Wesz głowowa i gnidy
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Pediculus humanus capitis to obligatoryjny pasożyt żyjący na ludzkiej głowie, osiągający długość 2-4 mm, żywiący się krwią 4-6 razy dziennie. Cykl życiowy obejmuje jajo (gnidę), nimfę i dorosłego osobnika, z jajami składanymi 0,5-6 mm od skóry i wylęgającymi się po 6-9 dniach w optymalnych warunkach (30°C, 70% wilgotności). Dorosłe wszy żyją do 30 dni, a poza żywicielem giną w 1-2 dni. Osłona gnidy zbudowana jest z białek LNSP1 i LNSP2, głównie glicyny (25,4%), glutaminianu (24,4%), alaniny (20,2%) i waliny (10,0%). Wesz przenosi się głównie przez bezpośredni kontakt głowa-głowa oraz rzadziej przez przedmioty osobiste. Objawem infestacji jest świąd skóry głowy, będący reakcją alergiczną na białka śliny wszy, pojawiający się po 3-4 tygodniach od ukąszenia, a przy kolejnych ekspozycjach szybciej (1-2 dni). Wesz głowowa rzadko przenosi choroby, ale intensywne drapanie może prowadzić do wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych.

Wesz głowowa i gnidy – Patogeneza i biologia

Wesz głowowa (Pediculus humanus capitis) to pasożytniczy owad, który żyje i rozmnaża się we włosach ludzkiej głowy. Jest to niewielki (około 2-4 mm długości), bezskrzydły owad o płaskim, wydłużonym ciele, które przybiera szaro-białawy kolor, stając się czerwonawe po spożyciu krwi.12 Wesz głowowa jest wyposażona w małe przednie części gębowe z 6 haczykami, które ułatwiają przyczepianie się do ludzkiej skóry podczas żerowania.1

Cykl życiowy

Cykl życiowy wszy głowowej składa się z trzech etapów: jajo (gnida), nimfa i dorosły osobnik.1 Dorosła samica składa około 6-10 jaj dziennie, zazwyczaj w nocy.12 Jaja są przytwierdzane do podstawy łodygi włosa na wysokości mniej niż 0,5-6 mm od skóry głowy przy pomocy bardzo mocnego, nierozpuszczalnego cementu, co sprawia, że gnidy są trudne do usunięcia.12

Jaja wylęgają się po około 6-9 dniach, jeśli są utrzymywane w optymalnej temperaturze około 30°C i wilgotności 70%.12 Jaja nie wylęgają się w temperaturach poniżej 22°C, ale mogą pozostać żywe przez nawet miesiąc poza organizmem człowieka.1 Po wylęgnięciu się nimfy przechodzą przez kolejne 9-12 dni rozwoju, aby osiągnąć dojrzałość.12

Dorosłe wszy mogą żyć na ludzkiej głowie przez 3-4 tygodnie (do 30 dni).12 Jeśli spadną z głowy, umierają w ciągu 1-2 dni z powodu braku dostępu do pożywienia.12

Mechanizm żywienia

Wesz głowowa jest pasożytem obligatoryjnym, który spędza całe swoje życie na ludzkim żywicielu i żywi się wyłącznie ludzką krwią.12 Wszy odżywiają się około 4-6 razy dziennie, wstrzykując ślinę w skórę głowy i wysysając krew.12 Ślina wszy zawiera związki o różnych właściwościach biologicznych, w tym działanie przeciwkrzepliwe i znieczulające miejscowo.1

Podczas żerowania, wesz wstrzykuje ślinę do skóry głowy, aby zapobiec krzepnięciu krwi.1 Pojedyncza wesz może pobrać bardzo małą ilość krwi, co oznacza, że dziecko z przeciętnym nasileniem inwazji może tracić mniej niż 0,01 ml krwi dziennie.1

Molekularne mechanizmy przytwierdzania jaj

Wcześniej uważano, że osłona gnidy jest zbudowana z chityny, ale nowsze badania z wykorzystaniem analizy histochemicznej i chromatografii gazowej/spektrometrii masowej wykazały, że ma ona pochodzenie białkowe.1 Analiza składu aminokwasów wykazała, że białko osłony gnidy składa się głównie z glicyny (25,4%), glutaminianu (24,4%), alaniny (20,2%) i waliny (10,0%).1

Zidentyfikowano białka oznaczone jako LNSP1 i LNSP2 (Louse Nit Sheath Proteins), które są wydzielane przez gruczoł dodatkowy samic wszy w fazie składania jaj.12 Białka te mają przewidywane sekwencje sygnałowe na N-końcu, co wskazuje, że są prawdopodobnie wydzielane.1 Właściwości adhezyjne częściowo ekspresjonowanego LNSP1, podobne do fibryny, sugerują, że jedną z prawdopodobnych ról LNSP1 może być działanie jako białko klejące.1

Mechanizm przenoszenia

Wszy głowowe przenoszą się głównie poprzez bezpośredni kontakt głowa-głowa (lub włosy-włosy) z osobą już zainfekowaną.12 Wszy pełzają, ale nie potrafią skakać ani latać.12 Sprawnie poruszają się po włosach, wykorzystując specjalnie przystosowane pazury przypominające karabinki, które pozwalają im poruszać się niczym wspinacz wykorzystujący liny asekuracyjne.1

Wszy głowowe mogą również rozprzestrzeniać się poprzez wspólne używanie grzebieni, szczotek, czapek, ubrań, spinek do włosów, szalików lub innych przedmiotów osobistych, które mają kontakt z głową osoby zainfekowanej.12 Jednakże przenoszenie wszy bez bezpośredniego kontaktu jest mniej powszechne.1

Wszy mogą również rozprzestrzeniać się, gdy elementy odzieży są przechowywane razem. Na przykład, czapki lub szaliki powieszone na tym samym haczyku lub przechowywane w tej samej szkolnej szafce mogą służyć jako nośniki rozprzestrzeniania się wszy.1

