Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cryptorchidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470270/

  Cryptorchidism is observed in 3% of full-term newborn infants, with this prevalence decreasing to 1% in infants aged 6 months to 1 year. In the US, cryptorchidism ranges from approximately 3% at birth to 1% from 1 year to adulthood. Globally, the prevalence varies, starting at around 4% to 5% at birth, decreasing to about 1% to 1.5% at age 3 months, and further decreasing to 1% to 2.5% at 9 months. The prevalence of cryptorchidism is 30% in premature male neonates. This elevated prevalence highlights the significance of closely monitoring testicular development and considering timely interventions when necessary. […] Cryptorchidism affects approximately 1.5% to 4% of fathers and 6% of brothers of individuals with cryptorchidism. The heritability in first-degree male relatives is estimated to be around 0.5% to 1%. Additionally, 7% of siblings of boys with undescended testes also experience cryptorchidism, emphasizing its potential genetic predisposition within families. Ongoing research aims to understand the nature and significance of the possible association between cryptorchidism and autism.

• #2 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia. Cryptorchidism has evolved significantly over the past half century, with respect to both diagnosis and treatment. The current standard of therapy in the United States is orchidopexy (also referred to as orchiopexy in the literature), or surgical repositioning of the testis within the scrotal sac, while hormonal therapy has fewer advocates. Successful scrotal relocation of the testis, however, may reduce but does not prevent these potential long-term sequelae in susceptible individuals. The purpose of this guideline is to provide physicians and non-physician providers (primary care and specialists) with a consensus of principles and treatment plans for the management of cryptorchidism.

• #3

  https://step2.medbullets.com/pediatrics/120601/cryptorchidism

  Most common disorder of sexual differentiation in boys […] incidence of 3-4% in full term infants […] more common in preterm infants […] bilateral in 10% of cases.

• #4 Scrotal abnormalities – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/scrotal-abnormalities/

  Epidemiology: most common congenital anomaly of the genitourinary tract […] Close urological monitoring and early treatment are necessary in individuals with an increased risk of testicular cancer and infertility.

• #5 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  In the United States, the prevalence of cryptorchidism ranges from 3.7% at birth to 1.1% from age 1 year to adulthood. Internationally, prevalence ranges from 4.3-4.9% at birth to 1-1.5% at age 3 months to 0.8-2.5% at age 9 months. […] Cryptorchidism is identified in 1.5-4% of fathers and 6.2% of brothers of patients with cryptorchidism. Heritability in first-degree male relatives is estimated to be 0.67. The prevalence of cryptorchidism is 30% in premature male neonates. Other factors that predispose include low birth weight, small size for gestational age, twinning, and maternal exposure to estrogen during the first trimester. […] In a study of 5014 boys born at a single hospital in Estonia, 2.1% had one or both testicles undescended at birth. Cryptorchidism rates at birth varied according to the following factors: Preterm birth: 11.9%, Low birth weight: 16.7%, Small for gestational age: 14%, Full-term birth: 1.1%. […] An undescended testis may descend spontaneously during the first few months of life but is unlikely to do so after 6 months (corrected for gestational age). Cryptorchidism may also be acquired, with an initially descended testis ascending out of the scrotum.

• #6 Undescended testis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/undescended-testis-65353883/65353883

  Cryptorchidism occurs when one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It has a prevalence of 1-4% in full term males and 1-45% in preterm males. […] Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital anomalies. 1% to 4% of full-term and 1% to 45% of preterm male neonates. […] Familial cluster is 3.6-fold overall, 6.9-fold if a brother is affected, and 4.6-fold if the father is affected. […] Perinatal risk factors associated with cryptorchidism include prematurity, low birth weight/small for gestational age, breech presentation, and maternal diabetes. […] Undescended testes are frequently present in diseases associated with reduced androgen production and/or action, such as androgen biosynthetic defects, androgen insensitivity, Leydig cell agenesis, and gonadotropin deficiency disorders, AMH biosynthesis or receptor defects.

