Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  More than half of all sexually active people get a genital infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) at some point in their lives, but most never know it. […] Fortunately, vaccines are available to protect against the most harmful forms of HPV. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 vaccines that protect against harmful forms of HPV. […] Both HPV vaccines, called Gardasil and Cervarix, protect against the 2 types (or strains) of HPV that are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancers. […] Thus the HPV vaccines protect against all these forms of cancer. […] Because the vaccines only work before you get infected, and most people become infected relatively soon after they begin sexual activity, the vaccines are mainly targeted to young adolescent girls and boys, Lowy explains.

• #2 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  HPV screening, including FDA-approved self-collection tests for HPV, can determine if a woman has a cervical HPV infection. […] The HPV vaccine prevents most cervical cancers, anal cancers, vaginal cancers, and vulvar cancers. […] All males and females ages 9-26 should get the human papillomavirus vaccine. It is a safe and effective method of protection against HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer and other HPV-associated cancers can be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine early in life. […] While screening and early treatment can prevent cervical cancer, there are no widespread screening tests for the other HPV-associated cancers, such as oropharyngeal (throat) cancer and anal cancer. This makes HPV vaccination critical for preventive HPV-associated cancers. […] The best way to protect yourself from HPV-related cancers is to get the HPV vaccine.

• #3 Position Statement: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination for Prevention of HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer – American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS)

  https://www.entnet.org/resource/position-statement-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccination-for-prevention-of-hpv-related-oropharyngeal-cancer/

  Over the past three decades, there has been a clear decrease in the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States and an associated decline in tobacco-related head and neck cancers. The incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), however, has been increasing at a dramatic rate, with HPV now being observed in over 70% of these tumors. Recent data suggests that the incidence of HPV-related OPSCC in men exceeds the incidence HPV-related cervical cancer. Despite these statistics, public awareness of HPV-related OPSCC remains low. Since 2006, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three commercially available vaccines aimed at preventing HPV infection, Gardisil-4 (Merck & Co.), Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline), and recently, Gardisil-9 (Merck & Co.). Gardisil-4 is currently recommended by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use in females between 9 to 26 years of age and males between 9 to 21 years of age, with the option to vaccinate up to age 26 for certain high-risk individuals.

• #4 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Spread, prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv/spread-prevention-risks.html

  HPV vaccination is the most effective way to protect yourself against HPV infections and the cancers that this virus can cause. […] The 9vHPV vaccine is recommended as it provides protection against the greatest number of HPV types and associated diseases. […] The 9vHPV vaccine provides protection against 7 high-risk HPV types, accounting for 90% of all cervical cancers. This vaccine also protects against 2 low-risk HPV types, which: […] The 9vHPV vaccine is approved in Canada for individuals aged 9 to 45 years. It’s best to be vaccinated at a younger age before exposure to HPV. […] The HPV vaccine is offered as part of routine vaccinations through school-based programs, public health clinics or catch-up programs. […] Every province and territory in Canada has a publicly funded HPV vaccine program. HPV vaccine is also available for private purchase for individuals who aren’t included in a publicly funded HPV vaccination program.

• #5 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  More than half of all sexually active people get a genital infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) at some point in their lives, but most never know it. […] Fortunately, vaccines are available to protect against the most harmful forms of HPV. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 vaccines that protect against harmful forms of HPV. […] Both HPV vaccines, called Gardasil and Cervarix, protect against the 2 types (or strains) of HPV that are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancers. […] Thus the HPV vaccines protect against all these forms of cancer. […] Because the vaccines only work before you get infected, and most people become infected relatively soon after they begin sexual activity, the vaccines are mainly targeted to young adolescent girls and boys, Lowy explains.

• #6 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Three HPV vaccines can prevent diseases and cancers caused by HPV. The 2vHPV, 4vHPV, and 9vHPV vaccines protect against the majority of cervical cancer cases, although the 4vHPV and 9vHPV vaccines also protect against the majority of genital warts. Only 9vHPV vaccine is available in the United States. HPV vaccines are safe and effective and are recommended routinely for adolescents aged 11-12 years. Catch-up vaccination is also recommended for older adolescents and young adults through age 26 years. Shared clinical decision-making is recommended regarding HPV vaccination for certain adults aged 27-45 years who are not adequately vaccinated per guidance. […] Abstaining from sexual activity is the most reliable method for preventing genital HPV infection. Persons can decrease their chances of infection by practicing consistent and correct condom use and limiting their number of sex partners. Although these interventions might not fully protect against HPV, they can decrease the chances of HPV acquisition and transmission.

• #7 GARDASIL®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) for Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/gardasil9/

  Help prevent certain HPV-related cancers by vaccinating appropriate males and females ages 9-45 today […] GARDASIL 9 is a vaccine indicated in females 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. […] GARDASIL 9 is indicated in males 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11.

• #8 GARDASIL®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) for Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/gardasil9/

  Help prevent certain HPV-related cancers by vaccinating appropriate males and females ages 9-45 today […] GARDASIL 9 is a vaccine indicated in females 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. […] GARDASIL 9 is indicated in males 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11.

