Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. […] Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #2 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis (ie, louse infestation) dates back to prehistory. The oldest known fossils of louse eggs (ie, nits) are approximately 10,000 years old. […] Louse infestation remains a major problem throughout the world, making the diagnosis and treatment of louse infestation a common task in general medical practice. […] All socioeconomic groups can be affected. Pediculosis capitis results in significant psychological stress in children and adults and missed schooldays in children, particularly in areas with a no-nit policy. […] Lice move from person to person through close physical contact. Spread through contact with fomites (ie, combs, brushes, clothes, hats, scarves, coats, linens) used by an infested person is uncommon. […] Overcrowding encourages the spread of lice. […] Since pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene.

• #3 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #4 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. […] Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #5 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. […] The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools. […] Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. […] Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. […] Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%.

• #6 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. […] Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #7 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Significant predictors of infestation included female gender, previous history of infestation, and family size. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally. […] Current medical literature does not strongly indicate that race or ethnicity affect the rate of infestation. […] Girls are at higher risk for head louse infestation than boys because of social behavior (eg, social acceptance of close physical head-to-head contact and, less commonly, sharing of hats, scarves, combs, brushes, hair ties and lying on a sofa, carpet, or stuffed toy that has recently come in contact with an infested person); hair length is not a factor.

• #8 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. […] The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools. […] Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. […] Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. […] Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%.

• #9 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #10 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Significant predictors of infestation included female gender, previous history of infestation, and family size. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally. […] Current medical literature does not strongly indicate that race or ethnicity affect the rate of infestation. […] Girls are at higher risk for head louse infestation than boys because of social behavior (eg, social acceptance of close physical head-to-head contact and, less commonly, sharing of hats, scarves, combs, brushes, hair ties and lying on a sofa, carpet, or stuffed toy that has recently come in contact with an infested person); hair length is not a factor.

• #11 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  No sexual predilection exists in body or pubic louse infestation; males and females are equally likely to become infested. […] Children aged 3-11 years are most likely to become infested with head lice because of close contact in classrooms and day care facilities. […] Head lice are much less common after puberty. […] Body lice are more common in adults, but can affect all ages. […] P pubis infestation is more common in people aged 14-40 years who are sexually active.

• #12 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Significant predictors of infestation included female gender, previous history of infestation, and family size. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally. […] Current medical literature does not strongly indicate that race or ethnicity affect the rate of infestation. […] Girls are at higher risk for head louse infestation than boys because of social behavior (eg, social acceptance of close physical head-to-head contact and, less commonly, sharing of hats, scarves, combs, brushes, hair ties and lying on a sofa, carpet, or stuffed toy that has recently come in contact with an infested person); hair length is not a factor.

• #13 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pubic lice infestations are more common in sexually active people. […] The prognosis of louse infestations is generally good. […] Treatment failure can be the result of several causes, including lack of ovicidal activity, failure to remove live nits, non-compliance-especially with retreatment in 7-10 days, inadequate application of the pediculicide (ie, duration, amount), failure to treat close contacts, insufficient environmental eradication, and drug resistance to the pediculicide. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools. […] The key is the education of patients and parents who need to know that all individuals in the family need to be examined and treated. […] A cohesive interprofessional team approach best enacts all these steps.

• #14 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pubic lice infestations are more common in sexually active people. […] The prognosis of louse infestations is generally good. […] Treatment failure can be the result of several causes, including lack of ovicidal activity, failure to remove live nits, non-compliance-especially with retreatment in 7-10 days, inadequate application of the pediculicide (ie, duration, amount), failure to treat close contacts, insufficient environmental eradication, and drug resistance to the pediculicide. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools. […] The key is the education of patients and parents who need to know that all individuals in the family need to be examined and treated. […] A cohesive interprofessional team approach best enacts all these steps.

• #15 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] There are no population studies on incidence. Prevalence studies from many parts of the world exist, but they are not directly comparable because: […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact.

• #16 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. […] The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools. […] Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. […] Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. […] Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%.

• #17 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. […] The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools. […] Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. […] Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. […] Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%.

• #18 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pubic lice infestations are more common in sexually active people. […] The prognosis of louse infestations is generally good. […] Treatment failure can be the result of several causes, including lack of ovicidal activity, failure to remove live nits, non-compliance-especially with retreatment in 7-10 days, inadequate application of the pediculicide (ie, duration, amount), failure to treat close contacts, insufficient environmental eradication, and drug resistance to the pediculicide. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools. […] The key is the education of patients and parents who need to know that all individuals in the family need to be examined and treated. […] A cohesive interprofessional team approach best enacts all these steps.