• #7 Undescended Testicle

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Uro/Peds/UndscndTstcl.htm

  Preterm Newborn: 30 to 45% Incidence […] Term Newborn: 2.7 to 5.9% Incidence […] Age 6 months: 0.8% persistent Undescended Testicle […] Unilateral in 90% of cases […] Bilateral Undescended Testes in 10-20% of cases.

• #8 Pediatric Cryptorchidism Surgery: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1017420-overview

  A palpable undescended testis is found in 3-5% of newborns, and bilateral undescended testis is found in 15% of newborns with cryptorchidism. […] Most undescended palpable testes later spontaneously descend within the first 4 months of life; only 0.7-1% of 1-year-old infants have a persistent undescended testis. […] Studies have shown that spontaneous descent does not occur after age 9 months. […] The incidence does not change between age 1 year and adulthood. […] However, some testes that were descended in early childhood may ascend later in life. […] Nonpalpable testes account for approximately 20% of all undescended testes. […] Approximately 40% of the nonpalpable testes are intra-abdominal, 40% are inguinal, and 20% are atrophic or absent (vanishing testis syndrome). […] Cryptorchidism is found in 30% of babies born prematurely.

• #9 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In a large population-based study of 819,111 non-syndromic boys in Denmark, Jensen and colleagues analyzed associations between birth weight, prematurity and cryptorchidism, which occurred in 14.1 cases out of 1000 boys. When correcting birth weight for gestational age, only boys in the lowest quintile (20th percentile) were at increased risk for cryptorchidism. […] In a systematic review estimating the prevalence of cryptorchidism by different ages and birth weights, they identified 97 articles, but only 49 remained eligible. These studies were conducted between 1934 and 2006. Fifty percent of the studies used a formal definition to identify and diagnose cryptorchidism, although these definitions varied widely. […] The prevalence for boys three years and older is again rather stable between null and 6.6%. In addition to birth weight and prematurity, the authors indicate that the lack of distinction between congenital (never descended from birth) and acquired (previously scrotal) cryptorchidism may explain the differences in rates.

• #9 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Although delayed diagnosis or treatment of cryptorchidism beyond the neonatal period is well-documented, the relative proportion of cases of true testicular ascent v. congenital cases that were not identified and/or referred early for care remains unclear. However, the preponderance of data strongly supports the existence of acquired cryptorchidism as a real phenomenon whose prevalence may be similar to that of congenital cryptorchidism. In a population-based health registry study, cryptorchidism was frequently diagnosed beyond the newborn period, and there were no age-specific differences in time between diagnosis and surgical correction. Similarly, in birth cohort studies, suprascrotal testes were newly diagnosed in about 2% of boys examined longitudinally at intervals up to 10 years of age.

• #10 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Undescended testis (UDT) is a common condition, and parents often primarily present to general practitioners. […] Management in a timely fashion may reduce the risk of malignancy and infertility. […] Undescended testis (UDT) is the second most common paediatric surgical condition after inguinal hernias. […] Five per cent of boys have a UDT at birth, 12% at three months and 1% at one year; hence, it is uncommon for testes to descend after three months. […] Emerging evidence suggests that UDT represents a disruption in the hormonally controlled testicular descent in fetal life and is probably secondary to a disturbance of intrauterine hormonal function. […] The prevalence in premature boys is up to 30.1%. […] Current guidelines recommend referral at 36 months for unilateral UDT, and orchidopexy between six and 12 months.

• #11 Epidemiology, Classification and Management of Undescended Testes: Does Medication Have Value in its Treatment?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3701924/

  Genetic, hormonal, and anatomical factors are believed to be involved in the etiology of undescended testes. Due to increased risk of infertility, testicular cancer, torsion and/or accompanying inguinal hernia (90%) as well as cosmetic concerns, all these patients require treatment. […] Undescended testis is present in about 1-4.5% of newborns with a higher incidence in preterms (30-45%). […] Patients with undescended testes should be treated because of increased risk of infertility, testicular cancer, torsion and/or accompanying inguinal hernia (90%), as well as because of cosmetic concerns. […] According to the 2007 Consensus Report of Nordic countries, it is recommended that surgery is the first-line treatment modality in undescended testes and that it should be performed by pediatric surgeons and urologists at the age of 6-12 months.