Mechanizm patogenezy

Reakcje alergiczne i świąd

Najbardziej charakterystycznym objawem infestacji wszami głowowymi jest świąd skóry głowy, który jest zwykle wynikiem reakcji alergicznej na ukąszenia wszy.12 Świąd nie jest bezpośrednim wynikiem ukąszenia czy ruchu wszy, ale reakcją na białka zawarte w ślinie wszy.12

Białka ze śliny wszy mogą wywoływać reakcje alergiczne, średnio w ciągu 3-4 tygodni po ukąszeniu, prowadząc do utrzymującego się silnego świądu.1 Świąd związany z wszawicą jest opóźnioną reakcją nadwrażliwości, która może rozwinąć się po czterech do sześciu tygodniach po pierwszej ekspozycji, a przy kolejnych ekspozycjach świąd pojawia się w ciągu jednego do dwóch dni.1

Nie wszystkie osoby z wszami głowowymi doświadczają świądu, a niektóre nie mają żadnych objawów.1 Gdy dana osoba ma wszy głowowe po raz pierwszy, świąd może nie wystąpić przez 4-6 tygodni.1

Powikłania

Wesz głowowa zazwyczaj nie powoduje poważnych problemów medycznych ani nie przenosi chorób, w przeciwieństwie do wszy odzieżowych.12 Jednak intensywne drapanie może prowadzić do uszkodzenia skóry i wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych.12

Częste stosowanie środków przeciw wszom może również powodować silny świąd, co może prowadzić do uszkodzenia skóry i wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych.1

Nosicielstwo patogenów

Tradycyjnie uważano, że tylko wesz odzieżowa jest wektorem chorób, jednak w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach pojawiło się coraz więcej dowodów, że wesz głowowa również może przenosić patogeny.1 Wesz odzieżowa jest głównym wektorem trzech patogennych dla człowieka bakterii: Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis i Bartonella quintana.1

Na podstawie połączonych dowodów z badań epidemiologicznych i laboratoryjnych uważa się, że wesz głowowa może przenosić choroby na ludzkiego żywiciela w sprzyjających warunkach epidemiologicznych, chociaż jej zdolność wektorowa jest słabsza w porównaniu z wszą odzieżową.1

Mechanizmy działania środków przeciwko wszom

Leczenie farmakologiczne wszawicy głowowej koncentruje się na dwóch głównych mechanizmach: neurotoksyczności prowadzącej do paraliżu wszy oraz uduszeniu poprzez powlekanie wszy.12

Środki neurotoksyczne

Środki owadobójcze, które są neurotoksyczne dla wszy, obejmują:

  • Permetryna 1% – wpływa na transport sodu przez błony neuronalne, powodując paraliż oddechowy u stawonogów.12
  • Pyretryny 0,3% z butoksydem piperonylu 4% – działają podobnie do permetryny.1
  • Malation 0,5% – inhibitor cholinoesterazy, który powoduje paraliż oddechowy u stawonogów.1
  • Lindan 1% – związek chloroorganiczny, który zabija wszy poprzez paraliż oddechowy.1
  • Spinosad 0,9% – środek przeciw wszom, który działa poprzez wywoływanie nadmiernego pobudzenia, powodując śmierć przez paraliż.1
  • Iwermektyna 0,5% w postaci płynu – zwiększa stężenie chloru w komórkach mięśniowych, powodując hiperpolaryzację i paraliż.12

Iwermektyna jest produktem fermentacji Streptomyces avermitilis, aktynomycetu żyjącego w glebie. Wiąże się z bramkowanymi glutaminianem kanałami chlorkowymi w pasożytach takich jak wszy, wywołując paraliż i śmierć. Iwermektyna 0,5% w postaci płynu nie działa bezpośrednio na jaja wszy (nie jest owicydem), ale wszy, które wylęgają się z leczonych jaj, umierają w ciągu 48 godzin, więc ponowne leczenie zwykle nie jest konieczne.1

Środki duszące

Głównym środkiem duszącym używanym do zabijania dorosłych wszy i nimf jest dimetykon 4%.1 Dimetykon nie jest środkiem owadobójczym, ale zabija wszy przez uduszenie i zakłócenie ich zdolności do regulacji wody.1

Inne środki duszące to:

  • Alkohol benzylowy 5% – płyn zatwierdzony w 2009 roku jako środek duszący, który zapobiega zamykaniu przetchlinek oddechowych przez wszy.1
  • Mirystynian izopropylu – roztwór, który działa poprzez rozpuszczanie woskowej powłoki na egzoszkielecie wszy.1
  • Chlorek sodu – zabija wszy i ich jaja poprzez wysuszenie.1

Oporność na środki przeciwko wszom

Coraz częściej zgłaszana jest oporność wszy na pyretryny, permetrynę i fentrynę, a także inne pyretroidy, do tego stopnia, że nie są one już zalecane w Wielkiej Brytanii.1 Oporność na malation również została zgłoszona, a wskaźniki wyleczenia wynoszą nawet zaledwie 33%.1

W przypadku produktów zawierających dimetykon, wszy są mało prawdopodobne, aby rozwinęły oporność ze względu na mechanizm działania, co czyni go preferowanym leczeniem w porównaniu do środków owadobójczych.1 Dimetykon prawdopodobnie ma pewną zdolność do zabijania jaj przed ich wylęgnięciem, jednak zaleca się dwie aplikacje w odstępie jednego tygodnia, aby zwalczyć nimfy, które wylęgają się z przetrwałych jaj.1

