human-papillomavirus-hpv-immunisation

  Most people will have a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection at some time in their lives. […] There are over 200 strains of HPV with around 40 strains affecting the genitals. […] HPV can cause: genital warts a common sexually transmissible infection (STI) (classified as low-risk HPV infection) […] certain types of cancer (classified as high-risk HPV infection). […] While some types of HPV cause genital warts, other types may lead to certain cancers. This includes: cervical cancer […] cancers of the genital area (such as vaginal, vulvar, anal and penile cancers) […] mouth cancer […] throat cancer. […] It is rare for HPV infection to lead to cervical cancer. […] Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer for example the strain that causes genital warts. […] Around 14 HPV strains can infect the cervix. They can cause abnormal cell changes (known as dysplasia) if the virus does not clear naturally from the body, which can then lead to cancer cell formation. This usually takes a long time to occur (10 years or more).

• #133 How Common Is HPV? Risk Factors, Early Symptoms, Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-common-is-hpv

  However, persistent high risk HPV infections can lead to cell changes that, left untreated, may progress to precancerous and cancerous conditions. […] Specific high risk HPV strains can lead to cancerous changes in cells, potentially causing cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers when left untreated. […] But high risk types can lead to atypical cell changes (often detected during a Pap smear) that may develop into cancer over time. […] HPV is a common virus that can spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including sexual activity. While some types of HPV can cause genital warts, others can lead to cancers such as cervical, anal, and throat cancers. […] Vaccination against HPV can be highly effective at protecting against these cancers. Regular screening for HPV-related cancers is essential for early detection and treatment, leading to improved outcomes.

• #134 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): symptoms, treatments | Dr. Thais Aliabadi

  https://www.draliabadi.com/gynecology/cervical-conditions/hpv/

  There are around 15 strains of HPV that are associated with cervical, anal, vulvar, and vaginal cancer. In most HPV infections, the bodys immune system can eradicate the virus before it causes any harm. However, in some cases, the virus lingers and damages cells, which may cause pre-cancer or types of cancer if left untreated. […] Infection with certain high-risk HPV types can lead to abnormal cell changes in the tissues of the genitals or anus. These changes can vary in severity from mild to high, known as dysplasia. While mild dysplasia usually resolves on its own, moderate to severe dysplasia may progress to an early form of cancer.

• #135 Basic Information about HPV and Cancer | Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic-information.html

  About 10% of women with HPV infection on their cervix will develop long-lasting HPV infections that put them at risk for cervical cancer. […] Similarly, when high-risk HPV lingers and infects the cells of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus, it can cause cell changes called precancers. These may eventually develop into cancer if they’re not found and removed in time.

• #136 Does HPV cause cancer? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/infections-eg-hpv-and-cancer/does-hpv-cause-cancer

  Some types of HPV increase the risk of cancer. […] There are around 14 high-risk types of HPV that increase the risk of some types of cancer. People infected with high-risk HPV for a long time are more likely to develop cancer. […] Cervical cancer is the main type of cancer linked to HPV. Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV can also increase the risk of some types of head and neck cancer, including oropharyngeal cancer (a type of throat cancer) and mouth cancer. Around 70% of these cancers are linked to HPV. […] Most of the time the body clears HPV without it causing any problems. But high-risk HPV types can cause cancer if they stay in the body for a long time. […] If this happens, the HPV virus can change the DNA inside our cells and cause them to behave differently. Over time, the affected cells can grow out of control and lead to cancer. This can take many years. […] The HPV vaccine helps to prevent cancer by protecting against HPV. […] Cervical screening aims to prevent cervical cancer. It tests for high-risk HPV and looks for early cell changes caused by HPV. These cells can then be monitored or treated before they have a chance to become cancerous.

• #137 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV; about 70% is caused by types 16 and 18, and many of the rest result from types 31, 33, 45. 52, and 58. […] HPV types that affect mainly the anogenital area can be transmitted to the oropharynx by orogenital contact; type 16 appears responsible for many cases of oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV is transmitted from lesions during contact with skin or mucosa. […] Genital warts are more common among immunocompromised patients. […] Anogenital warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly types 6 and 11. […] HPV types 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancers and can cause cancer in other areas, including the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx.

