Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] The exact etiology of illness anxiety disorder remains largely unknown. However, multiple risk factors have been implicated in the development of this disorder. […] People with IAD may be uncomfortable experiencing normal body sensations, and they may label the subtle bodily changes as pathological. […] If a person is raised in a family where health anxieties are frequently discussed or if parents were disproportionately concerned about health-related issues, IAD may develop.

• #2 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] The exact etiology of illness anxiety disorder remains largely unknown. However, multiple risk factors have been implicated in the development of this disorder. […] People with IAD may be uncomfortable experiencing normal body sensations, and they may label the subtle bodily changes as pathological. […] If a person is raised in a family where health anxieties are frequently discussed or if parents were disproportionately concerned about health-related issues, IAD may develop.

• #3 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] The exact etiology of illness anxiety disorder remains largely unknown. However, multiple risk factors have been implicated in the development of this disorder. […] People with IAD may be uncomfortable experiencing normal body sensations, and they may label the subtle bodily changes as pathological. […] If a person is raised in a family where health anxieties are frequently discussed or if parents were disproportionately concerned about health-related issues, IAD may develop.

• #4 Illness anxiety disorder | Symptoms, Treatment & Causes | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/illness-anxiety-disorder

  illness anxiety disorder, mental disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with illness and a tendency to fear or believe that one has a serious disease on the basis of the presence of insignificant physical signs or symptoms. Illness anxiety disorder is thought to be derived from the misinterpretation of normal bodily functions and cues, thereby precipitating health-related anxiety. […] Clinical diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder is based on the persistence of illness-related fears and associated behaviour for six or more months. […] Illness anxiety disorder is distinguished from other psychosomatic illnesses by its core feature of fear of having or contracting a disease, as opposed to concern about symptoms (as in somatic symptom disorder), concern about physical appearance (as in body dysmorphic disorder), or disturbances in motor or sensory functions (as in conversion disorder).

• #5 Illness anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having or developing a serious, undiagnosed general medical disease. The patient’s distress comes primarily from an unfounded fear of having a disease rather than physical symptoms, and persists despite appropriate physical examination and laboratory testing that are negative. Physical symptoms are not present, or they are minimal and often represent a misperception of normal bodily sensations. Illness anxiety disorder is usually chronic. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. […] Illness anxiety disorder was derived in part from the diagnosis of hypochondriasis, which does not exist in DSM-5-TR. According to DSM-5-TR, patients previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis are nearly always diagnosed with either somatic symptom disorder (if physical complaints are prominent) or illness anxiety disorder (if physical complaints are minimal or nonexistent).

• #6 Illness anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-assessment-and-diagnosis/print

  Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having or developing a serious, undiagnosed general medical disease. The patient’s distress comes primarily from an unfounded fear of having a disease rather than physical symptoms, and persists despite appropriate physical examination and laboratory testing that are negative. Physical symptoms are not present, or they are minimal and often represent a misperception of normal bodily sensations. Illness anxiety disorder is usually chronic. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. […] Illness anxiety disorder was derived in part from the diagnosis of hypochondriasis, which does not exist in DSM-5-TR.

• #7 Illness Anxiety Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290955-overview

  Neurochemical deficits associated with illness anxiety disorder appear similar to those of mood and anxiety disorders. For example, Hollander et al posited an „obsessive-compulsive spectrum” to include hypochondriasis, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), anorexia nervosa, and Tourette syndrome, all of which were believed to have similarities in responsiveness to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and to demonstrate „hyperactivity” in areas of the frontal lobes. […] Another article highlights the effectiveness of fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a mainstay in the treatment of OCD, as effective in the treatment of hypochondriasis although this is considered second-line treatment after psychotherapy, or offlabel use. […] While the formulation of obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum disorders was adopted by the DSM-5, this new clustering does not include illness anxiety disorder. It does include: OCD, BDD, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder, and other related disorders that are substance induced or due to another medical condition. In addition, encountering a patient with more than one of the anxiety spectrum disorders comorbid with illness anxiety disorder is not unusual. Findings of neurochemical deficits in patients with illness anxiety disorder are only preliminary, but such deficits may explain why symptoms overlap, why the disorders are commonly comorbid, and why effective treatments for OC spectrum disorders are also effective for illness anxiety disorder (eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]).

• #8 Pathogenesis of Anxiety Disorders | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/pathogenesis-of-anxiety-disorders/pathogenesis-of-anxiety-disorders-2/

  Stress hormones interact with brain and body in various complicated mechanisms […] Activation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis […] Predisposition to anxiety: Imbalance and/or abnormal functioning of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) […] Other biological theories (under investigation) […] Chronic activation of stress hormones over time causes death of neurons in the hippocampus […] Hippocampus and Cingulate Gyrus abnormally process threat […] Ability of hippocampus to normally integrate environmental stimuli is further compromised […] Measurable ? in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF) […] BDNF value correlates with the degree of neuronal loss in the hippocampus.