Oporność wszy na iwermektynę jest rzadka.1

Symbioza z bakteriami

Wszy głowowe i odzieżowe posiadają te same pierwotne bakterie endosymbiotyczne (Candidatus Riesia pediculicola), które dostarczają wszom witaminy z grupy B, których brakuje w ludzkiej krwi.1 Poza tym, że jest to fundamentalne dla rozwoju i przeżycia wszy, co czyni ją interesującym celem dla rozwoju alternatywnej strategii kontroli wszy, pytanie, czy ten symbiont ma wpływ na zachowanie wszy lub ich kompetencje jako wektora chorób, zasługuje na dalsze badania.2

Genetyczne podstawy i ewolucja

Niedawne sekwencjonowanie i adnotacja genomu wszy odzieżowej potwierdziły, że P. humanus posiada najmniejszy znany genom owada holometabolicznego, jaki do tej pory zsekwencjonowano, i ujawniły interesujące informacje i charakterystyki genomów jądrowych i mitochondrialnych.1

Mimo licznych badań, genetyczne podstawy i ewolucyjne relacje między wszami odzieżowymi i głowowymi pozostają niejasne.1 Dane sugerują, że zmiany fenotypowe związane z pojawieniem się wszy odzieżowej są prawdopodobnie konsekwencją zmian regulacyjnych, możliwe że epigenetycznych, wywołanych przez czynniki środowiskowe.2