• #12 Epidemiology, Classification and Management of Undescended Testes: Does Medication Have Value in its Treatment? – Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

  https://jcrpe.org/articles/epidemiology-classification-and-management-of-undescended-testes-does-medication-have-value-in-its-treatment/doi/Jcrpe.883

  Genetic, hormonal, and anatomical factors are believed to be involved in the etiology of undescended testes. Due to increased risk of infertility, testicular cancer, torsion and/or accompanying inguinal hernia (90%) as well as cosmetic concerns, all these patients require treatment. […] Undescended testis is present in about 1-4.5% of newborns with a higher incidence in preterms (30-45%). […] Patients with undescended testes should be treated because of increased risk of infertility, testicular cancer, torsion and/or accompanying inguinal hernia (90%), as well as because of cosmetic concerns. […] According to the 2007 Consensus Report of Nordic countries, it is recommended that surgery is the first-line treatment modality in undescended testes and that it should be performed by pediatric surgeons and urologists at the age of 6-12 months.

• #12 Epidemiology, Classification and Management of Undescended Testes: Does Medication Have Value in its Treatment? – Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

  https://jcrpe.org/articles/epidemiology-classification-and-management-of-undescended-testes-does-medication-have-value-in-its-treatment/doi/Jcrpe.883

  The risk of undescended testes is 10.1 fold higher in male twins if present in one of them, 3.5 fold higher in males with a brother with undescended testes, and 2.3 fold higher in males with a father with the condition. […] The risk for cancer is 35 to 48 times higher in patients with undescended testes compared to the overall population. […] The risk for malignant degeneration is 3-18% in these patients. […] The risk for torsion is higher in adult patients with undescended testes compared to overall population. […] According to the 2007 Consensus Report of Nordic countries, it is recommended that undescended testes should be surgically descended to the scrotum at 6-12 months. […] The success rate of surgery is defined as presence of testes in the scrotum without testicular atrophy and/or any recurrence for 1 year. […] Despite surgical treatment by orchiopexy, the long-term outcome still remains problematic and controversial.

• #13 Management of high inguinal undescended testis: a review of literature | Annals of Pediatric Surgery | Full Text

  https://aops.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43159-021-00107-6

  Undescended testis is one of the most common paediatric surgical diagnoses. […] High inguinal undescended testis poses a unique technical challenge even to well-experienced surgeons. […] Undescended testis is one of the most common paediatric surgical condition, and orchiopexy is a must-know operation for all paediatric surgeons and paediatric urologists. […] UDT is one of the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 2 to 8% of full-term and 3345% of preterm or born underweight (birth weight 2500g) infants. […] The position of the testis in cases of cryptorchidism plays a pivotal role in surgical decision-making. […] High inguinal testis can be defined as any intra-canalicular testis present higher up in the inguinal canal and cannot be brought down easily to the scrotum by routine surgery as in standard orchiopexy (open or laparoscopy) and requires additional lengthening manoeuvres.

• #14 Undescended testicles | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/undescended-testicles

  About five per cent of boys are born with undescended testicles. […] Premature and low birth weight babies are at increased risk. […] Undescended testicles are linked to a range of health problems and conditions, including hernia, testicular cancer and infertility. […] Undescended testes occur in around 1 in 100 to 1 in 20 newborn babies born at full term. In preterm babies, undescended testes can occur in up to half of all newborns. […] Premature babies are at increased risk of undescended testicles because the migration of the testicles hasnt had time to occur during development in the womb. Low birth weight babies also have a higher rate of undescended testicles. […] Around 17 per cent of male newborns that weigh under 2.3 kg have undescended testicles. The lower the birth weight, the higher the risk; nearly 100 per cent of male babies weighing under 907 g are born with the condition.