• #9

  https://step2.medbullets.com/psychiatry/120632/generalized-anxiety-disorder

  unclear but mediators of anxiety in the brain appear to be norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and GABA […] some patients may also have genetic predisposition to anxiety

• #10 Illness Anxiety Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290955-overview

  In a study of biological markers, subjects who met DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for hypochondriasis had decreased plasma neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) levels and platelet serotonin (5-HT) levels, compared to healthy control subjects. NT-3 is a marker of neuronal function and platelet 5-HT is a surrogate marker for serotonergic activity. […] In another study, patients with somatization disorder were found to have significantly lower plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been associated with underlying pathophysiology in conditions including depression and schizophrenia.

• #11 Illness Anxiety Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290955-overview

  In a study of biological markers, subjects who met DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for hypochondriasis had decreased plasma neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) levels and platelet serotonin (5-HT) levels, compared to healthy control subjects. NT-3 is a marker of neuronal function and platelet 5-HT is a surrogate marker for serotonergic activity. […] In another study, patients with somatization disorder were found to have significantly lower plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been associated with underlying pathophysiology in conditions including depression and schizophrenia.

• #12 Pathogenesis of Anxiety Disorders | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/pathogenesis-of-anxiety-disorders/pathogenesis-of-anxiety-disorders-2/

  Stress hormones interact with brain and body in various complicated mechanisms […] Activation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis […] Predisposition to anxiety: Imbalance and/or abnormal functioning of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) […] Other biological theories (under investigation) […] Chronic activation of stress hormones over time causes death of neurons in the hippocampus […] Hippocampus and Cingulate Gyrus abnormally process threat […] Ability of hippocampus to normally integrate environmental stimuli is further compromised […] Measurable ? in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF) […] BDNF value correlates with the degree of neuronal loss in the hippocampus.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2

  Several theories have been proposed to explain the development of health anxiety. The most widely tested theory is based on the cognitive-behavioural model which suggests that individuals with health anxiety tend to misinterpret bodily sensations, often attributing them to serious illness or disease. […] This theoretical model of health anxiety has been subject to empirical investigation, and research broadly supports the components of this model. […] It is proposed that these beliefs contribute to catastrophic misinterpretations of the significance of health-related stimuli, such as bodily sensations or changes in bodily functions or appearance, leading to intense anxiety. […] There has been a lack of research examining the neurobiological basis for IAD and health anxiety more broadly.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2

  Several theories have been proposed to explain the development of health anxiety. The most widely tested theory is based on the cognitive-behavioural model which suggests that individuals with health anxiety tend to misinterpret bodily sensations, often attributing them to serious illness or disease. […] This theoretical model of health anxiety has been subject to empirical investigation, and research broadly supports the components of this model. […] It is proposed that these beliefs contribute to catastrophic misinterpretations of the significance of health-related stimuli, such as bodily sensations or changes in bodily functions or appearance, leading to intense anxiety. […] There has been a lack of research examining the neurobiological basis for IAD and health anxiety more broadly.

• #15 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  This study identified the prevalence of IAD in medical and nursing student samples in Saudi Arabia. Health anxiety among medical students was identified in previous studies done in Croatia and Malaysia. The results are similar to previous local studies that show the prevalence of IAD (hypochondriasis) among medical students. This indicates that medical students are more likely to experience health anxiety and IAD symptoms. Interestingly, the study found a higher prevalence of IAD among nursing students. […] Notably, transient IAD symptoms are common in health sciences students. While these students start learning about diseases yet have an incomplete understanding of them, they may compare their bodily symptoms or even imagined signs, paying selective attention to similarities and overlooking inconsistencies.

• #16 Illness anxiety disorder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder

  Illness anxiety disorder (IAD) is a preoccupation that physical symptoms are signs of a serious illness, even when there is no medical evidence to support the presence of an illness. […] The way people with IAD think about their physical symptoms can make them more likely to have this condition. As they focus on and worry about physical sensations, a cycle of symptoms and worry begins, which can be hard to stop. […] It is important to realize that people with IAD do not purposely create these symptoms. They aren’t able to control the symptoms. […] IAD is different from somatic symptom disorder. With somatic symptom disorder, the person has physical pain or other symptoms, but the medical cause isn’t found. […] Antidepressants can help reduce the worry and physical symptoms of this disorder if talk therapy has not been effective or only partially effective. […] The disorder is usually long-term (chronic), unless psychological factors or mood and anxiety disorders are treated.