• #9 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #10 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, Guidelines on Human Papillomavirus Screening by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2020 Updated cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk by the American Cancer Societ

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-guidelines

  Guidelines on human papillomavirus vaccination by the American Cancer Society (ACS) largely agree with guidelines from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), with adaptations of three ACIP recommendations published in 2020. The ACS recommendations are as follows: Routine HPV vaccination is recommended at 11 or 12 years of age, but it can be administered as early as age 9 years. Routine HPV vaccination between ages 9-12 years is expected to achieve higher on-time vaccination rates, resulting in increased numbers of cancers prevented. Health care providers are encouraged to start offering the HPV vaccine at age 9 or 10 years. Vaccination is recommended for individuals through age 26 years who have not been adequately vaccinated. Providers should inform individuals aged 22-26 years who previously have not been vaccinated or who have not completed the series that vaccination at older ages is less effective in lowering cancer risk. Catch-up HPV vaccination is not universally recommended for adults older than 26 years. Instead, shared clinical decision-making on HPV vaccination is advised for some individuals between the ages of 27 and 45 years who have not been adequately vaccinated. HPV vaccines are not licensed for use in adults older than 45 years. The vaccination series should be completed by age 13 years to increase effectiveness; late vaccination should be completed as soon as possible. Vaccination should occur in females aged 13-26 years and males aged 13-21 years who have not been previously vaccinated or who have not completed the 3-dose series. Men aged 22-26 years also may be vaccinated. Vaccination is recommended though age 26 years in men who have sex with men and in immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV infection, if not previously vaccinated. HPV vaccination should be given along with other routine adolescent vaccines, such as Tdap and MCV4. Females can receive vaccination with the 9vHPV vaccine. The bivalent (2vHPV) and quadrivalent (4vHPV) no longer are marketed in the United States. Males can receive vaccination with the 9vHPV vaccine.

• #11 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #12 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all girls and boys get vaccinated at ages 11 or 12. […] An HPV vaccine is your best opportunity to protect your child or yourself against HPV infection and subsequent disease, says Dr. Carolyn Deal, an NIH expert on sexually transmitted diseases. […] Research has shown that HPV vaccines are highly effective. […] When you get an HPV vaccine, you’re not only protecting yourself from some strains of this cancer-causing virus, you’re also helping to prevent its spread to others. […] Get vaccinated. HPV vaccines can prevent most cases of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers. […] Use condoms. Consistent condom use can protect women from HPV infection. […] Avoid direct contact. The surest way to prevent genital HPV infection is to refrain from any genital contact with another person. […] Get tested. HPV infections can be diagnosed with a Pap test, which checks for cancer or precancerous changes of the cervix, or a molecular test that looks for HPV DNA.

• #13 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #14 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Three HPV vaccines can prevent diseases and cancers caused by HPV. The 2vHPV, 4vHPV, and 9vHPV vaccines protect against the majority of cervical cancer cases, although the 4vHPV and 9vHPV vaccines also protect against the majority of genital warts. Only 9vHPV vaccine is available in the United States. HPV vaccines are safe and effective and are recommended routinely for adolescents aged 11-12 years. Catch-up vaccination is also recommended for older adolescents and young adults through age 26 years. Shared clinical decision-making is recommended regarding HPV vaccination for certain adults aged 27-45 years who are not adequately vaccinated per guidance. […] Abstaining from sexual activity is the most reliable method for preventing genital HPV infection. Persons can decrease their chances of infection by practicing consistent and correct condom use and limiting their number of sex partners. Although these interventions might not fully protect against HPV, they can decrease the chances of HPV acquisition and transmission.

• #15 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, Guidelines on Human Papillomavirus Screening by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2020 Updated cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk by the American Cancer Societ

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-guidelines

  Guidelines on human papillomavirus vaccination by the American Cancer Society (ACS) largely agree with guidelines from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), with adaptations of three ACIP recommendations published in 2020. The ACS recommendations are as follows: Routine HPV vaccination is recommended at 11 or 12 years of age, but it can be administered as early as age 9 years. Routine HPV vaccination between ages 9-12 years is expected to achieve higher on-time vaccination rates, resulting in increased numbers of cancers prevented. Health care providers are encouraged to start offering the HPV vaccine at age 9 or 10 years. Vaccination is recommended for individuals through age 26 years who have not been adequately vaccinated. Providers should inform individuals aged 22-26 years who previously have not been vaccinated or who have not completed the series that vaccination at older ages is less effective in lowering cancer risk. Catch-up HPV vaccination is not universally recommended for adults older than 26 years. Instead, shared clinical decision-making on HPV vaccination is advised for some individuals between the ages of 27 and 45 years who have not been adequately vaccinated. HPV vaccines are not licensed for use in adults older than 45 years. The vaccination series should be completed by age 13 years to increase effectiveness; late vaccination should be completed as soon as possible. Vaccination should occur in females aged 13-26 years and males aged 13-21 years who have not been previously vaccinated or who have not completed the 3-dose series. Men aged 22-26 years also may be vaccinated. Vaccination is recommended though age 26 years in men who have sex with men and in immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV infection, if not previously vaccinated. HPV vaccination should be given along with other routine adolescent vaccines, such as Tdap and MCV4. Females can receive vaccination with the 9vHPV vaccine. The bivalent (2vHPV) and quadrivalent (4vHPV) no longer are marketed in the United States. Males can receive vaccination with the 9vHPV vaccine.

• #16 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #17 Immunizations: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine and HPV-Related Cancers | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/immunization/hpv.htm

  Almost everyone will get at least one type of HPV at some point in their life. But the disease can be prevented with a vaccine and screening tests. […] The HPV vaccine is the best way to be protected. The vaccine is safe and effective. The HPV vaccine can prevent: Cervical cancer. Head and neck cancers. Other types of cancers related to HPV. […] If you’re the parent of a pre-teen, talk to your child’s doctor about getting the HPV vaccine. If you’re not a parent, you still can help! If there’s a pre-teen you care about, encourage them to get the vaccine to prevent HPV cancers. […] Early protection works best. That’s why HPV vaccine is recommended earlier rather than later. It protects your child long before they ever have contact with the virus. […] The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends the HPV vaccine: For children ages 11-12 years. Children can get their first dose when they are 9 years old. Everyone through age 26 years, if not already vaccinated.

