Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Causative organisms include P humanus capitis (head louse), P humanus corporis (body louse), and P pubis (pubic louse) […] Pediculosis capitis is transmitted through direct contact with an infested individual. Head-to-head contact, whether at school, home, or during play, can lead to a lice infestation; personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness do not contribute to the risk. There is no correlation between head lice and low socioeconomic status. […] Risk factors for body lice infestation include close, crowded living situations (eg, crowded buses and trains, prison camps) and infrequent washing and/or changing of clothing. P corporis can be acquired via bedding, towels, or clothing recently used by an individual infested with lice; thus, individuals who are homeless, who are impoverished, or who are living in refugee camps are at high risk for infestation.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-head-lice.aspx

  Head lice infestation is caused by a tiny insect called the Pediculus humanus capitis. […] Lice infestation may affect the head, body (by Pediculus humanus variety corporis) and groin (Pthirus pubis). […] Risks of getting infected include overcrowding, closed groups like school children, ill or malnourished patients, poor hygiene etc. […] Girls are more at risk due to closer head-to-head contact. […] Asians and Whites are more at risk. This may be due to warmer weather. […] African Americans are less at risk since their thicker and curlier hair is not optimally suitable for the lice.

• #1 Head lice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20356180

  Head lice are tiny insects that feed on blood from the human scalp. […] A head louse is a tan or grayish insect about the size of a strawberry seed. It feeds on human blood from the scalp. […] Head lice crawl, but they can’t jump or fly. Head lice often spread from one person to another by direct head-to-head contact, often within a family or among children who have close contact at school or play. […] Head lice are spread primarily by direct head-to-head contact. So the risk of spreading head lice is greatest among children who play or go to school together.

• #1 What Are Lice, and Where Do They Come From?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lice-what-are-lice

  The louse (plural: lice) is a parasite that attaches itself to human hair and feeds on human blood. The most prevalent kind of lice is head lice. An infestation with head lice is medically known as Pediculosis capitis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that up to 12 million lice infestations occur every year in the United States. […] Head lice are obligate parasites. This means that they cannot survive without a human host. This species can live only on human hosts, so you cannot get them from your dog, cat, guinea pig, or any other kind of furry pet you may have. […] Body lice are the only kind of lice known to spread disease. […] Lice infestations can happen to anyone, but they are a particular concern for school-age children. Its important to emphasize that poor hygiene such as skipped baths or showers or any other hygiene issue is not typically the cause of head lice.

• #1 Lice – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20374399

  Lice feed on human blood and can be found on the human head, body and pubic area. The female louse produces a sticky substance that firmly attaches each egg to the base of a hair shaft. Eggs hatch in 6 to 9 days. […] You can get lice by coming into contact with either lice or their eggs. Lice can’t jump or fly. They spread through: […] Head-to-head or body-to-body contact. This may occur as children or family members play or interact closely. […] Closely stored belongings. Storing clothing that have lice close together in closets, lockers or on side-by-side hooks at school can spread lice. Lice also can spread when storing personal items such as pillows, blankets, combs and stuffed toys together. […] Items shared among friends or family members. These may include clothing, headphones, brushes, combs, hair accessories, towels, blankets, pillows and stuffed toys.

• #1 Head Lice: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10824-head-lice

  Head lice are tiny, parasitic insects that can live in your hair. They bite your skin to suck your blood and attach their eggs (called nits) to your hair, close to your scalp. […] Head lice usually spread from person to person by direct contact. But they may also spread by sharing items that touch your head (like combs, brushes and hats). […] Adult lice lay eggs near your scalp and glue them to your hair. Five to 10 days later, the lice hatch. Over the next nine to 12 days, they’ll bite you several times to take a meal. They’ll grow into adults and lay more eggs, starting the cycle over again. […] Head lice are mostly harmless and don’t carry diseases. But the itching might make your child scratch their head a lot. This can break the skin and lead to bacterial infections. […] The best way to treat lice is with an over-the-counter or prescription shampoo, lotion or cream that kills them.

• #1 Lice (Head, Body & Pubic)Treatment, Symptoms, Pictures, Home Remedies

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/lice/article_em.htm

  Three different types of lice infest people. […] Head, body, and pubic lice are transmitted person to person. It cannot be transmitted via pets. […] Body-lice infestation is a prominent public health problem in communities with large populations dealing with poverty, overcrowding, and poor personal hygiene. […] The diagnosis of body lice involvement can be made by identifying lice or nits in clothing, bedding, or linens — especially in the seam regions. […] The female life span is slightly shorter (three weeks), and she produces fewer eggs per day (three) than her counterparts. […] Intense itching of the pubic area is characteristic. […] Lice infestation is a uniquely human experience. Lice do not jump or fly from host to host. […] Treatments are more effective in killing lice than nits. This is why combing with nit combs is so important to remove nits — as is repeating the anti-lice treatment in seven to 10 days.