• #14 Undescended testicles | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/undescended-testicles

  Undescended testicles are linked to a range of health problems and conditions, including: […] the risk of testicular cancer is five to 10 times higher for males with undescended testicles than for the general male population. This risk may remain even after corrective surgery, particularly if surgery is delayed to later in childhood. Testicular cancer usually occurs between the ages of 25 and 40 years. […] Acquired undescended testicles may also occur in boys who were treated for undescended testis at birth. Up to 50 per cent of boys who are treated for undescended testis as a small infant, will develop acquired undescended testis later in childhood. […] Surgery is the best treatment for undescended testicles. […] Research suggests that future sperm quality in the affected testicle is compromised if the condition is corrected after the child is two years old. […] About 10 per cent of males who undergo surgical correction experience reduced fertility later in life.

• #15 Pediatric Cryptorchidism Surgery: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1017420-overview

  Other predisposing factors include low birth weight, small size for gestational age, twin pregnancy, and maternal estrogen exposure. […] Cryptorchidism is found in 7% of siblings and in about 2% of fathers of babies with this condition. […] Cryptorchidism affects only males and has no reported racial predilection.

• #16 Epidemiology, Classification and Management of Undescended Testes: Does Medication Have Value in its Treatment?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3701924/

  The risk of undescended testes is 10.1 fold higher in male twins if present in one of them, 3.5 fold higher in males with a brother with undescended testes, and 2.3 fold higher in males with a father with the condition. […] The risk for cancer is 35 to 48 times higher in patients with undescended testes compared to the overall population. […] The risk for torsion is higher in adult patients with undescended testes compared to overall population. […] According to the 2007 Consensus Report of Nordic countries, it is recommended that undescended testes should be surgically descended to the scrotum at 6-12 months. […] The success rate of surgery is defined as presence of testes in the scrotum without testicular atrophy and/or any recurrence for 1 year. […] Despite surgical treatment by orchiopexy, the long-term outcome still remains problematic and controversial.

• #17 Cryptorchidism – Undescended Testicle

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/cryptorchidism.html

  Cryptorchidism is the absence of one testis or both testes from the scrotum, caused by a deficient or irregular testicular descent EAU Guidelines Paediatric Urology, AUA cryptorchidism guideline. […] 1% of one-year old boys […] 3% of the boys at birth (normal pregnancy) […] 930% in premature infants. […] The concordance rate is 7% for brothers, 17% for dizygotic twins, and 27% for monozygotic twins. […] Monorchidism (lack of one testis) is the underlying cause for 520% of patients with real (nonpalpable) cryptorchidism. […] Cryptorchidism is a risk factor for male infertility: 87% of untreated men with unilateral cryptorchidism have children, but only 33% of men with bilateral cryptorchidism. […] Cryptorchidism results in testicular damage with impaired germ cell development: persistence of fetal gonocytes and the lack of development of the adult dark spermatogonia (see pathology).

• #17 Cryptorchidism – Undescended Testicle

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/cryptorchidism.html

  The reasons for the increased testicular cancer risk (1020 if untreated) are unclear. Testicular dysgenesis is a probable cause. The higher the testis position, the higher the risk of malignancy. […] 80% of undescended testes are palpable. […] An elevated FSH before puberty is a sign of bilateral missing testes. […] An HCG stimulation test is indicated for bilateral nonpalpable testes: serum testosterone is measured before and 32 h after administration of 5000 IU HCG. An increase in testosterone proves the existence of dystopic testicle(s).

• #18 Cryptorchidism – Pathophysiology – Managment – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/surgery/urology/cryptorchidism/

  Cryptorchidism, or the failure of testicular descent into the scrotum, is a surgical condition found in 6% of newborns, but drops to 1.5-3.5% of males at 3 months. […] Cryptorchidism can broadly be defined in 3 groups: True undescended testis: where testis is absent from the scrotum but lies along the line of testicular descent; Ectopic testis: where the testis is found away from the normal path of decent; Ascending testis: where a testis previously identified in the scrotum undergoes a secondary ascent out of the scrotum. […] No imaging modality has been shown to be of benefit in the diagnosis of undescended testis. Both USS and MRI have been showed to have low sensitivity and be poor at locating the testis and therefore plays no role in the pre-operative management of these patients.

