Zaburzenie zachowania we śnie rem
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Zaburzenie zachowania we śnie REM (RBD) charakteryzuje się utratą atonii mięśniowej podczas fazy REM, co prowadzi do odgrywania treści snów poprzez złożone i często gwałtowne ruchy. Patofizjologia RBD wiąże się z dysfunkcją jąder pnia mózgu, zwłaszcza regionu okołokoerularnego, jądra konarowo-mostowego (PPN) oraz jądra boczno-grzbietowego nakrywki (LDTN), które odpowiadają za hamowanie aktywności ruchowej w fazie REM. Kluczową rolę odgrywa degeneracja jądra sublaterodorsalnego (SLD) i brzusznej części rdzenia przedłużonego, prowadząca do odhamowania rdzeniowych alfa-motoneuronów i utraty atonii mięśniowej. RBD jest silnie powiązane z alfasynukleinopatiami, takimi jak choroba Parkinsona (PD), otępienie z ciałami Lewy’ego (DLB) oraz zanik wieloukładowy (MSA), gdzie RBD może poprzedzać objawy neurodegeneracyjne nawet o 5-15 lat, a ryzyko konwersji do jawnej choroby wynosi 40-92% w tym okresie. Patologia α-synukleiny rozpoczyna się w dolnym pniu mózgu, obejmując obwody kontrolujące atonię REM, co potwierdzają badania neuropatologiczne i neuroobrazowe wykazujące deficyt dopaminergiczny u pacjentów z RBD.

Patofizjologia zaburzenia zachowania we śnie REM

Zaburzenie zachowania we śnie REM (ang. REM sleep behavior disorder, RBD) to parasomnia charakteryzująca się utratą prawidłowej atonii mięśniowej podczas fazy snu REM, co pozwala pacjentom na odgrywanie treści snów. Klinicznie manifestuje się nietypowymi wokalizacjami, zachowaniami ruchowymi oraz zmienioną treścią snów. Pacjenci mogą wykonywać złożone ruchy, które czasem przyjmują formę gwałtownych zachowań prowadzących do urazów, jednocześnie będąc nieświadomymi swojego zachowania12. To zaburzenie wiąże się z nieprawidłowym funkcjonowaniem struktur mózgowych odpowiedzialnych za kontrolę snu REM, szczególnie w obszarze pnia mózgu3.

Mechanizm prawidłowego snu REM

W prawidłowym przebiegu snu REM występują dwa kluczowe systemy: jeden odpowiada za wytworzenie atonii mięśniowej, a drugi za tłumienie aktywności ruchowej. Atonia mięśniowa w czasie snu REM jest wynikiem aktywnego hamowania przez neurony rdzenia przedłużonego. Lokomocja natomiast obejmuje wpływy z przodomózgowia, a wzgórze moduluje neurony ruchowe rdzenia4.

Podczas prawidłowego snu REM drogi nerwowe w mózgu, które zapobiegają ruchom mięśni, są aktywne, co skutkuje tymczasowym paraliżem ciała. To zjawisko jest nie tylko normalne, ale i konieczne podczas marzenia sennego5. Mechanizm nadrdzeninowy odpowiada za atonię w fazie REM. Jądra mostu pobudzają neurony w rdzeniu przedłużonym, które następnie przekazują zstępujące projekcje hamujące do rdzeniowych alfa-motoneuronów, co prowadzi do hiperpolaryzacji i atonii mięśniowej46.

Zaburzenia w patofizjologii RBD

W patofizjologii RBD szczególną rolę przypisuje się kilku regionom pnia mózgu w obszarze mostu, w tym regionowi okołokoerularnemu, jądru konarowo-mostowemu (pedunculo-pontine nucleus, PPN) oraz jądru boczno-grzbietowemu nakrywki (laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, LDTN)46. Dysregulacja tych struktur prowadzi do odhamowania neuronów ruchowych, co skutkuje aktywnością mięśni podczas fazy REM6.

Badacze wskazują, że główną przyczyną RBD jest degeneracja w obszarze przedkoerularnym (pre-locus coeruleus), co powoduje odhamowanie rdzeniowych neuronów ruchowych podczas snu REM, prowadząc do zachowań związanych z odgrywaniem snów3. Szczególna rola przypisywana jest jądru sublaterodorsalnemu nakrywki (SLD, nazywanemu u ludzi jądrem podkoerularnym) oraz jądrom olbrzymiokomórkowym i wielkokomórkowym w brzusznej części rdzenia przedłużonego7.

Na podstawie badań na zwierzętach (koty, szczury), badań zmian strukturalnych i neuropatologicznych, uważa się, że jądra regulujące sen, szczególnie w nakrywce mostu, są zaangażowane w patogenezę RBD8. W złożonej patofizjologii RBD uczestniczą także różne układy neurochemiczne, w tym noradrenergiczny, cholinergiczny i serotoninergiczny8.

Związek RBD z alfasynukleinopatią

Znacząca liczba badań wskazuje, że RBD jest silnie powiązane z alfasynukleinopatiami – grupą chorób neurodegeneracyjnych charakteryzujących się nieprawidłowym gromadzeniem się białka α-synukleiny w układzie nerwowym9. Główne jednostki chorobowe zaliczane do alfasynukleinopatii to choroba Parkinsona (PD), otępienie z ciałami Lewy’ego (DLB) oraz zanik wieloukładowy (MSA)110.