• #1 Head Lice: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/head-lice-causes-and-risk-factors-2633641

  While it’s most common in young children, lice can spread to people of any age. […] African Americans are less likely to have lice. It may be that the claws of the lice are adapted to grasp a hair shaft of a certain size and shape, which is less common among that demographic group. For others, lice can be found in hair of all lengths, short or long, and whether the hair is curly or straight. […] While people often blame sharing hats, combs, brushes, helmets, and even headphones for spreading lice, contact with items that have touched an infested person is usually not problematic. […] Researchers have not found an association between sharing combs, brushes, wall hooks, or lockers and getting lice. […] Parents typically blame other kids at school when their kids get lice, but some lice experts think that kids are more likely to get lice from family members at home or these other situations where head-to-head contact is likely: Sleepovers and slumber parties, Sports activities, Overnight camps.

• #1 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Intimate or sexual contact with an individual who is infested with pubic lice is a common risk factor for pubic lice infestation. Risk factors for infestation of the pubic louse include sexual promiscuity and crowded living conditions. Contact with clothing, bedding, and towels used by an infested individual may occasionally be the cause of infestation. It is a myth that pubic lice are spread by sitting on a toilet seat; pubic lices feet are not designed to walk on smooth surfaces such a toilet seats, and the lice cannot live for long away from a warm human body. […] Because these organisms most often are spread through close or intimate contact, P pubis infestation is classified as an STD.

• #1 Body lice Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/body-lice

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] You can get body lice if you come in direct contact with someone who has lice. You can also get lice from infected clothing, towels, or bedding. […] You are more likely to get body lice if you do not bathe and wash your clothes often or live in close (overcrowded) conditions. Lice are unlikely to last if you: […] By taking the above mentioned steps, body lice can be completely destroyed. […] Because body lice spread easily to others, people you live with and sexual partners need to be treated as well.

• #1 Head Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/head-lice

  Head lice are contagious. You can become infected with head lice when the insects crawl onto your head. Ways you might get head lice include: […] While transmission of lice via inanimate objects may be possible, its been found to be highly unlikely. […] Again, it should be stressed that the biggest concern for transmission is close head-to-head contact occurring mainly in children during play. […] There are some differing opinions on the transmission of head lice via inanimate objects, but the science doesnt seem to support transmission in this manner. […] You can get rid of head lice with the proper treatment. However, you may become reinfected. Reduce that risk by cleaning your house properly and primarily avoiding head-to-head contact with people who have head lice until theyve been treated. […] It may be prudent to not share personal hygiene items with others to reduce your chances of getting head lice, although current evidence doesnt necessarily support this thought.

• #1 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant.

• #1 How do you get lice? Causes and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322485

  Lice spread through physical contact. Children are more likely to contract lice than adults. […] Researchers are unsure where lice originated, but they know that lice have affected primates for at least 25 million years, eventually spreading to humans. […] Lice can also travel on objects that have touched the head. A person may get lice after sharing objects such as hats or towels. […] However, lice cannot survive long without feeding. They must move to a new head within around 24 hours, or they will die. […] Head lice only affect humans, and they will not jump onto pets or other animals.

• #1 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] Both over-the-counter and prescription medications are available to treat head lice in your hair (infestation). […] Itching (pruritus) is the most common symptom of head lice infestation. It is caused by an allergic reaction to louse bites. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice.

• #1 What Is Head Lice? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lice/

  Head lice are tiny, wingless parasitic insects that reside on the scalp, where the temperature is warm, consistent, and very hospitable. […] Contrary to popular belief, head lice cannot fly, jump, or hop, so its uncommon for people to spread lice by sharing belongings such as hats, helmets, and hair brushes. And personal hygiene or lack thereof has nothing to do with getting head lice. […] Instead, direct head-to-head contact is how we transfer lice, says Richard J. Pollack, PhD, a senior environmental public health officer and researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. […] Children ages 3 to 11 get head lice most often. […] Girls have a 2 to 4 times higher chance of becoming infested by lice than boys. […] Black children in the United States have far fewer reported head lice infestations than other ethnic groups, according to a report.

• #1 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/head-lice/pest-notes/

  They cannot live on family pets. […] Head lice reproduce continuously throughout the year. […] Head lice found in the United States prefer hair that is round in cross section. […] Because of this, Afro-textured hair is much less susceptible to lice infestation. […] However, braiding maximizes opportunities for head lice on all kinds of hair. […] The problem can be so significant among preschool and school-aged children that often schools must work together with many families to control an infestation. […] However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays.

• #1 Causes symptoms and treatments of head lice AKA nits – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/kids-teens-health/head-lice-nits/

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), also known as nits (which are actually the eggs of the lice), live, eat and breed on the hair and skin of the human scalp. […] Head lice infestations occur most frequently in school children because they tend to be in close personal contact with each other and to share brushes and combs. […] Head lice are not associated with a lack of cleanliness (in fact, some believe that lice prefer clean hair). […] An active infestation of head lice is diagnosed by looking at the scalp and hair and either finding a live insect on the scalp or finding an egg (a nit) within 1.5 cm of the scalp (older eggs are found more than 1.5 cm from the scalp). […] Unfortunately there is a high degree of resistance to many of the available lice treatments. […] If the lice are resistant to a particular shampoo or lotion, the treatment will need to be repeated with a different formulation.

