Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Uveitis – Uveitis.org | OIUF

  https://uveitis.org/store/advances-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-uveitis/

  Uveitis is the fifth cause of visual loss in the developed world, accounting for up to 20% of legal blindness. Visual loss due to uveitis currently has a significant impact on the productivity and quality of life of many patients worldwide. Therefore, advances in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic strategies are crucial for patients suffering from the disease. Improvements in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms, development of more accurate diagnostic tests, and better treatment alternatives come from the continuous efforts of researchers from all over the world who are committed to improving the standard of care of patients suffering from these potentially blinding diseases. […] This book focuses on the most recent advances in diagnostic techniques for primary and systemic-associated autoimmune and infectious uveitis, as well as new therapeutic strategies that have significantly reduced the rate of ocular complications and improved the visual outcome of patients suffering from these devastating disorders.

• #2 Uveitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14414-uveitis

  Uveitis is a condition where you have inflammation of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. […] In severe cases, uveitis (pronounced yoo-vee-EYE-tiss) can cause permanent vision loss and blindness. […] Uveitis is common overall. Worldwide, there are about 4 million new cases each year. In the U.S., estimates range from 80,000 to 168,000 cases each year. […] Uveitis can happen for many reasons. Between 50% and 70% of cases are idiopathic, meaning the cause isn’t something an eye care specialist can see or test for. […] An eye care specialist can diagnose uveitis by asking questions about your symptoms. That includes asking about your medical history and if you’ve had an infection or injury lately. […] Testing for uveitis itself starts with an eye exam, especially parts like the visual acuity test and slit lamp exam.

• #3 Uveitis | Fighting Blindness Canada (FBC)

  https://www.fightingblindness.ca/eyehealth/eye-diseases/uveitis/

  Uveitis is a group of inflammatory conditions that often affect the part of the eye known as the uvea. […] Early identification of symptoms, diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent vision loss and avoid complications. […] Eye exams and some special tests are used to diagnose and identify the type and severity of uveitis. […] Along with eye exams, your doctor may recommend eye imaging or photography to find inflammation or test fluid from your eye. […] The goal of uveitis treatment is to reduce inflammation. Treatment may focus on the underlying infection or health condition of uveitis if it is known. […] You may need to continue treatment for months or even years, but early treatment usually leads to less vision loss and, in some cases, restoring of vision.

• #4 Uveitis Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2007/may/uveitis-diagnosis-management-and-treatment/

  Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uveal coat of the eye and is a prevalent cause of visual impairment in most countries. The International Uveitis Study Group classifies uveitis in terms of eye(s) involved (ie, unilateral or bilateral), course (ie, acute [lasting less than 12 weeks] or chronic [lasting more than 12 weeks]), and anatomical location in the eye. Anterior uveitis includes iritis, anterior cyclitis, and iridocyclitis involving the iris and/or pars plicata (anterior ciliary body). […] Uveitis is further classified on the presence or absence of granulomatous inflammation, marked by mutton fat keratic precipitates (large, greasy-appearing collections of inflammatory cells on the corneal endothelium), iris nodules, and/or choroidal granulomas. Uveitis frequently occurs in the context of systemic inflammatory disease, which may cause additional morbidity. Conversely, uveitis often represents the first manifestation of a systemic disease.

• #5 How to diagnose and manage uveitis – EyeGuru

  https://eyeguru.org/essentials/uveitis/

  Uveitis is another standard condition you will need to be familiar with as a beginning resident. Uveitis can be a difficult diagnosis to understand at first given the multitude of different etiologies which can cause it. […] Uveitis is inflammation of the uveal tract, which is the vascular layer of the eye. This comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. While “uveitis” technically implies inflammation of just the uveal tract, in practice it can describe many forms of inflammation of the uvea and surrounding anatomy such as the retina, retinal vessels or vitreous. […] Describing uveitis can be a difficult affair for the beginner, but it is important to document carefully and accurately. […] The SUN Working Group also classifies uveitis based on the timing of inflammation. Onset is described as “sudden” or “insidious.” Duration is “limited” if less than 3 months, or “persistent” if greater.

• #6 Uveitis: Etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uveitis-etiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Uveitis, the process of intraocular inflammation, may result from many causes. Referral to an ophthalmology specialist is indicated for the diagnosis and management of most patients with symptoms suggesting uveal tract inflammation. […] The definition of uveitis and its subsets; causes of uveitis and differential diagnosis of underlying conditions; clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of uveitis; and the role of the non-ophthalmologist in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with uveitis are described here. […] Uveitis is characterized by inflammation of the uvea, which is the middle portion of the eye; the anterior portion of the uvea includes the iris and ciliary body, and the posterior portion of the uvea is known as the choroid. […] Inflammation of the anterior uveal tract, characterized by the presence of leukocytes in the anterior chamber of the eye, is called anterior uveitis and is synonymous with iritis. […] The presence of leukocytes in the vitreous humor and evidence of active chorioretinal inflammation are diagnostic of intermediate uveitis and posterior uveitis, respectively.