• #138 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. […] DNA tests can identify the specific types of HPV infection in cells taken from a woman’s cervix. The test helps to identify women who have the types of HPV infection associated with the development of cervical cancer.

• #139 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Q&A | UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/cancer/education-programs/patients/hpv/about-human-pavillomavirus-HPV.html

  When a doctor finds the HPV DNA, it may signal cervical cancer and prompt further screening. The DNA test also can determine whether the woman is at high or low risk of invasive cancer. […] The vaccine prevents normal cervical cells from becoming cancer cells. […] Gardasil prevented 98 percent of cervical cancers in women not previously exposed to HPV, and 44% in women with an active HPV 16 or 18 infection.

• #140 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  HPV infection is a direct cause of cervical cancer. […] Women who are 30 and older who have persistent HPV infection are at risk as long as the virus persists. […] If a woman tests positive for HPV 16 or 18, she will need colposcopy; if a woman tests positive for the other 12 types of HPV two times in a row, she will need further testing, even if her Pap test is normal. […] In conjunction with the Pap test, the HPV test can be used in women age 30 and older to help detect HPV infection. When combined with a Pap test in women of this age group, the HPV test is better at identifying women at risk for developing cervical cancer than the Pap test alone.

• #141 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  HPV infection is a direct cause of cervical cancer. […] Women who are 30 and older who have persistent HPV infection are at risk as long as the virus persists. […] If a woman tests positive for HPV 16 or 18, she will need colposcopy; if a woman tests positive for the other 12 types of HPV two times in a row, she will need further testing, even if her Pap test is normal. […] In conjunction with the Pap test, the HPV test can be used in women age 30 and older to help detect HPV infection. When combined with a Pap test in women of this age group, the HPV test is better at identifying women at risk for developing cervical cancer than the Pap test alone.

• #142 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  HPV infection causes cervical cancer. Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for years, it can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion. If the precancerous lesion is not found and removed, it may eventually develop into cervical cancer. […] Some risk factors make it more likely for a person who has a high-risk HPV infection of the cervix to develop cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important.

• #143 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  HPV infection causes cervical cancer. Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for years, it can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion. If the precancerous lesion is not found and removed, it may eventually develop into cervical cancer. […] Some risk factors make it more likely for a person who has a high-risk HPV infection of the cervix to develop cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important.

• #144 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  HPV is a group of over 200 types of related viruses. Around 40 of them infect the genital area, mouth and throat. […] HPV infections can cause: cancers and pre-cancerous lesions, anogenital warts (relating to the anus and genitals). […] The HPV types that are more likely to cause cancer are classified as high risk. […] HPV is responsible for nearly: 100% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 60% to 73% of throat (oropharyngeal) cancers, 40% to 50% of penile cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulva cancers. […] Anogenital warts are caused by certain low-risk HPV types. Low-risk HPV types have little risk of causing cancer. […] The low-risk HPV types can also cause a rare but serious condition where warts develop on the respiratory tract. […] Most HPV infections go away without treatment within a couple of years. […] Treatments are available for anogenital warts or pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions.

• #145 Standard – Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer – European Cancer Organisation

  https://www.europeancancer.org/content/hpv-and-cancer.html

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) and the cancers it causes can devastate peoples lives. […] HPV is responsible for around 690,000 cases of cancer worldwide every year. In Europe, it causes almost 100,000 cancer cases annually. […] HPV is not only the primary cause of cervical cancer but also causes vaginal, vulval, penile, anal and several types of head and neck cancers. […] But HPV infection and the diseases it causes can be easily prevented. […] The World Health Organization estimates that a combination of HPV vaccination and screening could lead to 72 million fewer cancer cases every year. […] But these statistics do not tell the real story of what it means to develop a cancer caused by HPV, or of the trauma that both the cancer and its treatment causes to patients, as well as their family and friends.

• #146 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. […] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. […] HPV is believed to cause cancer by integrating its genome into nuclear DNA. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. […] High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide and about 37,300 cases of cancer in the United States each year. […] HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. […] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. […] HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.