RBD jako marker prodromalny chorób neurodegeneracyjnych

Badania potwierdzają, że RBD może poprzedzać rozwój objawów typowych dla alfasynukleinopatii o wiele lat, a nawet dekad. Idiopatyczna postać RBD (iRBD) stanowi wczesne stadium alfasynukleinopatii11. Badania longitudinalne wykazały, że ryzyko konwersji idiopatycznej postaci RBD do jawnej choroby neurodegeneracyjnej wynosi od 40-80% w okresie 5-15 lat12, a zgodnie z innymi badaniami nawet 92% pacjentów rozwinie chorobę neurodegeneracyjną w ciągu 14 lat13.

Częstość występowania RBD w poszczególnych alfasynukleinopatiach różni się: jest obecne u około 50% pacjentów z chorobą Parkinsona, 80% pacjentów z otępieniem z ciałami Lewy’ego oraz 80-90% pacjentów z zanikiem wieloukładowym10. Badania pośmiertne pacjentów z RBD potwierdzają silny związek tej parasomnii z alfasynukleinopatiami9.

Mechanizmy molekularne w RBD

Patologia α-synukleiny prawdopodobnie rozpoczyna się w dolnej części pnia mózgu, gdzie zlokalizowane są obwody odpowiedzialne za atonię w fazie REM, a następnie rozprzestrzenia się w kierunku dogłowowym do regionów mózgu takich jak istota czarna, układ limbiczny i kora mózgowa14. Badania pośmiertne mózgów pacjentów z iRBD ujawniły inkluzje α-synukleiny oraz utratę neuronów w obszarach odpowiadających jądru sublaterodorsalnemu (SLD) i brzusznej części rdzenia przedłużonego7.

Nieprawidłowe odkładanie się tego białka w strukturach pnia mózgu, szczególnie w rdzeniu przedłużonym i przejściu mostowym, prowadzi do tworzenia się wewnątrzneuronalnych ciał inkluzyjnych zwanych ciałami Lewy’ego i manifestacji klinicznych RBD15. Istnieje coraz więcej dowodów sugerujących, że większość przypadków izolowanego RBD jest związana z bezobjawowymi alfasynukleinopatiami15.

Badania neuroobrazowe wykazały postępujące zaburzenia dopaminergiczne u pacjentów z RBD116. Deficyt dopaminergiczny, wykazany w wielu badaniach wykorzystujących funkcjonalne obrazowanie neurochemiczne za pomocą SPECT i PET, jest najbardziej spójną cechą neurochemiczną RBD17.

Zaawansowane modele patofizjologiczne RBD

Teoria przerwania przełącznika typu „flip-flop”

Na podstawie najnowszych badań na szczurach zaproponowano anatomiczne ramy i nowy schemat patofizjologii RBD, bazujący na koncepcji przełącznika typu „flip-flop” dla kontroli snu REM. Struktura u człowieka analogiczna do regionu podkoerularnego u kota i jądra sublaterodorsalnego u szczura jest proponowana jako kluczowe jądro (wraz z powiązanymi drogami eferentnymi i aferentnymi) w patofizjologii RBD2.

Modele zwierzęce RBD

Pierwszy model zwierzęcy RBD został opisany przez Michaela Jouveta, który odkrył, że fizyczne uszkodzenia interneuronów grzbietowej nakrywki mostu powodowały nieprawidłowe zachowania ruchowe podczas snu REM u kotów, naśladujące te obserwowane w ludzkim RBD18. Analiza pośmiertna mózgów pacjentów z iRBD wykazała utratę neuronów, gliozę, ciała Lewy’ego i odkładanie się neurytów w obszarach mózgu zaangażowanych w kontrolę snu REM, takich jak SLD i VMM (brzuszna część rdzenia przedłużonego)18.

Badania sugerują, że jądro SLD, a w szczególności jego glutaminergiczne neurony REM-on, jest regionem mózgu, który wyzwala atonię snu REM poprzez stymulację VMM i interneuronów rdzeniowych, które bezpośrednio hamują neurony ruchowe za pomocą projekcji GABA-ergicznych i glicynergicznych. SLD i VMM tworzą tzw. „obwód atonii snu REM”, a uszkodzenia w tym obszarze zapobiegają paraliżowi podczas snu REM19.

RBD w stadiach Braaka

Występowanie RBD we wczesnym stadium chorób neurodegeneracyjnych odpowiada koncepcji neurodegeneracji zaproponowanej przez H. Braaka i wsp. Pojawienie się RBD jako objawu prodromalnego u 30-50% pacjentów z PD, 50% pacjentów z DLB i 50% pacjentów z MSA może wynikać z wczesnego zajęcia struktur pnia mózgu w przebiegu alfasynukleinopatii720.

Zaproponowano, że zwiększony zanik cholinergiczny w mózgu pacjentów z PD i towarzyszącym RBD, w porównaniu do pacjentów bez RBD, może mieć istotne znaczenie patogenetyczne. Różnica ta jest widoczna szczególnie w strukturach mózgu takich jak podstawa kresomózgowia, obszar zaangażowany zarówno w procesy poznawcze, jak i regulację snu REM oraz napięcia mięśniowego poprzez interakcje z jądrami pnia mózgu. Zwiększony zanik cholinergiczny ma występować w trzeciej fazie stadiów Braaka, w której patologia ciał Lewy’ego w mózgu pacjenta z PD pojawia się w podstawie kresomózgowia i jest uznawana za przyczynę redukcji neuroprzekaźników cholinergicznych21.

Zmiany strukturalne i funkcjonalne w mózgu

Zmniejszenie objętości istoty szarej i ścieńczenie kory mózgowej, szczególnie w korze czołowej i dolnym płacie ciemieniowym, zostały zaproponowane jako potencjalna przyczyna RBD w chorobie Parkinsona. Wynika to z powiązania regionów korowych i podkorowych mózgu w tych obszarach z funkcjami poznawczymi i snem REM. Lewa kora wyspy w szczególności wykazuje znacznie większy stopień ścieńczenia korowego u pacjentów z PD-RBD w porównaniu do PD bez RBD22.