• #18 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, Guidelines on Human Papillomavirus Screening by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2020 Updated cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk by the American Cancer Societ

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-guidelines

  The following are the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines on human papillomavirus vaccination: Children and adolescents aged 15 years and younger need just 2, not 3, doses of HPV vaccine, which is recommended because of the vaccine’s enhanced immunogenicity in preteens and adolescents aged 9-14 years. Efficacy trials showed that the response in younger children after 2 doses is as good as or better than the response after 3 doses in older teens and young adults. In addition to dropping the third dose for younger-than-15-years age group, the recommendation expands the time interval from the first to the second dose from 1-2 months to 6-12 months. The schedule for older adolescents and young adults aged 15-26 years remains the same, at 3 inoculations within 6 months.

• #19 GARDASIL®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) | Official Site

  https://www.gardasil9.com/

  For persons 9 through 14 years of age, GARDASIL 9 can be given using a 2-dose or 3-dose schedule. […] For persons 15 through 45 years of age, GARDASIL 9 is given using a 3-dose schedule; the second shot should be given 2 months after the first shot and the third shot should be given 6 months after the first shot. […] The appropriate dosing schedule will be determined by a health care professional. […] Only a doctor or health care professional can decide if GARDASIL 9 is right for you or your child.

• #20 Human papillomavirus (HPV) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  The recommended schedule for adults aged ≥26 years is 3 doses, with an interval of 2 months between dose 1 and dose 2, and 4 months between dose 2 and dose 3. […] A 3-dose schedule of 9vHPV vaccine is recommended for people with immunocompromising conditions, regardless of their age when they started vaccination. […] HPV vaccine is recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM) of any age who have not previously been vaccinated. […] The decision to vaccinate should consider the likelihood of previous exposure to HPV and the person’s future risk of HPV exposure and HPV disease. […] HPV vaccination is generally safe and well tolerated. […] The only absolute contraindications to HPV vaccines are anaphylaxis after a previous dose of any HPV vaccine, anaphylaxis after any component of an HPV vaccine, and anaphylaxis to yeast (for 9vHPV). […] HPV vaccines are not recommended for pregnant women, due to an absence of evidence of vaccine use in large populations of pregnant women. […] HPV vaccination does not treat an existing HPV infection or prevent disease that may be caused by an existing vaccine HPV-type infection.

• #21 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all girls and boys get vaccinated at ages 11 or 12. […] An HPV vaccine is your best opportunity to protect your child or yourself against HPV infection and subsequent disease, says Dr. Carolyn Deal, an NIH expert on sexually transmitted diseases. […] Research has shown that HPV vaccines are highly effective. […] When you get an HPV vaccine, you’re not only protecting yourself from some strains of this cancer-causing virus, you’re also helping to prevent its spread to others. […] Get vaccinated. HPV vaccines can prevent most cases of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers. […] Use condoms. Consistent condom use can protect women from HPV infection. […] Avoid direct contact. The surest way to prevent genital HPV infection is to refrain from any genital contact with another person. […] Get tested. HPV infections can be diagnosed with a Pap test, which checks for cancer or precancerous changes of the cervix, or a molecular test that looks for HPV DNA.

• #22 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevention | The Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center | University of Nebraska Medical Center

  https://www.unmc.edu/cancercenter/outreach/community-outreach-engagement/cancer-prevention-resource-library/prevention-hpv-education.html

  HPV vaccine is cancer prevention […] The HPV vaccine is one of the most powerful tools in cancer prevention. Its safe, effective, and protects against up to 90% of HPV-related cancers. By protecting against the types of HPV that cause most cancers, it acts as a shield for your future health. […] Vaccination before exposure provides the best protection. […] The HPV vaccine is a groundbreaking tool in cancer prevention. It helps protect against: Cervical cancer (90% of cases), Throat and oral cancers, Other genital cancers. […] Men and women up to age 45 who haven’t received the HPV vaccine should consider getting it. Research shows that adults can acquire HPV at any age, as the risk remains equal across all age groups. […] Yes, the HPV vaccine can help prevent cancers related to HPV. If given before exposure the vaccine can prevent these cancers. It is, above all, a cancer vaccine. […] Both, men and women, of all ages carry an equal risk of acquiring HPV.

• #23 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine). All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards. All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11. The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They also protect against penile cancer. They additionally prevent genital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection. The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9-14 years, the same for girls and women aged 15-20 years, and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years. The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.

• #24 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  More than half of all sexually active people get a genital infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) at some point in their lives, but most never know it. […] Fortunately, vaccines are available to protect against the most harmful forms of HPV. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 vaccines that protect against harmful forms of HPV. […] Both HPV vaccines, called Gardasil and Cervarix, protect against the 2 types (or strains) of HPV that are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancers. […] Thus the HPV vaccines protect against all these forms of cancer. […] Because the vaccines only work before you get infected, and most people become infected relatively soon after they begin sexual activity, the vaccines are mainly targeted to young adolescent girls and boys, Lowy explains.

• #25 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Infection and Vaccination | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/hpv-vaccination

  HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Most people who have sex will get an HPV infection at some point in their lives. […] You can protect yourself against HPV infection by getting the HPV vaccine. The vaccine is safe and effective and protects against the HPV types that are the most common cause of genital warts and cancer. […] Yes, the HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to protect yourself against HPV-related diseases. […] The HPV vaccine is highly effective when given before a person has sex. The vaccine can reduce the risk of HPV-related genital warts and cancer by up to 99 percent when all recommended shots have been given. […] Vaccination works best when it is done before a person is sexually active and exposed to HPV. But vaccination can still reduce the risk of getting HPV for people who have already been sexually active.