• #19 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] There are no population studies on incidence. Prevalence studies from many parts of the world exist, but they are not directly comparable because: […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact.

• #20 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] There are no population studies on incidence. Prevalence studies from many parts of the world exist, but they are not directly comparable because: […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact.

• #21 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #22 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #23 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis (ie, louse infestation) dates back to prehistory. The oldest known fossils of louse eggs (ie, nits) are approximately 10,000 years old. […] Louse infestation remains a major problem throughout the world, making the diagnosis and treatment of louse infestation a common task in general medical practice. […] All socioeconomic groups can be affected. Pediculosis capitis results in significant psychological stress in children and adults and missed schooldays in children, particularly in areas with a no-nit policy. […] Lice move from person to person through close physical contact. Spread through contact with fomites (ie, combs, brushes, clothes, hats, scarves, coats, linens) used by an infested person is uncommon. […] Overcrowding encourages the spread of lice. […] Since pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene.

• #24 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis (ie, louse infestation) dates back to prehistory. The oldest known fossils of louse eggs (ie, nits) are approximately 10,000 years old. […] Louse infestation remains a major problem throughout the world, making the diagnosis and treatment of louse infestation a common task in general medical practice. […] All socioeconomic groups can be affected. Pediculosis capitis results in significant psychological stress in children and adults and missed schooldays in children, particularly in areas with a no-nit policy. […] Lice move from person to person through close physical contact. Spread through contact with fomites (ie, combs, brushes, clothes, hats, scarves, coats, linens) used by an infested person is uncommon. […] Overcrowding encourages the spread of lice. […] Since pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene.

• #25 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. […] Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #26 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis (ie, louse infestation) dates back to prehistory. The oldest known fossils of louse eggs (ie, nits) are approximately 10,000 years old. […] Louse infestation remains a major problem throughout the world, making the diagnosis and treatment of louse infestation a common task in general medical practice. […] All socioeconomic groups can be affected. Pediculosis capitis results in significant psychological stress in children and adults and missed schooldays in children, particularly in areas with a no-nit policy. […] Lice move from person to person through close physical contact. Spread through contact with fomites (ie, combs, brushes, clothes, hats, scarves, coats, linens) used by an infested person is uncommon. […] Overcrowding encourages the spread of lice. […] Since pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene.

• #27 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #28 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis (ie, louse infestation) dates back to prehistory. The oldest known fossils of louse eggs (ie, nits) are approximately 10,000 years old. […] Louse infestation remains a major problem throughout the world, making the diagnosis and treatment of louse infestation a common task in general medical practice. […] All socioeconomic groups can be affected. Pediculosis capitis results in significant psychological stress in children and adults and missed schooldays in children, particularly in areas with a no-nit policy. […] Lice move from person to person through close physical contact. Spread through contact with fomites (ie, combs, brushes, clothes, hats, scarves, coats, linens) used by an infested person is uncommon. […] Overcrowding encourages the spread of lice. […] Since pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene.

• #29 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. […] The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools. […] Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. […] Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. […] Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%.

• #30 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048666

  The deregulation of the Swedish pharmacy market on July 1, 2009, decreased the possibility to obtain complete sale figures and thereby the possibility to obtain yearly trends of head lice infestations. […] The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In this study we investigated how well web queries can be used to follow the spread of lice in the population, by using sales as a proxy for spread of lice. Our main finding was that Google web searches are a better covariate to explain both the trend and the seasonal patterns of the sales, but that the Vrdguiden data can be used as well.

• #31 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048666

  The deregulation of the Swedish pharmacy market on July 1, 2009, decreased the possibility to obtain complete sale figures and thereby the possibility to obtain yearly trends of head lice infestations. […] The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In this study we investigated how well web queries can be used to follow the spread of lice in the population, by using sales as a proxy for spread of lice. Our main finding was that Google web searches are a better covariate to explain both the trend and the seasonal patterns of the sales, but that the Vrdguiden data can be used as well.

• #32 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048666

  The deregulation of the Swedish pharmacy market on July 1, 2009, decreased the possibility to obtain complete sale figures and thereby the possibility to obtain yearly trends of head lice infestations. […] The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In this study we investigated how well web queries can be used to follow the spread of lice in the population, by using sales as a proxy for spread of lice. Our main finding was that Google web searches are a better covariate to explain both the trend and the seasonal patterns of the sales, but that the Vrdguiden data can be used as well.