• #1 About Body Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/body-lice.html

  Body lice are parasites, or insects, that feed on human blood. […] Body lice can spread disease. […] Body lice can spread disease (epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana infection, and epidemic relapsing fever). […] Body lice spread through direct contact with a person who has body lice. […] However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to occur only in people who do not have access to housing, regular bathing, or clean clothes. […] You can treat a body lice infestation by improving personal hygiene. […] Pediculicide, a medicine that can kill lice, is sometimes used for treatment.

• #1 Pubic Lice – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/sexual-health/pubic-lice

  Pubic lice are small insects that can be sexually transmitted. Although they can only live a day or two off the human body, they can occasionally be spread via clothing, towels or linens. […] A number of factors increase the risk of developing pubic lice. Not all people with risk factors will get pubic lice. Risk factors for pubic lice include: High-risk sexual behavior, Multiple sexual partners, Sexual contact with someone who engages in high-risk sexual behavior or who has pubic lice, Sharing clothing, towels or linens with someone who has pubic lice.

• #1 Lice – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20374399

  Contact with furniture that has lice on it. Lying on a bed or sitting in overstuffed, cloth-covered furniture recently used by someone with lice can spread them. Lice can live for 1 to 2 days off the body. […] Sexual contact. Pubic lice usually spread through sexual contact. Pubic lice most commonly affect adults. Pubic lice found on children may be a sign of sexual exposure or abuse.

• #1 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  The efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] Overuse of neurotoxic pediculicides (organophosphates: malathion, carbamate [carbaryl], pyrethrin [chrysanthemum extract]) or pyrethroids (synthetic derivatives: permethrin, phenothrin, deltamethrin) has resulted in resistant populations of head lice on all continents. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] Local treatment suffices for all but exceptional cases of head lice infestation. Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones.

• #1 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  These diseases are caused by bacteria transmitted through body lice bites. […] Body lice infestations are often linked to poor hygiene and overcrowded living conditions. […] Head lice may seem like a minor annoyance, but they have the potential to cause health issues if not addressed promptly. […] Beyond the persistent itching, a hallmark symptom of head lice, they can pave the way for secondary bacterial infections, skin conditions like impetigo, and, in rare instances, may even harbor uncommon pathogens. […] Although head lice themselves don’t directly transmit diseases, they can lead to secondary bacterial infections. […] This scratching can break the skin, creating open sores or abrasions that are susceptible to bacterial infections from staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria.

• #1 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is that body lice transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The prognosis for eradicating body lice infestation is excellent if patients shower regularly and have weekly access to laundered clothing and bedding. […] Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with louse-borne diseases but can be reduced substantially with early recognition and appropriate antibiotic therapy.

• #1 What Is Head Lice? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lice/

  Body lice generally impacts those living in very cramped, crowded conditions who also have poor hygiene. […] Theyre the only type of lice known to spread disease. […] Head lice are small parasitic insects that feed on human blood and can be found on the scalp or in eyelashes, eyebrows, and neck hair.

• #1 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Body lice spread by direct, person-to-person contact. You can also get body lice by sharing clothing, bedding, towels or other linens with someone who has body lice. […] Yes, body lice can spread diseases. Body lice can transmit diseases like: Typhus: A bacterial infection that causes a skin rash, fever and headaches. Trench fever: A bacterial infection that causes fever, weakness, dizziness, headaches and pain in your legs and back. Louse-borne relapsing fever: A bacterial infection that causes recurring fever, nausea and vomiting and muscle pains (myalgia). […] Most people with body lice recover without medication. It may take up to two weeks for your body lice infestation to go away. Nits hatch in one to two weeks and can be killed through proper washing of clothing or bedding in hot water. Adult lice and nymphs will die in one to two days if they cant feed on your blood.

• #1 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Lice (Phthiraptera) are a very diverse group of insects, exclusively adapted to parasitism. […] Lice can be divided into two main groups: sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga). […] Anoplura are important parasites of both humans and animals. […] In humans, louse infestation is known as pediculosis if caused by head or body lice, and as pthiriasis if caused by pubic lice. […] Pediculosis is a contagious parasitic infestation, transmitted from human-to-human by close contact or, in body lice, via infested clothes or bed linen. […] Only those sucking lice with humans as their host species are of relevance to public health. […] Due to their blood feeding behaviour, body lice can transmit a great variety of diseases, such as epidemic typhus (caused by Rickettsia prowazekii), louse-borne relapsing fever (caused by Borrelia recurrentis), or trench fever (caused by Bartonella quintana).