• #26 HPV vaccine: Who needs it, how it works

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/in-depth/hpv-vaccine/art-20047292

  Most of the time, the body can find and clear out HPV. But if the virus stays in the body for a long time, it can cause cancer. Getting vaccinated against HPV helps prevent cancer in men and women. […] The HPV vaccine protects against genital warts and most cases of cervical cancer. It protects against cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis or anus caused by HPV. The HPV vaccine also protects against mouth, throat, head and neck cancers caused by HPV. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests routine HPV vaccination at age 11 or 12. The ideal age for vaccination is before a person is sexually active. […] The CDC suggests catch-up HPV vaccinations for all people through age 26 who aren’t fully vaccinated. […] Most people catch HPV soon after they become sexually active. But even if you have one strain of HPV, you might still benefit from the vaccine. It can protect you from other strains that you don’t yet have. […] The HPV vaccine has been found to be safe in many studies. […] Yes. The HPV vaccine doesn’t replace Pap tests. Screening for cervical cancer with regular Pap tests starting at age 21 is an essential part of preventive healthcare.

• #27 HPV Vaccination Is Cancer Prevention | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/hpv-vaccination-cancer-prevention

  HPV is a common virus that can cause six types of cancer. Vaccination can prevent up to 90% of these cancers. […] This cancer prevention vaccine is safe, effective, and has been FDA-approved since 2006. The HPV vaccine is so safe and effective, Scotland recently reported no cervical cancer diagnoses in women who were fully vaccinated on time (by age 13). Australias goal is to be the first country to eliminate cervical cancer by 2035; they are vaccinating boys and girls. […] Effective prevention strategies for oropharyngeal cancer include HPV vaccination (70% of oropharyngeal cancers are HPV-related) and substance use prevention or cessation.

• #28 HPV Vaccination Is Cancer Prevention | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/hpv-vaccination-cancer-prevention

  HPV is a common virus that can cause six types of cancer. Vaccination can prevent up to 90% of these cancers. […] This cancer prevention vaccine is safe, effective, and has been FDA-approved since 2006. The HPV vaccine is so safe and effective, Scotland recently reported no cervical cancer diagnoses in women who were fully vaccinated on time (by age 13). Australias goal is to be the first country to eliminate cervical cancer by 2035; they are vaccinating boys and girls. […] Effective prevention strategies for oropharyngeal cancer include HPV vaccination (70% of oropharyngeal cancers are HPV-related) and substance use prevention or cessation.

• #29 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #30 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #31 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #32 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Prevention

  https://www.unitypoint.org/find-a-service/primary-care/vaccinations/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  While the vaccine is most effective before youre sexually active and exposed to HPV, it can still reduce the risk of contracting HPV for people who are already sexually active. […] If you have HPV but arent vaccinated, you can still receive the vaccine to prevent a new infection from happening in the future. […] Yes. The HPV vaccine has undergone rigorous safety testing and is extremely effective. To date, more than 100 studies in millions of people all over the world show the HPV vaccine is safe. […] The HPV vaccine provides protection against strains that commonly lead to cancer. This includes strains 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. […] The HPV vaccine is easily accessible. When your child is old enough, your doctor will offer the first dose of the HPV vaccine during one of their regularly scheduled check-ups, sports physicals or when they come in for their flu shot.

• #33 The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/human_papillomavirus/

  The HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to protect against the serious health problems that HPV can cause. HPV is the main cause of genital warts in people. It can also cause cancers of the cervix, vagina, and vulva in women; cancer of the penis in men; and cancers of the anus and the mouth or throat in both women and men. Most of these diseases could be prevented with the HPV vaccine. […] The vaccine is given as a series of two (2) or three (3) shots, depending on when it is started. […] Yes. The HPV vaccine has been administered since 2006 in the United States and even longer in other countries. Studies have shown that it is very safe. […] Common, mild side effects include redness and pain at the injection site, low-grade fever, dizziness, and nausea. […] Anyone who has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to any component of HPV vaccine, or to a previous dose of HPV vaccine, should not get the vaccine.

• #34 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Condoms used consistently and correctly can lower the chances of acquiring and transmitting HPV and developing HPV-related diseases (e.g., genital warts or cervical cancer). However, because HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom, condoms might not fully protect against HPV. […] Limiting the number of sex partners can reduce the risk for HPV. However, even persons with only one lifetime sex partner can get HPV.

• #35 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Practice safer sex. Condoms and dental dams are less effective at preventing HPV than protecting against STIs that spread through semen or vaginal fluid. Still, using them correctly each time you have sex can reduce your risk of an HPV infection. […] Protect your partner(s). Let your partner know if you have HPV so that they can get tested, too. You may need to stop having sex while you’re getting treated for genital warts or high-risk forms of HPV. Talk to your provider about the precautions you should take with an HPV infection.

• #36 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Condoms used consistently and correctly can lower the chances of acquiring and transmitting HPV and developing HPV-related diseases (e.g., genital warts or cervical cancer). However, because HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom, condoms might not fully protect against HPV. […] Limiting the number of sex partners can reduce the risk for HPV. However, even persons with only one lifetime sex partner can get HPV.

• #37 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  Both the Gardasil and Cervarix vaccines induce cross-protection against nonvaccine types such as HPV 31 and HPV 45 but with lower antibody titers than the epitopes included in the vaccines. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. In fact, adopting gender-neutral HPV vaccination schedules will reduce population-transmitted infections, combat misinformation, minimize vaccine-related stigma, and promote gender equity. […] In fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral; Australia and the United States were among the first to take this step in 2011 and 2013, respectively. […] Lastly, some evidence shows that male circumcision reduces the risk of certain sexually transmitted viral infections in men and consequently for their female partners. Specifically, male circumcision is associated with slight reductions in high-risk HPV, whereas licensed HPV vaccines only protect with against a limited number of HPV types with a high level of efficacy. It is therefore likely that the two interventions have important synergistic effects.

