Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Undescended Testicles – Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/undescended-testicles/

  You can’t prevent or avoid an undescended testicle. […] An undescended testicle can be cured. Sometimes, it can descend on its own. Other times, your doctor may recommend medicine or surgery to treat the issue. […] An undescended testicle that is left untreated can lead to future health problems. These include an increased risk of infertility and cancer.

• #2 Cryptorchidism: Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/cryptorchidism

  There is no known way to prevent undescended testicles. […] Testicles need to be in an environment 2 to 3 degrees cooler than the body’s core temperature to produce healthy sperm. This is why testicles descend into the scrotum, which hangs outside of the body. Undescended testicles can lead to infertility issues. Additionally, undescended testicles increase the risk of developing testicular cancer, testicular torsion, and inguinal hernias.

• #3 Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/undescended-testicle-cryptorchidism.html

  There is no way to prevent this condition because the exact cause is not known. […] Orchiopexy may reduce the risk of infertility because normal sperm production requires the cooler temperature found in the scrotum. […] Orchiopexy increases the likelihood of early detection of a testicular cancer. The procedure also may reduce the risk of developing cancer if done at an early age.

• #4 Undescended Testicle: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/undescended-testicle

  Prevention is often not possible. Preventing preterm delivery is the best way to prevent undescended testicles. This would include obtaining good prenatal care and avoiding exposures (such as tobacco smoke, infections, or drugs) that might trigger early labor.

• #5 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. […] American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines suggest that primary care providers should palpate for quality and position of the testes at every well-child visit. […] To ensure that undescended testicles are properly identified, it is important to get a good scrotal exam. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. […] If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology. […] Patients with undescended testicles should be referred as soon as possible and within six months of discovery.

• #6 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. […] American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines suggest that primary care providers should palpate for quality and position of the testes at every well-child visit. […] To ensure that undescended testicles are properly identified, it is important to get a good scrotal exam. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. […] If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology. […] Patients with undescended testicles should be referred as soon as possible and within six months of discovery.

• #7 Causes and Treatments for Cryptorchidism | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/better-me/should-you-be-worried-about-your-infants-undescended-testicle

  Bringing home a newborn can feel like running before you learn to walk. […] Descended testicles are just one of many items on the healthy newborn boy checklist. […] For babies born with undescended testicles, the issue resolves on its own about two-thirds of the time. […] Making your recommended well child visits is vital for your infants overall health. Without these regular visits, issues like cryptorchidism may go undetected and untreated, said Dr. Friedman. […] For children 6 months or older with cryptorchidism, a surgery called orchiopexy is the recommended treatment. […] Left untreated, an undescended testicle becomes more susceptible. […] All this is said to emphasize the importance of early treatment, not to discourage later treatment, explained Dr. Friedman. Regardless of age, cryptorchidism should be treated right away to minimize long-term complications.

• #8 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  However, the risk of developing testicular cancer is 7-10 times higher than the normal population. […] Today, it is thought that this risk will decrease in children who are operated at the age of 2 years. […] Prevention of torsion: Torsion (rotation of the testicles around itself) may occur in undescended testicles located in the abdomen. […] Psychological reasons: Even if there are no other complications, it is certain that the psychological trauma of this will be great for a child in the developmental age who thinks that one of his testicles is missing. […] For this reason, the testicle should be surgically lowered to the scrotum before he reaches sexual consciousness. […] Families should check from birth whether their baby’s testicles are in place. […] Babies with undescended testicles must be examined before the age of 1 year.

• #9 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Treatment for cryptorchidism can be hormonal, surgical or a combination of the two. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #10 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html/1000

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] Unlike the risk of testicular cancer, however, there seems to be an advantage to early orchiopexy for protection of fertility. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #11 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia. […] The purpose of this guideline is to provide physicians and non-physician providers (primary care and specialists) with a consensus of principles and treatment plans for the management of cryptorchidism. […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. […] In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year.

• #12 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. […] Successful scrotal relocation of the testis, however, may reduce but does not prevent these potential long-term sequelae in susceptible individuals. […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. […] In boys with retractile testes, providers should assess the position of the testes at least annually to monitor for secondary ascent.

• #13 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Infants with undescended testicles should be referred if the testicle has not descended by 6 months of age as it is unlikely to descend after this age. […] Any undescended testicles that persist after 6 months of age are unlikely to descend spontaneously and need to be referred to urology. […] Scrotal ultrasounds are not needed prior to a urology referral for undescended testicles.

• #14 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. Timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction may improve fertility and decrease malignancy rates related to undescended testis. Primary caregivers should consider surgical specialist referral of patients with undescended testis if no descent occurs by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. The use of ultrasonography and other diagnostic imaging techniques is not recommended because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/

  If the testicles haven’t descended by 6 months, they’re very unlikely to do so and treatment will usually be recommended. […] Surgery is ideally carried out before 12 months of age. If undescended testicles are treated at an early age, the risk of fertility problems and testicular cancer can be reduced.