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Head lice. Pediculosis capitis
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/head-lice
    Head lice are small, wingless insects that infest the human scalp. They are the most common of the 3 human lice species. […] The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an ectoparasite that feeds on human blood. It is 23 mm in length and has a flattened, elongated, grey coloured body that becomes reddish after feeding. The louse injects anticoagulant saliva into a person’s scalp to suck up the blood up to five times a day. They die within one to two days away from the scalp if they are unable to feed. […] The main suffocating agent used to kill the adult and nymph head lice is 4% dimethicone (also spelt dimeticone). Lice are unlikely to develop resistance due to the mechanism of action, and the product is safe and well tolerated. […] The most commonly used topical insecticides for head lice is malathion, but resistance has been reported and cure rates are reported to be as low as 33%. Resistance to permethrin, phenothrin and other pyrethrins has increased to the degree that they are no longer recommended in the UK.
  • #1 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview
    Lice are ectoparasites that live on the body. Lice feed on human blood after piercing the skin and injecting saliva, which may cause pruritus due to an allergic reaction. […] Lice are blood-sucking insects. Human lice have small anterior mouthparts with 6 hooklets that aid their attachment to human skin during feeding. The sucking mouthparts retract into the head when the lice are not feeding. In general, lice feed approximately 5 times per day. In each species, the female louse is slightly larger than her male counterpart. […] The adult female louse lays eggs, called nits, and glues them at the base of the hair shaft. Nits are placed within 1-2 mm of the scalp, where the temperature is optimal for incubation. The female head louse lays as many as 10 eggs per 24 hours, usually at night.
  • #1 Pediculosis capitis pathophysiology – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pediculosis_capitis_pathophysiology
    The life cycle of the head louse has three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. […] Nits are head lice eggs. They are hard to see and are often confused for dandruff or hair spray droplets. Nits are laid by the adult female and are cemented at the base of the hair shaft nearest the scalp. […] The egg hatches to release a nymph. […] The adult louse is about the size of a sesame seed, has 6 legs (each with claws), and is tan to grayish-white. […] Adult lice can live up to 30 days on a persons head. To live, adult lice need to feed on blood several times daily. Without blood meals, the louse will die within 1 to 2 days off the host.
  • #1 Head lice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20356180
    Head lice are tiny insects that feed on blood from the human scalp. Head lice most often affect children. The insects usually spread through direct transfer from the hair of one person to the hair of another. […] Head lice feed on blood from the scalp. The female louse lays eggs (nits) that stick to hair shafts. […] A head louse is a tan or grayish insect about the size of a strawberry seed. It feeds on human blood from the scalp. The female louse produces a sticky substance that firmly attaches each egg to the base of a hair shaft less than 1/4 inch (5 millimeters) from the scalp. […] A louse goes through three stages: Eggs that hatch after 6 to 9 days. Nymphs, immature forms of the louse that become mature adults after 9 to 12 days. Adult lice, which can live for 3 to 4 weeks. The female louse lays 6 to 10 eggs a day.
  • #1 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview
    Nits hatch in about 8-9 days if they are kept near body temperature and mature in another 9-12 days. […] The average nit (ie, ovum) of the 3 types of lice is 0.8 mm long. The nit attaches to the base of the hair shaft (in the case of head or pubic lice) or to fibers of clothing (in the case of body lice) with a strong, highly insoluble cement; thus, nits are difficult to remove. […] The ova require optimum conditions of 30C and 70% humidity to hatch within the average time frame of 8-10 days; the incubation period is longer at lower temperatures. Ova do not hatch at temperatures lower than 22C but can remain alive for as long as 1 month away from the body (ie, on fomites, clothing, brushes).
  • #1 Head lice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164492
    Head lice are tiny, wingless, parasitic insects that live in human hair. […] A louse injects saliva into the host while feeding to prevent blood from clotting. This can result in an allergic, itching sensation for the host. […] To survive, an adult head louse must feed on blood. They can live for approximately 30 days on a persons head. If they fall off, they will die within 1 to 2 days. […] Permethrin, pyrethrin, and some other medications work by disrupting the function of the louses nervous system. […] However, lice can adapt to this neurological effect, and resistance to 1 percent permethrin has been reported. […] Topical ivermectin 0.5 percent lotion kills head lice by increasing chloride in muscle cells, leading to paralysis.
  • #1 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/
    Patients frequently present with pruritis, typically from an immune-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. […] The head louse is an obligate parasite that spends its entire life on the human host. Head lice feed exclusively on blood. […] Transmission of head lice is thought to occur by head-to-head contact, sharing of headgear, or other direct contact with fomites (inanimate objects that harbor the organism, such as movie seats). […] Pharmacologic treatment of lice focuses on 2 mechanisms: neurotoxicity resulting in paralysis of the louse and suffocation from topical application. […] Permethrin affects sodium transport across neuronal membranes, causing respiratory paralysis in arthropods. […] Malathion 0.5% is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that causes respiratory paralysis in arthropods.
  • #1 Pediculosis – Ectoparasitic Infestations – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.4.3.
    1. Pathogenesis: Lice pierce the hosts skin to feed on blood. Ich saliva irritates the skin and causes pruritus and lesions. Each louse pierces the hosts skin 5 times a day. Louse saliva contains compounds with various biologic properties, including anticoagulative and local anesthetic effects. Proteins from louse saliva can cause allergic reactions, on average within 3 to 4 weeks after the bite, leading to persistent severe pruritus. […] 2. Etiologic agent: Two species of louse, Pediculus humanus (P humanus capitis [head louse] and P humanus corporis [body louse]) and Pthirus pubis (pubic louse). Head lice are 2 to 3 mm long and dorsoventrally flattened, with numerous subspecies found worldwide. Compared with head lice, body lice are slightly larger, often lighter in color, and differ in body proportions. Body lice inhabit human skin and lay eggs in clothing seams. […] Lice feed on human blood, piercing the hosts skin every few hours. The parasites can survive without a host only for several days and can crawl a few meters to find a new one. Females live 1 to 3 months and lay hundreds of eggs during their lifespan.
  • #1 ‘Help, My Kids Keep Getting Head Lice!’ Here’s How To Break The Cycle Of Nits | NSW Health PathologyAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReset
    https://pathology.health.nsw.gov.au/articles/help-my-kids-keep-getting-head-lice-heres-how-to-break-the-cycle-of-nits/
    Head lice, known by their scientific name Pediculus humanus capitis, are tiny insects that are only found among the hair on a human’s head. They scuttle up and down shafts of hair. They have perfectly designed claws, that look a little like carabiners, allowing them to move about how a rock climber uses guide ropes. They’re agile on our hair, but clumsy once they’re off. […] Our hair is their home but our blood is their food. Head lice feed on the scalp and have specially designed mouth-parts to suck out blood up to a half dozen times a day. It means child with an average sized infestation of head lice may give up less than 0.01 ml of blood per day. […] When it comes time to lay eggs, that we affectionately refer to as “nits”, the lice don’t want the more than 100 or so eggs they can produce in a lifespan just rolling off our heads. They “cement” their eggs to the shafts of hair. It’s some of the best “super-glue” you can find!