• #33 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048666

  In conclusion, the queries can detect if there is an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, but not the number of head lice infested people. The queries can also be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures for pediculicides previously were. […] Web queries on head lice can detect an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, and be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures.

• #34 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/head-lice-surveillance-on-deregulated-otc-sales/docview/1326737708/se-2

  The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In conclusion, web queries can detect if there is an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, and be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures.

• #35 Body Louse Pathogen Surveillance among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2020–2021 – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/7/23-1660_article

  We analyzed body lice collected from persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during 20202021 to confirm vector species and ecotype and to identify louseborne pathogens. […] In 2020, Canada’s largest cluster of Bartonella quintana endocarditis, an infection caused by a louseborne bacterium, was detected among persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. […] Body lice are traditionally known to transmit 3 pathogens: B. quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), and Borrelia recurrentis (louseborne relapsing fever). […] Our study suggests a minority of body lice cases from Winnipeg are positive for pathogens, including B. quintana bacteria. […] Active case finding, contact tracing, and public health engagement are needed to clarify the epidemiology of B. quintana infection in Canada. […] Sampling of ectoparasites may provide an effective way to perform surveillance for emerging pathogens in marginalized settings.

• #36 Body Louse Pathogen Surveillance among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2020–2021 – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/7/23-1660_article

  We analyzed body lice collected from persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during 20202021 to confirm vector species and ecotype and to identify louseborne pathogens. […] In 2020, Canada’s largest cluster of Bartonella quintana endocarditis, an infection caused by a louseborne bacterium, was detected among persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. […] Body lice are traditionally known to transmit 3 pathogens: B. quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), and Borrelia recurrentis (louseborne relapsing fever). […] Our study suggests a minority of body lice cases from Winnipeg are positive for pathogens, including B. quintana bacteria. […] Active case finding, contact tracing, and public health engagement are needed to clarify the epidemiology of B. quintana infection in Canada. […] Sampling of ectoparasites may provide an effective way to perform surveillance for emerging pathogens in marginalized settings.

• #37 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  Transmission depends on temporal and spatial factors. […] Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Asymptomatic individuals, especially children, can be undetected carriers. This explains recurrent minor outbreaks, and is the reason why potentially infested contact persons, such as family and play group, must all be treated at the same time (synchronized treatment).

• #38 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  Transmission depends on temporal and spatial factors. […] Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Asymptomatic individuals, especially children, can be undetected carriers. This explains recurrent minor outbreaks, and is the reason why potentially infested contact persons, such as family and play group, must all be treated at the same time (synchronized treatment).

• #39 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  Transmission depends on temporal and spatial factors. […] Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Asymptomatic individuals, especially children, can be undetected carriers. This explains recurrent minor outbreaks, and is the reason why potentially infested contact persons, such as family and play group, must all be treated at the same time (synchronized treatment).

• #40 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #41 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #42 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  Transmission depends on temporal and spatial factors. […] Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Asymptomatic individuals, especially children, can be undetected carriers. This explains recurrent minor outbreaks, and is the reason why potentially infested contact persons, such as family and play group, must all be treated at the same time (synchronized treatment).

• #43 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #44 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #45 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Epidemiology, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment […] Conflicting information about the proper treatment of head lice has given rise to uncertainty among patients and treating personnel. For example, the reported efficacy of permethrin fell from 97% in the 1990s to 30% in 2010. […] In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] Resistance to neurotoxic pediculocidal drugs is increasing around the world. […] Outbreaks must be managed with the synchronous treatment of all infested persons to break the chain of infestation. […] Normally, the prevalence of head lice in the general population of industrialized countries is low. Infestations occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers (prevalence 0.7% to 61%). […] Since treatment resistance is on the increase, probably due to the large-scale use of neurotoxic pediculicides, this article is intended to provide an account of the present state of knowledge. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission via objects is a rare exception and is epidemiologically irrelevant. […] The main symptom is itching, caused by sensitization to louse saliva, which starts at about 4 to 6 weeks after the first infestation. […] The efficacy of treatments as shown in in vitro or controlled studies is not usually achieved in practice. […] Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones. […] The presence of lice and eggs is best demonstrated by wet combing using a metal detection comb (nit comb). […] Treatment of furniture upholstery and carpets is not necessary since the lice, as already described, only survive for a short time away from their host, so that transmission via textiles is irrelevant in terms of infection epidemiology. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act.