• #16 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Most pediatric urologists recommend orchiopexy by 1 to 1.5 years of age or earlier. […] We recommend treatment of the undescended testicle before one year of age. […] There is evidence that early damage to the germ cells that produce sperm begins at this age. […] Other reasons to treat are psychological reasons and placement of testicle in position more amenable to physical examination to pick up testis cancer. […] The most effective treatment is surgery, which can be performed as an outpatient. […] Pharmacotherapy has the advantages of avoiding anesthesia and being minimally invasive. […] HCG (human chorionic gonadotopin) is the drug of choice. […] HCG is thought to stimulate Leydig cells of testicle to produce male hormones. […] The precise mechanism of action is unknown.

• #17 Cryptorchidism: Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/cryptorchidism

  There is no known way to prevent undescended testicles. […] Testicles need to be in an environment 2 to 3 degrees cooler than the body’s core temperature to produce healthy sperm. This is why testicles descend into the scrotum, which hangs outside of the body. Undescended testicles can lead to infertility issues. Additionally, undescended testicles increase the risk of developing testicular cancer, testicular torsion, and inguinal hernias.

• #18 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Undescended testis is the most common disease requiring surgical intervention in pediatric urology. […] However, the risk of infertility and testicular cancer in children with undescended testicles is higher than in the normal population, therefore, treatment and follow-up are necessary. […] There are 4 reasons, each of which can be an answer to this question on its own. […] Prevention of infertility: Normally, the testicular temperature is 0.5-2C below body temperature. This is essential to produce sperm. […] For this reason, undescended testicular surgery to be performed after the first two years is for the continuation of hormone production rather than sperm production. […] Prevention of cancer formation: The increased incidence of testicular cancer in cases with undescended testicles is a controversial issue.

• #19 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cryptorchidism.html

  If a testicle has not descended on its own by the time a baby is 6 months old, he should be checked by a pediatric specialist and have treatment if the condition is confirmed. This usually involves surgically repositioning the testicle into the scrotum. […] Treatment is necessary for several reasons: Being up in the body means the undescended testicle is at a higher temperature than usual (testicles need to be below regular body temperature to produce sperm). The higher temperature may harm the testicle’s development and its ability to make sperm in the future. This could possibly lead to infertility (the inability to father children). […] An undescended testicle is more likely to form a tumor than a normally descended testicle. […] The undescended testicle may be more at risk for injury or testicular torsion. […] An asymmetrical or empty scrotum can cause a boy worry and embarrassment. […] Sometimes boys with undescended testicles develop inguinal hernias. […] Boys who’ve had undescended testicles should have regular follow-up appointments with a urologist to make sure that no problems develop.

• #20 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Most pediatric urologists recommend orchiopexy by 1 to 1.5 years of age or earlier. […] We recommend treatment of the undescended testicle before one year of age. […] There is evidence that early damage to the germ cells that produce sperm begins at this age. […] Other reasons to treat are psychological reasons and placement of testicle in position more amenable to physical examination to pick up testis cancer. […] The most effective treatment is surgery, which can be performed as an outpatient. […] Pharmacotherapy has the advantages of avoiding anesthesia and being minimally invasive. […] HCG (human chorionic gonadotopin) is the drug of choice. […] HCG is thought to stimulate Leydig cells of testicle to produce male hormones. […] The precise mechanism of action is unknown.

• #21 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html/1000

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] Unlike the risk of testicular cancer, however, there seems to be an advantage to early orchiopexy for protection of fertility. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #22 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #23 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  Guidelines from the American Urological Association, published in 2014 and confirmed in 2018, include the following: […] Successful scrotal repositioning of the testis may reduce but does not prevent the potential long-term issues of infertility and testicular cancer. […] Treatment considerations with respect to fertility include the following: […] Early reposition of the testis into the scrotum has been a mainstay of treatment to reduce the risk of infertility; however, even with successful orchiopexy at age 6-12 months, 20-25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism have compromised fertility potential. […] Prepubertal orchiopexy reduces this risk. […] Prevention of testicular torsion […] Prevention of injury against pubic bone […] Psychological effects of an empty scrotum.

• #24 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Current guidelines recommend referral at 36 months for unilateral UDT, and orchidopexy between six and 12 months. […] Hormonal treatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin has been investigated but has not proven efficacious in promoting testicular descent. […] Examination under anaesthesia and diagnostic laparoscopy is the treatment for impalpable testes. […] If a testicular nubbin is found, there is some controversy around mandatory removal because of a potential risk of malignancy. […] The risk of testicular cancer has been approximated at 2% in UDT; although this is four to five times the risk in the general population, parents can be reassured this is still relatively low. […] Decreased fertility is largely a concern for bilateral UDT. Malignancy occurs at a higher rate but remains relatively low risk.