• #1 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Only the body louse is considered to be a vector of human pathogens. […] The diseases transmitted by body lice are usually associated with overcrowded and unsanitary conditions where basic hygiene is lacking and regular washing and changing of clothes is not possible. […] Chewing lice do not play an important role in pathogen transmission. However, some species (i.e. the chewing lice of carnivores) act as an intermediate host for Dipylidium caninum which is transmitted to dogs and cats via ingestion. […] In animals, chewing lice do not have an important vectorial role. However, some species (i.e. the lice of carnivores) are intermediate hosts for Dipylidium caninum which is transmitted to dogs and cats via ingestion.

• #1 Lice and Other School Aged Problems – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/health-topics/lice/

  WHAT IS THE HEAD LOUSE? […] “Head lice cause no medical harm but lice causes an enormous amount of anxiety among parents and teachers at schools,” says Dr. Michael Cater. […] A louse is a small, parasitic animal that lives on the scalp and sucks on small amounts of blood from the host. […] Lice are spread almost exclusively from head-to-head contact and lice infestations are common in schools worldwide, not just those in poor communities. […] 6-12 million Estimated number of lice infestations that occur each year in the U.S. among children ages 3-11 […] 4-6 weeks Time it can take for itching to appear the first time a person gets head lice […] 30 days Amount of time a louse can live on a human head.

• #1 TrustCare | Head Lice Treatment

  https://trustcarehealth.com/blog/head-lice-treatment

  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, head lice infestation is associated with limited morbidity but causes a high level of anxiety among parents of school-aged children. […] The reality of head lice is that the stigmas associated with an infestation is not based in scientific reality. […] While clearly undesirable (and a little unsettling), there are no known diseases or other medical conditions that can be carried by head lice. […] It can happen to anyone!

• #1 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/head-lice/pest-notes/

  The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion. […] Lice infestations are very commonly misdiagnosed, leading to unnecessary treatment with pesticide-containing shampoos. […] Head lice which are resistant to the active ingredients will survive. […] Lice are increasingly resistant to pyrethrin and permethrin. […] Resistance is now the most common cause of treatment failure. […] Select a product with an active ingredient that head lice have not developed resistance to, for example, products containing benzyl alcohol, spinosad, and dimethicone. […] Misdiagnosis and treatment of non-existent head lice, or the incomplete, or improper, treatment of head lice, have led to over-exposure of children to insecticidal shampoos used to treat head lice.

• #1 Head Lice: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10824-head-lice

  Lice are becoming resistant to treatment. It may take a combination of treatments to get rid of them completely. […] You and your child can prevent spreading lice by avoiding head-to-head contact with others. […] With effective treatment, head lice can go away after two to three weeks. Sometimes, you might have to try a different kind of treatment if the first doesn’t work. […] Kids spread head lice just by being kids, not because of poor hygiene.

• #1 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] The main route of transmission is direct head-to-head contact; transmission via inanimate objects is of no relevance. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%).

• #1 When Lice Come Back

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/lice-comes-back

  There are two reasons for a recurrent lice infestation: […] Treatments might not work for a couple of reasons. First, studies have shown that lice can be resistant to pesticide treatments that have been used in some geographical areas. […] If lice keep returning, ask a doctor about the best treatment options for your family.

• #1 How to solve recurring head lice – Hairforce

  https://hairforceclinics.com/blog/how-to-solve-recurring-head-lice-that-wont-go-away/

  Head lice can be difficult to solve for a couple of significant reasons. […] Firstly, whilst head lice treatment products claim to be the way to solve the problem, their low levels of effectiveness mean they often dont. […] If the eggs the nits arent also dealt with they go on to hatch, the head lice develop and grow up, they breed and off you go again. […] You may be wondering: why wont my lice go away? Head lice keep recurring when eggs are missed and left in the hair. […] Removing all the eggs is key to stopping head lice recurring. […] A head lice infestation can keep renewing itself indefinitely. […] If you dont work at clearing it then you end up with a very severe infestation indeed. […] If you do not comb out the eggs (the nits) then they will hatch, grow up, breed, lay eggs and off you go again.

• #1 Head Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/head-lice-pro

  Head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is caused by the parasitic insect Pediculus humanus capitis, which lives on and among the hair of the scalp and neck of humans. […] Transmission of head lice usually requires head-to-head contact. Head lice can only live on humans and the lifespan is very short (several days) once detached from a human head. […] Risk factors include age (3-12 years), sex (female) and ethnicity (any other than black). There is no evidence that head lice have a preference for either clean or dirty hair. […] If left untreated, infestation with head lice may persist for long periods, often for more than one year. […] There is no evidence for any benefit of head lice repellents, or using head lice treatments prophylactically. There is also no evidence that measures beyond normal personal hygiene, housekeeping and laundry can prevent re-infestation.