• #7 Iritis and Uveitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1209123-overview

  Uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uveal tract, which is further subdivided into anterior and posterior components. The anterior tract is composed of the iris and ciliary body, whereas the posterior tract includes choroid. Hence, uveitis is inflammation of any of these components and also may include other surrounding tissues such as sclera, retina, and optic nerve. Uveitis often is idiopathic but may be triggered by genetic, traumatic, immune, or infectious mechanisms. […] Symptoms of uveitis depend on several variables, the most important of which are type (ie, anterior, posterior, intermediate) and duration of symptoms (ie, acute, chronic). […] Acute anterior uveitis presents as follows: Pain, generally developing over a few hours or days except in cases of trauma; Redness; Photophobia; Blurred vision; Increased lacrimation.

• #8 Iritis and Uveitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1209123-overview

  Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and mild redness. Patients have little pain or photophobia except when having an acute episode. […] Posterior uveitis presents as follows: Blurred vision and floaters; Absence of symptoms of anterior uveitis (ie, pain, redness, and photophobia). […] Intermediate uveitis presents as follows: Painless floaters and decreased vision (similar to posterior uveitis); Minimal photophobia or external inflammation. […] Patients with panuveitis may present with any or all of the above symptoms. […] Laboratory studies are unlikely to be helpful in cases of mild, unilateral nongranulomatous uveitis in the following settings: Trauma; Known systemic disease; History and physical not suggestive of systemic disease. […] A nonspecific workup is indicated if the history and the physical examination findings are unremarkable in the presence of uveitis that is bilateral, granulomatous, or recurrent.

• #9 Uveitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/uveitis/

  Uveitis, also known as iritis, is a rare condition that causes inflammation inside part of your eye. […] It’s important to get it treated early to avoid long-term complications such as vision loss and blindness. […] Uveitis usually only affects one eye but can affect both. […] Symptoms of uveitis can include: eye pain, which may feel worse when you’re reading; red or watery eyes; reduced or blurred vision; sensitivity to light; lights in the corner of your eyes or dark spots (flashes and floaters). […] Symptoms can develop quickly, in hours and days, or more gradually over weeks and months. […] In most cases the cause of uveitis is unknown. […] However, there are some things that can cause uveitis. […] If a GP thinks you have uveitis they’ll refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist).

• #10 Pediatric Uveitis | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/uveitis/

  Pediatric uveitis is a group of conditions caused by inflammation in the eye. Uveitis gets its name from the uvea, the layer of the eye containing the blood vessels that bring nutrients and oxygen to the eye and remove waste. Uveitis can affect different layers of the eye, including: […] Depending on the site of inflammation, uveitis can cause symptoms such as redness, sensitivity to light and blurry vision, although many children with uveitis do not complain of any eye symptoms. Without treatment, uveitis can harm your child’s vision. The inflammation can damage the retina, cause the lens to become cloudy (cataract), or create issues with eye pressure, which can lead to glaucoma. With early diagnosis and treatment, your child may be able to avoid any serious long-term harm to their vision.

• #11 Uveitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378739

  When you visit an eye specialist (ophthalmologist), they will likely conduct a complete eye exam and gather a thorough health history. The eye examination usually involves the following: […] A slit-lamp examination. A slit lamp is a microscope that magnifies and illuminates the front of your eye with an intense line of light. This evaluation is necessary to identify microscopic inflammatory cells in the front of the eye. […] If the ophthalmologist thinks an underlying condition may be the cause of your uveitis, you may be referred to another doctor for a general medical examination and laboratory tests. […] Sometimes, it’s difficult to find a specific cause for uveitis. Even if a specific cause is not identified, uveitis can still be treated successfully. In the majority of cases, identifying a cause for the uveitis does not lead to a cure. It is still necessary to use some form of treatment to control the swelling.

• #12 Algorithmic approach in the diagnosis of uveitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3744777/

  Uveitis is caused by disorders of diverse etiologies including wide spectrum of infectious and non-infectious causes. Often clinical signs are less specific and shared by different diseases. On several occasions, uveitis represents diseases that are developing elsewhere in the body and ocular signs may be the first evidence of such systemic diseases. Uveitis specialists need to have a thorough knowledge of all entities and their work up has to be systematic and complete including systemic and ocular examinations. Creating an algorithmic approach on critical steps to be taken would help the ophthalmologist in arriving at the etiological diagnosis. […] Etiological diagnosis of uveitis starts with the first step of elaborate history followed by systemic examination and ocular examination to reach a clinical conclusion. Subsequently list of differential diagnosis is created in order to decide on laboratory investigations to rule out or rule in the possible etiology.

• #13 Uveitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378739

  When you visit an eye specialist (ophthalmologist), they will likely conduct a complete eye exam and gather a thorough health history. The eye examination usually involves the following: […] A slit-lamp examination. A slit lamp is a microscope that magnifies and illuminates the front of your eye with an intense line of light. This evaluation is necessary to identify microscopic inflammatory cells in the front of the eye. […] If the ophthalmologist thinks an underlying condition may be the cause of your uveitis, you may be referred to another doctor for a general medical examination and laboratory tests. […] Sometimes, it’s difficult to find a specific cause for uveitis. Even if a specific cause is not identified, uveitis can still be treated successfully. In the majority of cases, identifying a cause for the uveitis does not lead to a cure. It is still necessary to use some form of treatment to control the swelling.