• #46 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  The extensive use of pediculicides has accelerated the development of resistance. […] Various reports of treatment failure from different countries […] have shown developed resistance of head lice to well-known pediculicides, making it increasingly difficult to eliminate infestations. […] Knockdown resistance (KDR) is a well-recognized mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides innumerous insect species. […] Resistance diagnosis assays should be sufficiently flexible to track resistance development. […] In recent times, identification of kdr amino acid substitutions […] has been supplemented by the discovery of six new mutations within the extracellular loop of IIS1-2 […] The prevalence of pediculosis and the frequency of kdr gene mutations in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Mahvelat, and Zaveh counties of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, remain uncharted.

• #47 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  The extensive use of pediculicides has accelerated the development of resistance. […] Various reports of treatment failure from different countries […] have shown developed resistance of head lice to well-known pediculicides, making it increasingly difficult to eliminate infestations. […] Knockdown resistance (KDR) is a well-recognized mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides innumerous insect species. […] Resistance diagnosis assays should be sufficiently flexible to track resistance development. […] In recent times, identification of kdr amino acid substitutions […] has been supplemented by the discovery of six new mutations within the extracellular loop of IIS1-2 […] The prevalence of pediculosis and the frequency of kdr gene mutations in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Mahvelat, and Zaveh counties of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, remain uncharted.

• #48 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  The extensive use of pediculicides has accelerated the development of resistance. […] Various reports of treatment failure from different countries […] have shown developed resistance of head lice to well-known pediculicides, making it increasingly difficult to eliminate infestations. […] Knockdown resistance (KDR) is a well-recognized mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides innumerous insect species. […] Resistance diagnosis assays should be sufficiently flexible to track resistance development. […] In recent times, identification of kdr amino acid substitutions […] has been supplemented by the discovery of six new mutations within the extracellular loop of IIS1-2 […] The prevalence of pediculosis and the frequency of kdr gene mutations in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Mahvelat, and Zaveh counties of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, remain uncharted.

• #49 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  The outcomes of this study revealed that the prevalence of head lice infection in the study population was 1.59% in 2016 and 1.7% in 2017. […] Despite the application of dimethicone and permethrin 1% for the treatment of head lice in the study area during both the years 2016 and 2017, the incidence of infestations demonstrated a notable 24% rise. […] Examination of the kdr gene sequence in head lice within the purview of THUMS has revealed the presence of haplotype I (M815I+T917I+L920F), which have previously been documented in Iran. […] A novel haplotype was also identified in the region, constituting the fifth kdr haplotype in head lice.

• #50 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  The outcomes of this study revealed that the prevalence of head lice infection in the study population was 1.59% in 2016 and 1.7% in 2017. […] Despite the application of dimethicone and permethrin 1% for the treatment of head lice in the study area during both the years 2016 and 2017, the incidence of infestations demonstrated a notable 24% rise. […] Examination of the kdr gene sequence in head lice within the purview of THUMS has revealed the presence of haplotype I (M815I+T917I+L920F), which have previously been documented in Iran. […] A novel haplotype was also identified in the region, constituting the fifth kdr haplotype in head lice.

• #51 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  According to a head lice research article published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2015, „No healthy child should be excluded from or allowed to miss school time because of head lice or nits. Pediatricians may educate school communities that no-nit policies for return to school should be abandoned.” […] A no-nit policy excludes students from school based on the presence of lice eggs, whether or not live lice are present. DSHS does not recommend a no-nit policy. DSHS does recognize that school districts may adopt one as a local option. […] Head lice infestation is a social issue, not a health threat. No-nit policies over-emphasize head lice management rather than real, more important health concerns. This over-emphasis can lead to unproductive use of time by school staff and parents, missed classes, unnecessary absences, and parents missing work.

• #52 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  According to a head lice research article published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2015, „No healthy child should be excluded from or allowed to miss school time because of head lice or nits. Pediatricians may educate school communities that no-nit policies for return to school should be abandoned.” […] A no-nit policy excludes students from school based on the presence of lice eggs, whether or not live lice are present. DSHS does not recommend a no-nit policy. DSHS does recognize that school districts may adopt one as a local option. […] Head lice infestation is a social issue, not a health threat. No-nit policies over-emphasize head lice management rather than real, more important health concerns. This over-emphasis can lead to unproductive use of time by school staff and parents, missed classes, unnecessary absences, and parents missing work.