  • #1 Characterization of the human head louse nit sheath reveals proteins with adhesive property that show no resemblance to known proteins | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36913-z
    Human head and body lice attach their eggs respectively to human hair or clothing by female lice secreted glue that hardens into a nit sheath that protects the egg. […] In this study, we sought to identify the protein nature of the louse nit sheath by analyzing the amino acid composition of the nits and then using these results in a similarity search against previously deduced proteins determined from the body louse genome as a reference. […] Temporal and spatial transcription profiling demonstrated that the identified genes are only expressed in the accessory gland of females at the egg-laying stage, supporting that they most likely encode the nit sheath proteins. […] The molecular composition of the nit sheath was previously thought to be chitin-based, but more recent studies of the nits using histochemical analysis and flash pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry support that they are of protein origin.
  • #1 Characterization of the human head louse nit sheath reveals proteins with adhesive property that show no resemblance to known proteins | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36913-z
    The amino acid composition result determined that the nit sheath protein consisted mostly of Gly (25.4%), Glx (24.4%), Ala (20.2%) and Val (10.0%) residues. […] The adhesive property of the expressed partial LNSP1 that is manifested as for that of a well-known adhesive fibrin suggests that one likely role of LNSP1 may to work as a glue protein secreted from the accessory gland. […] Both LNSP1 and LNSP2 have predicted signal sequences at the N-terminus. These sequences of consecutive hydrophobic residues indicate that the proteins are likely to be secreted. […] The fact that both LNSP1 and LNSP2 were transcribed in large amounts, particularly in the accessory gland of gravid females, agrees well with the notion that a large amount of nit sheath proteins is likely required for egg-laying process and is secreted from the accessory gland.
  • #1 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx
    Head lice are small insects that live in people’s hair and feed on human blood. Lice glue their eggs (also called „nits”) at the base of hairs on the head, close to the scalp. Nits hatch and grow into adult head lice, which are about the size of a sesame seed and are grayish-white in color. Head lice spread from person to person and do not survive very long away from a person’s head. Head lice do not spread disease. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school.
  • #1 Head lice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20356180
    Head lice crawl, but they can’t jump or fly. Head lice often spread from one person to another by direct head-to-head contact, often within a family or among children who have close contact at school or play. […] Head lice may also spread when items of clothing are stored together. For example, hats or scarves hung on the same hook or stored in the same school locker could serve as vehicles for spreading lice.
  • #1 Head lice | UMN Extension
    https://extension.umn.edu/biting-insects/head-lice
    Head lice spend their whole lives on our head where the adults and nymphs feed on blood. […] The bites are painless and cannot be felt at all, but our bodies can react to the saliva injected when they bite. For most people this causes intense itching, like the itch of mosquito bites. […] Head lice need our blood and body heat to survive. […] A head louse can only live off a human for about a day. […] Head lice cannot survive on the blood of other animals and will not infest dogs, cats or other pets. […] Head lice can move from an infested person to another person during play or other close contact. […] Lice can also spread when an infested person shares combs, brushes, scarves, clothing, hats, towels or similar items. […] Head lice do not jump or fly. […] Adult females attach eggs to individual hairs close (within 1/4 inch) to the scalp, especially behind the ears and on the nape of the neck.
  • #1 Head Lice and Nits – Brunswick County Schools
    https://www.bcswan.net/departments/student-support-services/school-nurse/head-lice-and-nits
    Head lice are tiny insects that feed on blood from the human scalp. Head lice most often affect children. The insects usually spread through direct transfer from the hair of one person to the hair of another. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor personal hygiene or an unclean living environment. Head lice don’t carry bacterial or viral diseases. Nonprescription and prescription medications can help treat head lice. Follow treatment instructions carefully to rid the scalp and hair of lice and their eggs. People also use a number of home or natural remedies to get rid of head lice. But there is little to no clinical evidence that they’re effective. […] Head lice crawl, but they can’t jump or fly. Head lice often spread from one person to another by direct head-to-head contact, often within a family or among children who have close contact at school or play. It’s less common for head lice to spread without direct contact. The insects may spread from one person to another through personal items, such as:
  • #1 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html
    Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] Itching (pruritus) is the most common symptom of head lice infestation. It is caused by an allergic reaction to louse bites. […] Adult female head lice are usually larger than males and can lay about six eggs each day. Nits (lice eggs) cannot hatch and usually die within a week if they are not kept at the same temperature as those found close to the scalp. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice. […] Head lice mainly spread by direct contact with the hair of a person infested with lice. […] Contracting lice from a wig or hairpiece is extremely unlikely. […] Head lice can survive under water for several hours but are unlikely to spread in a swimming pool. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.
  • #1 Head Lice and Nits (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/childrens-health/head-lice-and-nits
    Head lice are small insects that live in human hair and feed on blood from the scalp. Their eggs are called nits. […] Lice feed from the blood on your scalp, and it is the bites – and your skin’s reaction to the bites – which make you itch. […] Itchy scalp. Not all scalp itching is caused by head lice, and head lice don’t always cause an itch. Many people with head lice do not have any symptoms. However, an itchy scalp occurs in some cases. This is due to a skin reaction to the lice bites or saliva, not due to their biting as such, or their movement on your head. […] Head lice do not usually cause any other medical problems. Very occasionally, the scratching can cause a rash on the scalp, and occasionally this can cause an infection. […] The main ways of treating head lice and nits are: Medicated lotion and spray treatments. Wet combing.
  • #1 Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0515/p635.html
    Pediculosis and scabies are caused by ectoparasites. Pruritus is the most common presenting symptom with both conditions. […] The pruritus associated with pediculosis is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, which may take four to six weeks to develop after the first exposure, with future exposures resulting in pruritus within one to two days. […] Pharmacologic treatment of head lice infestation is focused on three general mechanisms: neurotoxicity resulting in paralysis of the lice (insecticidal treatments), suffocation via coating the lice, or dissolution of the wax covering on the exoskeleton. […] Insecticidal agents that are neurotoxic to lice include permethrin 1% lotion or shampoo (Nix), pyrethrins 0.3%/piperonyl butoxide 4% shampoo (Rid), malathion 0.5% lotion (Ovide), spinosad 0.9% suspension (Natroba), ivermectin 0.5% lotion (Sklice), and oral ivermectin (Stromectol; off-label use).
  • #1 Head Lice and Nits – Brunswick County Schools
    https://www.bcswan.net/departments/student-support-services/school-nurse/head-lice-and-nits