Wyniki badań strukturalnego i funkcjonalnego MRI sugerują obecność zmian strukturalnych w głębokich jądrach istoty szarej, zanik istoty szarej kory oraz zmiany w funkcjonalnej łączności w obrębie jąder podstawy, sieci korowo-prążkowiowej i korowo-korowej17. U pacjentów z wczesnym PD, obecność RBD była związana ze znacznie zmniejszoną globalną efektywnością sieci neuronalnych23.

Inne czynniki wpływające na rozwój RBD

Czynniki farmakologiczne i toksyczne

RBD może być wywołane przez leki, szczególnie trójpierścieniowe leki przeciwdepresyjne i selektywne inhibitory wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny2412. Zaburzenie to może również wystąpić podczas odstawienia leków oraz alkoholu25.

Badania sugerują możliwy synergistyczny mechanizm działania leków przeciwdepresyjnych serotoninergicznych w wywoływaniu objawów RBD poprzez modulację mechanizmu marzeń sennych i atonii mięśniowej związanej ze snem REM. Wcześniejsze hipotezy koncentrowały się na wpływie leków przeciwdepresyjnych na atonię mięśniową podczas fazy REM, w tym na zwiększeniu aktywności EMG przez SSRI w trakcie snu REM26.

RBD w innych schorzeniach neurologicznych

Oprócz związku z alfasynukleinopatiami, RBD obserwuje się również u pacjentów z ciężkim bezdechem sennym lub narkolepsją27. Wtórne RBD zostało powiązane z narkolepsją, podczas gdy przejściowe RBD zgłaszano w kilku schorzeniach neurologicznych i stanach toksycznych, takich jak uszkodzenia dolnej części pnia mózgu lub zespół Guillaina-Barrégo, odstawienie alkoholu i stosowanie leków przeciwdepresyjnych12.

RBD powiązano również z postępującym i zwykle śmiertelnym schorzeniem neurologicznym – chorobą Creutzfeldta-Jakoba (CJD), powszechnie znaną jako „choroba szalonych krów”, której patogeneza jest związana z gromadzeniem się nieprawidłowo sfałdowanych białek prionowych28.

Czynniki genetyczne w RBD

RBD jest związane z mutacjami w genie kodującym lizosomalny enzym glukocerebrozydazę (gen GBA). Istnieje również związek między mutacjami genu GBA a chorobą Parkinsona. To wspólne powiązanie sugeruje, że pacjent, który ma zarówno RBD, jak i mutację genu GBA, ma znacznie większe ryzyko rozwoju PD, a kombinacja zarówno RBD, jak i mutacji genu GBA może oferować znaczącą wartość predykcyjną dla przewidywania rozwoju PD29.

Badania genetyczne dotyczące RBD są jak dotąd ograniczone, ale w niektórych przypadkach uważa się, że istnieje związek między RBD a mutacją glukozowo-encefaloglukozydazy (GBA)28.

Znaczenie kliniczne patogenezy RBD

RBD jako okno terapeutyczne

Populacja pacjentów z RBD jest idealną grupą do testowania leczenia modyfikującego przebieg chorób dla synukleinopatii, ponieważ RBD reprezentuje wczesne stadium prodromalne synukleinopatii, gdy neuropatologia może być bardziej podatna na leczenie30. Dla badań klinicznych nad leczeniem modyfikującym przebieg choroby, zaleca się, aby pierwszorzędowym punktem końcowym była konwersja fenotypowa do jawnej synukleinopatii30.

Wczesne rozpoznanie markerów predykcyjnych neurodegeneracji w idiopatycznym RBD jest niezbędne do opracowania strategii interwencji lub zapobiegania na etapie przedobjawowym31. Badanie pacjentów z iRBD oferuje unikalną możliwość uzyskania informacji o etiologii, patogenezie i progresji prodromalnego stadium synukleinopatii32.

Biomarkery konwersji do chorób neurodegeneracyjnych

U pacjentów z idiopatycznym RBD zidentyfikowano szereg potencjalnych biomarkerów do przewidywania rozwoju neurodegeneracji, w tym utratę węchu, deficyt widzenia barwnego, depresję, łagodne zaburzenia poznawcze, nadmierną senność w ciągu dnia, dysfunkcję dopaminergiczną i toniczną aktywność elektromiograficzną31.

Pacjenci z idiopatycznym RBD mają wyższe i szybsze ryzyko konwersji do choroby Parkinsona i otępienia z ciałami Lewy’ego, jeśli na początku stwierdzono nieprawidłowości w obrazowaniu transportera dopaminy, ultrasonografii przezczaszkowej, węchu i widzenia barwnego33.

Implikacje dla praktyki klinicznej

RBD może powodować poważne urazy zarówno u pacjenta, jak i u partnera łóżkowego, dlatego ważne jest poszukiwanie leczenia34. Obecnie stosowane leki, takie jak klonazepam i melatonina, łagodzą objawy RBD, jednak nie ma dowodów, że leczenie objawowe RBD wpływa na neurodegeneracyjny wynik i tym samym zapobiega rozwojowi PD35.

Najważniejszą implikacją RBD jest jego związek ze schorzeniami neurologicznymi, szczególnie chorobą Parkinsona, zanikiem wieloukładowym i otępieniem z ciałami Lewy’ego. Coraz więcej badań sugeruje, że RBD może być jednym z najwcześniejszych sygnałów ostrzegawczych tych chorób34.