• #19 Undescended Testes (Maldescended and Retractile Testes)

  https://patient.info/doctor/undescended-and-maldescended-testes

  Undescended testis is the most common birth defect among boys. Undescended testes affect 1-6% of males. There is a higher incidence in premature babies (up to 30%). Unilateral cryptorchidism is four times more likely than bilateral. […] The National Screening Committee Policy – 'cryptorchidism screening’ – states that screening for undescended and maldescended testes should take place in the routine physical examination of boys within 72 hours of birth and at the six- to eight-week check. A re-check should be carried out at 4-5 months of age if testes have previously been found to be undescended, to assess for spontaneous descent.

• #20 Cryptorchidism | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617321/all/Cryptorchidism?q=Precocious+Puberty

  Cryptorchidism is a condition characterized by one or both testes being undescended. […] 3% of full-term newborn boys have cryptorchidism. […] This percentage falls to 1% by 3 months of age. […] There are two peaks for detection of undescended testes: at birth and at 5 to 7 years of age. The latter group probably represents those patients with low undescended testes that become apparent with linear growth. […] Bilateral undescended testes occur in 10% of patients with undescended testicles. […] Unilateral anorchia is found in 5% of patients with cryptorchidism.

• #21

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07050/diagnoses_and_treatment_of_acquired_undescended.20.aspx

  Acquired undescended testes were once considered a sporadic disease. In recent years, reports suggest that they are not uncommon, with an incidence rate about 3 times that of congenital undescended testes. […] The etiology of acquired undescended testes remains inconclusive, clinical diagnostic standards are unclear, and treatment approaches are still controversial. […] Acquired undescended testes may increase the risk of testicular cancer, but this is still debated. […] aUDT is far more common than previously thought, occurring about 3 times more often than cUDT, and needs to be better recognized in clinical practice. […] The risk of testicular cancer with aUDT is still in dispute. […] The top choice of treatment for aUDT remains a controversial issue. […] Despite its sound instant effects, no studies have proved that early ORP treatment can improve patients fertility.

• #22

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles are a common childhood condition where a boy’s testicles are not in their usual place in the scrotum. […] It’s estimated about 1 in every 25 boys are born with undescended testicles. […] But around 1 in 100 boys has testicles that stay undescended unless treated. […] Undescended testicles are usually detected during the newborn physical examination carried out soon after birth, or during a routine check-up at 6 to 8 weeks. […] Undescended testicles aren’t painful and your child isn’t at risk of any immediate health problems, but they should be monitored by a doctor in case treatment is needed later on. […] Being born prematurely (before the 37th week of pregnancy) and having a low birth weight and a family history of undescended testicles may increase the chances of a boy being born with the condition.

• #22

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles can usually be diagnosed after a physical examination. […] If the testicles haven’t descended by 6 months, they’re very unlikely to do so and treatment will usually be recommended. […] This is because boys with untreated undescended testicles can have fertility problems (infertility) in later life and an increased risk of developing testicular cancer. […] Surgery is ideally carried out before 12 months of age. If undescended testicles are treated at an early age, the risk of fertility problems and testicular cancer can be reduced.

• #23 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/8649

  BACKGROUND: The rate of delay in the referral of patients with undescended testis (UDT) to health facilities in Indonesia is still relatively high due to delays in the handling of urological surgery. Hence, it requires rapid and appropriate identification and early detection of patients with UDT in the community. […] AIM: The study aims to analyze the factors of delay in referral in cases of UDT management. […] RESULTS: Delay by doctors/paramedics who were not followed up, ignorance of the risk of delaying surgery, and undiagnosed UDT by parents/health-care providers showed a significant difference where the percentage of patients who were delayed was greater on these factors. In addition, the reference source is also known to have a significant difference with a significant value (p 0.005). […] CONCLUSIONS: Factors that played a significant role in the delay in operative procedures for treating UDT were delays in referral from doctors (p 0.025) (primary care physicians and pediatricians) and undiagnosed UDT conditions in patients ( 0.005).