    Common signs and symptoms of head lice may include: […] The most common symptom of head lice is itching on the scalp, neck and ears. This is an allergic reaction to louse bites. When a person has head lice for the first time, itching may not occur for 4 to 6 weeks. […] Nits stick to hair shafts and may be hard to see because they’re very tiny. They’re easiest to spot around the ears and the hairline of the neck. Empty nits may be easier to spot because they’re lighter in color and further from the scalp. However, the presence of nits doesn’t mean there are live lice. […] Scratching can lead to small, red bumps that may sometimes get infected with bacteria.
  • #1 Head lice – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/head-lice
    Head lice infect the scalp and hair and can be seen at the nape of the neck and over the ears. Head lice spread easily and quickly but do not carry disease as other lice do. […] Head lice can live up to 30 days on a human. Their eggs can live for more than 2 weeks. […] Having head lice causes intense itching but does not lead to serious medical problems. Unlike body lice, head lice never carry or spread diseases. […] You can get head lice if you come in close contact with a person who has lice. […] To get rid of nits: You can use products that make the nits easier to remove. Some dishwashing detergents can help dissolve the „glue” that makes the nits stick to the hair shaft. […] Most of the time, lice are killed with the proper treatment. However, lice can come back if you do not get rid of them at the source.
  • #1 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/
    Lindane 1% is an organochloride that kills lice by respiratory paralysis. […] Benzyl alcohol 5% lotion was approved in 2009 as a topical suffocation treatment that prevents lice from closing their respiratory spiracles. […] Spinosad 0.9% is a topical pediculicidal agent that was approved in 2011. It works by provoking hyperexcitation, causing death by paralysis. […] Topical ivermectin 0.5% lotion increases chloride in muscle cells, causing hyperpolarization and paralysis. […] The only currently used oral treatment for pediculosis is ivermectin. […] Body lice are eradicated through proper hygiene, laundering, or insecticide application to affected clothing. […] Pubic lice are commonly susceptible to agents used to treat head lice, although they vary in sensitivity. […] Frequent lice treatment is also known to cause severe itching, which can lead to skin breakdown and secondary bacterial infections.
  • #1 Frontiers | Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474/full
    In recent decades, there has been a growing recognition that head lice are vectors of pathogens, which has changed the long-established paradigm that only body lice are vectors of disease. […] Based on the combined evidence of both epidemiological and laboratory studies, we believe that head lice can transmit disease to their human host under favorable epidemiological conditions, although its vectorial capacity is weaker compared to body lice.
  • #1 Frontiers | Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474/full
    The body and head lice have a morphology and biological characteristics almost similar, but differ in their ecological niches. […] Despite numerous studies, the genetic basis and evolutionary relationships among body and head lice remain obscure. […] Taken together, these data evidence that the phenotypic shifts associated with the emergence of body lice are likely to be a consequence of regulatory changes, possibly epigenetic in origin, triggered by environmental cues. […] Body louse is the major vector of three humans pathogenic bacteria, which are: Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis, and Bartonella quintana. […] The transmission of these infections to uninfected people occurs through the feces or crushed bodies of infected lice, that contaminate the bite sites, conjunctiva, mucous membranes or microlesions of the skin.
  • #1 The Medical Letter Home Page | The Medical Letter, Inc.
    https://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1679e
    Topical ivermectin lotion 0.5% (Sklice, and generics), which has been available by prescription since 2012, is now FDA-approved for sale over the counter (OTC) for treatment of head lice in patients 6 months old. […] Ivermectin is a fermentation product of Streptomyces avermitilis, a soil-dwelling actinomycete. It binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasites such as lice, inducing paralysis and death. Ivermectin 0.5% lotion is not directly ovicidal, but lice that hatch from treated eggs die within 48 hours, so retreatment is usually not necessary. […] Resistance of lice to ivermectin is rare.
  • #1
    https://bpac.org.nz/2017/dimethicone.aspx
    Lice are unlikely to develop resistance to dimethicone lotion as it is not an insecticide and instead kills lice by suffocation. […] Dimethicone is not an insecticide. It kills lice by suffocation and disrupting their ability to regulate water. Products with this mechanism of action may become the preferred treatment for head lice as it is unlikely lice will develop resistance, which can occur with insecticide-based treatments. […] Dimethicone is derived from silicone oil. It is not an insecticide, but eradicates adult and nymph lice via disruption of water homeostasis and suffocation. Due to the mechanism of action of dimethicone, it is thought to be highly unlikely that lice will develop resistance. This may make it a preferable treatment option to insecticide-based treatments, to which lice can develop resistance.
  • #1 Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0515/p635.html
    Noninsecticidal agents that rely on suffocation or exoskeleton dissolution include benzyl alcohol 5% lotion (Ulesfia), dimethicone solution (Nix Ultra, Lice MD), and isopropyl myristate solution (Resultz; approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in May 2017 but not yet marketed in the United States). […] A key to formulating an effective treatment regimen is recognizing the effectiveness of available treatments in destroying viable eggs because this dictates if retreatment is necessary. […] Resistance to permethrin and pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide can be significant, although the geographic distribution of resistant lice is not well-known.
  • #1 Head Lice OTC Treatment Options and Home Remedies Pharmacists Should Be Aware Of
    https://www.drugtopics.com/view/head-lice-otc-treatment-options-and-home-remedies-pharmacists-should-be-aware-of
    Traditional chemical treatments for lice contain pesticides such as permethrin used in Nix and pyrethrins used in RID, or the anthelmintic agent ivermectin used in Sklice. […] The use of permethrin and pyrethrins lead to neurotoxicity in lice, while ivermectin causes hyperpolarization and paralysis. Both mechanisms of action ultimately end in death of the lice. […] Lice resistance and potential toxicity to human are things to consider when it comes to these traditional chemical treatments for lice. […] LiceFreee! is a chemical-free, non-toxic natural over-the-counter option with a novel formulation that is effective against both lice and nits. Its active ingredient, sodium chloride, kills lice and their eggs through desiccation.
  • #1
    https://bpac.org.nz/2017/dimethicone.aspx
    Dimethicone lotion is also used in emollients and cosmetics, and is not absorbed via the skin. […] It is likely that 4% dimethicone lotion has some ability to kill eggs before they hatch. However, two applications are recommended, one week apart, in order to treat any nymphs (young lice) which hatch from surviving eggs. This interval means that the second application can kill any newly hatched nymphs before they reach the adult stage of development and are able to reproduce. […] Dimethicone lotion successfully eradicates lice in the majority of people, with little risk of adverse effects.
  • #1 Frontiers | Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474/full
    Body louse is more resistant to environmental conditions, can withstand lower humidity and survives longer outside the host (more than 72 h for the off-host survival). […] Head louse infestation is very common worldwide, especially among schoolchildren, whatever their hygiene status, and the transmission occurs mainly by head-to-head contact. […] The recent sequencing and annotation of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus harbor the smallest known holometabolic insect genome sequenced to date, and revealed interesting information and characteristics on nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. […] Body and head lice host the same primary endosymbiotic bacteria (Candidatus Riesia pediculicola) that supply the lice with B-vitamins, absent in the human blood. […] Moreover, in addition to being fundamental to lice development and survival, which makes it an interesting target for the development of an alternative lice control strategy, the question of whether this symbiont has an influence on lice behavior or competence as a disease vector merits further study.