• #147 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hpv/

  HPV is a group of more than 100 viruses that are usually spread through sexual contact and can cause certain cancers and genital warts in both males and females. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 100 viruses that are usually spread through sexual contact. HPV is very common and can infect skin, the genital tract, and throat, and can cause certain cancers and genital warts in both males and females. […] Some of the HPV infections that do not go away can progress to cancer. HPV causes almost all cervical cancer in the US and most of the cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and back of the throat. […] Other types of HPV can lead to cancer. […] To protect against cancers caused by HPV, CDC recommends HPV vaccination for: All preteens at age 11 or 12 years (vaccination can start at age 9 years) and Everyone through age 26 years, if not vaccinated already.

• #148 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/obstetrics-and-gynecology/ob-gyn-conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common viral infection spread through skin-to-skin contact, especially through oral, anal and vaginal sex. Some studies suggest that as many as three out of every four people will be infected with HPV at some point in their lives. There are over 100 types of HPV, some of which cause genital warts and others cervical cancer. […] Human papillomavirus is a virus transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Some strains of HPV cause genital warts, others cause cervical cancer. […] Many strains of HPV have been linked to cancer of the anus, cervix, vagina and vulva, as well as cancer of the head and neck. Two strains of HPV are most frequently associated with cervical cancer, types 16 and 18. When a woman’s immune system does not destroy the virus as it does in most cases, HPV can lead to precancer and cancer. When HPV enters the surface cells of the cervix, it causes these cells to grow abnormally. This change in the tissue covering the cervix is called dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which can lead to cervical cancer. […] Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV types 16 and 18 while most cases of genital warts are caused by HPV types 6 and 11. The Cervarix vaccine protects against the cervical cancer-related HPV strains 16 and 18. The Gardasil vaccine protects against HPV 16, 18, 6 and 11.

• #149 Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html

  Persistent high-risk HPV infection is the most significant risk factor for progression. […] HPV infection can be latent and subclinical or have a presentation ranging from benign cutaneous and mucosal lesions to life-threatening clinical carcinomas. The risk of CIN and HPV-related carcinomas is the primary clinical concern. […] HPV vaccination is the primary recommended modality for prevention. HPV vaccinations are prophylactic and do not treat current disease or prevent progression. Vaccination has been demonstrated to reduce prevalence of vaccine-type HPV in females, anogenital warts, and precancerous cervical lesions. […] HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity. […] The nonavalent vaccine protects against the same HPV types as the quadrivalent vaccine, as well as five additional types: 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. These nine HPV types are responsible for more than 90% of HPV-related carcinomas.

• #150 Human papillomavirus (HPV) and immunisation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/human-papillomavirus-hpv-immunisation

  The HPV vaccine protects against 9 strains of HPV that cause: over 90% of cervical cancers […] over 95 % of HPV-related cancers. […] The vaccine also protects against another 2 types of HPV which cause 90% of genital warts. […] The HPV vaccine is most effective when given to someone before they become sexually active, that is, before they are exposed to HPV. […] HPV vaccines should be given to people of all genders. […] The HPV vaccine is most effective when given to young people of all genders before they become sexually active and are exposed to HPV. […] This is when the body produces the greatest immune response. […] HPV immunisation is recommended for: people aged 9 to 25 years […] men who have sex with men (if they haven’t been previously vaccinated against HPV […] people with significant immunocompromising conditions (aged 9 years and over).

• #151 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  HPV infection causes cervical cancer. Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for years, it can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion. If the precancerous lesion is not found and removed, it may eventually develop into cervical cancer. […] Some risk factors make it more likely for a person who has a high-risk HPV infection of the cervix to develop cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important.