• #24 Unnecessary diagnostic imaging: a review of the literature on preoperative imaging for boys with undescended testes – Hartigan – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/5174/html

  Cryptorchidism (undescended testis) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. Cryptorchidism occurs in 1% to 3% of full-term and up to 45% of preterm male neonates (1). […] The recently published American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines recommend that surgery should be performed within the next year if testicular descent does not occur by 6 months (corrected for gestational age) (5). […] In a national cross-sectional survey of pediatricians practicing in the United States conducted by Tasian et al., 67% of respondents reported ordering imaging during the preoperative evaluation of boys with cryptorchidism (21). Of the respondents who ordered imaging, 86% reported doing so because they believe imaging reveals the presence or absence of a nonpalpable testis.

• #25 Unnecessary diagnostic imaging: a review of the literature on preoperative imaging for boys with undescended testes – Hartigan – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/5174/html

  Ultrasound is the most imaging modality most commonly used to evaluate boys with undescended testes (21). […] The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in correctly identifying a nonpalpable testis was 45% and 78%, respectively. […] Guidelines from multiple professional organizations consistently recommend that imaging not be routinely performed in the diagnosis of undescended testes prior to surgical intervention. […] The overuse of imaging by primary care providers in this population likely stems from the erroneous belief that ultrasound is a reliable way to identify nonpalpable testis (21). […] Preoperative imaging does not change surgical management of non-palpable testes because a reliable imaging modality is not yet available that can be used in lieu of the gold standard of laparoscopy to correctly identify the presence and location of a non-palpable undescended testis.

• #26 Prevalence of Undescended Testis in Tehran and the Main Risk Factors: A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study

  https://brieflands.com/articles/amhsr-111132

  Undescended testis (UDT) is the most common abnormality of the male genital system. To date, no study has been carried out to determine the prevalence of UDT and its risk factors in Tehran. This study aimed to determine the frequency of cryptorchidism and its risk factors in male infants who were born at three university hospitals in Tehran. […] A total of 1,350 boys were evaluated. Eleven (0.81%) boys had UDT. There were statistically significant associations between UDT and maternal hypertension, presence of other congenital anomalies, infection during pregnancy, fetal presentation, and type of delivery. […] The prevalence of UDT in Tehran was much lower than in previously reported rates in other areas. Factor analysis showed that cryptorchidism was associated with the markers of poor fetal development.

• #27 Prevalence of Undescended Testis in Tehran and the Main Risk Factors: A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study

  https://brieflands.com/articles/amhsr-111132

  In recent decades, the incidence of UDT has increased in both the United Kingdom and the United States of America. However, our study and some other studies have reported a lower prevalence of cryptorchidism. […] The main limitation of this study was the evaluation of cryptorchidism at birth only. In approximately 71% of infants with UDT at birth, spontaneous descending of the testis occurs within a year without any medical intervention. However, our results are consistent with the results of population-based studies that selected boys undergoing orchiopexy as the target group. […] Our study showed that the prevalence of UDT in Tehran is much lower than that in previous studies. Cryptorchidism seems to be associated with markers of poor embryonic development. Low gestational age, low birth weight, breech presentation, and consequently, a cesarean section for birth and history of maternal infection during pregnancy were more common in infants with cryptorchidism than in other infants.