• #14 Uveitis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/uveitis

  Uveitis is inflammation of part or all of the uveal tract, the layer under the white part of the eye. The uveal tract is made up of three parts: Iris (the colored part of the eye), Ciliary body, Choroid. There are several different types of uveitis. The types get their names based on the part of the eye that is affected. […] Uveitis is diagnosed by a slit lamp exam. The slit lamp exam is a very quick, easy and painless test. It is done by shining a light through a microscope to look for inflammation in the eye. […] If your child is diagnosed with uveitis, the eye doctor will likely recommend further tests to look into the cause of your child’s uveitis. The exact tests that are ordered will be based on the part of the eye that is inflamed and whether the inflammation is granulomatous or non-granulomatous. Your child’s eye doctor may recommend your child be evaluated by a rheumatologist to look for an associated autoimmune disease.

• #15 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  During the ophthalmological examination the doctor observes the eye with a special microscope called a slit lamp. In cases of uveitis the specialist may observe the presence of inflammatory cells floating in the intraocular fluids and can determine the degree and type of inflammation. […] A retinography is a photo of the eye fundus used to examine the retina, optic nerve, vascular tree and macula. […] The slit lamp examination must be performed by an ophthalmologist to assess the condition of the anterior segment of the eye. […] The degree of vitritis can also be graded from 0 to 4+. An eye fundus examination is essential in all inflammatory processes of the eye and is performed with either a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope and the aid of lenses. […] Ophthalmoscopy helps differentiate lesions in the retina or choroid, such as focal areas of inflammation or necrosis, or signs of retinal vasculitis, and determine whether or not the optic nerve is affected.

• #16 Overview of Uveitis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/uveitis-and-related-disorders/overview-of-uveitis

  Uveitis should be suspected in any patient who has ocular ache, redness, photophobia, new onset or changing floaters, or decreased vision. […] Diagnosis of anterior uveitis is by recognizing cells and flare in the anterior chamber. […] Findings of intermediate and posterior uveitis are most easily seen after dilating the pupil. […] Uveitis is often (but not always) associated with a low intraocular pressure, whereas pressure is typically high in acute angle-closure glaucoma. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by slit-lamp examination and ophthalmoscopic examination (often indirect) after pupillary dilation. […] Treatment should be managed by an ophthalmologist and often includes corticosteroids and a cycloplegic-mydriatic medication along with treatment of any specific cause.

• #17 Diagnosis and treatment of anterior uveitis: optometric management | OPTO

  https://www.dovepress.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-anterior-uveitis-optometric-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTO

  The pathology of an anterior uveitis can be either granulomatous or nongranulomatous. […] Laterality is another element that should be considered when diagnosing and ultimately when considering a systemic workup for anterior uveitis patients. […] The final diagnostic element involves the clinical features of the inflammation. […] Common presenting signs of acute anterior uveitis include circumlimbal injection and anterior chamber cells and flare. […] The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group developed a grading scheme for both anterior chamber cells and flare. […] Grading the level of inflammation is critical in initiating and monitoring the response to treatment. […] By characterizing uveitis as anterior or posterior, acute or chronic, granulomatous or nongranulomatous, unilateral or bilateral, and by noting important clinical signs and symptoms, the primary care practitioner is able to formulate an appropriate diagnosis that is suggestive of an infectious or noninfectious underlying etiology, which will help the clinician devise a targeted work up.

• #18 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  The ophthalmologist may perform a variety of successive tests to diagnose uveitis: […] The most important functional parameter is visual acuity. It may decrease due to corneal or crystalline lens opacity, inflammation of the anterior chamber or the vitreous chamber, altered function of the retina or optic nerve, or due to the onset of complications, such as macular oedema. Visual acuity should be measured at each visit and can be used to monitor the clinical evolution of uveitis and the response to treatment and is therefore extremely useful when it comes to making therapeutic decisions. […] The most accurate test is called Goldmann applanation tonometry and involves instilling a fluorescein eyewash, often yellowish in colour, with a short-acting local anaesthetic. It is important to evaluate the intraocular pressure because some types of uveitis are associated with ocular hypertension.

• #19 Algorithmic approach in the diagnosis of uveitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3744777/

  A comprehensive eye examination is a requirement for all patients with uveitis, beginning with an assessment of the patient’s best-corrected visual acuity. […] Once history is taken and complete systemic examination is done, a specific name can be assigned to the clinical entity by using a set of descriptive terminologies in uveitis.

• #20 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  The ophthalmologist may perform a variety of successive tests to diagnose uveitis: […] The most important functional parameter is visual acuity. It may decrease due to corneal or crystalline lens opacity, inflammation of the anterior chamber or the vitreous chamber, altered function of the retina or optic nerve, or due to the onset of complications, such as macular oedema. Visual acuity should be measured at each visit and can be used to monitor the clinical evolution of uveitis and the response to treatment and is therefore extremely useful when it comes to making therapeutic decisions. […] The most accurate test is called Goldmann applanation tonometry and involves instilling a fluorescein eyewash, often yellowish in colour, with a short-acting local anaesthetic. It is important to evaluate the intraocular pressure because some types of uveitis are associated with ocular hypertension.