• #25 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #26

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/

  If the testicles haven’t descended by 6 months, they’re very unlikely to do so and treatment will usually be recommended. […] Surgery is ideally carried out before 12 months of age. If undescended testicles are treated at an early age, the risk of fertility problems and testicular cancer can be reduced.

• #27 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Current guidelines recommend referral at 36 months for unilateral UDT, and orchidopexy between six and 12 months. […] Hormonal treatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin has been investigated but has not proven efficacious in promoting testicular descent. […] Examination under anaesthesia and diagnostic laparoscopy is the treatment for impalpable testes. […] If a testicular nubbin is found, there is some controversy around mandatory removal because of a potential risk of malignancy. […] The risk of testicular cancer has been approximated at 2% in UDT; although this is four to five times the risk in the general population, parents can be reassured this is still relatively low. […] Decreased fertility is largely a concern for bilateral UDT. Malignancy occurs at a higher rate but remains relatively low risk.

• #28 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  However, the risk of developing testicular cancer is 7-10 times higher than the normal population. […] Today, it is thought that this risk will decrease in children who are operated at the age of 2 years. […] Prevention of torsion: Torsion (rotation of the testicles around itself) may occur in undescended testicles located in the abdomen. […] Psychological reasons: Even if there are no other complications, it is certain that the psychological trauma of this will be great for a child in the developmental age who thinks that one of his testicles is missing. […] For this reason, the testicle should be surgically lowered to the scrotum before he reaches sexual consciousness. […] Families should check from birth whether their baby’s testicles are in place. […] Babies with undescended testicles must be examined before the age of 1 year.

• #29 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  Guidelines from the American Urological Association, published in 2014 and confirmed in 2018, include the following: […] Successful scrotal repositioning of the testis may reduce but does not prevent the potential long-term issues of infertility and testicular cancer. […] Treatment considerations with respect to fertility include the following: […] Early reposition of the testis into the scrotum has been a mainstay of treatment to reduce the risk of infertility; however, even with successful orchiopexy at age 6-12 months, 20-25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism have compromised fertility potential. […] Prepubertal orchiopexy reduces this risk. […] Prevention of testicular torsion […] Prevention of injury against pubic bone […] Psychological effects of an empty scrotum.

• #30 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  However, the risk of developing testicular cancer is 7-10 times higher than the normal population. […] Today, it is thought that this risk will decrease in children who are operated at the age of 2 years. […] Prevention of torsion: Torsion (rotation of the testicles around itself) may occur in undescended testicles located in the abdomen. […] Psychological reasons: Even if there are no other complications, it is certain that the psychological trauma of this will be great for a child in the developmental age who thinks that one of his testicles is missing. […] For this reason, the testicle should be surgically lowered to the scrotum before he reaches sexual consciousness. […] Families should check from birth whether their baby’s testicles are in place. […] Babies with undescended testicles must be examined before the age of 1 year.

• #31 Undescended Testicle: Causes, Treatment and Surgery

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/undescended-testicle-causes-treatment-and-surgery/

  Undescended testis is an important disease. Families should be very careful in this regard. If timely measures are not taken, the undescended testis will have serious complications in the future. These complications are: […] The most effective treatment in children with undescended testicles is surgery. The operation performed to lower the testis to its normal place is called orchiopexy surgery. […] The ideal age for surgery in these children is between 6-12 months. If the operation period is delayed, testicular development cannot be complete and serious problems will arise in the future. The most important of these is the development of testicular cancer and the problem of infertility. […] Orchiopexy surgery reduces the risk of testicular cancer, but does not completely eliminate it. Therefore, these patients should be checked at regular intervals.

• #32 Undescended Testicles | United Urology

  https://www.unitedurology.com/conditions-treatments/pediatric-urology/undescended-testicles/

  If the testicle does not descend on its own by 4-6 months of age (premature infants are given more time after birth), treatment is often needed. […] The longer the testicle remains outside of your child’s scrotum, it is more likely to produce fewer sperm, impacting future fertility. […] Some studies have shown a higher risk of testicular cancer in an undescended testicle. […] Bringing the testicle down into the scrotum makes it easier to detect a testicular tumor later on. […] An undescended testicle can lead to a hernia, which requires further treatment by a pediatric urologist.

• #33 Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/undescended-testicle-cryptorchidism.html

  There is no way to prevent this condition because the exact cause is not known. […] Orchiopexy may reduce the risk of infertility because normal sperm production requires the cooler temperature found in the scrotum. […] Orchiopexy increases the likelihood of early detection of a testicular cancer. The procedure also may reduce the risk of developing cancer if done at an early age.