• #38 Human Papillomavirus Disease: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/human

  Although routine vaccination beyond age 26 is not recommended, shared clinical decision-making regarding HPV vaccination is recommended for adults aged 27 to 45 years who are not adequately vaccinated and are at risk for a new HPV infection. […] The use of male latex condoms is strongly recommended for preventing transmission or acquisition of HPV infection, as well as for preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. […] There is evidence that male circumcision reduces rates of oncogenic HPV infection of the penis, based on data from RCTs and observational studies. […] HPV testing is always for oncogenic HPV types only; there is no role for non-oncogenic HPV testing. […] Monitoring after therapy for cervical disease should follow ASCCP guidelines.

• #39 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Three HPV vaccines can prevent diseases and cancers caused by HPV. The 2vHPV, 4vHPV, and 9vHPV vaccines protect against the majority of cervical cancer cases, although the 4vHPV and 9vHPV vaccines also protect against the majority of genital warts. Only 9vHPV vaccine is available in the United States. HPV vaccines are safe and effective and are recommended routinely for adolescents aged 11-12 years. Catch-up vaccination is also recommended for older adolescents and young adults through age 26 years. Shared clinical decision-making is recommended regarding HPV vaccination for certain adults aged 27-45 years who are not adequately vaccinated per guidance. […] Abstaining from sexual activity is the most reliable method for preventing genital HPV infection. Persons can decrease their chances of infection by practicing consistent and correct condom use and limiting their number of sex partners. Although these interventions might not fully protect against HPV, they can decrease the chances of HPV acquisition and transmission.

• #40 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. […] The HPV vaccine offers the most protection when given before a person becomes sexually active. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys at age 11 or 12, and the vaccine can be given starting at age 9. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important. […] Two widely used screening tests are HPV tests and cytology tests (also known as Pap test or Pap smear). […] Condoms, which prevent some sexually transmitted diseases, can decrease the risk of HPV transmission. However, they do not completely prevent it.

• #41

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/diseasesaz/pages/hpv.aspx

  Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The HPV vaccines can help prevent cervical cancer. They prevent infection by two HPV subtypes (16 and 18) that cause most cases of cervical cancer. To be most effective, HPV vaccine should be given to young girls and boys beginning at age 9 years, well before they become sexually active. Vaccine can be given to people up to age 24 years, but is not as effective when given after a person has already become sexually active. […] Regular Pap smears help doctors and other healthcare practitioners detect the precancerous conditions and treat them, preventing them from becoming cancer.

• #42 Human papillomavirus in 2019: An update on cervical cancer prevention and screening guidelines | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/86/3/173

  In females, the ACIP recommends starting HPV vaccination at age 11 or 12, but it can be given as early as age 9. […] Effective patient and family counseling is important. […] All women ages 21 to 65 should be screened. […] Since the introduction of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, US cervical cancer incidence rates have decreased by more than 60%. […] Current guidelines from ASCCP and ACOG state that the high-risk HPV test can be repeated every 3 years (when used to screen by itself) if the woman is older than 25 and has had a normal test result. […] Regardless of the pathway chosen, appropriate follow-up of any abnormal test result is critical to the early detection of cancer. […] All guidelines agree that cervical cancer screening should start at age 21, regardless of HPV vaccination status or age of sexual initiation.

• #43 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, Guidelines on Human Papillomavirus Screening by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2020 Updated cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk by the American Cancer Societ

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-guidelines

  If primary HPV testing is not an option, patients between ages 25 and 65 years should receive cervical cancer screening with cotesting (HPV testing along with cytology) every 5 years, or cytology alone every 3 years. Cotesting or cytology testing alone are included as acceptable options for cervical cancer screening because access to primary HPV testing with a test approved by the FDA for primary screening may be limited in some settings. As the United States makes the transition to primary HPV testing, the use of cotesting or cytology alone for cervical cancer screening will be eliminated from future guidelines. The ACS advises that individuals with a cervix who are older than 65 years, have no history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe diagnosis within the last 25 years, and have a documented history of regular negative screening during the 10 years before age 65 years, should stop cervical cancer screening with any method.

• #44 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, Guidelines on Human Papillomavirus Screening by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2020 Updated cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk by the American Cancer Societ

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-guidelines

  If primary HPV testing is not an option, patients between ages 25 and 65 years should receive cervical cancer screening with cotesting (HPV testing along with cytology) every 5 years, or cytology alone every 3 years. Cotesting or cytology testing alone are included as acceptable options for cervical cancer screening because access to primary HPV testing with a test approved by the FDA for primary screening may be limited in some settings. As the United States makes the transition to primary HPV testing, the use of cotesting or cytology alone for cervical cancer screening will be eliminated from future guidelines. The ACS advises that individuals with a cervix who are older than 65 years, have no history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe diagnosis within the last 25 years, and have a documented history of regular negative screening during the 10 years before age 65 years, should stop cervical cancer screening with any method.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] The global strategy encourages a minimum of two lifetime screens with a high-performance HPV test by age 35 and again by age 45 years. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. […] The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.

• #46 GARDASIL®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) for Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/gardasil9/

  GARDASIL 9 does not eliminate the necessity for vaccine recipients to undergo screening for cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers as recommended by a health care provider. […] Vaccination with GARDASIL 9 may not result in protection in all vaccine recipients.

• #47 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | MVP Health Care

  https://www.mvphealthcare.com/welcome/hpv

  Yes. The HPV vaccine is recommended before the start of sexual activity for two reasons: Young people tend to get infected more frequently; in fact, about half of all new infections are diagnosed in girls and young women between 15 and 24 years of age. […] Yes. It is still important to get regular Pap tests to screen for cervical cancer. While the HPV vaccine protects against HPV strains most likely to cause cervical cancer, they can still contract a different strain or have been infected before receiving their vaccine.