  • #2 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society
    https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice
    Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestations are not a primary health hazard or a vector for disease, but they are a societal problem with substantial costs. […] Head lice are wingless, 2 mm to 4 mm long (as adults), six-legged, bloodsucking insects that live on the human scalp. […] The head louse feeds every 3 to 6 hours by sucking blood, injecting saliva simultaneously. […] Itching occurs if the individual with lice becomes sensitized to antigenic components in the saliva injected as the louse feeds. […] An infestation with lice is called pediculosis and usually involves less than 10 live lice. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] The presence of nits indicates a past infestation that may not be currently active.
  • #2 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview
    Lice are ectoparasites that live on the body. Lice feed on human blood after piercing the skin and injecting saliva, which may cause pruritus due to an allergic reaction. […] Lice are blood-sucking insects. Human lice have small anterior mouthparts with 6 hooklets that aid their attachment to human skin during feeding. The sucking mouthparts retract into the head when the lice are not feeding. In general, lice feed approximately 5 times per day. In each species, the female louse is slightly larger than her male counterpart. […] The adult female louse lays eggs, called nits, and glues them at the base of the hair shaft. Nits are placed within 1-2 mm of the scalp, where the temperature is optimal for incubation. The female head louse lays as many as 10 eggs per 24 hours, usually at night.
  • #2 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview
    Nits hatch in about 8-9 days if they are kept near body temperature and mature in another 9-12 days. […] The average nit (ie, ovum) of the 3 types of lice is 0.8 mm long. The nit attaches to the base of the hair shaft (in the case of head or pubic lice) or to fibers of clothing (in the case of body lice) with a strong, highly insoluble cement; thus, nits are difficult to remove. […] The ova require optimum conditions of 30C and 70% humidity to hatch within the average time frame of 8-10 days; the incubation period is longer at lower temperatures. Ova do not hatch at temperatures lower than 22C but can remain alive for as long as 1 month away from the body (ie, on fomites, clothing, brushes).
  • #2 Head lice | UMN Extension
    https://extension.umn.edu/biting-insects/head-lice
    Young head lice (called nymphs) feed daily on blood and develop into adults in about 9 to 12 days. […] Adults live for about 30 days. […] There is pesticide resistance: Resistance is when a pesticide no longer kills head lice. […] Resistance can be a problem with products containing permethrins (Nix) or pyrethrins (Rid).
  • #2 Head Lice (‘Ukus) | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/head-lice-ukus/
    Head lice are small (the size of a sesame seed), usually tan to grayish-white colored insects that live and reproduce in the hair on human heads. Head lice feed on human blood and do not survive very long (usually less than 1-2 days) when not on a person. […] Head lice have three forms: the egg (nit), nymph, and adult. A nymph hatches from a nit, and develops into an adult. […] The reactions to or results of louse feedings may be the first symptoms noted. Bites can cause itching at the feeding sites. […] The most common way to get head lice is head-to-head contact with someone already infested. Head lice move by crawling; they cannot hop or fly from one person to another. […] There is no laboratory test to confirm head lice. Head lice can be diagnosed by finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or hair of a person.
  • #2 Frontiers | Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474/full
    Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of human that includes two ecotypes, head louse and body louse, which differ slightly in morphology and biology, but have distinct ecologies. […] Recent studies suggested that not only body louse, but also head louse can transmit disease, which warrants greater attention as a serious public health problem. […] The recent sequencing of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus has the smallest genome of any hemimetabolous insect reported to date, and also revealed numerous interesting characteristics in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. […] Current lice control strategies have proven unsuccessful. […] Therefore, novel opportunities for pest control strategies are needed. […] The head louse lives, breeds, and lays its eggs (nits) at the base of hair shafts and frequently feed on human blood every 4–6 h.
  • #2 Head lice. Pediculosis capitis
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/head-lice
    Head lice are small, wingless insects that infest the human scalp. They are the most common of the 3 human lice species. […] The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an ectoparasite that feeds on human blood. It is 23 mm in length and has a flattened, elongated, grey coloured body that becomes reddish after feeding. The louse injects anticoagulant saliva into a person’s scalp to suck up the blood up to five times a day. They die within one to two days away from the scalp if they are unable to feed. […] The main suffocating agent used to kill the adult and nymph head lice is 4% dimethicone (also spelt dimeticone). Lice are unlikely to develop resistance due to the mechanism of action, and the product is safe and well tolerated. […] The most commonly used topical insecticides for head lice is malathion, but resistance has been reported and cure rates are reported to be as low as 33%. Resistance to permethrin, phenothrin and other pyrethrins has increased to the degree that they are no longer recommended in the UK.
  • #2 Characterization of the human head louse nit sheath reveals proteins with adhesive property that show no resemblance to known proteins | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36913-z
    The amino acid composition result determined that the nit sheath protein consisted mostly of Gly (25.4%), Glx (24.4%), Ala (20.2%) and Val (10.0%) residues. […] The adhesive property of the expressed partial LNSP1 that is manifested as for that of a well-known adhesive fibrin suggests that one likely role of LNSP1 may to work as a glue protein secreted from the accessory gland. […] Both LNSP1 and LNSP2 have predicted signal sequences at the N-terminus. These sequences of consecutive hydrophobic residues indicate that the proteins are likely to be secreted. […] The fact that both LNSP1 and LNSP2 were transcribed in large amounts, particularly in the accessory gland of gravid females, agrees well with the notion that a large amount of nit sheath proteins is likely required for egg-laying process and is secreted from the accessory gland.
  • #2 Head lice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20356180
    Head lice crawl, but they can’t jump or fly. Head lice often spread from one person to another by direct head-to-head contact, often within a family or among children who have close contact at school or play. […] Head lice may also spread when items of clothing are stored together. For example, hats or scarves hung on the same hook or stored in the same school locker could serve as vehicles for spreading lice.
  • #2 Head lice | UMN Extension
    https://extension.umn.edu/biting-insects/head-lice
    Head lice spend their whole lives on our head where the adults and nymphs feed on blood. […] The bites are painless and cannot be felt at all, but our bodies can react to the saliva injected when they bite. For most people this causes intense itching, like the itch of mosquito bites. […] Head lice need our blood and body heat to survive. […] A head louse can only live off a human for about a day. […] Head lice cannot survive on the blood of other animals and will not infest dogs, cats or other pets. […] Head lice can move from an infested person to another person during play or other close contact. […] Lice can also spread when an infested person shares combs, brushes, scarves, clothing, hats, towels or similar items. […] Head lice do not jump or fly. […] Adult females attach eggs to individual hairs close (within 1/4 inch) to the scalp, especially behind the ears and on the nape of the neck.