• #1 Head Lice and Nits (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/head-lice-and-nits

  Head lice are small insects that live in human hair and feed on blood from the scalp. Their eggs are called nits. […] Lice feed from the blood on your scalp, and it is the bites – and your skin’s reaction to the bites – which make you itch. […] The more time you spend with your head in close contact with someone who has nits, the more likely you are to catch them yourself. […] Head lice don’t jump and they don’t fly, so you do have to have hair-to-hair contact. […] Head lice are common all over the world. […] They are not a sign of dirty hair or poor hygiene. Close hair-to-hair contact is usually needed to pass lice on. […] Most head lice infections are caught from family or close friends who are not aware that they have head lice. […] Head lice are more common in young children with long hair and, partly, for this reason, tend to be more common in girls.

• #1 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  Epidemic typhus (AKA louse-borne typhus) is caused by an intracellular strain of bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. […] Body lice-borne typhus is not as widespread as it historically has been, however, in times when large groups of people are housed together in closed quarters where unsanitary conditions may exist, like natural disasters, war, prisons, or during times of civil unrest, risk factors for body lice borne typhus can still exist because of infested clothes. […] Human lice also act as vectors for the transmission of Borrelia recurrentis, the bacteria that causes louse-borne relapsing fever, or LBRF. […] Trench fever is another louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella Quintana, a bacterium endemic to Mexico, Tunisia, Eritrea, Poland, and the former Soviet Union. […] If there is evidence of continued rash or significant skin inflammation even after the Pediculus humanus has been eliminated, see your doctor to rule out a secondary infection and treat it if necessary.

• #1 Head Lice Causes, Adult Symptoms, Treatment, Shampoo, Tablet

  https://www.medicinenet.com/head_lice/article.htm

  Once diagnosed and treated effectively, the prognosis is excellent. […] It’s not always so easy to prevent head lice 100% of the time since it is a common infestation. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer recommends the so-called „no nit” policy of some schools and daycares. […] Although a child could get a new infestation from being reexposed to an infested individual, self-reinfestation is the most common way for the infestation to recur.

• #1 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Getting head lice is not related to cleanliness of you or your environment. […] Head lice mainly spread by direct contact with the hair of a person infested with lice. […] Although not as common, head lice may spread by wearing clothing, such as hats, scarves, coats, sports uniforms, or hair ribbons worn by an infested person. […] Head lice can survive under water for several hours but are unlikely to spread in a swimming pool. […] Animals do not get or spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #2 Head Lice: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/head-lice-causes-and-risk-factors-2633641

  Lifestyle choices (other than those relating to head-to-head or hair-to-hair contact) don’t generally influence your risk of head lice. Lice infestations are not related to hygiene, either personal (showering, washing hair) or environmental (the cleanliness of the home or school). […] Lice infestations occur in families of all socioeconomic classes. […] Lice are minuscule parasitic insects. They’re unrelated to any sort of microbial infection and do not spread disease.

• #2 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Causative organisms include P humanus capitis (head louse), P humanus corporis (body louse), and P pubis (pubic louse) […] Pediculosis capitis is transmitted through direct contact with an infested individual. Head-to-head contact, whether at school, home, or during play, can lead to a lice infestation; personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness do not contribute to the risk. There is no correlation between head lice and low socioeconomic status. […] Risk factors for body lice infestation include close, crowded living situations (eg, crowded buses and trains, prison camps) and infrequent washing and/or changing of clothing. P corporis can be acquired via bedding, towels, or clothing recently used by an individual infested with lice; thus, individuals who are homeless, who are impoverished, or who are living in refugee camps are at high risk for infestation.

• #2 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Lice (Phthiraptera) are a very diverse group of insects, exclusively adapted to parasitism. […] Lice can be divided into two main groups: sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga). […] Anoplura are important parasites of both humans and animals. […] In humans, louse infestation is known as pediculosis if caused by head or body lice, and as pthiriasis if caused by pubic lice. […] Pediculosis is a contagious parasitic infestation, transmitted from human-to-human by close contact or, in body lice, via infested clothes or bed linen. […] Only those sucking lice with humans as their host species are of relevance to public health. […] Due to their blood feeding behaviour, body lice can transmit a great variety of diseases, such as epidemic typhus (caused by Rickettsia prowazekii), louse-borne relapsing fever (caused by Borrelia recurrentis), or trench fever (caused by Bartonella quintana).

• #2 Head lice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164492

  Head lice are tiny grey or brown insects. They are about the size of a sesame seed. […] A head lice infestation results from the direct transfer of lice from the hair of one person to the hair of another through head-to-head contact. […] To survive, an adult head louse must feed on blood. They can live for approximately 30 days on a persons head. If they fall off, they will die within 1 to 2 days. […] Head lice cannot fly or jump, but sometimes they can be transmitted on personal items, so it is sensible to avoid sharing brushes, combs, headbands, headphones, towels, clothing, or hats with anyone who has an active infestation. […] An infestation does not result from dirty hair or poor hygiene, and it can occur in hair of any length or condition. Head lice cannot be passed on to or caught from animals. […] Head lice may be able to survive under water for several hours, and chlorine levels in a swimming pool do not kill them. However, they are unlikely to be spread through pool water. They tend to hold tightly to hair when submerged in water.