• #53 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  According to a head lice research article published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2015, „No healthy child should be excluded from or allowed to miss school time because of head lice or nits. Pediatricians may educate school communities that no-nit policies for return to school should be abandoned.” […] A no-nit policy excludes students from school based on the presence of lice eggs, whether or not live lice are present. DSHS does not recommend a no-nit policy. DSHS does recognize that school districts may adopt one as a local option. […] Head lice infestation is a social issue, not a health threat. No-nit policies over-emphasize head lice management rather than real, more important health concerns. This over-emphasis can lead to unproductive use of time by school staff and parents, missed classes, unnecessary absences, and parents missing work.

• #54 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pubic lice infestations are more common in sexually active people. […] The prognosis of louse infestations is generally good. […] Treatment failure can be the result of several causes, including lack of ovicidal activity, failure to remove live nits, non-compliance-especially with retreatment in 7-10 days, inadequate application of the pediculicide (ie, duration, amount), failure to treat close contacts, insufficient environmental eradication, and drug resistance to the pediculicide. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools. […] The key is the education of patients and parents who need to know that all individuals in the family need to be examined and treated. […] A cohesive interprofessional team approach best enacts all these steps.

• #55 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pubic lice infestations are more common in sexually active people. […] The prognosis of louse infestations is generally good. […] Treatment failure can be the result of several causes, including lack of ovicidal activity, failure to remove live nits, non-compliance-especially with retreatment in 7-10 days, inadequate application of the pediculicide (ie, duration, amount), failure to treat close contacts, insufficient environmental eradication, and drug resistance to the pediculicide. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools. […] The key is the education of patients and parents who need to know that all individuals in the family need to be examined and treated. […] A cohesive interprofessional team approach best enacts all these steps.

• #56 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. […] Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. […] Human pediculosis has significant psychological and medical impacts not only on the affected individuals but also on their families and friends. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] Despite the extensive studies reported on human pediculosis in many geographical regions, the global public health and economic burden of pediculosis remains largely unknown. […] Control of lice will also safeguard public health against louse-borne diseases. […] Utilization of genomics and other omics technologies can advance our knowledge about lice from their biology and physiology to genetic structure and evolution, and inform future epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic innovations.

• #57 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. […] Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. […] Human pediculosis has significant psychological and medical impacts not only on the affected individuals but also on their families and friends. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] Despite the extensive studies reported on human pediculosis in many geographical regions, the global public health and economic burden of pediculosis remains largely unknown. […] Control of lice will also safeguard public health against louse-borne diseases. […] Utilization of genomics and other omics technologies can advance our knowledge about lice from their biology and physiology to genetic structure and evolution, and inform future epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic innovations.

• #58 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. […] Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. […] Human pediculosis has significant psychological and medical impacts not only on the affected individuals but also on their families and friends. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] Despite the extensive studies reported on human pediculosis in many geographical regions, the global public health and economic burden of pediculosis remains largely unknown. […] Control of lice will also safeguard public health against louse-borne diseases. […] Utilization of genomics and other omics technologies can advance our knowledge about lice from their biology and physiology to genetic structure and evolution, and inform future epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic innovations.

• #59 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. […] Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. […] Human pediculosis has significant psychological and medical impacts not only on the affected individuals but also on their families and friends. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] Despite the extensive studies reported on human pediculosis in many geographical regions, the global public health and economic burden of pediculosis remains largely unknown. […] Control of lice will also safeguard public health against louse-borne diseases. […] Utilization of genomics and other omics technologies can advance our knowledge about lice from their biology and physiology to genetic structure and evolution, and inform future epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic innovations.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  In the crowded and unsanitary conditions of Rohingya refugee camps, seemingly harmless pests have revealed themselves as a harbinger of a much more serious health emergency. […] The prevalence of head lice infestation, medically termed pediculosis capitis, is a pressing global health issue, particularly prevalent among migrant and refugee populations. […] The narrative took a somber turn in May 2023 when health workers, conducting a scabies prevalence survey in the Rohingya camps, stumbled upon a silent crisis: a suspected infestation of head lice that seemed widespread across the camps. […] This accidental discovery prompted an intensified community-based surveillance effort led by the UNHCR-led Community Health Working Group (CHWG) and WHO. […] The investigation revealed a staggering 35% infestation rate of head lice among the camp residents.