  • #2 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx
    Head lice are small insects that live in people’s hair and feed on human blood. Lice glue their eggs (also called „nits”) at the base of hairs on the head, close to the scalp. Nits hatch and grow into adult head lice, which are about the size of a sesame seed and are grayish-white in color. Head lice spread from person to person and do not survive very long away from a person’s head. Head lice do not spread disease. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school.
  • #2 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/
    Patients frequently present with pruritis, typically from an immune-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. […] The head louse is an obligate parasite that spends its entire life on the human host. Head lice feed exclusively on blood. […] Transmission of head lice is thought to occur by head-to-head contact, sharing of headgear, or other direct contact with fomites (inanimate objects that harbor the organism, such as movie seats). […] Pharmacologic treatment of lice focuses on 2 mechanisms: neurotoxicity resulting in paralysis of the louse and suffocation from topical application. […] Permethrin affects sodium transport across neuronal membranes, causing respiratory paralysis in arthropods. […] Malathion 0.5% is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that causes respiratory paralysis in arthropods.
  • #2 Head Lice and Nits – Brunswick County Schools
    https://www.bcswan.net/departments/student-support-services/school-nurse/head-lice-and-nits
    Common signs and symptoms of head lice may include: […] The most common symptom of head lice is itching on the scalp, neck and ears. This is an allergic reaction to louse bites. When a person has head lice for the first time, itching may not occur for 4 to 6 weeks. […] Nits stick to hair shafts and may be hard to see because they’re very tiny. They’re easiest to spot around the ears and the hairline of the neck. Empty nits may be easier to spot because they’re lighter in color and further from the scalp. However, the presence of nits doesn’t mean there are live lice. […] Scratching can lead to small, red bumps that may sometimes get infected with bacteria.
  • #2 ‘Help, My Kids Keep Getting Head Lice!’ Here’s How To Break The Cycle Of Nits | NSW Health PathologyAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReset
    https://pathology.health.nsw.gov.au/articles/help-my-kids-keep-getting-head-lice-heres-how-to-break-the-cycle-of-nits/
    While closely related lice have been implicated in the spread of some of the most dangerous and deadly pathogens to human health, head lice are much more benign. They’re annoying but won’t make us sick. […] Health authorities in Australia do not consider head lice a risk of transmitting pathogens that are harmful to humans. […] Head lice are still susceptible to alternative approaches. Products derived from Australian plants, such as tea tree or eucalyptus, may be better than insecticides. But these are still chemicals. […] Head lice eggs are less susceptible to treatment, no matter what treatment you choose. As all the eggs will hatch within a week or so, repeating treatments again and targeting the adult lice before a new batch of eggs is laid will provide the best results.
  • #2 WHO EMRO | Lice: risk communication and community engagement guidance | Publications | Health Emergency Preparedness and Internat
    https://www.emro.who.int/cpi/publications/lice-risk-communication-and-community-engagement-guidance.html
    Lice are parasites that can infest a person and easily spread from one person to another. […] Lice survive by feeding on human blood. […] Head lice are spread by direct hair-to-hair contact with another person who has head lice. […] Head lice do not transmit any infectious diseases though scratching can cause skin infections and sores. […] Head lice can be killed by medicinal preparations in the form of sprays, ointments, lotions and shampoos, applied as per instructions. […] Regular combing: use a fine-toothed lice comb daily to remove lice and nits. […] Encourage the washing of bedding as frequently as resources permit and dry it under direct sunlight which can help kill lice and nits.
  • #2 Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0515/p635.html
    Pediculosis and scabies are caused by ectoparasites. Pruritus is the most common presenting symptom with both conditions. […] The pruritus associated with pediculosis is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, which may take four to six weeks to develop after the first exposure, with future exposures resulting in pruritus within one to two days. […] Pharmacologic treatment of head lice infestation is focused on three general mechanisms: neurotoxicity resulting in paralysis of the lice (insecticidal treatments), suffocation via coating the lice, or dissolution of the wax covering on the exoskeleton. […] Insecticidal agents that are neurotoxic to lice include permethrin 1% lotion or shampoo (Nix), pyrethrins 0.3%/piperonyl butoxide 4% shampoo (Rid), malathion 0.5% lotion (Ovide), spinosad 0.9% suspension (Natroba), ivermectin 0.5% lotion (Sklice), and oral ivermectin (Stromectol; off-label use).
  • #2 Head lice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164492
    Head lice are tiny, wingless, parasitic insects that live in human hair. […] A louse injects saliva into the host while feeding to prevent blood from clotting. This can result in an allergic, itching sensation for the host. […] To survive, an adult head louse must feed on blood. They can live for approximately 30 days on a persons head. If they fall off, they will die within 1 to 2 days. […] Permethrin, pyrethrin, and some other medications work by disrupting the function of the louses nervous system. […] However, lice can adapt to this neurological effect, and resistance to 1 percent permethrin has been reported. […] Topical ivermectin 0.5 percent lotion kills head lice by increasing chloride in muscle cells, leading to paralysis.
  • #2 Frontiers | Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474/full
    Body louse is more resistant to environmental conditions, can withstand lower humidity and survives longer outside the host (more than 72 h for the off-host survival). […] Head louse infestation is very common worldwide, especially among schoolchildren, whatever their hygiene status, and the transmission occurs mainly by head-to-head contact. […] The recent sequencing and annotation of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus harbor the smallest known holometabolic insect genome sequenced to date, and revealed interesting information and characteristics on nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. […] Body and head lice host the same primary endosymbiotic bacteria (Candidatus Riesia pediculicola) that supply the lice with B-vitamins, absent in the human blood. […] Moreover, in addition to being fundamental to lice development and survival, which makes it an interesting target for the development of an alternative lice control strategy, the question of whether this symbiont has an influence on lice behavior or competence as a disease vector merits further study.
  • #2 Frontiers | Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474/full
    The body and head lice have a morphology and biological characteristics almost similar, but differ in their ecological niches. […] Despite numerous studies, the genetic basis and evolutionary relationships among body and head lice remain obscure. […] Taken together, these data evidence that the phenotypic shifts associated with the emergence of body lice are likely to be a consequence of regulatory changes, possibly epigenetic in origin, triggered by environmental cues. […] Body louse is the major vector of three humans pathogenic bacteria, which are: Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis, and Bartonella quintana. […] The transmission of these infections to uninfected people occurs through the feces or crushed bodies of infected lice, that contaminate the bite sites, conjunctiva, mucous membranes or microlesions of the skin.