• #2 What Is Head Lice? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lice/

  Head lice are tiny, wingless parasitic insects that reside on the scalp, where the temperature is warm, consistent, and very hospitable. […] Contrary to popular belief, head lice cannot fly, jump, or hop, so its uncommon for people to spread lice by sharing belongings such as hats, helmets, and hair brushes. And personal hygiene or lack thereof has nothing to do with getting head lice. […] Instead, direct head-to-head contact is how we transfer lice, says Richard J. Pollack, PhD, a senior environmental public health officer and researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. […] Children ages 3 to 11 get head lice most often. […] Girls have a 2 to 4 times higher chance of becoming infested by lice than boys. […] Black children in the United States have far fewer reported head lice infestations than other ethnic groups, according to a report.

• #2 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] Both over-the-counter and prescription medications are available to treat head lice in your hair (infestation). […] Itching (pruritus) is the most common symptom of head lice infestation. It is caused by an allergic reaction to louse bites. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice.

• #2 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Getting head lice is not related to cleanliness of you or your environment. […] Head lice mainly spread by direct contact with the hair of a person infested with lice. […] Although not as common, head lice may spread by wearing clothing, such as hats, scarves, coats, sports uniforms, or hair ribbons worn by an infested person. […] Head lice can survive under water for several hours but are unlikely to spread in a swimming pool. […] Animals do not get or spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #2 Pubic lice (crabs) – treatment, symptom and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pubic-lice-crabs

  Pubic lice (also known as crabs or pthirus pubis) are tiny insects that live in coarse body hair, including: […] Pubic lice are most commonly spread through skin-to-skin sexual contact. […] Pubic lice are a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Pubic lice can be treated with a cream or lotions prescribed by your doctor. […] Pubic lice are not known to transmit any infectious diseases, but persistent scratching can cause a secondary skin infection.

• #2 Head lice: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-causes

  Anyone can get head lice. […] In the United States, children in preschool and elementary school are most likely to get head lice. […] Girls seem more likely than boys to get head lice. […] Head-to-head contact is the most common way to get head lice. […] Because head lice crawl onto objects that have touched the human head, it is possible to get head lice by sharing everyday objects infested with lice such as hats, scarves, coats, hair accessories, brushes, combs, and towels. […] Resting your head on a bed, pillow, couch, chair, or rug that someone with head lice used is another way to get head lice.

• #2 Head lice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000840.htm

  Head lice spread by close contact with other people. […] Head lice can live up to 30 days on a human. Their eggs can live for more than 2 weeks. […] Head lice spread easily, particularly among school children ages 3 to 11 years. Head lice are more common in close, overcrowded living conditions. […] You can get head lice if: You come in close contact with a person who has lice. You touch the clothing or bedding of someone who has lice. You share hats, towels, brushes, or combs of someone who has lice. […] Having head lice does not mean the person has poor hygiene or low social status. […] Most of the time, lice are killed with the proper treatment. However, lice can come back if you do not get rid of them at the source.

• #2 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-head-lice.aspx

  Head lice infestation is caused by a tiny insect called the Pediculus humanus capitis. […] Lice infestation may affect the head, body (by Pediculus humanus variety corporis) and groin (Pthirus pubis). […] Risks of getting infected include overcrowding, closed groups like school children, ill or malnourished patients, poor hygiene etc. […] Girls are more at risk due to closer head-to-head contact. […] Asians and Whites are more at risk. This may be due to warmer weather. […] African Americans are less at risk since their thicker and curlier hair is not optimally suitable for the lice.

• #2 Head lice: causes and treatment | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/head-lice-infestation

  Head lice mostly affect children. These parasites are almost always spread by direct physical contact for example, when children play together. […] Some people think that head lice are a sign of poor hygiene but this is not true as head lice feed on blood, they dont care whether hair is clean or dirty. Anyone can catch head lice. […] They tend to spread somewhat more easily between girls than boys. Experts believe that this may be because girls tend to put their heads together more often and for longer than boys. Hair length has no influence on the risk of infestation. However, head lice are more difficult to detect in long, thick and curly hair.

• #2 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is that body lice transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The prognosis for eradicating body lice infestation is excellent if patients shower regularly and have weekly access to laundered clothing and bedding. […] Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with louse-borne diseases but can be reduced substantially with early recognition and appropriate antibiotic therapy.

• #2

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a29551102/eyelash-lice-causes/

  Eyelash lice actually stem from pubic lice, explains Joshua Zeichner, M.D., a New York City board-certified dermatologist. Pubic lice have evolved to attach to coarse hair in the genital area, but it also can attach to hair in the eyebrows and the eyelashes, he says. […] A case of eyelash lice is usually caused by extended contact with someone who has pubic lice, Dr. Zeichner says. It can happen after intimate contact, and occasionally after personal contact with clothing, bed linens, or towels that were used by an infested person. It can also happen when people touch their genitals and then their eyes. […] If you find pubic lice on a child, seek help from a doctor or trusted professional ASAP. It may actually be a sign of sexual contact or abuse.