• #21 Overview of Uveitis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/uveitis-and-related-disorders/overview-of-uveitis

  Uveitis should be suspected in any patient who has ocular ache, redness, photophobia, new onset or changing floaters, or decreased vision. […] Diagnosis of anterior uveitis is by recognizing cells and flare in the anterior chamber. […] Findings of intermediate and posterior uveitis are most easily seen after dilating the pupil. […] Uveitis is often (but not always) associated with a low intraocular pressure, whereas pressure is typically high in acute angle-closure glaucoma. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by slit-lamp examination and ophthalmoscopic examination (often indirect) after pupillary dilation. […] Treatment should be managed by an ophthalmologist and often includes corticosteroids and a cycloplegic-mydriatic medication along with treatment of any specific cause.

• #22 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  During the ophthalmological examination the doctor observes the eye with a special microscope called a slit lamp. In cases of uveitis the specialist may observe the presence of inflammatory cells floating in the intraocular fluids and can determine the degree and type of inflammation. […] A retinography is a photo of the eye fundus used to examine the retina, optic nerve, vascular tree and macula. […] The slit lamp examination must be performed by an ophthalmologist to assess the condition of the anterior segment of the eye. […] The degree of vitritis can also be graded from 0 to 4+. An eye fundus examination is essential in all inflammatory processes of the eye and is performed with either a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope and the aid of lenses. […] Ophthalmoscopy helps differentiate lesions in the retina or choroid, such as focal areas of inflammation or necrosis, or signs of retinal vasculitis, and determine whether or not the optic nerve is affected.

• #23 Overview of Uveitis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/uveitis-and-related-disorders/overview-of-uveitis

  Uveitis should be suspected in any patient who has ocular ache, redness, photophobia, new onset or changing floaters, or decreased vision. […] Diagnosis of anterior uveitis is by recognizing cells and flare in the anterior chamber. […] Findings of intermediate and posterior uveitis are most easily seen after dilating the pupil. […] Uveitis is often (but not always) associated with a low intraocular pressure, whereas pressure is typically high in acute angle-closure glaucoma. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by slit-lamp examination and ophthalmoscopic examination (often indirect) after pupillary dilation. […] Treatment should be managed by an ophthalmologist and often includes corticosteroids and a cycloplegic-mydriatic medication along with treatment of any specific cause.

• #24 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  During the ophthalmological examination the doctor observes the eye with a special microscope called a slit lamp. In cases of uveitis the specialist may observe the presence of inflammatory cells floating in the intraocular fluids and can determine the degree and type of inflammation. […] A retinography is a photo of the eye fundus used to examine the retina, optic nerve, vascular tree and macula. […] The slit lamp examination must be performed by an ophthalmologist to assess the condition of the anterior segment of the eye. […] The degree of vitritis can also be graded from 0 to 4+. An eye fundus examination is essential in all inflammatory processes of the eye and is performed with either a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope and the aid of lenses. […] Ophthalmoscopy helps differentiate lesions in the retina or choroid, such as focal areas of inflammation or necrosis, or signs of retinal vasculitis, and determine whether or not the optic nerve is affected.

• #25 Uveitis Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2007/may/uveitis-diagnosis-management-and-treatment/

  Consequently, management of patients with uveitis often requires a multidisciplinary approach. The proper diagnosis of the underlying disease process allows the clinician to determine not only the etiology of the inflammation, but also serves to guide the specific treatment. […] Although great improvements have been made in the diagnostic methods over the past few years, there is no standardized battery of tests that is ordered for all patients with uveitis. Instead, testing should be tailored to individual patients based on their presentation and the differential diagnosis. […] When the history and physical exam do not clearly indicate a cause, most uveitis specialists recommend a subset of core tests including complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), lysozyme, syphilis serologic profile, HLA markers, and chest radiographs.

• #26 Uveitis: Laboratory Testing and Current Recommendations

  https://journalofmedicaloptometry.com/volume1-issue2/uveitis-laboratory-investigations-and-current-recommendations-on-diagnosis/

  Uveitis, especially anterior uveitis, is treated frequently in primary care optometric practices. […] However, there is no standard diagnostic approach to evaluating the underlying etiology, and often these cases are deemed idiopathic. […] A thorough case history and comprehensive ophthalmological examination is an important first step in developing a working diagnosis. […] Currently, there is no standard approach for laboratory investigations in patients with uveitis. […] A 2017 French study titled ULISSE looked at two different testing strategies. […] When determining which tests will yield the highest rate of return, it is helpful to understand which underlying conditions are most common in the specific category of uveitis and geographic location. […] In 2017, Sve et al. published a literature review of current recommendations describing the diagnostic work-up of a uveitis patient.

• #27 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Uveitis is one of the major causes of visual impairment and blindness, accounting for 10% to 25% of worldwide total blindness. Uveitis most commonly affects the working-age population, with a prevalence estimated to be approximately 114.5 per 100,000 general population. If left untreated, the condition can result in significant vision loss in roughly 35% of affected individuals. […] Multimodal imaging plays an important role in establishing a diagnosis of uveitis and monitoring response to treatment. […] Given the high burden of disease, timely diagnosis and treatment is of utmost importance. Evaluation of patients begins with a thorough clinical examination and comprehensive medical history. Multimodal imaging plays an important role in establishing a diagnosis and in monitoring a patients response to treatment.