• #61

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  In the crowded and unsanitary conditions of Rohingya refugee camps, seemingly harmless pests have revealed themselves as a harbinger of a much more serious health emergency. […] The prevalence of head lice infestation, medically termed pediculosis capitis, is a pressing global health issue, particularly prevalent among migrant and refugee populations. […] The narrative took a somber turn in May 2023 when health workers, conducting a scabies prevalence survey in the Rohingya camps, stumbled upon a silent crisis: a suspected infestation of head lice that seemed widespread across the camps. […] This accidental discovery prompted an intensified community-based surveillance effort led by the UNHCR-led Community Health Working Group (CHWG) and WHO. […] The investigation revealed a staggering 35% infestation rate of head lice among the camp residents.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  In the crowded and unsanitary conditions of Rohingya refugee camps, seemingly harmless pests have revealed themselves as a harbinger of a much more serious health emergency. […] The prevalence of head lice infestation, medically termed pediculosis capitis, is a pressing global health issue, particularly prevalent among migrant and refugee populations. […] The narrative took a somber turn in May 2023 when health workers, conducting a scabies prevalence survey in the Rohingya camps, stumbled upon a silent crisis: a suspected infestation of head lice that seemed widespread across the camps. […] This accidental discovery prompted an intensified community-based surveillance effort led by the UNHCR-led Community Health Working Group (CHWG) and WHO. […] The investigation revealed a staggering 35% infestation rate of head lice among the camp residents.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  WHO, with local health authorities, is directing disease surveillance and response, now also targeting neglected tropical diseases like headlice and scabies in Rohingya camps through swift, community-based interventions, aiming to alleviate disease spread and optimize healthcare resources Dr David Otieno, Team Lead, Epidemiology, Coxs Bazar Sub Office. […] Collaborating closely with the UNHCR-led Community Health Working Group (CHWG) and under the strategic guidance of WHO’s Epidemiology and Surveillance teams, the Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Campaign has been seamlessly integrated into existing primary healthcare services. […] Addressing scabies and head lice, categorised as neglected tropical diseases, necessitates a collaborative effort involving various sectors. […] The campaign against pediculosis capitis in the Rohingya camps goes beyond simple medical intervention; it represents a resolute dedication to upholding the dignity and health rights of the displaced.

• #64 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. […] The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools. […] Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. […] Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. […] Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%.

• #65 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Significant predictors of infestation included female gender, previous history of infestation, and family size. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally. […] Current medical literature does not strongly indicate that race or ethnicity affect the rate of infestation. […] Girls are at higher risk for head louse infestation than boys because of social behavior (eg, social acceptance of close physical head-to-head contact and, less commonly, sharing of hats, scarves, combs, brushes, hair ties and lying on a sofa, carpet, or stuffed toy that has recently come in contact with an infested person); hair length is not a factor.

• #66 Body Louse Pathogen Surveillance among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2020–2021 – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/7/23-1660_article

  We analyzed body lice collected from persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during 20202021 to confirm vector species and ecotype and to identify louseborne pathogens. […] In 2020, Canada’s largest cluster of Bartonella quintana endocarditis, an infection caused by a louseborne bacterium, was detected among persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. […] Body lice are traditionally known to transmit 3 pathogens: B. quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), and Borrelia recurrentis (louseborne relapsing fever). […] Our study suggests a minority of body lice cases from Winnipeg are positive for pathogens, including B. quintana bacteria. […] Active case finding, contact tracing, and public health engagement are needed to clarify the epidemiology of B. quintana infection in Canada. […] Sampling of ectoparasites may provide an effective way to perform surveillance for emerging pathogens in marginalized settings.

• #67 Body Louse Pathogen Surveillance among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2020–2021 – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/7/23-1660_article

  We analyzed body lice collected from persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during 20202021 to confirm vector species and ecotype and to identify louseborne pathogens. […] In 2020, Canada’s largest cluster of Bartonella quintana endocarditis, an infection caused by a louseborne bacterium, was detected among persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. […] Body lice are traditionally known to transmit 3 pathogens: B. quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), and Borrelia recurrentis (louseborne relapsing fever). […] Our study suggests a minority of body lice cases from Winnipeg are positive for pathogens, including B. quintana bacteria. […] Active case finding, contact tracing, and public health engagement are needed to clarify the epidemiology of B. quintana infection in Canada. […] Sampling of ectoparasites may provide an effective way to perform surveillance for emerging pathogens in marginalized settings.