• #2 Why do heads lice make head lice me itch? | Lyclear

  https://www.lyclear.co.uk/why-do-head-lice-make-me-itch

  An itchy scalp can often be a symptom of head lice. […] It is what comes out of the nit eggs that is making your head itch the head louse. Head lice are tiny wingless parasites. A parasite is an organism that takes nourishment from its host. To survive, head lice need to feed on blood from a human scalp several times a day; without blood a head louse will die within 1-2 days. […] It is the feeding habits of the head louse that causes an itchy scalp. […] Itching only occurs if the person affected by the head lice become sensitised to the lice saliva, and this sensitisation can take 4 to 6 weeks. […] It is not only the saliva of the head louse that can make you itchy, it is also their faeces (poo). […] The only truly reliable way to diagnose head lice is to find a living louse. […] An itch by itself is not a reason to start head lice treatment, you must first confirm an active infestation by detecting living, moving lice. […] However, if you do find an active head lice infestation and use an over-the-counter treatment, the itch should subside once the head lice have been eliminated.

• #2 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  These diseases are caused by bacteria transmitted through body lice bites. […] Body lice infestations are often linked to poor hygiene and overcrowded living conditions. […] Head lice may seem like a minor annoyance, but they have the potential to cause health issues if not addressed promptly. […] Beyond the persistent itching, a hallmark symptom of head lice, they can pave the way for secondary bacterial infections, skin conditions like impetigo, and, in rare instances, may even harbor uncommon pathogens. […] Although head lice themselves don’t directly transmit diseases, they can lead to secondary bacterial infections. […] This scratching can break the skin, creating open sores or abrasions that are susceptible to bacterial infections from staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria.

• #2 Head Lice Causes, Symptoms, and ENT/at-home Treatments – Berger Henry ENT

  https://www.bergerhenryent.com/head-lice-causes-symptoms-and-ent-in-home-treatments/

  No one wants their children to have head lice. Although it is common for school-age children to contract lice, it is troubling nonetheless for children and their families. Lice can be contracted whether the hair or the child’s environment is dirty or clean. Estimates show that 12 million people are infected with lice each year and the majority of them are children aged 3 to 12. […] As mentioned, lice feed on human blood (very vampire-y) and, if left untreated, will multiply almost exponentially and could cause anemia and fatigue. […] Lice are tenacious and you will have to be thorough and consistent in treatments in order to rid your child’s scalp of them. If the lice do return, even after successful treatment, check with a physician for help in ridding them once and for all.

• #2 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Only the body louse is considered to be a vector of human pathogens. […] The diseases transmitted by body lice are usually associated with overcrowded and unsanitary conditions where basic hygiene is lacking and regular washing and changing of clothes is not possible. […] Chewing lice do not play an important role in pathogen transmission. However, some species (i.e. the chewing lice of carnivores) act as an intermediate host for Dipylidium caninum which is transmitted to dogs and cats via ingestion. […] In animals, chewing lice do not have an important vectorial role. However, some species (i.e. the lice of carnivores) are intermediate hosts for Dipylidium caninum which is transmitted to dogs and cats via ingestion.

• #2 About Body Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/body-lice.html

  Body lice are parasites, or insects, that feed on human blood. […] Body lice can spread disease. […] Body lice can spread disease (epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana infection, and epidemic relapsing fever). […] Body lice spread through direct contact with a person who has body lice. […] However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to occur only in people who do not have access to housing, regular bathing, or clean clothes. […] You can treat a body lice infestation by improving personal hygiene. […] Pediculicide, a medicine that can kill lice, is sometimes used for treatment.

• #2 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  While these infections are usually treatable with antibiotics, it’s crucial to address lice infestations promptly to prevent such complications. […] Impetigo, a common bacterial skin infection, can develop as a result of a head lice infestation. […] The constant itching and scratching caused by lice can contribute to the onset of impetigo, characterized by the formation of crusty sores on the skin. […] While head lice themselves are not known to transmit diseases, they have been found to harbor certain rare pathogens in some cases. […] However, instances of lice-borne pathogens are exceedingly rare, and the primary health concerns associated with head lice are typically related to itching and secondary bacterial infections rather than direct disease transmission. […] Body lice can transmit serious diseases.

• #2 What Are Lice, and Where Do They Come From?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lice-what-are-lice

  The louse (plural: lice) is a parasite that attaches itself to human hair and feeds on human blood. The most prevalent kind of lice is head lice. An infestation with head lice is medically known as Pediculosis capitis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that up to 12 million lice infestations occur every year in the United States. […] Head lice are obligate parasites. This means that they cannot survive without a human host. This species can live only on human hosts, so you cannot get them from your dog, cat, guinea pig, or any other kind of furry pet you may have. […] Body lice are the only kind of lice known to spread disease. […] Lice infestations can happen to anyone, but they are a particular concern for school-age children. Its important to emphasize that poor hygiene such as skipped baths or showers or any other hygiene issue is not typically the cause of head lice.