• #48 Human Papillomavirus Disease: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/human

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. […] Administer three doses of 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) at 0, 1 to 2, and 6 months. […] For all people with HIV aged 13 to 26 years who were not vaccinated previously: Administer three doses of 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) at 0, 1 to 2, and 6 months. […] For people with HIV aged 27 to 45 years who were not adequately vaccinated previously: HPV vaccine is not routinely recommended; instead, shared clinical decision-making regarding HPV vaccination is recommended for people who may be at risk for a new HPV infection. […] HPV vaccination is not recommended during pregnancy. […] HPV vaccination prevents HPV infection and is ideally administered before sexual exposure to HPV. […] Routine HPV vaccination with the 9-valent vaccine should be initiated at age 11 or 12 years but may be started as early as age 9 years.

• #49 Prevention and Management of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Adults With HIV – Clinical Guidelines Program

  https://www.hivguidelines.org/guideline/hiv-hpv/

  Given the increased lifetime risk of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and increased prevalence of HPV-related cancers, clinicians should recommend the 9-valent HPV vaccine 3-dose series at 0, 2, and 6 months to all individuals with HIV who are 9 to 45 years old regardless of CD4 cell count, prior cervical or anal screening results, HPV test results, HPV-related cytologic changes, or other history of HPV-related lesions. (A3) […] HPV vaccination may be scheduled at the same time as standard adolescent vaccines offered at ages 9 to 12 years. If possible, the vaccine series should begin at age 9 years Glidden, et al. 2016. The 3-dose vaccine regimen is recommended for all patients with HIV who are 9 to 45 years old. The 9-valent HPV vaccine should be administered according to the CDC standard schedule for immunocompromised adults, children, and adolescents (a 3-dose regimen over a 6-month period at 0, 2, and 6 months) and should be offered regardless of CD4 cell count.

• #50 HPV vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hpv-vaccine/

  The HPV vaccine helps protect against human papillomavirus (HPV). It’s recommended for children aged 12 to 13 years old and people at higher risk from HPV. […] The HPV vaccine reduces your chances of getting human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that’s spread through skin contact (usually when having sex). […] The HPV vaccine is recommended for children aged 12 to 13 years old and people at higher risk from HPV. […] All children aged 12 to 13 (school year 8) are offered the HPV vaccine. […] If you missed getting vaccinated when you were 12 or 13, the HPV vaccine is available for free on the NHS for: all girls under 25, boys born after 1 September 2006. […] If you’re a man aged 45 or under who has sex with men and you attend a sexual health or HIV clinic, you can get vaccinated against HPV.

• #51 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV) | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/disease-pop-immunization/human-papillomavirus-vaccine-hpv.html

  The 9vHPV vaccine is routinely recommended for both males and females, routinely given at age 11 or 12. Specifically, the 9vHPV vaccine is recommended from ages 9 through 26 for females and ages 9 through 21 for males. The 9vHPV vaccine is also recommended for high-risk males ages 22 through 26 years. High risk in this context is defined as men who have sex with men or men with immunocompromising conditions including HIV infection. Non-high-risk males ages 22 through 26 may also be vaccinated. […] It is recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the AAFP that children with a history of sexual abuse or assault get routine HPV vaccination beginning at age 9. […] Men who have sex with men are recommended to get routine HPV vaccination through age 26 for those who were not adequately vaccinated previously.

• #52 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV) | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/disease-pop-immunization/human-papillomavirus-vaccine-hpv.html

  ACIP and AAFP recommend that transgender persons get routine HPV vaccination through age 26 for those who were not adequately vaccinated previously. […] More than 205 million doses of the HPV vaccine have been distributed worldwide and nearly 90 million doses of HPV vaccines have been distributed in the United States from June 2006 through March 2016. […] Among women who have not been previously infected with a targeted HPV type, 2vHPV, and 4vHPV have over 95% efficacy in preventing cervical pre-cancers caused by HPV16 and HPV18. […] In males, 4vHPV demonstrated 90% efficacy in preventing genital warts, and 75% efficacy in preventing anal pre-cancers in men caused by HPV16 and HPV18. […] The immunogenicity of HPV 9 was comparable to HPV4, which inferred efficacy for HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. In subjects who were not infected at the start of the study and received all three doses (per protocol), efficacy for prevention of genital pre-cancers caused by the five additional HPV types covered in HPV 9 was 96.7%.

• #53 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV) | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/disease-pop-immunization/human-papillomavirus-vaccine-hpv.html

  The 9vHPV vaccine is routinely recommended for both males and females, routinely given at age 11 or 12. Specifically, the 9vHPV vaccine is recommended from ages 9 through 26 for females and ages 9 through 21 for males. The 9vHPV vaccine is also recommended for high-risk males ages 22 through 26 years. High risk in this context is defined as men who have sex with men or men with immunocompromising conditions including HIV infection. Non-high-risk males ages 22 through 26 may also be vaccinated. […] It is recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the AAFP that children with a history of sexual abuse or assault get routine HPV vaccination beginning at age 9. […] Men who have sex with men are recommended to get routine HPV vaccination through age 26 for those who were not adequately vaccinated previously.

• #54 HPV Awareness Day 2024 | International HPV Awareness DayHPV Campaign

  https://askabouthpv.org/

  HPV is the human papillomavirus. Almost all of us will have HPV at some point and while for most of us it isnt harmful, HPV is linked to several kinds of cancer. This site provides information to help learn about HPV and reduce your cancer risks. […] Educating ourselves and others about HPV and cancer is the first step to reducing our risk. Find out more about the public information resources available to help spread the word. […] We can all take action to reduce the harm of HPV. Our social post builder is an easy way to share a simple personal message about how vaccination and screening means #onelessworry for the world. […] Getting an HPV vaccination can help prevent 6 types of cancer. […] Cervical screening can spot cell changes that can lead to cancer. […] Join us on March 4th, International HPV Awareness Day for a live expert panel event to explore the potential for inclusive approaches to elevate HPV awareness and alliance-building as a key strategy to reduce the impact of HPV-related cancer.