Dla lekarzy pierwszego kontaktu istotną rolę odgrywa rozpoznawanie potencjalnego iRBD i stosowanie podejścia medycyny prewencyjnej w celu próby modyfikacji trajektorii iRBD36. Ze względu na silny związek RBD z ryzykiem rozwoju chorób neurodegeneracyjnych, po rozpoznaniu tego zaburzenia ważne jest, aby pacjent pozostawał pod kontrolą lekarza37.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534239/
    Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a REM sleep parasomnia characterized by dream enactment during sleep. Patients act out during their dreams while being in the REM stage of sleep. Clinical features during sleep include abnormal vocalizations, abnormal motor behavior, and altered dream mentation. This enactment may be violent and can lead to injury to themselves or others without any conscious awareness. A patient can recall the contents of the dream upon awakening. Most patients with REM behavior disorder will eventually manifest neurodegenerative diseases like parkinsonism, dementia with Lewy body, or multisystem atrophy. […] RBD occurs because of the failure to inhibit spinal motor neurons during REM sleep. A strong association between RBD and the future development of a neurodegenerative disorder has been well established. Neurodegenerative disorders linked to alpha-synuclein positive intracellular inclusions, for example, parkinsonism, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are associated with alpha-synucleinopathies. Nuclei in the pons control REM sleep. Lesions in pons can lead to the development of these synucleinopathies and RBD. A progressive degeneration of these nuclei may explain the RBD as a prodrome before the full onset of the disease spectrum. Neuroimaging studies have shown progressive dopaminergic abnormalities in patients with RBD.
  • #2 Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412731/
    REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep with prominent motor activity accompanying dreaming. […] The terminology relating to RBD, and mechanisms underlying REM sleep without atonia and RBD based on data in cat and rat are presented. […] An anatomic framework and new schema for the pathophysiology of RBD are proposed based on recent data in rat regarding the putative flip-flop switch for REM sleep control. The structure in man analogous to the subcoeruleus region in cat and sublaterodorsal nucleus in rat is proposed as the nucleus (and its associated efferent and afferent pathways) crucial to RBD pathophysiology. […] The hypothesized pathophysiology of RBD is presented in relation to the Braak staging system for Parkinson’s disease, in which the topography and temporal sequence of synuclein pathology in the brain could explain the evolution of parkinsonism and/or dementia well after the onset of RBD.
  • #3 Pathophysiology of REM sleep behavior disorder – VJNeurology
    https://www.vjneurology.com/video/p075w1vbv0m-pathophysiology-of-rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/
    REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a REM parasomnia characterised by dream enactment behavior. […] Experts believe that degeneration in the pre-locus coeruleus causes disinhibition of spinal motor neurons during REM sleep, which causes the dream enactment behavior that is seen in patients.
  • #4 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534239/
    There are 2 systems involved in normal REM sleep; one generates muscle atonia and the other suppresses motor-skeletal activity. Muscle atonia involves active inhibition by neurons in the medulla. Locomotion involves input from the forebrain, and the thalamus influences spinal motor neurons. Several brainstem pontine regions have been implicated in RBD pathophysiology including the peri-locus coeruleus region, pedunculo-pontine nucleus (PPN), and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN). Supra-spinal mechanism handles REM atonia. During REM sleep, nuclei from the pons excite neurons in the medulla, which then transmit descending inhibitory projections to spinal alpha motor-neurons resulting in hyperpolarization and muscle atonia. It is the disinhibition of these neurons that leads to muscle activity during the REM stage of sleep.
  • #5 REM sleep behavior disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352920
    Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep sometimes called dream-enacting behavior. […] The onset of REM sleep behavior disorder is often gradual and it can get worse with time. […] REM sleep behavior disorder may be associated with other neurological conditions, such as Lewy body dementia (also called dementia with Lewy bodies), Parkinson’s disease or multiple system atrophy. […] Nerve pathways in the brain that prevent muscles from moving are active during normal REM or dreaming sleep, resulting in temporary paralysis of your body. In REM sleep behavior disorder, these pathways no longer work and you may physically act out your dreams.
  • #6 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28330
    There are 2 systems involved in normal REM sleep; one generates muscle atonia and the other suppresses motor-skeletal activity. Muscle atonia involves active inhibition by neurons in the medulla. […] Several brainstem pontine regions have been implicated in RBD pathophysiology including the peri-locus coeruleus region, pedunculo-pontine nucleus (PPN), and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN). […] During REM sleep, nuclei from the pons excite neurons in the medulla, which then transmit descending inhibitory projections to spinal alpha motor-neurons resulting in hyperpolarization and muscle atonia. It is the disinhibition of these neurons that leads to muscle activity during the REM stage of sleep.
  • #7 From mechanisms to future therapy: a synopsis of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder as early synuclein-related disease | Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full Text
    https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-025-00809-0
    Among these symptoms is RBD, that occurs as a prodromal feature in 30-50% of PD, 50% of DLB and 50% of MSA patients. […] Despite its clinical importance, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying RBD remains incomplete. […] Given that loss of REM sleep atonia defines RBD, the brainstem circuits responsible for REM sleep atonia are likely implicated in its pathophysiology. […] The core of these circuits includes the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD; called the subcoeruleus nucleus in humans) and the gigantocellular and magnocellular nuclei in the ventral medulla. […] While the exact cause of dysfunction in REM atonia-regulating neurons is unclear, the notion that RBD is a prodromal stage of synucleinopathies implies synucleinopathic degeneration. […] Correspondingly, post-mortem examination of four iRBD patient brains revealed -syn inclusions and neuronal loss in areas corresponding to the SLD and vM.
  • #8 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188651-overview
    Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the loss of normal voluntary muscle atonia during REM sleep, in association with complex motor behavior while dreaming. […] The precise etiology and neural structures involved in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) are unknown. Based on animal (cats, rats), lesional, and neuropathologic studies, sleep-regulating nuclei, particularly the pontine tegmentum, are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of RBD. Also, a complex interplay of various neurochemical systems, such as the noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic systems, seems to exist in the pathogenesis of the condition. […] In fact, studies have suggested that RBD may be associated with alpha-synuclein-mediated degeneration of sleep-regulating nuclei in the brainstem, particularly the pontine tegmentum.
  • #9 REM sleep behaviour disorder | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0016-5
    Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia that is characterized by loss of muscle atonia during REM sleep (known as REM sleep without atonia, or RSWA) and abnormal behaviours occurring during REM sleep, often as dream enactments that can cause injury. […] RSWA and RBD are now recognized as manifestations of an -synucleinopathy; most older adults with idiopathic RBD will eventually develop an overt neurodegenerative syndrome. […] In the future, studies will likely evaluate neuroprotective therapies in patients with idiopathic RBD to prevent or delay -synucleinopathy-related motor and cognitive decline. […] A key cohort study showing that most patients with iRBD developed a Lewy body disorder such as PD or DLB with time. […] This is the largest series of PSG-confirmed and probable RBD cases undergoing autopsy and shows a strong association of RBD with -synucleinopathies.
  • #10 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188651-overview
    In essence, RBD may be the prodrome of neurodegenerative disease, such as diffuse Lew body (DLB) disease or Parkinson disease. […] Based on findings from sleep studies, most individuals (50%) with initially idiopathic RBD will eventually develop a neurodegenerative disease. RBD is thought to be a prodromal marker of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies and is present in a majority of patients with Parkinson disease (50%), multiple system atrophy (80-90%), dementia with Lewy bodies (80%).
  • #11 From mechanisms to future therapy: a synopsis of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder as early synuclein-related disease | Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full Text
    https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-025-00809-0
    Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy are synucleinopathies, characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis and the abnormal deposition of -synuclein in vulnerable areas of the nervous system. […] The isolated form of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a parasomnia with dream enactment behaviors and excessive muscle activity during REM sleep, is an early stage synucleinopathy. […] RBD pathophysiology is not fully clarified yet, but clinical and basic science suggest that -syn pathology begins in the lower brainstem where REM atonia circuits are located, including the sublaterodorsal tegmental/subcoeruleus nucleus and the ventral medulla, then propagates rostrally to brain regions such as the substantia nigra, limbic system, cortex. […] The synucleinopathies have a prodromal period of many years where the neuropathological process (e.g., deposits of mis-folded -syn), has started and where some symptoms occur before the onset of the cardinal symptoms which define these diseases (i.e., dementia, parkinsonism and dysautonomia).
  • #12 REM sleep behaviour disorder More than just a parasomnia
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2013/november/rem-sleep-behaviour-disorder
    In REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), there is a loss of this muscle atonia where patients are able to act out their dreams, which can result in serious injury to the patient and their bed partner. […] Current animal models have suggested that RBD may be related to lesions of the REM sleep-regulating nuclei in the brainstem, especially within the pontine tegmentum and medial medulla. […] There is now strong evidence that RBD is linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, which are collectively known as the synucleinopathies. […] Longitudinal studies have shown that the risk of the idiopathic form of RBD (iRBD) converting to a Parkinsonian disorder varies from 40-80% over a 5-15 year period. […] RBD has a transient and a chronic form, the latter being idiopathic or associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
  • #12 REM sleep behaviour disorder More than just a parasomnia
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2013/november/rem-sleep-behaviour-disorder
    As mentioned above, RBD will often predate the onset of the motor symptoms in PD but not all patients report this symptom, or may only develop it later in the course of the neurodegenerative process. […] Secondary RBD has been associated with narcolepsy whilst transient RBD has been reported in several neurological and toxic conditions such as lower brainstem lesions or Guillain-Barr syndrome, alcohol withdrawal and antidepressant use. […] The primary goal of treatment is to reduce injury to the patient and their bed partner whilst aiming to reduce unpleasant vivid dreams. […] Current best practice guidelines regard these treatments as Level B recommendations on the basis of limited evidence and clinical consensus.
  • #13
    https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2022/70010/the_significance_of_rapid_eye_movement_sleep.5.aspx
    Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a parasomnia, after being diagnosed, can predict the emergence of an alpha-synuclein-associated neurodegenerative disease (NDD) in 20-45% and 92% of patients within 5 and 14 years, respectively. […] The term iRBD is ill-suited as it has been studied to be a manifestation of early-stage alpha-synuclein linked NDDs such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). […] The latent period between iRBD and its phenoconversion into PD, LDB, MSA is around 10 years. […] Considering the well-established association of RBD with synucleinopathies as its predecessor and long-term predictor, there have not been enough studies investigating the potential neuroprotective therapies that can be instituted to halt its progression into overt synucleinopathies.
  • #14 From mechanisms to future therapy: a synopsis of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder as early synuclein-related disease | Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full Text
    https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-025-00809-0
    These data support the hypothesis that syn-mediated degeneration of REM atonia circuits causes RBD. […] In summary, clinical and basic science evidence suggest that -syn pathology begins in the lower brainstem where REM atonia circuits are located, then propagates rostrally to brain regions (e.g., substantia nigra, limbic system, cortex) classically associated with PD and DLB.
  • #15 SciELO Brasil – REM sleep behavior disorder: update on diagnosis and management REM sleep behavior disorder: update on diagnosis and management
    https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/NyW6ysTnXjDj8kRrWFKmyLp/