• #34 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  Guidelines from the American Urological Association, published in 2014 and confirmed in 2018, include the following: […] Successful scrotal repositioning of the testis may reduce but does not prevent the potential long-term issues of infertility and testicular cancer. […] Treatment considerations with respect to fertility include the following: […] Early reposition of the testis into the scrotum has been a mainstay of treatment to reduce the risk of infertility; however, even with successful orchiopexy at age 6-12 months, 20-25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism have compromised fertility potential. […] Prepubertal orchiopexy reduces this risk. […] Prevention of testicular torsion […] Prevention of injury against pubic bone […] Psychological effects of an empty scrotum.

• #35 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  However, the risk of developing testicular cancer is 7-10 times higher than the normal population. […] Today, it is thought that this risk will decrease in children who are operated at the age of 2 years. […] Prevention of torsion: Torsion (rotation of the testicles around itself) may occur in undescended testicles located in the abdomen. […] Psychological reasons: Even if there are no other complications, it is certain that the psychological trauma of this will be great for a child in the developmental age who thinks that one of his testicles is missing. […] For this reason, the testicle should be surgically lowered to the scrotum before he reaches sexual consciousness. […] Families should check from birth whether their baby’s testicles are in place. […] Babies with undescended testicles must be examined before the age of 1 year.

• #36 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  Guidelines from the American Urological Association, published in 2014 and confirmed in 2018, include the following: […] Successful scrotal repositioning of the testis may reduce but does not prevent the potential long-term issues of infertility and testicular cancer. […] Treatment considerations with respect to fertility include the following: […] Early reposition of the testis into the scrotum has been a mainstay of treatment to reduce the risk of infertility; however, even with successful orchiopexy at age 6-12 months, 20-25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism have compromised fertility potential. […] Prepubertal orchiopexy reduces this risk. […] Prevention of testicular torsion […] Prevention of injury against pubic bone […] Psychological effects of an empty scrotum.

• #37

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/surgery/Pages/surgery-for-undescended-testicles-orchiopexy.aspx

  Children diagnosed with undescended testicles often need surgery to prevent certain health problems later. […] Surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum is for more than just to make the sides „match.” […] Undescended testicles have a higher rate of getting certain types of cancer, so having them in an easy-to-find area is important. […] There may also be worries about fertility in the child’s future, especially if both testicles are undescended. […] Surgery to bring down the testicle(s) then gives the child the best chance to have children in the future. […] If the testicle is not attached in the scrotum, there is a higher chance that it could twist on its blood vessels (called testicular torsion), with the risk of the testicle dying. […] If the undescended testicle is located abnormally up at the level of the pubic bone, it may have a higher risk of trauma since it is not in the scrotum.

• #38 Surgery for an Undescended Testicle | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/surgery-undescended-testicle

  If your child’s testicle doesnt descend on its own, it should be treated to prevent future problems. […] An undescended testicle can leave a small tear (hernia) in the wall between the abdomen and the groin. The hernia needs to be treated to prevent future problems. […] Your child should not swim in a pool or lake water for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery, or as advised by your child’s healthcare provider. […] Light activity is fine, but your child should not participate in strenuous activities like sports for 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, or as directed by your child’s healthcare provider.

• #39 Undescended Testicles | United Urology

  https://www.unitedurology.com/conditions-treatments/pediatric-urology/undescended-testicles/

  If the testicle does not descend on its own by 4-6 months of age (premature infants are given more time after birth), treatment is often needed. […] The longer the testicle remains outside of your child’s scrotum, it is more likely to produce fewer sperm, impacting future fertility. […] Some studies have shown a higher risk of testicular cancer in an undescended testicle. […] Bringing the testicle down into the scrotum makes it easier to detect a testicular tumor later on. […] An undescended testicle can lead to a hernia, which requires further treatment by a pediatric urologist.

• #40 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cryptorchidism.html

  If a testicle has not descended on its own by the time a baby is 6 months old, he should be checked by a pediatric specialist and have treatment if the condition is confirmed. This usually involves surgically repositioning the testicle into the scrotum. […] Treatment is necessary for several reasons: Being up in the body means the undescended testicle is at a higher temperature than usual (testicles need to be below regular body temperature to produce sperm). The higher temperature may harm the testicle’s development and its ability to make sperm in the future. This could possibly lead to infertility (the inability to father children). […] An undescended testicle is more likely to form a tumor than a normally descended testicle. […] The undescended testicle may be more at risk for injury or testicular torsion. […] An asymmetrical or empty scrotum can cause a boy worry and embarrassment. […] Sometimes boys with undescended testicles develop inguinal hernias. […] Boys who’ve had undescended testicles should have regular follow-up appointments with a urologist to make sure that no problems develop.