• #28 Undescended Testicles Diagnosis Market Set for 5.7% CAGR Growth Through 2033 | State of the Union News

  https://www.stateoftheunionnews.com/article/782031274-undescended-testicles-diagnosis-market-set-for-5-7-cagr-growth-through-2033

  Undescended Testicles Diagnosis Market size is expected to be worth around USD 185.9 Mn by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 5.7% from 2024 to 2033. […] Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, is one of the most common congenital conditions in male infants, affecting 1–4% of full-term newborns. Early detection is critical as delayed treatment can lead to reduced fertility and an increased risk of testicular cancer. […] Studies indicate that men with a history of cryptorchidism are three to four times more likely to develop testicular cancer than those without the condition. […] Maternal health and lifestyle choices during pregnancy play a crucial role in the occurrence of cryptorchidism. […] Research links maternal smoking and obesity to a higher risk of this condition. […] The rising prevalence of undescended testicles impacts 2-5% of full-term male infants, increasing demand for early diagnostic services.

• #29 Undescended Testicles Diagnosis Market Set for 5.7% CAGR Growth Through 2033 | State of the Union News

  https://www.stateoftheunionnews.com/article/782031274-undescended-testicles-diagnosis-market-set-for-5-7-cagr-growth-through-2033

  Limited pediatric healthcare access affects 50% of children in low-income countries, delaying early diagnosis and necessary treatments. […] The target population for undescended testicles diagnosis is categorized into Neonates and Children. […] The Neonates segment dominated with 82.1% market share, emphasizing the importance of early screening and intervention. […] The market is also divided by distribution channels, including Hospitals, Clinics, and Others. […] Hospitals held 78.6% of the market share, driven by advanced medical infrastructure and specialized professionals. […] North America led the Undescended Testicles Diagnosis Market, holding a 37.2% share and reaching a market value of USD 39.3 million. […] The region benefits from cutting-edge diagnostic tools like ultrasound and MRI, ensuring early and precise detection. […] The well-established medical ecosystem in North America plays a crucial role in market expansion.

• #30 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. About 1%2% of boys older than 6 months have undescended testes after their early postnatal descent. A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. International guidelines do not recommend ultrasonography or other diagnostic imaging because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. Patients with unilateral undescended testis have an infertility rate of up to 10%. This rate is even higher in patients with bilateral undescended testes, with intra-abdominal undescended testis, or who underwent delayed orchiopexy. Patients with undescended testis have a threefold increased risk of testicular cancer later in life compared to the general population. A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates.

• #31 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction may improve fertility and decrease malignancy rates related to undescended testis. The fertility rate is low in patients with bilateral undescended testes, although orchiopexy is successful. The risk of testicular cancer in patients with undescended testis is increased compared to that in the general population. The original location of the testes and the age at orchiopexy are predictive factors for fertility and malignancy later in life.

• #32 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  The risk of testicular cancer has been approximated at 2% in UDT; although this is four to five times the risk in the general population, parents can be reassured this is still relatively low. […] The literature has shown there may be an association between UDT and infertility, but it does not appear to be as great as once feared or as parents are often told, particularly for unilateral UDT. […] In men with bilateral UDT, despite orchidopexy, the infertility rate may be up to 56%, six times that of the general population, and the paternity rate (the percentage of men attempting who successfully achieve conception) may be 62%. […] The prognosis for unilateral UDT appears to be better: 83% have a normal sperm count, and the paternity rate is up to 89%. […] The risk of malignancy in ascending testis is believed to be much lower.

• #33 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  UDT is particularly associated with testicular seminoma, with a relative risk of 7.3. […] Some studies have shown an increased risk of malignancy in the contralateral testis in unilateral UDT. […] There is still much to be understood about UDT in the context of malignancy, and there is a lack of prospective data.

• #34

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Undescended-Testicles.aspx

  Since the chances of the testicle coming down on its own is slim after 6 months old, your child should be referred for treatment once they’ve reached that age. Waiting beyond 2-3 years may hinder the testicle’s ability to grow and function normally. Ideally, orchiopexy should be done within the first 18 months of life. […] Pediatricians and pediatric urologists work together to care for boys with undescended testicle. Boys who may need surgery are referred to a pediatric urologist.

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