• #55 Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/immunizations/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/?srsltid=AfmBOooMAAl_NwEnKCG-EQ01rPV90EjIjTxfm3KALIXMxhQOsGezYSDE

  Pediatricians play a key role in ensuring adolescent patients have access to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. […] HPV vaccination during adolescence protects against over 90% of the cancers caused by the virus. […] The AAP recommends routine HPV vaccination for all adolescents starting between age 9 and 12 years, at an age that the provider deems optimal for acceptance and completion of the vaccination series. […] This portable digital tool makes it easy to talk with patients and families about the HPV vaccine and other vaccines that are recommended for adolescents. […] Take an 11-minute break and view this Red Book Webinar that offers strategies and resources to increase the uptake of HPV vaccines and other recommended adolescent immunizations. […] Use these social media graphics, videos and other resources to share information with families about HPV and how the vaccine gets kids immune systems ready to resist the virus so they can live healthy lives.

• #56 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV) | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/disease-pop-immunization/human-papillomavirus-vaccine-hpv.html

  Despite overwhelming evidence of the safety and effectiveness of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, vaccination rates remain low. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) urges physicians to strongly recommend the HPV vaccine to their patients. […] Physicians give consistent, strong recommendations for the HPV vaccine. A physicians recommendation is the single best predictor of vaccination. It is recommended that physicians bundle, and not single out the HPV vaccine in discussions with patients on the importance of receiving vaccinations. The bundling approach has been shown to normalize and increase acceptance of the HPV vaccine, and demonstrate the importance of the HPV vaccine. […] The currently available HPV vaccine is the 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine. This vaccine protects against the most common HPV types, which cause 90% of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, and penile cancers. Additionally, this vaccine prevents HPV types that cause genital warts in both males and females.

• #57 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV) | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/disease-pop-immunization/human-papillomavirus-vaccine-hpv.html

  Despite overwhelming evidence of the safety and effectiveness of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, vaccination rates remain low. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) urges physicians to strongly recommend the HPV vaccine to their patients. […] Physicians give consistent, strong recommendations for the HPV vaccine. A physicians recommendation is the single best predictor of vaccination. It is recommended that physicians bundle, and not single out the HPV vaccine in discussions with patients on the importance of receiving vaccinations. The bundling approach has been shown to normalize and increase acceptance of the HPV vaccine, and demonstrate the importance of the HPV vaccine. […] The currently available HPV vaccine is the 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine. This vaccine protects against the most common HPV types, which cause 90% of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, and penile cancers. Additionally, this vaccine prevents HPV types that cause genital warts in both males and females.

• #58 An Education Intervention to Increase Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Confidence and Acceptability: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Oncology Nursing Society

  https://www.ons.org/publications-research/onf/50/4/education-intervention-increase-human-papillomavirus-vaccination

  Objectives: To explore the effect of an intervention to improve human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination confidence, attitudes, and beliefs among non-Hispanic Black mothers. […] Results: The experimental group reported more positive attitudes and beliefs about HPV vaccination (p = 0.002) and greater vaccination confidence than the control group (p = 0.049). […] Implications for Nursing: Nurses can improve HPV vaccination confidence, attitudes, and beliefs among non-Hispanic Black mothers through HPV vaccination education. […] HPV vaccination is effective in the reduction of precancers and cancers related to HPV. Cervical precancers caused by HPV have decreased by 40% among women who have received the HPV vaccine (CDC, 2019). […] Limited knowledge of HPV vaccination has been identified as a barrier to HPV vaccination among Black mothers (Cunningham-Erves et al., 2018).

• #59 An Education Intervention to Increase Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Confidence and Acceptability: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Oncology Nursing Society

  https://www.ons.org/publications-research/onf/50/4/education-intervention-increase-human-papillomavirus-vaccination

  The aim of the current study was to explore the effect of an intervention to enhance HPV vaccination confidence, attitudes, and beliefs among non-Hispanic Black mothers. […] The authors hypothesized that an education intervention program that highlights the benefits of HPV vaccination as a method of cancer prevention and addresses barriers related to HPV vaccination could improve parental vaccination confidence, attitudes, and beliefs among this high-risk population. […] The clinical benefits of vaccinating boys and girls against HPV are significant and include reductions in the risk of cervical, vaginal, oropharyngeal, penile, and other HPV-related cancers (Cassidy et al., 2014). […] The HPV vaccination education content focused on how well the vaccine works, the safety of the vaccine, and the benefits of the vaccine.

• #60 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  Gardasil later developed a nine-valent (9vHPV) version which further includes five L1 VLPs, particularly the oncogenic HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, and when compared to 4vHPV, it demonstrates the best rates of prevention of low- and high-risk human papillomavirus infections. […] According to recommendations from the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices), two or three doses of 9vHPV are recommended for both males and females ages 9 to 45 years. […] To ensure greater access to vaccination in countries with low vaccination coverage and especially in low- and middle-income countries, administering a single dose of the bivalent or nine-valent vaccine could be a viable strategy to ensure the uniformity of vaccination coverage.

• #61 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet

  Yes. Because HPV vaccines do not protect against all HPV types that can cause cancer, women who have been vaccinated are advised to follow the same screening recommendations as unvaccinated women. […] Most private insurance plans cover HPV vaccination. The federal Affordable Care Act requires most private insurance plans to cover recommended preventive services (including HPV vaccination) with no copay or deductible. […] If a single dose of HPV vaccine were effective, that would be an important advance. A large observational study using national data from women across Australia found that one dose of HPV vaccine was as effective as two or three doses in preventing high-grade cervical lesions.