• #41 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Most pediatric urologists recommend orchiopexy by 1 to 1.5 years of age or earlier. […] We recommend treatment of the undescended testicle before one year of age. […] There is evidence that early damage to the germ cells that produce sperm begins at this age. […] Other reasons to treat are psychological reasons and placement of testicle in position more amenable to physical examination to pick up testis cancer. […] The most effective treatment is surgery, which can be performed as an outpatient. […] Pharmacotherapy has the advantages of avoiding anesthesia and being minimally invasive. […] HCG (human chorionic gonadotopin) is the drug of choice. […] HCG is thought to stimulate Leydig cells of testicle to produce male hormones. […] The precise mechanism of action is unknown.

• #42 Undescended Testicle: Causes, Treatment and Surgery

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/undescended-testicle-causes-treatment-and-surgery/

  Some children may be treated with hormone therapy for treatment. For this purpose, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone is given. Thanks to this hormone, in some cases, the testicles descend to their normal place. But in general, hormone therapy is not preferred much. Because the success rate is low. We do not recommend hormone therapy to our patients in order not to waste time and because the success rate is low. Our first option for our patients with undescended testicles is surgery. In this way, our success rates are quite high. […] In summary; Undescended testis is a common congenital developmental defect of the urogenital system. The most effective treatment is surgery. The success of the surgery is quite high. The surgery should be done within 6-12 months. If left untreated, it causes serious problems such as testicular cancer and infertility in the future.

• #43 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #44 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #45 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #46 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #47 Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/undescended-testicle-cryptorchidism.html

  There is no way to prevent this condition because the exact cause is not known. […] Orchiopexy may reduce the risk of infertility because normal sperm production requires the cooler temperature found in the scrotum. […] Orchiopexy increases the likelihood of early detection of a testicular cancer. The procedure also may reduce the risk of developing cancer if done at an early age.

• #48 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #49 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  There are two treatment methods in the treatment of undescended testis: drug (hormonal) treatment and surgical treatment. […] Surgical treatment is essential in undescended testis. […] Today, undescended testis surgery is recommended to be performed between 6 months and 1 year of age. […] If the testis is too high to be reached through the scrotum, an incision of 3-5 cm is made from the inguinal region and after the testis is reached and the testis is completely released, the inguinal hernia, which is often seen together, is also repaired. […] The success rate of undescended testicle operation is very high. […] Follow-up should be done on the seventh day after the operation (to see the wound site and remove the sutures), at the first month, and at the first year. […] In some cases, fluid collection may develop between the testis and the membrane surrounding it (hydrocele), which may require further surgery in the later period.

• #50 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Current guidelines recommend referral at 36 months for unilateral UDT, and orchidopexy between six and 12 months. […] Hormonal treatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin has been investigated but has not proven efficacious in promoting testicular descent. […] Examination under anaesthesia and diagnostic laparoscopy is the treatment for impalpable testes. […] If a testicular nubbin is found, there is some controversy around mandatory removal because of a potential risk of malignancy. […] The risk of testicular cancer has been approximated at 2% in UDT; although this is four to five times the risk in the general population, parents can be reassured this is still relatively low. […] Decreased fertility is largely a concern for bilateral UDT. Malignancy occurs at a higher rate but remains relatively low risk.

• #51 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  There are two treatment methods in the treatment of undescended testis: drug (hormonal) treatment and surgical treatment. […] Surgical treatment is essential in undescended testis. […] Today, undescended testis surgery is recommended to be performed between 6 months and 1 year of age. […] If the testis is too high to be reached through the scrotum, an incision of 3-5 cm is made from the inguinal region and after the testis is reached and the testis is completely released, the inguinal hernia, which is often seen together, is also repaired. […] The success rate of undescended testicle operation is very high. […] Follow-up should be done on the seventh day after the operation (to see the wound site and remove the sutures), at the first month, and at the first year. […] In some cases, fluid collection may develop between the testis and the membrane surrounding it (hydrocele), which may require further surgery in the later period.

• #52

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Undescended-Testicles.aspx

  If your child’s testicle has not come down into the scrotum on its own by 6 months of age, they will likely need treatment. […] Instead, the current approach to treatment involves surgery to relocate the testicle into the scrotum. This surgical procedure is called an orchiopexy. […] Since the chances of the testicle coming down on its own is slim after 6 months old, your child should be referred for treatment once they’ve reached that age. […] Ideally, orchiopexy should be done within the first 18 months of life. […] Complications of orchiopexy are very rare. It can be performed as an outpatient procedure.