    The abnormal deposition of this protein in brainstem structures, particularly in the medulla oblongata and pontine transition, leads to the formation of intraneuronal inclusion bodies called Lewy bodies and the RBD clinical manifestations. […] There is an increasing body of evidence that suggests that most cases of isolated RBD are associated with asymptomatic alpha-synucleinopathies.
  • #16 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28330
    RBD occurs because of the failure to inhibit spinal motor neurons during REM sleep. A strong association between RBD and the future development of a neurodegenerative disorder has been well established. […] Neurodegenerative disorders linked to alpha-synuclein positive intracellular inclusions, for example, parkinsonism, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are associated with alpha-synucleinopathies. Nuclei in the pons control REM sleep. Lesions in pons can lead to the development of these synucleinopathies and RBD. […] A progressive degeneration of these nuclei may explain the RBD as a prodrome before the full onset of the disease spectrum. Neuroimaging studies have shown progressive dopaminergic abnormalities in patients with RBD. […] Dopaminergic agents like antidepressants may, therefore, worsen RBD. In narcolepsy, about 50% of patients may manifest RBD. Lack of orexin in narcolepsy may fail to stabilize REM sleep and results in a lack of muscle atonia during REM sleep.
  • #17 Neurochemical Features of Rem Sleep Behaviour Disorder
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/9/880
    Dopaminergic deficiency, shown by many studies using functional neuroimaging with Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), is the most consistent neurochemical feature of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and, together with transcranial ultrasonography, and determination of alpha-synuclein in certain tissues, should be considered as a reliable marker for the phenoconversion of idiopathic RBD (iRBD) to a synucleopathy (Parkinson’s disease –PD- or Lewy body dementia -LBD). […] The possible role in the pathogenesis of RBD of other neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, acetylcholine, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters; hormones such as melatonin, and proinflammatory factors have also been suggested by recent reports.
  • #17 Neurochemical Features of Rem Sleep Behaviour Disorder
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/9/880
    Finally, the results of structural and functional MRI suggest the presence of structural changes in deep gray matter nuclei, cortical gray matter atrophy, and alterations in the functional connectivity within the basal ganglia, the cortico-striatal, and the cortico-cortical networks, but they should be considered as preliminary.
  • #18 Neurophysiological Aspects of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A Narrative Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/12/1588
    REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) is the polysomnographic (PSG) hallmark of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a feature essential for the diagnosis of this condition. […] First, we describe the complex neural network underlying REM sleep and its muscle atonia, focusing on the disordered mechanisms leading to RSWA. […] Brainstem lesions due to neurodegeneration, demyelination, tumors, or ischemic injury may cause RSWA and lead to secondary RBD. […] The first animal model of RBD was described by Michael Jouvet, who found that physical lesions of the dorsal pontine tegmentum interneurons caused abnormal motor behavior during REM sleep in cats, mimicking those observed in human RBD. […] Postmortem analysis of brains from patients with iRBD showed neural loss, gliosis, Lewy bodies, and neurite deposition in the brain areas involved in controlling REM sleep, such as SLD and VMM.
  • #19 Neurophysiological Aspects of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A Narrative Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/12/1588
    In conclusion, the SLD nucleus, and namely its glutamatergic REM-on neurons, is the brain region that triggers REM sleep atonia by stimulating the VMM and the spinal interneurons that directly inhibit motor neurons by GABA-and glycinergic projections. SLD and VMM constitute the so-called “REM sleep atonia circuit”, and lesions in this area prevent REM sleep paralysis. […] Overall, the electrophysiological evidence reviewed here converges on the hypothesis that RBD can modify the global neurochemical balance in areas of the central nervous system broader than the specific atonia-generating brainstem circuitry, providing a dynamic model of interaction between the brainstem and both the rostral and caudal CNS structures.
  • #20 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: modern concept and Parkinson’s disease correlation – Khasanova – Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology
    https://annaly-nevrologii.com/journal/pathID/article/view/980
    It is not definitively known whether RBD is caused by an imbalance originating in the glutamatergic SubC/PC or downstream in the GABA/Glycinergic VMM, though animal studies suggest the latter is more likely. […] This brainstem function disorder does not exist in isolation. […] Therefore, one of the key challenges in treating RBD derives from uncertainty about the underlying pathology and the extent of dysfunction throughout the brain. […] It should be mentioned that the development of RBD in the prodromal phase of PD corresponds to the neurodegeneration concept proposed by H. Braak et al. […] However, RBD may not be observed in all patients with -synucleinopathy, and this is likely to reflect variability in the topographic onset and progression of neurodegeneration in patients. […] Some evidence suggests that PD associated with RBD is phenotypically different from PD without RBD.
  • #21 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder
    Another proposed explanation for the increased cognitive decline seen in PD-RBD, is due to alterations in neurotransmitter systems. In particular, greater cholinergic denervation in PD patients with RBD compared to those without. This difference is seen particularly in brain structures like the basal forebrain, an area implicated in both cognition and the regulation of REM sleep and muscle tone through interactions with brainstem nuclei. The increased cholinergic denervation is proposed to appear in the third phase of Braak staging, in which Lewy body pathology in a PD brain appears in the basal forebrain and is thought to cause the reduction in cholinergic neurotransmitters. Thus, cholinergic reduction could play a key role in the pathogenesis of RBD in PD and the cognitive impairment found in these patients, making this a potential marker for a specific cognitive subset of PD.
  • #22 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder
    A reduction in grey matter volume and cortical thinning, especially in the frontal cortex and inferior parietal lobe of the brain, have also been proposed as the potential cause of PD-RBD. Due to the link of cortical and subcortical brain regions in these areas with cognition and REM sleep. The left insular cortex in particular has shown much greater levels of cortical thinning in PD-RBD compared to PD without RBD. An area of the brain considered an integrating hub of higher-level cognitive processes with social-emotional and sensorimotor functioning.