• #68 Body Louse Pathogen Surveillance among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2020–2021 – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/7/23-1660_article

  We analyzed body lice collected from persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during 20202021 to confirm vector species and ecotype and to identify louseborne pathogens. […] In 2020, Canada’s largest cluster of Bartonella quintana endocarditis, an infection caused by a louseborne bacterium, was detected among persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. […] Body lice are traditionally known to transmit 3 pathogens: B. quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), and Borrelia recurrentis (louseborne relapsing fever). […] Our study suggests a minority of body lice cases from Winnipeg are positive for pathogens, including B. quintana bacteria. […] Active case finding, contact tracing, and public health engagement are needed to clarify the epidemiology of B. quintana infection in Canada. […] Sampling of ectoparasites may provide an effective way to perform surveillance for emerging pathogens in marginalized settings.

• #69 Body Louse Pathogen Surveillance among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2020–2021 – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/7/23-1660_article

  We analyzed body lice collected from persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during 20202021 to confirm vector species and ecotype and to identify louseborne pathogens. […] In 2020, Canada’s largest cluster of Bartonella quintana endocarditis, an infection caused by a louseborne bacterium, was detected among persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. […] Body lice are traditionally known to transmit 3 pathogens: B. quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), and Borrelia recurrentis (louseborne relapsing fever). […] Our study suggests a minority of body lice cases from Winnipeg are positive for pathogens, including B. quintana bacteria. […] Active case finding, contact tracing, and public health engagement are needed to clarify the epidemiology of B. quintana infection in Canada. […] Sampling of ectoparasites may provide an effective way to perform surveillance for emerging pathogens in marginalized settings.

• #70 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. […] Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. […] Human pediculosis has significant psychological and medical impacts not only on the affected individuals but also on their families and friends. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] Despite the extensive studies reported on human pediculosis in many geographical regions, the global public health and economic burden of pediculosis remains largely unknown. […] Control of lice will also safeguard public health against louse-borne diseases. […] Utilization of genomics and other omics technologies can advance our knowledge about lice from their biology and physiology to genetic structure and evolution, and inform future epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic innovations.

• #71 An Overview of Head Lice: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management – keratin.com

  https://www.keratin.com/infectious-hair-diseases/an-overview-of-head-lice-biology-epidemiology-and-management/

  Head lice infestations are a global issue, affecting individuals of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. However, certain factors influence the prevalence of infestation: […] Infestations are most common in children aged 3-11 years due to close physical contact during play and limited awareness of personal hygiene. […] While head lice are not known to transmit disease, their infestations can cause significant social stigma, emotional distress, and disruption to daily life. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by identifying live lice or viable eggs. […] Managing head lice involves a combination of physical, chemical, and preventive measures. […] Efforts to control head lice face several obstacles: […] The emergence of resistance to commonly used chemical pediculicides poses a significant challenge in managing head lice infestations. […] The objective of the review was to scrutinize the existing evidence on the vector capacity of head lice for the transmission of bacterial pathogens. […] Adequately designed experimental and epidemiological studies are needed to ascertain the exact transmission potential of head lice.

• #72 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  Head lice infestations are the most prominent ectoparasitic infection in the world, including Iran, particularly among school children. […] The increase in head louse infestations in recent years and the simultaneous presence of kdr mutations indicate the need for new treatments and monitoring/controlling resistance to head louse insecticides. […] Epidemiological investigation in the some middle east countries showed that the head lice prevalence among students in Saudi Arabia is 64.2% […] In Iran, the prevalence of pediculosis was reported as 1.73% in 2011 and 7.4% in 2015. […] Raising public awareness, improving health behaviors, diagnosing, and treating patients in epidemics using insecticides are the most important interventions to decrease the prevalence of head lice infestation.

• #73 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  Head lice infestations are the most prominent ectoparasitic infection in the world, including Iran, particularly among school children. […] The increase in head louse infestations in recent years and the simultaneous presence of kdr mutations indicate the need for new treatments and monitoring/controlling resistance to head louse insecticides. […] Epidemiological investigation in the some middle east countries showed that the head lice prevalence among students in Saudi Arabia is 64.2% […] In Iran, the prevalence of pediculosis was reported as 1.73% in 2011 and 7.4% in 2015. […] Raising public awareness, improving health behaviors, diagnosing, and treating patients in epidemics using insecticides are the most important interventions to decrease the prevalence of head lice infestation.