• #152 Does HPV cause cancer? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/infections-eg-hpv-and-cancer/does-hpv-cause-cancer

  Some types of HPV increase the risk of cancer. […] There are around 14 high-risk types of HPV that increase the risk of some types of cancer. People infected with high-risk HPV for a long time are more likely to develop cancer. […] Cervical cancer is the main type of cancer linked to HPV. Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV can also increase the risk of some types of head and neck cancer, including oropharyngeal cancer (a type of throat cancer) and mouth cancer. Around 70% of these cancers are linked to HPV. […] Most of the time the body clears HPV without it causing any problems. But high-risk HPV types can cause cancer if they stay in the body for a long time. […] If this happens, the HPV virus can change the DNA inside our cells and cause them to behave differently. Over time, the affected cells can grow out of control and lead to cancer. This can take many years. […] The HPV vaccine helps to prevent cancer by protecting against HPV. […] Cervical screening aims to prevent cervical cancer. It tests for high-risk HPV and looks for early cell changes caused by HPV. These cells can then be monitored or treated before they have a chance to become cancerous.

• #153 HPV – Women’s Health Guide – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/infectiondontpassiton/womens-health-guide/stds/hpv.asp

  Human papillomavirus or HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least one out of every two sexually active people will have HPV at some point in their life. […] About 40 types can infect female and male genital areas. Genital HPV are grouped into two types: […] High-risk types of HPV increase the chances for some types of cancer, like cervical cancer. […] HPV is spread by skin-to-skin contact. Women get HPV from sexual contact with someone who has it. HPV can be spread by vaginal, anal, oral or handgenital sexual contact. […] Most sexually active men and women get genital HPV at some time in their lives. […] High-risk types of HPV infection can cause cervical cancer. […] Almost all cervical cancers are thought to be caused by HPV infections. […] If you have high-risk HPV the risk of cervical cancer is further increased if you: […] Almost all cervical cancers are caused by high-risk HPV infection.

• #154 HPV – Human Papillomavirus | STD | CU OB-GYN | Denver, CO

  https://obgyn.coloradowomenshealth.com/health-info/stds/hpv

  Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. […] Certain types of HPV can also cause cancer, including cervical cancer and cancers of the vagina, anus, vulva, and penis. […] The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are different from the HPV types that can cause cancer. […] Other types of HPV may lead to cervical or other forms of cancer. […] While there is no treatment for the HPV virus itself, treatments are available for the diseases it causes. […] Cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers are most treatable when diagnosed and treated early. […] Vaccines are available that can protect against some of the most common types of HPV. […] For girls and women, two vaccines (Cervarix and Gardasil) are available to protect against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. […] There is currently only one available vaccine (Gardasil) for boys and men that is known to protect against most genital warts and anal cancers. […] For those who are sexually active, condoms may lower the risk of HPV and HPV-related diseases, such as genital warts and cervical cancer.

• #155 Standard – Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer – European Cancer Organisation

  https://www.europeancancer.org/content/hpv-and-cancer.html

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) and the cancers it causes can devastate peoples lives. […] HPV is responsible for around 690,000 cases of cancer worldwide every year. In Europe, it causes almost 100,000 cancer cases annually. […] HPV is not only the primary cause of cervical cancer but also causes vaginal, vulval, penile, anal and several types of head and neck cancers. […] But HPV infection and the diseases it causes can be easily prevented. […] The World Health Organization estimates that a combination of HPV vaccination and screening could lead to 72 million fewer cancer cases every year. […] But these statistics do not tell the real story of what it means to develop a cancer caused by HPV, or of the trauma that both the cancer and its treatment causes to patients, as well as their family and friends.

• #156 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The evolution of papillomaviruses has often been debated. […] HPV is a prevalent pathogen, the epidemiology of which has mostly been studied in the uterine cervix and the vagina. […] The major steps known to be necessary for cervical carcinogenesis include HPV infection, persistence of that infection, progression to precancerous lesions and eventually invasion. […] HPV infections can be transmitted not only by peno-vaginal intercourse, but also by other sexual practices, e.g. oral sex, peno-anal intercourse, digital-vaginal sex and use of insertive sex toys. […] The most common mode of horizontal transmission of anogenital HPV is by sexual activity through contact with infected cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile or anal epithelium. […] HPV infections are easily transmitted; however, on the basis of data on lesbians, it appears that intromissive intercourse in which an infected penis enters the vagina is not strictly necessary.