  • #23 Reorganization of intrinsic functional connectivity in early-stage Parkinson’s disease patients with probable REM sleep behavior disorder | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-023-00617-7
    REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) symptoms in Parkinsons disease (PD) suggest both a clinically and pathologically malignant subtype. […] The underlying pathophysiology for RBD in PD remains incompletely understood, especially in early disease stages. A postmortem study revealed more diffuse and severe deposition of -synuclein pathology in PD patients with RBD. […] The observation of altered whole-brain functional networks and its correlation with cognitive function in PD+pRBD suggest reorganization of the intrinsic functional connectivity to maintain the brain function in the early stage of the disease. […] In early PD patients, the presence of RBD was associated with significantly decreased global efficiency. […] The PD+pRBD exhibited significantly altered global and local brain topological properties compared to healthy controls.
  • #24
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11910-007-0013-7
    REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by the absence of REM atonia, permitting the appearance of dream-enacting behaviors. […] Longitudinal follow-up has shown that the majority of individuals with RBD will eventually develop additional signs and symptoms of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, most notably one of the synucleinopathies (Parkinsons disease, dementia with Lewy body disease, multiple system atrophy, or pure autonomic failure), often after a prolonged interval lasting more than 10 years. […] RBD may be induced by medications, especially the tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors. […] Lai YY, Siegel JM: Physiological and anatomical link between Parkinson-like disease and REM sleep behavior disorder. […] Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD, et al.: Decreased striatal dopaminergic innervation in REM sleep behavior disorder. […] Eisensehr I, Linke R, Tatsch K, et al.: Increased muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep correlates with decrease of striatal presynaptic dopamine transporters. […] Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Chervin R, et al.: REM sleep behavior disorder is related to striatal monoaminergic deficit in MSA.
  • #25 REM sleep behavior disorder: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/247730
    REM sleep behavior disorder involves unusual actions or behaviors during the rapid eye movement sleep phase. […] The exact cause of RBD is unclear. […] On occasion, RBD may be an adverse reaction to certain medications and may occur during drug withdrawal. […] Evidence has linked RBD with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and this sleep issue can occur in people who have recently experienced trauma. […] About 38 percent of people with RBD might develop other neurological diseases such as Parkinsons disease, Lewy body dementia or multiple systems atrophy. […] Sometimes the RBD can occur 50 years prior to symptoms of other neurological diseases. […] The movements involved in RBD may grow more violent over time. […] If examination does not highlight an underlying cause, medication can help to control symptoms, and there are usually no complications.
  • #26 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Psychiatric Populations
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder-psychiatric-populations/
    REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Psychiatric Populations […] Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by a loss of REM-related muscle atonia and abnormal motor activities during REM sleep with consequent sleep-related injuries. It has been increasingly reported among psychiatric populations and has a potential association with use of psychotropics, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), tricyclic, and serotonin and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressants. […] A previous case report found that cessation of SSRI treatment did not result in complete resolution of clinical RBD symptoms and polysomnographic (PSG) abnormalities. […] Our study suggested a possible synergistic mechanism of serotonergic antidepressants in precipitating RBD symptoms by modulation of the dream mechanism and REM sleep-related muscle atonia. Previous postulation of the mechanism focused on the effects of antidepressants on REM-related muscle atonia, including enhancement of EMG activities by SSRIs during REM sleep. However, both our study and a previous study found that REM-related muscle atonia was not completely restored after withdrawal of the antidepressants. […] Nonetheless, subtle dopaminergic transmission disturbance could not be excluded, and further neuroimaging study will be needed. […] In addition, nightmares have been closely associated with mental states and psychiatric disorders (especially depression and posttraumatic stress disorder). In this regard, further study will be needed to examine the etiologic role of nightmares in both typical and atypical RBD as well as their associations with mental states and antidepressants.
  • #27 Current understanding of the pathophysiology of RBD – VJNeurology
    https://www.vjneurology.com/video/9uutsrofxcs-current-understanding-of-the-pathophysiology-of-rbd/
    Alberto Ramos, MD, FAAN, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, shares an overview of what is understood about the pathophysiology of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD is a sleep disorder in which patients physically and vocally act out vivid dreams. […] Early deposition of -synuclein in the brain stem damages certain nuclei and doesnt allow REM atonia to persist in REM sleep allowing patients to act out their dreams. […] Besides being associated with -synucleinopathies, RBD is also observed in patients with severe sleep apnea or narcolepsy.
  • #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Understanding-REM-Sleep-Behavior-Disorder.aspx
    The circuits that control REM sleep in the caudal brainstem are synonymous with the region where -synuclein (-syn) pathology and other forms of neurodegenerative disease are known to begin. […] Genetic research is likewise limited thus far, but in some cases, there is thought to be a connection between RBD and glucose-encephalo-glucosidase (GBA) mutation. RBD has also been linked to the rapidly progressive and usually fatal neurological disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), also commonly known as „mad cow disease,” whose pathogenesis is linked to the accumulation of misfolded prion proteins.
  • #29 OBM Geriatrics | The Relationship between Rem Sleep Behaviour Disorder and Parkinson’s Disease Revisited – Are They One and the Same?
    https://www.lidsen.com/journals/geriatrics/geriatrics-07-01-223