• #28 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) is widely used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with uveitis and retinal vasculitis. In uveitis, FA is helpful in diagnosing retinal vasculitis, differentiating active versus inactive disease by change in leakage pattern, differentiating occlusive versus nonocclusive vasculitis, evaluating optic nerve inflammation, and detecting retinal ischemia and the presence of CME or neovascularization. […] Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is used to evaluate choroidal inflammation and lesions that are not visible or are subtle on clinical examination in patients with uveitis. […] OCT is one of the most widely used imaging modalities in ophthalmology. In uveitic eyes, OCT is helpful in determining ideal management protocol and predicting visual outcomes.

• #29 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  During the ophthalmological examination the doctor observes the eye with a special microscope called a slit lamp. In cases of uveitis the specialist may observe the presence of inflammatory cells floating in the intraocular fluids and can determine the degree and type of inflammation. […] A retinography is a photo of the eye fundus used to examine the retina, optic nerve, vascular tree and macula. […] The slit lamp examination must be performed by an ophthalmologist to assess the condition of the anterior segment of the eye. […] The degree of vitritis can also be graded from 0 to 4+. An eye fundus examination is essential in all inflammatory processes of the eye and is performed with either a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope and the aid of lenses. […] Ophthalmoscopy helps differentiate lesions in the retina or choroid, such as focal areas of inflammation or necrosis, or signs of retinal vasculitis, and determine whether or not the optic nerve is affected.

• #30 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  A perimetry, campimetry or visual field test is an examination used to assess any alterations in the patients visual field. […] OCT is a complementary test used to determine whether the retina is working correctly and if there is any intra/subretinal fluid present. […] Fluorescein angiography examines blood flow in the posterior portion of the eye. […] Given that uveitis is a group of complex diseases that affect not just the eyes but other organs as well, ophthalmologists specialising in uveitis often collaborate with other specialists to reach a joint diagnostic and therapeutic approach. […] There is no standard battery of tests that must be carried out on all patients affected by uveitis. […] Most patients require one or a few diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, when the background and physical examination do not reveal the cause of the uveitis, then the specialists propose a group of basic tests, such as a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), syphilis serology and a chest X-ray.

• #31 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) is widely used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with uveitis and retinal vasculitis. In uveitis, FA is helpful in diagnosing retinal vasculitis, differentiating active versus inactive disease by change in leakage pattern, differentiating occlusive versus nonocclusive vasculitis, evaluating optic nerve inflammation, and detecting retinal ischemia and the presence of CME or neovascularization. […] Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is used to evaluate choroidal inflammation and lesions that are not visible or are subtle on clinical examination in patients with uveitis. […] OCT is one of the most widely used imaging modalities in ophthalmology. In uveitic eyes, OCT is helpful in determining ideal management protocol and predicting visual outcomes.

• #32 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  A perimetry, campimetry or visual field test is an examination used to assess any alterations in the patients visual field. […] OCT is a complementary test used to determine whether the retina is working correctly and if there is any intra/subretinal fluid present. […] Fluorescein angiography examines blood flow in the posterior portion of the eye. […] Given that uveitis is a group of complex diseases that affect not just the eyes but other organs as well, ophthalmologists specialising in uveitis often collaborate with other specialists to reach a joint diagnostic and therapeutic approach. […] There is no standard battery of tests that must be carried out on all patients affected by uveitis. […] Most patients require one or a few diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, when the background and physical examination do not reveal the cause of the uveitis, then the specialists propose a group of basic tests, such as a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), syphilis serology and a chest X-ray.

• #33 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) is widely used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with uveitis and retinal vasculitis. In uveitis, FA is helpful in diagnosing retinal vasculitis, differentiating active versus inactive disease by change in leakage pattern, differentiating occlusive versus nonocclusive vasculitis, evaluating optic nerve inflammation, and detecting retinal ischemia and the presence of CME or neovascularization. […] Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is used to evaluate choroidal inflammation and lesions that are not visible or are subtle on clinical examination in patients with uveitis. […] OCT is one of the most widely used imaging modalities in ophthalmology. In uveitic eyes, OCT is helpful in determining ideal management protocol and predicting visual outcomes.

• #34 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) is widely used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with uveitis and retinal vasculitis. In uveitis, FA is helpful in diagnosing retinal vasculitis, differentiating active versus inactive disease by change in leakage pattern, differentiating occlusive versus nonocclusive vasculitis, evaluating optic nerve inflammation, and detecting retinal ischemia and the presence of CME or neovascularization. […] Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is used to evaluate choroidal inflammation and lesions that are not visible or are subtle on clinical examination in patients with uveitis. […] OCT is one of the most widely used imaging modalities in ophthalmology. In uveitic eyes, OCT is helpful in determining ideal management protocol and predicting visual outcomes.

• #35 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Posterior segment B-scan ultrasonography provides noninvasive evaluation of the vitreous cavity, optic nerve, retina, and choroid. […] Novel imaging methods have been used to better visualize or quantify ocular inflammation in uveitic eyes. Further research is needed to automate quantification of posterior and anterior segment inflammation.