• #53 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  There are two treatment methods in the treatment of undescended testis: drug (hormonal) treatment and surgical treatment. […] Surgical treatment is essential in undescended testis. […] Today, undescended testis surgery is recommended to be performed between 6 months and 1 year of age. […] If the testis is too high to be reached through the scrotum, an incision of 3-5 cm is made from the inguinal region and after the testis is reached and the testis is completely released, the inguinal hernia, which is often seen together, is also repaired. […] The success rate of undescended testicle operation is very high. […] Follow-up should be done on the seventh day after the operation (to see the wound site and remove the sutures), at the first month, and at the first year. […] In some cases, fluid collection may develop between the testis and the membrane surrounding it (hydrocele), which may require further surgery in the later period.

• #54 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. […] Successful scrotal relocation of the testis, however, may reduce but does not prevent these potential long-term sequelae in susceptible individuals. […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. […] In boys with retractile testes, providers should assess the position of the testes at least annually to monitor for secondary ascent.

• #55 Current Management of Undescended Testes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4856300/

  Undescended testes (UDTs) are a relatively common finding in newborn males, especially in those born prematurely. […] Patients with UDTs diagnosed after 6 months of age should be referred to a specialist for correction so that surgery may be performed within 1 year thereafter. This allows testes to descend spontaneously if they are to do so while facilitating early intervention to decrease the risk of subfertility and testicular malignancy for those patients in whom spontaneous descent does not occur. […] Hormonal therapy is not recommended for treatment of UDTs due to its low success rate, the incidence of secondary re-ascent, and the possible detrimental effects on spermatogenesis. […] The rationale for the treatment of cryptorchidism is to reduce the risk of its long term sequelae, including progressive subfertility/infertility, testicular neoplasms, torsion and cosmetic concerns. […] Recommendations for the age at which orchiopexy should be performed have decreased over time. […] Therefore, referral to a surgical specialist for congenital cryptorchidism should occur at 6 months (corrected for gestational age), to facilitate correction within the next year.

• #56 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Most pediatric urologists recommend orchiopexy by 1 to 1.5 years of age or earlier. […] We recommend treatment of the undescended testicle before one year of age. […] There is evidence that early damage to the germ cells that produce sperm begins at this age. […] Other reasons to treat are psychological reasons and placement of testicle in position more amenable to physical examination to pick up testis cancer. […] The most effective treatment is surgery, which can be performed as an outpatient. […] Pharmacotherapy has the advantages of avoiding anesthesia and being minimally invasive. […] HCG (human chorionic gonadotopin) is the drug of choice. […] HCG is thought to stimulate Leydig cells of testicle to produce male hormones. […] The precise mechanism of action is unknown.

• #57 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Most pediatric urologists recommend orchiopexy by 1 to 1.5 years of age or earlier. […] We recommend treatment of the undescended testicle before one year of age. […] There is evidence that early damage to the germ cells that produce sperm begins at this age. […] Other reasons to treat are psychological reasons and placement of testicle in position more amenable to physical examination to pick up testis cancer. […] The most effective treatment is surgery, which can be performed as an outpatient. […] Pharmacotherapy has the advantages of avoiding anesthesia and being minimally invasive. […] HCG (human chorionic gonadotopin) is the drug of choice. […] HCG is thought to stimulate Leydig cells of testicle to produce male hormones. […] The precise mechanism of action is unknown.

• #58 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Injections of HCG are given several times per week over several weeks. […] This can produce descent in some children. […] However, the success rates have been reported to be as low as 10%. […] Unfortunately the results of hormone treatment have diminished success in children less than two years of age. […] Usually a maximum 5-week course is undertaken. […] Patients failing hormonal therapy should undergo surgical treatment.

• #59 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. […] Successful scrotal relocation of the testis, however, may reduce but does not prevent these potential long-term sequelae in susceptible individuals. […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. […] In boys with retractile testes, providers should assess the position of the testes at least annually to monitor for secondary ascent.

• #60 Current Management of Undescended Testes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4856300/

  Undescended testes (UDTs) are a relatively common finding in newborn males, especially in those born prematurely. […] Patients with UDTs diagnosed after 6 months of age should be referred to a specialist for correction so that surgery may be performed within 1 year thereafter. This allows testes to descend spontaneously if they are to do so while facilitating early intervention to decrease the risk of subfertility and testicular malignancy for those patients in whom spontaneous descent does not occur. […] Hormonal therapy is not recommended for treatment of UDTs due to its low success rate, the incidence of secondary re-ascent, and the possible detrimental effects on spermatogenesis. […] The rationale for the treatment of cryptorchidism is to reduce the risk of its long term sequelae, including progressive subfertility/infertility, testicular neoplasms, torsion and cosmetic concerns. […] Recommendations for the age at which orchiopexy should be performed have decreased over time. […] Therefore, referral to a surgical specialist for congenital cryptorchidism should occur at 6 months (corrected for gestational age), to facilitate correction within the next year.