• #74 Epidemiological analysis of pediculosis and the distribution of kdr mutation frequency in head lice populations in Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06940-3

  The extensive use of pediculicides has accelerated the development of resistance. […] Various reports of treatment failure from different countries […] have shown developed resistance of head lice to well-known pediculicides, making it increasingly difficult to eliminate infestations. […] Knockdown resistance (KDR) is a well-recognized mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides innumerous insect species. […] Resistance diagnosis assays should be sufficiently flexible to track resistance development. […] In recent times, identification of kdr amino acid substitutions […] has been supplemented by the discovery of six new mutations within the extracellular loop of IIS1-2 […] The prevalence of pediculosis and the frequency of kdr gene mutations in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Mahvelat, and Zaveh counties of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, remain uncharted.

• #75 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pubic lice infestations are more common in sexually active people. […] The prognosis of louse infestations is generally good. […] Treatment failure can be the result of several causes, including lack of ovicidal activity, failure to remove live nits, non-compliance-especially with retreatment in 7-10 days, inadequate application of the pediculicide (ie, duration, amount), failure to treat close contacts, insufficient environmental eradication, and drug resistance to the pediculicide. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools. […] The key is the education of patients and parents who need to know that all individuals in the family need to be examined and treated. […] A cohesive interprofessional team approach best enacts all these steps.

• #76 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pubic lice infestations are more common in sexually active people. […] The prognosis of louse infestations is generally good. […] Treatment failure can be the result of several causes, including lack of ovicidal activity, failure to remove live nits, non-compliance-especially with retreatment in 7-10 days, inadequate application of the pediculicide (ie, duration, amount), failure to treat close contacts, insufficient environmental eradication, and drug resistance to the pediculicide. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools. […] The key is the education of patients and parents who need to know that all individuals in the family need to be examined and treated. […] A cohesive interprofessional team approach best enacts all these steps.

• #77 Head Lice Infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) Prevalence and Its Associated Factors, Among The Kormanj Tribes in North Khorasan Province

  https://brieflands.com/articles/semj-80292

  Human pediculosis is an important factor in assessing the level of public health and personal hygiene. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pediculosis (head lice infestation) and the factors affecting the rate of infestation. […] The pediculosis is one of the main public health problems in nomadic tribes such as Kormanj tribes in North Khorasan province. It seems that improvement of personal health conditions in females and also appropriate treatment in previous infestations for nomadic tribes could significantly reduce the prevalence of human head lice infestation. […] Public health of the community and educational intervention on explaining preventive pediculosis infestation behavior are of great importance so that the progress and development largely depend on the health development.

• #78 Head Lice Infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) Prevalence and Its Associated Factors, Among The Kormanj Tribes in North Khorasan Province

  https://brieflands.com/articles/semj-80292

  External parasites, such as human body lice, are considered as a threat to public health, despite the fact that health promotion and advancement of medical science are still regarded to be a problem in the health field. […] According to the results of this study, significant statistical association was observed between the sex and history of head lice infestation (P 0.05). It seems that improvement of personal health conditions in females and also appropriate treatment in previous infestations for nomadic tribes could significantly reduce the prevalence of human head lice infestation.

• #79 Head Lice Infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) Prevalence and Its Associated Factors, Among The Kormanj Tribes in North Khorasan Province

  https://brieflands.com/articles/semj-80292

  Human pediculosis is an important factor in assessing the level of public health and personal hygiene. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pediculosis (head lice infestation) and the factors affecting the rate of infestation. […] The pediculosis is one of the main public health problems in nomadic tribes such as Kormanj tribes in North Khorasan province. It seems that improvement of personal health conditions in females and also appropriate treatment in previous infestations for nomadic tribes could significantly reduce the prevalence of human head lice infestation. […] Public health of the community and educational intervention on explaining preventive pediculosis infestation behavior are of great importance so that the progress and development largely depend on the health development.

• #80 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  No law in Texas addresses excluding children with head lice from school. The Department of State Health Services (DSHS) does not have authority to impose a set policy on the exclusion or inclusion of students with head lice in school districts. DSHS urges school districts to ensure that its policies and procedures do not unnecessarily cause children to miss class. School districts policies and procedures should not encourage the embarrassment and isolation of students who have repeated cases of head lice. […] Lice are not a public health threat. DSHS does not monitor or track cases of head lice because they do not carry disease. It is up to each school district to create head lice policies and procedures if they choose. Talk with the school nurse or school administration to determine the school district’s policy and procedures. The „Setting Policies for School Districts” header below has policy suggestions.

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