• #36 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  A perimetry, campimetry or visual field test is an examination used to assess any alterations in the patients visual field. […] OCT is a complementary test used to determine whether the retina is working correctly and if there is any intra/subretinal fluid present. […] Fluorescein angiography examines blood flow in the posterior portion of the eye. […] Given that uveitis is a group of complex diseases that affect not just the eyes but other organs as well, ophthalmologists specialising in uveitis often collaborate with other specialists to reach a joint diagnostic and therapeutic approach. […] There is no standard battery of tests that must be carried out on all patients affected by uveitis. […] Most patients require one or a few diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, when the background and physical examination do not reveal the cause of the uveitis, then the specialists propose a group of basic tests, such as a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), syphilis serology and a chest X-ray.

• #37 Uveitis Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2007/may/uveitis-diagnosis-management-and-treatment/

  Consequently, management of patients with uveitis often requires a multidisciplinary approach. The proper diagnosis of the underlying disease process allows the clinician to determine not only the etiology of the inflammation, but also serves to guide the specific treatment. […] Although great improvements have been made in the diagnostic methods over the past few years, there is no standardized battery of tests that is ordered for all patients with uveitis. Instead, testing should be tailored to individual patients based on their presentation and the differential diagnosis. […] When the history and physical exam do not clearly indicate a cause, most uveitis specialists recommend a subset of core tests including complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), lysozyme, syphilis serologic profile, HLA markers, and chest radiographs.

• #38 Uveitis: Laboratory Testing and Current Recommendations

  https://journalofmedicaloptometry.com/volume1-issue2/uveitis-laboratory-investigations-and-current-recommendations-on-diagnosis/

  Their recommendations are illustrated below in Table 4. […] They recommended minimal first-line tests for all types of uveitis should include complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), Tuberculin skin test, Syphilis serology, and chest x-ray. […] If sarcoidosis is suspected, ACE may help point to the diagnosis. […] However, keep in mind its variability and fair predictive value.

• #39 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  These are low-cost tests that provide objective data about the patients general condition and immune status. […] ANA tests are helpful whenever juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Sjgrens syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus or other connective tissue diseases are suspected. […] HLA-A29 (birdshot retinochoroidopathy or birdshot disease), HLA-B27 (ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis or Reiters syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis associated with IBD), HLA-DR5 (oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis), HLA-B51 (Behets disease). […] The most useful serological tests are those for syphilis and HIV. […] Tuberculosis, histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis can be identified by means of skin tests. […] Chest X-ray, sacroiliac joint X-rays, CT, MRI, gallium scintigraphy.

• #40 Uveitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/407

  Uveitis is a broad term for inflammation of one or all parts of the uvea, or the vascular area between the retina and sclera of the eye. […] Diagnosis is clinical. Acute anterior uveitis may be idiopathic, or associated with human leukocyte antigen-B27-related disease or viral eye disease. Posterior uveitis is associated with localised infections or systemic infection, or systemic inflammatory disease. Onset and duration of the ocular symptoms offer clues to the aetiology. Diagnosis of underlying disease may require investigation. […] Even after full laboratory and diagnostic work-up and treatment, aetiology may not be determined. […] Clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include FBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), and rapid plasma reagin (RPR), serum ACE, antinuclear antibodies, HLA-B27, Lyme titre, purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA), perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA), antidouble-stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA), rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, Bartonella henselae titre, toxoplasma serological titre, other HLA antigens, chemistry screen, CXR, polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] Emerging tests include vitreous biopsy.

• #41 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  These are low-cost tests that provide objective data about the patients general condition and immune status. […] ANA tests are helpful whenever juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Sjgrens syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus or other connective tissue diseases are suspected. […] HLA-A29 (birdshot retinochoroidopathy or birdshot disease), HLA-B27 (ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis or Reiters syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis associated with IBD), HLA-DR5 (oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis), HLA-B51 (Behets disease). […] The most useful serological tests are those for syphilis and HIV. […] Tuberculosis, histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis can be identified by means of skin tests. […] Chest X-ray, sacroiliac joint X-rays, CT, MRI, gallium scintigraphy.

• #42 Uveitis Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2007/may/uveitis-diagnosis-management-and-treatment/

  Diagnostic testing in a patient with a single episode of mild unilateral acute anterior uveitis without any accompanying systemic symptoms and signs that behaves in a benign fashion is often avoided. Further investigation should be undertaken if the patient has (1) intermediate, posterior, diffuse, or bilateral inflammation; (2) recurrent, moderate, or severe inflammation, with or without granulomatous features; or (3) systemic symptoms or signs suggesting an underlying medical diagnosis. […] The identification of microorganisms can play a key role in determining the cause of uveitis especially when infection is suspected. […] Diagnosis of infection with Treponema pallidum, the causative agent in syphilis, is based upon clinical presentation and supported by serologic testing. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful molecular technique for evaluating very small amounts of DNA and RNA. It is a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific tool for the diagnosis of infection, autoimmunity, and masquerade syndromes in the eye.