• #61 Current Management of Undescended Testes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4856300/

  Undescended testes (UDTs) are a relatively common finding in newborn males, especially in those born prematurely. […] Patients with UDTs diagnosed after 6 months of age should be referred to a specialist for correction so that surgery may be performed within 1 year thereafter. This allows testes to descend spontaneously if they are to do so while facilitating early intervention to decrease the risk of subfertility and testicular malignancy for those patients in whom spontaneous descent does not occur. […] Hormonal therapy is not recommended for treatment of UDTs due to its low success rate, the incidence of secondary re-ascent, and the possible detrimental effects on spermatogenesis. […] The rationale for the treatment of cryptorchidism is to reduce the risk of its long term sequelae, including progressive subfertility/infertility, testicular neoplasms, torsion and cosmetic concerns. […] Recommendations for the age at which orchiopexy should be performed have decreased over time. […] Therefore, referral to a surgical specialist for congenital cryptorchidism should occur at 6 months (corrected for gestational age), to facilitate correction within the next year.

• #62 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Injections of HCG are given several times per week over several weeks. […] This can produce descent in some children. […] However, the success rates have been reported to be as low as 10%. […] Unfortunately the results of hormone treatment have diminished success in children less than two years of age. […] Usually a maximum 5-week course is undertaken. […] Patients failing hormonal therapy should undergo surgical treatment.

• #63 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Most pediatric urologists recommend orchiopexy by 1 to 1.5 years of age or earlier. […] We recommend treatment of the undescended testicle before one year of age. […] There is evidence that early damage to the germ cells that produce sperm begins at this age. […] Other reasons to treat are psychological reasons and placement of testicle in position more amenable to physical examination to pick up testis cancer. […] The most effective treatment is surgery, which can be performed as an outpatient. […] Pharmacotherapy has the advantages of avoiding anesthesia and being minimally invasive. […] HCG (human chorionic gonadotopin) is the drug of choice. […] HCG is thought to stimulate Leydig cells of testicle to produce male hormones. […] The precise mechanism of action is unknown.

• #64 Undescended Testicle: Causes, Treatment and Surgery

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/undescended-testicle-causes-treatment-and-surgery/

  Some children may be treated with hormone therapy for treatment. For this purpose, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone is given. Thanks to this hormone, in some cases, the testicles descend to their normal place. But in general, hormone therapy is not preferred much. Because the success rate is low. We do not recommend hormone therapy to our patients in order not to waste time and because the success rate is low. Our first option for our patients with undescended testicles is surgery. In this way, our success rates are quite high. […] In summary; Undescended testis is a common congenital developmental defect of the urogenital system. The most effective treatment is surgery. The success of the surgery is quite high. The surgery should be done within 6-12 months. If left untreated, it causes serious problems such as testicular cancer and infertility in the future.

• #65 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Injections of HCG are given several times per week over several weeks. […] This can produce descent in some children. […] However, the success rates have been reported to be as low as 10%. […] Unfortunately the results of hormone treatment have diminished success in children less than two years of age. […] Usually a maximum 5-week course is undertaken. […] Patients failing hormonal therapy should undergo surgical treatment.

• #66 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cryptorchidism.html

  If a testicle has not descended on its own by the time a baby is 6 months old, he should be checked by a pediatric specialist and have treatment if the condition is confirmed. This usually involves surgically repositioning the testicle into the scrotum. […] Treatment is necessary for several reasons: Being up in the body means the undescended testicle is at a higher temperature than usual (testicles need to be below regular body temperature to produce sperm). The higher temperature may harm the testicle’s development and its ability to make sperm in the future. This could possibly lead to infertility (the inability to father children). […] An undescended testicle is more likely to form a tumor than a normally descended testicle. […] The undescended testicle may be more at risk for injury or testicular torsion. […] An asymmetrical or empty scrotum can cause a boy worry and embarrassment. […] Sometimes boys with undescended testicles develop inguinal hernias. […] Boys who’ve had undescended testicles should have regular follow-up appointments with a urologist to make sure that no problems develop.

• #67 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia. […] The purpose of this guideline is to provide physicians and non-physician providers (primary care and specialists) with a consensus of principles and treatment plans for the management of cryptorchidism. […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. […] In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year.