    This paper reviews the relationship between RBD and PD and the pathophysiology. Most RBD patients develop PD within 14 years. PD pathophysiology is -synucleinopathy with dopamine degeneration in nigrostriatal pathways. RBD pathology is poorly understood. […] RBD is identified as being present in as much as half the PD population. The pathophysiology of RBD is less well understood but the hypothesis is that inhibitory projection from the pontine sublaterodorsal nucleus to the spinal cord degenerates which results in withdrawal of the normal paralysis of skeletal muscles that occurs during REM sleep. […] RBD is associated with mutations in the gene encoding for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA gene). There is also an association between mutations of the GBA gene and PD. This common association suggests that a patient who has both RDB and GBA gene mutation has a much greater predictive risk of developing PD and the combination of both RBD and the GBA gene mutation may offer significant predictive value for anticipating the development of PD.
  • #30 Clinical trials in REM sleep behavioural disorder: challenges and opportunities | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/7/740
    The rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder (RBD) population is an ideal study population for testing disease-modifying treatments for synucleinopathies, since RBD represents an early prodromal stage of synucleinopathy when neuropathology may be more responsive to treatment. […] While clonazepam and melatonin are most commonly used as symptomatic treatments for RBD, clinical trials of symptomatic treatments are also needed to identify evidence-based treatments. […] A comprehensive framework for both disease-modifying and symptomatic treatment trials in RBD is described, including potential treatments in the pipeline, cost-effective participant recruitment and selection, study design, outcomes and dissemination of results. […] For disease-modifying treatment clinical trials, the recommended primary outcome is phenoconversion to an overt synucleinopathy, and stratification features should be used to select a study population at high risk of phenoconversion, to enable more rapid clinical trials.
  • #31 Clinical Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
    https://www.e-jsm.org/journal/view.php?number=194
    Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is currently considered as a prodromal stage of -synucleinopathies neurodegeneration. The update data suggested that over 80% patients with idiopathic RBD eventually developed neurodegenerative disease after a mean of 14 years interval from the onset of RBD. A series of potential biomarkers have been identified to predict the development of neurodegeneration in idiopathic RBD, including olfactory loss, color vision deficit, depression, mild cognitive impairment, excessive daytime sleepiness, dopamine dysfunction, and tonic electromyographic activity. Early recognition of the predictive markers of neurodegeneration in idiopathic RBD is essential for development of intervention or prevention strategies at the presymptomatic stage. […] A recent follow-up study reported that over 80% patients with idiopathic RBD eventually developed neurodegenerative disease after a mean of 14-year interval from the onset of RBD.
  • #32 Neurodegenerative Disorder Risk in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Study in 174 Patients | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089741
    The investigation of patients with IRBD offers a unique opportunity to obtain information of the aetiology, pathogenesis and progression of the prodromal stage of the synucleinopathies. In IRBD, clinical, neuroimaging, biochemical, proteomic and genetic studies will help to better understand the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and to design interventions with potential disease modifying properties. […] Our findings indicate that there is a strong and specific association of IRBD with PD and DLB, and that this parasomnia can be considered in most cases a prodromal manifestation.
  • #33 REM sleep behavior disorder: motor manifestations and pathophysiology. – Inserm – Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale
    https://inserm.hal.science/inserm-00684707/
    Patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) enact violent dreams during REM sleep in the absence of normal muscle atonia. […] Notably, parkinsonism disappears during RBD-associated complex behaviors in patients with Parkinson’s disease and with multiple system atrophy, suggesting that the upper motor stream bypasses the basal ganglia during REM sleep. […] Longitudinal studies show that idiopathic RBD predisposes patients to later develop Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and, more rarely, multiple system atrophy, with a rate of conversion of 46% within 5 years. […] Patients with idiopathic RBD have higher and faster risk for conversion to Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies if abnormalities in dopamine transporter imaging, transcranial sonography, olfaction, and color vision are found at baseline.
  • #34 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24465-rem-sleep-behavior-disorder-rbd
    Researchers think that certain antidepressants can cause RBD due to imbalances in dopamine and serotonin (neurotransmitters), which are involved in REM sleep. […] The most important implication of RBD is its association with neurological conditions, particularly Parkinsons disease, multiple system atrophy and Lewy body dementia. More and more research suggests that RBD can be one of the earliest warning signs of these conditions. […] RBD can cause serious injury to you and/or your bed partner, so its important to seek treatment.
  • #35 OBM Geriatrics | The Relationship between Rem Sleep Behaviour Disorder and Parkinson’s Disease Revisited – Are They One and the Same?
    https://www.lidsen.com/journals/geriatrics/geriatrics-07-01-223
    RBD pathophysiology in patients with PD is multi-systematic impacting on brain regions beyond being restricted to the dopaminergic pathways. These combined findings suggest that VMAT2 and general striatal dopamine denervation may not be a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of RBD in patients with PD. […] There is no convincing evidence that symptomatic treatment of RBD affects the neurodegenerative outcomes and hence the development of PD and any hypothesis that RBD itself accelerates neurodegeneration, maybe via interruption of normal sleep patterns, lacks sufficient supportive evidence.
  • #36 REM sleep behaviour disorder: the importance of early identification in primary care | British Journal of General Practice
    https://bjgp.org/content/73/726/40
    While there remains uncertainty around iRBD and its association with different types of NDD, it is clear that iRBD is a prodrome of neurodegeneration. This means there is an opportunity for dementia risk reduction through managing potentially modifiable dementia risk factors. GPs therefore play a vital role in recognising potential iRBD and applying preventive medicine approaches with the aim of trying to alter iRBD trajectories.
  • #37 REM sleep behavior disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352925
    REM sleep behavior disorder can be the first indication of development of a neurodegenerative disease, such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy or dementia with Lewy bodies. So if you develop REM sleep behavior disorder, it’s important to follow up with your doctor. […] Doctors continue to study several other medications that may treat REM sleep behavior disorder. Talk with your doctor to determine the most appropriate treatment option for you.