• #157 Understanding The Connection Between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/understanding-the-connection-between-human-papillomavirus-hpv-and-cancer

  In addition to cervical cancer, HPV is considered a contributing factor to several other types of cancer, such as oropharyngeal cancers, anal cancer, penile cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] The HPV vaccine protects against infection from nine HPV types, including the seven strains of the virus known to cause the most HPV-related cancers. The vaccine is recommended for preteens, ideally administered before the onset of sexual activity, to ensure maximum effectiveness. However, vaccination is also beneficial for older individuals up to age 26 who have not yet been exposed to HPV. Its proven safe and greatly reduces the risk of developing HPV-related cancers.

• #158 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Certain strains are more likely to lead to cancer. Your healthcare provider will monitor these strains and recommend further testing or treatment. Early detection of high-risk strains and follow-up screenings such as frequent Pap tests can prevent HPV from causing cervical cancer. […] No. There isn’t a cure for HPV. Still, your immune system is incredibly efficient at getting rid of the virus for you. Most HPV infections (about 90%) are cleared within a year or two.

• #159 Standard – Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer – European Cancer Organisation

  https://www.europeancancer.org/content/hpv-and-cancer.html

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) and the cancers it causes can devastate peoples lives. […] HPV is responsible for around 690,000 cases of cancer worldwide every year. In Europe, it causes almost 100,000 cancer cases annually. […] HPV is not only the primary cause of cervical cancer but also causes vaginal, vulval, penile, anal and several types of head and neck cancers. […] But HPV infection and the diseases it causes can be easily prevented. […] The World Health Organization estimates that a combination of HPV vaccination and screening could lead to 72 million fewer cancer cases every year. […] But these statistics do not tell the real story of what it means to develop a cancer caused by HPV, or of the trauma that both the cancer and its treatment causes to patients, as well as their family and friends.

• #160 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The presence of HPV 16 DNA was 59% and 81% in cases of CIN3 in Spain and Colombia, respectively; that among cases of cervical cancer was 59% and 51%, respectively. […] HPV 16 had the highest prevalence in all European studies and also in most of the other studies. […] The persistence of high-risk HPV infection is prerequisite for progressive CIN. […] HPV infections (even with carcinogenic types) are so common that becoming infected is not the limiting factor in cervical carcinogenesis. […] The critical step for most women might be whether a precancerous lesion develops as an uncommon outcome of infection. […] HPV 16 is uniquely associated with risk for cancer and, even for HPV 16 (and other carcinogenic types), variants are relevant to the natural history. […] HPV 16 is the type most frequently found in tumours in the general population. […] The introduction of the term genus is useful, as this concise term will now replace the somewhat vague expressions of major branches or supergroups. […] The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections.

• #161 How Common Is HPV? Risk Factors, Early Symptoms, Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-common-is-hpv

  However, persistent high risk HPV infections can lead to cell changes that, left untreated, may progress to precancerous and cancerous conditions. […] Specific high risk HPV strains can lead to cancerous changes in cells, potentially causing cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers when left untreated. […] But high risk types can lead to atypical cell changes (often detected during a Pap smear) that may develop into cancer over time. […] HPV is a common virus that can spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including sexual activity. While some types of HPV can cause genital warts, others can lead to cancers such as cervical, anal, and throat cancers. […] Vaccination against HPV can be highly effective at protecting against these cancers. Regular screening for HPV-related cancers is essential for early detection and treatment, leading to improved outcomes.

• #162 Standard – Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer – European Cancer Organisation

  https://www.europeancancer.org/content/hpv-and-cancer.html

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) and the cancers it causes can devastate peoples lives. […] HPV is responsible for around 690,000 cases of cancer worldwide every year. In Europe, it causes almost 100,000 cancer cases annually. […] HPV is not only the primary cause of cervical cancer but also causes vaginal, vulval, penile, anal and several types of head and neck cancers. […] But HPV infection and the diseases it causes can be easily prevented. […] The World Health Organization estimates that a combination of HPV vaccination and screening could lead to 72 million fewer cancer cases every year. […] But these statistics do not tell the real story of what it means to develop a cancer caused by HPV, or of the trauma that both the cancer and its treatment causes to patients, as well as their family and friends.

• #163

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus. […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men. […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019. […] Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early.

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