• #43 Uveitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/407

  Uveitis is a broad term for inflammation of one or all parts of the uvea, or the vascular area between the retina and sclera of the eye. […] Diagnosis is clinical. Acute anterior uveitis may be idiopathic, or associated with human leukocyte antigen-B27-related disease or viral eye disease. Posterior uveitis is associated with localised infections or systemic infection, or systemic inflammatory disease. Onset and duration of the ocular symptoms offer clues to the aetiology. Diagnosis of underlying disease may require investigation. […] Even after full laboratory and diagnostic work-up and treatment, aetiology may not be determined. […] Clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include FBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), and rapid plasma reagin (RPR), serum ACE, antinuclear antibodies, HLA-B27, Lyme titre, purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA), perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA), antidouble-stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA), rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, Bartonella henselae titre, toxoplasma serological titre, other HLA antigens, chemistry screen, CXR, polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] Emerging tests include vitreous biopsy.

• #44 Look for clues to simplify anterior uveitis diagnosis

  https://www.modernretina.com/view/look-clues-simplify-anterior-uveitis-diagnosis

  Though anterior uveitis is associated with myriad conditions, a relatively short list of disorders accounts for the vast majority of cases. […] One of the primary goals of the diagnostic evaluation for patients with anterior uveitis is to separate infectious from inflammatory etiologies because infectious anterior uveitis is treated with specific antimicrobial therapy whereas immunosuppression is indicated for inflammatory disease, said Dr. Margolis. […] Knowing the most common conditions associated with anterior uveitis helps to pinpoint the diagnosis, and by doing a Bayesian analysis, clinicians can avoid unnecessary testing that may be more likely to give a false positive result, Dr. Margolis said. […] Outlining the differential diagnosis of anterior uveitis, Dr. Margolis said that it is different in adults than in children.

• #45 Uveitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/uveitis-pro

  The various forms of uveitis represent the common end result of multiple underlying causes of ocular inflammation. […] Inflammatory – due to autoimmune disease. […] Infectious – caused by known ocular and systemic pathogens. […] Trauma – a common cause of anterior uveitis. […] The epidemiology of uveitis varies with geographical location. […] Anterior uveitis is the most common form in the UK. […] The prevalence of uveitis is variously given as 25-50 per 100,000 persons, with the mean onset at 30.7 years of age. […] Clinical features vary depending on the location of the inflammation. Symptoms may develop over hours or days (acute uveitis), or onset may be gradual (chronic uveitis). […] A first episode of mild, unilateral non-granulomatous acute uveitis can be diagnosed by history and clinical examination alone.

• #46 Uveitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30914

  Uveitis can be further subdivided into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis based on the primary anatomical location of the inflammation in the eye. […] Anterior uveitis is epitomized by the anterior segment being the predominate site of inflammation. […] Intermediate uveitis is defined by inflammation of the vitreous cavity and pars plana, while posterior uveitis involves the retina and choroid. […] Inflammation in panuveitis includes all layers. […] Uveitis is most often idiopathic but has been associated with traumatic, inflammatory, and infectious processes. […] Patients may present with concurrent systemic symptoms or infectious diseases to suggest an etiology affecting more than just the eye. […] Idiopathic cases of uveitis account for 48 to 70% of uveitis cases.

• #47 Look for clues to simplify anterior uveitis diagnosis

  https://www.modernretina.com/view/look-clues-simplify-anterior-uveitis-diagnosis

  Idiopathic disease heads the diagnosis list for adult cases of anterior uveitis followed in descending frequency by HLA B27-related disease, herpetic disease (herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus [HSV and VZV]), and trauma. […] Even before the slit-lamp examination, certain findings are helpful for developing the differential diagnosis. […] The differential diagnosis for a patient with anterior uveitis and scleritis includes VZV, HSV, tuberculosis, polyarteritis nodosa, relapsing polychondritis, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis. […] Slit-lamp findings that are helpful for establishing the diagnosis include hypopyon, keratic precipitates (KP) above the midline, iris atrophy and nodules, and corneal disease. […] Dr. Margolis explained that hypopyon is seen in anterior uveitis that develops after surgery or when the cause is infectious, Behet disease, herpetic, or HLA B27-related.

• #48 Look for clues to simplify anterior uveitis diagnosis

  https://www.modernretina.com/view/look-clues-simplify-anterior-uveitis-diagnosis

  Diagnoses to consider when there is corneal involvement include HSV and VZV. […] Associations with granulomatous KP and iris nodules include infection, Behet disease, sarcoidosis, and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, whereas iris atrophy primarily occurs with herpetic infection or rubella. […] Pigmented cells in the anterior chamber suggest the presence of iris atrophy or its resolution, and may also be a sign of chronic disease.

• #49 How to home in on a uveitis diagnosis

  https://www.retina-specialist.com/article/how-to-home-in-on-a-uveitis-diagnosis

  Ocular inflammatory diseases present several challenges to the clinician. […] However, with an organized and methodical approach, even the most complex or mysterious cases can be successfully diagnosed and managed. Here, Ill discuss five pieces of data that can be obtained from the history and physical and can be used to generate a focused differential that can streamline your work-up and management. […] The standardization of uveitis nomenclature (SUN) working group helped to sort uveitis into various categories, one of which involved the temporal aspects of the disease in terms of onset, duration and course. […] Most forms of uveitis are ultimately bilateral even if theyre very asymmetric or take an extended period of time for the fellow eye to become involved. […] While it can be time-consuming, performing a detailed review of systems is absolutely critical when evaluating uveitis patients.