• #68 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  There are two treatment methods in the treatment of undescended testis: drug (hormonal) treatment and surgical treatment. […] Surgical treatment is essential in undescended testis. […] Today, undescended testis surgery is recommended to be performed between 6 months and 1 year of age. […] If the testis is too high to be reached through the scrotum, an incision of 3-5 cm is made from the inguinal region and after the testis is reached and the testis is completely released, the inguinal hernia, which is often seen together, is also repaired. […] The success rate of undescended testicle operation is very high. […] Follow-up should be done on the seventh day after the operation (to see the wound site and remove the sutures), at the first month, and at the first year. […] In some cases, fluid collection may develop between the testis and the membrane surrounding it (hydrocele), which may require further surgery in the later period.

• #69 Surgery for an Undescended Testicle | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/surgery-undescended-testicle

  If your child’s testicle doesnt descend on its own, it should be treated to prevent future problems. […] An undescended testicle can leave a small tear (hernia) in the wall between the abdomen and the groin. The hernia needs to be treated to prevent future problems. […] Your child should not swim in a pool or lake water for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery, or as advised by your child’s healthcare provider. […] Light activity is fine, but your child should not participate in strenuous activities like sports for 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, or as directed by your child’s healthcare provider.

• #70 Surgery for an Undescended Testicle | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/surgery-undescended-testicle

  If your child’s testicle doesnt descend on its own, it should be treated to prevent future problems. […] An undescended testicle can leave a small tear (hernia) in the wall between the abdomen and the groin. The hernia needs to be treated to prevent future problems. […] Your child should not swim in a pool or lake water for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery, or as advised by your child’s healthcare provider. […] Light activity is fine, but your child should not participate in strenuous activities like sports for 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, or as directed by your child’s healthcare provider.

• #71 Outbreaks, Alerts and Hot Topics: Undescended Testicles: Steps to Follow Prior to Urology Referral | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/health-care-providers/refer-or-manage-a-patient/connect-with-childrens-mercy/newsletter-the-link/link-newsletter-april-2023/outbreaks-alerts-and-hot-topics-undescended-testicles/

  Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and retractile testicles are reasonably common findings in the primary care setting. […] American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines suggest that primary care providers should palpate for quality and position of the testes at every well-child visit. […] To ensure that undescended testicles are properly identified, it is important to get a good scrotal exam. […] AUA guidelines recommend yearly scrotal exams for children with retractile testicles to assess for secondary ascent. […] If the testicle cannot be manipulated into the scrotum or if it quickly returns to the inguinal canal even after an attempt to fatigue the cremasteric muscle, it is likely undescended. This condition will require further evaluation by urology. […] Patients with undescended testicles should be referred as soon as possible and within six months of discovery.

• #72 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. […] Successful scrotal relocation of the testis, however, may reduce but does not prevent these potential long-term sequelae in susceptible individuals. […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. […] In boys with retractile testes, providers should assess the position of the testes at least annually to monitor for secondary ascent.

• #73 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. Timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction may improve fertility and decrease malignancy rates related to undescended testis. Primary caregivers should consider surgical specialist referral of patients with undescended testis if no descent occurs by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. The use of ultrasonography and other diagnostic imaging techniques is not recommended because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment.

• #74 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cryptorchidism.html

  If a testicle has not descended on its own by the time a baby is 6 months old, he should be checked by a pediatric specialist and have treatment if the condition is confirmed. This usually involves surgically repositioning the testicle into the scrotum. […] Treatment is necessary for several reasons: Being up in the body means the undescended testicle is at a higher temperature than usual (testicles need to be below regular body temperature to produce sperm). The higher temperature may harm the testicle’s development and its ability to make sperm in the future. This could possibly lead to infertility (the inability to father children). […] An undescended testicle is more likely to form a tumor than a normally descended testicle. […] The undescended testicle may be more at risk for injury or testicular torsion. […] An asymmetrical or empty scrotum can cause a boy worry and embarrassment. […] Sometimes boys with undescended testicles develop inguinal hernias. […] Boys who’ve had undescended testicles should have regular follow-up appointments with a urologist to make sure that no problems develop.

• #75 Undescended Testicle – Carolina Urology Partners

  https://carolinaurology.com/condition/undescended-testicle/

  An undescended testicle, called cryptorchidism or testicular maldescent, is a common condition in which one or both of the testes, the male reproductive glands, do not completely descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during gestation. Approximately three out of every 100 full term males are born with an undescended testicle. By the age of one, most of these testicles fully descend on their own. […] If the testis is present but does not descend on its own by six months to one year of age, treatment is usually recommended. If left unattended, the undescended testicle will not grow and develop correctly. Further, if a tumor were to develop, it could go unrecognized, as the undescended testicle is often difficult or impossible to examine. […] Testicular maldescent is a common urologic problem. With appropriate and timely treatment, most patients have excellent results. All males should be assessed for this problem after birth and within the first year of life. If any testicular abnormality is found, prompt urologic evaluation is indicated.

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