• #17 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] The exact etiology of illness anxiety disorder remains largely unknown. However, multiple risk factors have been implicated in the development of this disorder. […] People with IAD may be uncomfortable experiencing normal body sensations, and they may label the subtle bodily changes as pathological. […] If a person is raised in a family where health anxieties are frequently discussed or if parents were disproportionately concerned about health-related issues, IAD may develop.

• #18 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] The exact etiology of illness anxiety disorder remains largely unknown. However, multiple risk factors have been implicated in the development of this disorder. […] People with IAD may be uncomfortable experiencing normal body sensations, and they may label the subtle bodily changes as pathological. […] If a person is raised in a family where health anxieties are frequently discussed or if parents were disproportionately concerned about health-related issues, IAD may develop.

• #19 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  A person might be at increased risk of developing IAD if they experienced serious illness in their childhood or their parent(s) or siblings suffered from a serious medical condition. […] People with underlying anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder) are also at an increased risk of developing IAD. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis of exclusion. A comprehensive medical examination and appropriate testing according to the patient’s symptoms should be conducted to exclude organic diseases before diagnosing a patient with IAD. […] A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties.

• #20 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554399/

  A person might be at increased risk of developing IAD if they experienced serious illness in their childhood or their parent(s) or siblings suffered from a serious medical condition. […] People with underlying anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder) are also at an increased risk of developing IAD. […] If a person spends an exorbitant amount of time reviewing health-related materials on the internet, he or she may be at an increased risk of developing IAD. […] A diagnosis of IAD is typically first speculated by primary care physicians when despite a normal physical examination, laboratory investigations, and repetitive assurances, the patients continue to have a severe disabling preoccupation and anxiety about an underlying serious medical condition. […] The presence of a general medical condition does not preclude a diagnosis of IAD. A general medical illness and IAD can be comorbid diagnoses. When a medical disorder is present, IAD is considered when health-related anxieties/preoccupations are out of proportion or excessive relative to the general medical disease.

• #21 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. Often for older individuals, health-related anxiety may focus on the fear of losing their memory. […] Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include: A time of major life stress, Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious, History of abuse as a child, A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness, Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier, Excessive health-related internet use. […] Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with: Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others, Work-related performance problems or excessive absences, Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability, Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills, Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder.

• #22 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  This study also highlights the percentage of students who visited doctors at least once in the past six months. It was observed in this study that more medical students had seen or consulted their doctors than nursing students. […] There is a positive correlation between health anxiety and increased student visits to medical doctors during the past six months. However, the study showed that medical students scored less than nursing students concerning health anxiety after visits to medical doctors. […] This study has shown that a small fraction of medical and nursing students have addictions. Although only a small fraction of students admitted to having addictions, this fraction had a significantly higher mean score on the SHAI and the IAD Distress Scale. Smoking in the current study was significantly associated with health anxiety.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2

  More research is needed to understand the biological underpinnings of IAD. […] The most widely supported evidence based psychological treatment for health anxiety and IAD is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). […] Evidence from meta-analyses shows that CBT is a highly efficacious and cost-effective treatment for health anxiety, with a moderate to large pooled effect size on health anxiety compared to non-CBT controls, with improvements largely maintained over 12-18 months. […] Although less research has been conducted on other psychological therapies for health anxiety, some evidence also supports the use of third-wave therapies for health anxiety such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). […] Overall, the most significant gap in this field is the limited number of studies utilising the current diagnostic criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder.

• #24 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  Illness anxiety disorder (IAD) is a somatic symptom disorder, previously known as hypochondriasis, characterized by a high level of anxiety and fear and the belief of having or acquiring a serious illness. The affected individual suffers a high level of health anxiety, performs excessive health-related behaviors (e.g., repeatedly checks their body for signs of a disease or illness), and is easily alarmed about their health status. IAD is also known as a Medical student’s disease and health-related anxiety, as it’s prevalent among them. The IAD prevalence among medical students has been reported in countries such as Malaysia, Australia, and India. In general, practice students were 37.2%, 18.6%, and 3.2%, respectively. In Saudi Arabia, a cross-sectional study showed that the overall prevalence of IAD among 400 medical students was 3.4%. Examining IAD in medical students or health professions students, in general, is important as they could develop IAD attributed to the diseases that they are studying or incomplete medical knowledge acquired during their gradual learning process in theoretical or clinical courses as well as exposure to high numbers of diseases and health conditions.