• #62 Merck Announces Plans to Conduct Clinical Trials of a Novel Investigational Multi-Valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine and Single-Dose Regimen for GARDASIL®9 – Merck.com

  https://www.merck.com/news/merck-announces-plans-to-conduct-clinical-trials-of-a-novel-investigational-multi-valent-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine-and-single-dose-regimen-for-gardasil-9/

  Merck today, at the EUROGIN 2024 HPV Congress, announced plans to initiate clinical development of a new investigational multi-valent HPV vaccine designed to provide broader protection against multiple HPV types. […] The goal of these large, randomized trials is to generate data that clearly determines whether or not a single dose of GARDASIL 9 provides comparable long-term protection to the approved three-dose regimen, while also satisfying the high standards required by regulatory authorities. […] To address the increasing global demand for GARDASIL and GARDASIL 9 and support broader and equitable access, Merck has made significant investments in manufacturing to help increase supply. […] GARDASIL 9 is indicated for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

• #63 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1293

  These challenges are further complicated by vaccine hesitancy, misinformation, and socioeconomic and gender inequities, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve access and ensure equitable healthcare delivery. […] This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of HPV vaccination, with a focus on both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, including their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and real-world effectiveness. […] The introduction of HPV vaccination programs in high-income countries has helped reduce the prevalence of high-risk HPV types. […] However, challenges remain in LMICs, where limited access to vaccines continues to hinder progress. […] Addressing the gaps in vaccine coverage, overcoming vaccine hesitancy, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare and vaccination services are crucial steps for improving global HPV prevention outcomes.

• #64 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1293

  Moving forward, enhancing HPV vaccination coverage worldwide will require multifaceted strategies that encompass not only healthcare access improvements but also community engagement and education. […] Public health initiatives should focus on overcoming cultural and logistical barriers to vaccine acceptance, particularly in communities with historically low immunization rates. […] The convergence of HPV vaccination strategies with advances in personalized medicine, such as predictive models for HPV susceptibility and customized prevention plans, offers new potential for highly targeted and effective HPV prevention strategies.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] The global strategy encourages a minimum of two lifetime screens with a high-performance HPV test by age 35 and again by age 45 years. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. […] The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.

• #66

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] The global strategy encourages a minimum of two lifetime screens with a high-performance HPV test by age 35 and again by age 45 years. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. […] The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.

• #67

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Prophylactic vaccination against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer and are very cost-effective. […] Being vaccinated at age 9-14 years is a highly effective way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. […] Screening from the age of 30 (25 years in women living with HIV) can detect cervical disease, which when treated, also prevents cervical cancer. […] As of 2023, there are 6 HPV vaccines available globally. All protect against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical cancers and have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer. […] Other important ways to prevent HPV infection include: being a non-smoker or stopping smoking, using condoms, voluntary male circumcision.

• #68 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The best way to prevent HPV infection, as well as the complications and the cancers it causes, is to get vaccinated, preferably before having sex for the first time, so that the vaccine ensures protection prior to contact with the virus. The vaccination goal in the Region of the Americas is to achieve 95% coverage. […] Cervical cancer can be largely prevented through a combination of two preventive strategies: HPV vaccination (primary prevention) and cervical cancer screening (secondary prevention). […] To prevent cervical cancer, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that women be screened with a high-precision test at least once at age 35 and again at age 45. These tests can detect early, precancerous changes in the cervix that can be treated to prevent cervical cancer from developing.

• #69 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them. During clinical trials before the licensure, the 9-valent HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 was studied in more than 15,000 males and females and was found to be safe and effective.

• #70 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Three HPV vaccines can prevent diseases and cancers caused by HPV. The 2vHPV, 4vHPV, and 9vHPV vaccines protect against the majority of cervical cancer cases, although the 4vHPV and 9vHPV vaccines also protect against the majority of genital warts. Only 9vHPV vaccine is available in the United States. HPV vaccines are safe and effective and are recommended routinely for adolescents aged 11-12 years. Catch-up vaccination is also recommended for older adolescents and young adults through age 26 years. Shared clinical decision-making is recommended regarding HPV vaccination for certain adults aged 27-45 years who are not adequately vaccinated per guidance. […] Abstaining from sexual activity is the most reliable method for preventing genital HPV infection. Persons can decrease their chances of infection by practicing consistent and correct condom use and limiting their number of sex partners. Although these interventions might not fully protect against HPV, they can decrease the chances of HPV acquisition and transmission.

• #71 GARDASIL®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) for Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/gardasil9/

  GARDASIL 9 does not eliminate the necessity for vaccine recipients to undergo screening for cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers as recommended by a health care provider. […] Vaccination with GARDASIL 9 may not result in protection in all vaccine recipients.

• #72 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV) | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/disease-pop-immunization/human-papillomavirus-vaccine-hpv.html

  Despite overwhelming evidence of the safety and effectiveness of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, vaccination rates remain low. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) urges physicians to strongly recommend the HPV vaccine to their patients. […] Physicians give consistent, strong recommendations for the HPV vaccine. A physicians recommendation is the single best predictor of vaccination. It is recommended that physicians bundle, and not single out the HPV vaccine in discussions with patients on the importance of receiving vaccinations. The bundling approach has been shown to normalize and increase acceptance of the HPV vaccine, and demonstrate the importance of the HPV vaccine. […] The currently available HPV vaccine is the 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine. This vaccine protects against the most common HPV types, which cause 90% of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, and penile cancers. Additionally, this vaccine prevents HPV types that cause genital warts in both males and females.

• #73

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] The global strategy encourages a minimum of two lifetime screens with a high-performance HPV test by age 35 and again by age 45 years. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. […] The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.

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