• #2 TrustCare | Head Lice Treatment

  https://trustcarehealth.com/blog/head-lice-treatment

  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, head lice infestation is associated with limited morbidity but causes a high level of anxiety among parents of school-aged children. […] The reality of head lice is that the stigmas associated with an infestation is not based in scientific reality. […] While clearly undesirable (and a little unsettling), there are no known diseases or other medical conditions that can be carried by head lice. […] It can happen to anyone!

• #2 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  The efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] Overuse of neurotoxic pediculicides (organophosphates: malathion, carbamate [carbaryl], pyrethrin [chrysanthemum extract]) or pyrethroids (synthetic derivatives: permethrin, phenothrin, deltamethrin) has resulted in resistant populations of head lice on all continents. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] Local treatment suffices for all but exceptional cases of head lice infestation. Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones.

• #2 What Are Lice, and Where Do They Come From?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lice-what-are-lice

  Occasionally, an allergy to lice feces will lead to a rash and additional discomfort in the affected person. Continuous scratching of an area (to relieve itching) can lead to breaking the skin barrier and, subsequently, an infection in that area. In rare cases, lice living on eyelashes can lead to eye inflammation and pinkeye. […] If lice eggs arent destroyed properly during the initial treatment, or if you have repeated contact with a person who has not treated their lice infestation completely, you may find yourself experiencing repeated infestations.

• #2 Horse Lice | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/horse/conditions/skin/horse-lice

  Lice can easily pass from horse to horse, which can make them easy targets. […] While a healthy, mature horse may have some natural immunity against lice (as they do with internal parasites), some factors can increase their risk for becoming infected. These include: High stocking density (horse-to-environment ratio), Sharing equipment such as brushes and blankets among horses, Poor nutrition, Sickness or compromised immune system, Underlying health conditions, such as Cushings disease, Gestational (pregnancy) status, as pregnant mares have a reduced immune response, Longer hair, such as a winter coat or feathers, Seasonal (infestations are more commonly seen in winter and early spring). […] It takes about 34 weeks (depending on the species) for most lice to mature from egg to adult.

• #2 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/head-lice/pest-notes/

  The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion. […] Lice infestations are very commonly misdiagnosed, leading to unnecessary treatment with pesticide-containing shampoos. […] Head lice which are resistant to the active ingredients will survive. […] Lice are increasingly resistant to pyrethrin and permethrin. […] Resistance is now the most common cause of treatment failure. […] Select a product with an active ingredient that head lice have not developed resistance to, for example, products containing benzyl alcohol, spinosad, and dimethicone. […] Misdiagnosis and treatment of non-existent head lice, or the incomplete, or improper, treatment of head lice, have led to over-exposure of children to insecticidal shampoos used to treat head lice.

• #3 Lice Infestation – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/lice-infestation

  Lice infestation is a parasitic skin infestation caused by tiny wingless insects. […] Lice are parasites because they live by sucking a person’s blood. […] Lice spread most frequently through close person-to-person contact. […] Three species of lice inhabit different parts of the body. […] Body lice usually infest people who have poor hygiene, people who are living in cramped, crowded conditions (such as military barracks), and places with communal beds. […] Unlike head lice, body lice sometimes transmit serious diseases such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. […] Pubic lice (crabs), which primarily infest the hairs in the genital and anal areas, are typically spread among adolescents and adults by sexual contact. […] Lice infestation usually causes severe itching in the infested area.

• #3 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/head-lice/pest-notes/

  They cannot live on family pets. […] Head lice reproduce continuously throughout the year. […] Head lice found in the United States prefer hair that is round in cross section. […] Because of this, Afro-textured hair is much less susceptible to lice infestation. […] However, braiding maximizes opportunities for head lice on all kinds of hair. […] The problem can be so significant among preschool and school-aged children that often schools must work together with many families to control an infestation. […] However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays.

• #3 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  Epidemic typhus (AKA louse-borne typhus) is caused by an intracellular strain of bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. […] Body lice-borne typhus is not as widespread as it historically has been, however, in times when large groups of people are housed together in closed quarters where unsanitary conditions may exist, like natural disasters, war, prisons, or during times of civil unrest, risk factors for body lice borne typhus can still exist because of infested clothes. […] Human lice also act as vectors for the transmission of Borrelia recurrentis, the bacteria that causes louse-borne relapsing fever, or LBRF. […] Trench fever is another louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella Quintana, a bacterium endemic to Mexico, Tunisia, Eritrea, Poland, and the former Soviet Union. […] If there is evidence of continued rash or significant skin inflammation even after the Pediculus humanus has been eliminated, see your doctor to rule out a secondary infection and treat it if necessary.

• #3 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  While an infestation on the head may cause discomfort, stress, and itching from lice bites from both adult and baby lice drinking human blood, there are no louse-borne diseases spread by them. […] However, pediculosis, especially head louse nits, has never been shown to spread the disease. […] If lice infestations are recurrent or severe, it may be worthwhile to assess overall health and hygiene practices.

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