• #25 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  Stress experienced in medical schools and students’ other factors, such as personality and previous mental health problems, may negatively impact their mental health. A recent systematic review of the prevalence rate of anxiety among medical and non-medical students found that Middle Eastern and Asian medical students had the highest prevalence of anxiety. […] These health concerns and sources of stressors may interfere with students’ academic performance. Early prediction of IAD can help minimize the risk factors. It was revealed in a study that medical students who are depressed or lack support from their environment and who communicate less with others tend to feel isolated and withdrawn from others. Thus, healthcare providers, including physicians and nurses in the universities clinics and the instructors, need to be more aware of the student’s struggles to assist them accordingly and avoid any problems in the future.

• #26 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  This study identified the prevalence of IAD in medical and nursing student samples in Saudi Arabia. Health anxiety among medical students was identified in previous studies done in Croatia and Malaysia. The results are similar to previous local studies that show the prevalence of IAD (hypochondriasis) among medical students. This indicates that medical students are more likely to experience health anxiety and IAD symptoms. Interestingly, the study found a higher prevalence of IAD among nursing students. […] Notably, transient IAD symptoms are common in health sciences students. While these students start learning about diseases yet have an incomplete understanding of them, they may compare their bodily symptoms or even imagined signs, paying selective attention to similarities and overlooking inconsistencies.

• #27 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  In conclusion, the study showed that nursing students in Saudi Arabia have high IAD symptoms compared to medical students. The findings are unexpected but show that nursing students are also susceptible to developing anxiety-related issues or IAD symptoms. Both nursing and medical faculty should be aware of the negative impact of stress on students, academic achievements, and future careers.

• #28 Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondria): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9886-illness-anxiety-disorder-hypochondria-hypochondriasis

  Unfortunately, theres no known prevention against illness anxiety disorder. But getting support from medical and mental health professionals and loved ones (family, friends, etc.) may help reduce the severity of your symptoms and help you cope with the disorder. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a chronic (ongoing) condition. You may go through periods where you have little or no health anxiety and then it returns. You can take steps to keep illness anxiety disorder symptoms in check.

• #29 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition. […] The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. […] Illness anxiety disorder may significantly interfere with a patient’s personal life and relationships. It prevents the patient from normal functioning in their daily life and may cause severe disability.

• #30 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554399/

  The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. […] Illness anxiety disorder may significantly interfere with a patient’s personal life and relationships. It prevents the patient from normal functioning in their daily life and may cause severe disability. […] Patient education is the single most fundamental part of the successful management of IAD. […] It is crucial for general practitioners, internists, and family medicine physicians to be well informed about illness anxiety disorder so that this psychiatric disorder may be recognized and treated appropriately.

• #31 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  IAD may affect a person’s health, self-medication and interpersonal relationships. IAD has been shown to be associated with low life satisfaction and high alexithymia levels in junior nursing students. IAD also may negatively affect the safety of patients and the safety culture in clinical areas and in educational institutions. […] There is a clear need to monitor and implement measures to support students exhibiting health anxiety. The students play a significant role and are essentially the future of the healthcare industry, so they should be valued and assisted in case of need. […] Identifying the prevalence of IAD symptoms in different vulnerable populations could be a great strategic way to develop programs and interventions that may reduce the prevalence and prevent it in the future. It is also important to compare both medical and nursing students to understand the prevalence of IAD among those two groups as previous studies either examine IAD in general students or in a specific specialty area.

• #32 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis of exclusion. A comprehensive medical examination and appropriate testing according to the patient’s symptoms should be conducted to exclude organic diseases before diagnosing a patient with IAD. […] A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties. […] Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition.

• #33 Illness Anxiety Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/illness-anxiety-disorder

  Illness anxiety disorder is preoccupation with and fear of having or acquiring a serious disorder. Diagnosis is confirmed when fears and symptoms (if any) persist for 6 months despite reassurance after a thorough medical evaluation. Treatment includes establishing a consistent, supportive physician-patient relationship; cognitive-behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitors may help. […] The patient’s fears may derive from misinterpreting nonpathologic physical symptoms or normal bodily functions (eg, borborygmi, abdominal bloating and crampy discomfort, awareness of heartbeat, sweating). […] The diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder is based on criteria from the DSM-5-TR, including the following: The patient is preoccupied with having or acquiring a serious illness. The patient has no or minimal somatic symptoms. The patient is highly anxious about health and easily alarmed about personal health issues. The patient repeatedly checks health status or maladaptively avoids doctor appointments and hospitals. The patient has been preoccupied with illness for 6 months, although the specific illness feared may change during that time period. Symptoms are not better accounted for by depression or another psychiatric disorder. […] Treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be helpful, as may cognitive-behavioral therapy.

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