• #50 Algorithmic approach in the diagnosis of uveitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3744777/

  Uveitis is caused by disorders of diverse etiologies including wide spectrum of infectious and non-infectious causes. Often clinical signs are less specific and shared by different diseases. On several occasions, uveitis represents diseases that are developing elsewhere in the body and ocular signs may be the first evidence of such systemic diseases. Uveitis specialists need to have a thorough knowledge of all entities and their work up has to be systematic and complete including systemic and ocular examinations. Creating an algorithmic approach on critical steps to be taken would help the ophthalmologist in arriving at the etiological diagnosis. […] Etiological diagnosis of uveitis starts with the first step of elaborate history followed by systemic examination and ocular examination to reach a clinical conclusion. Subsequently list of differential diagnosis is created in order to decide on laboratory investigations to rule out or rule in the possible etiology.

• #51 How to home in on a uveitis diagnosis

  https://www.retina-specialist.com/article/how-to-home-in-on-a-uveitis-diagnosis

  This method of precisely describing uveitis based on localization can greatly focus down the differential. […] When working up uveitis, assess the patients demographics, take a detailed history with emphasis on chronicity and laterality, perform a detailed review of systems, determine the location of the inflammation and use the SUN classification. This organized approach may help improve efficiency and diagnostic accuracy.

• #52 Uveitis Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2007/may/uveitis-diagnosis-management-and-treatment/

  Diagnostic testing in a patient with a single episode of mild unilateral acute anterior uveitis without any accompanying systemic symptoms and signs that behaves in a benign fashion is often avoided. Further investigation should be undertaken if the patient has (1) intermediate, posterior, diffuse, or bilateral inflammation; (2) recurrent, moderate, or severe inflammation, with or without granulomatous features; or (3) systemic symptoms or signs suggesting an underlying medical diagnosis. […] The identification of microorganisms can play a key role in determining the cause of uveitis especially when infection is suspected. […] Diagnosis of infection with Treponema pallidum, the causative agent in syphilis, is based upon clinical presentation and supported by serologic testing. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful molecular technique for evaluating very small amounts of DNA and RNA. It is a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific tool for the diagnosis of infection, autoimmunity, and masquerade syndromes in the eye.

• #53 Ordering and Interpretation of Uveitis Work-Up

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/ordering-and-interpretation-of-uveitis-work-up/

  Infectious causes of anterior uveitis are myriad. […] Traumatic uveitis is typically a straightforward diagnosis that does not require further testing. […] Medication-induced anterior uveitis can also be a straightforward diagnosis if the patient recently started a new medication and subsequently presents with uveitis. […] The presence of granulomatous uveitis, indicated by bilateral, large mutton fat keratic precipitates, suggests systemic inflammatory causes such as sarcoidosis or systemic infection such as tuberculosis, syphilis, Lyme disease, or chronic herpetic infection. […] Bilateral anterior uveitis is more likely to be associated with a systemic condition and therefore requires a work-up. […] The age and ethnicity of the patient also help guide our decision-making. […] Geographic demographics are important because infectious causes of uveitis tend to have a geographic distribution.

• #54 Neural networks for predicting etiological diagnosis of uveitis | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03530-2

  The large number and heterogeneity of causes of uveitis make the etiological diagnosis a complex task. […] Diagnostic machine learning algorithms have been developed and provide a correct diagnosis in one-half to three-quarters of cases. […] The aim is to determine whether machine learning models can predict the etiological diagnosis of uveitis from clinical information. […] A neural network was developed to predict the etiological diagnosis of uveitis. […] The performance of the model was evaluated and compared to a gold standard: etiological diagnosis established by a consensus of two uveitis experts. […] Findings showed that the neural network type (Multilayer perceptron) (NN-MLP) presented the best prediction of the etiological diagnosis of uveitis. […] Study results suggest that developing models for accurately predicting the etiological diagnosis of uveitis with undetermined etiology based on clinical information is feasible.

• #55 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Posterior segment B-scan ultrasonography provides noninvasive evaluation of the vitreous cavity, optic nerve, retina, and choroid. […] Novel imaging methods have been used to better visualize or quantify ocular inflammation in uveitic eyes. Further research is needed to automate quantification of posterior and anterior segment inflammation.

• #56 Neural networks for predicting etiological diagnosis of uveitis | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03530-2

  Such NN-MLP could be used for the etiological assessments of uveitis with unknown etiology. […] The algorithms most probable diagnosis (Top-1) matched the senior clinician diagnosis in 292 of 375 patients (77.8%, 95% CI: 77.478.0). […] It reached 93% (95% CI: 92.893.1%) when the two most probable diagnoses (Top-2) were considered among the 375 patients of the test dataset. […] The algorithm performed well in diagnosing idiopathic uveitis, with a sensitivity estimate of 81% and a specificity estimate of 82%. […] Our study represents an accurate algorithm for the clinical management of uveitis with undetermined etiology after an ophthalmological examination.

• #57 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Uveitis is one of the major causes of visual impairment and blindness, accounting for 10% to 25% of worldwide total blindness. Uveitis most commonly affects the working-age population, with a prevalence estimated to be approximately 114.5 per 100,000 general population. If left untreated, the condition can result in significant vision loss in roughly 35% of affected individuals. […] Multimodal imaging plays an important role in establishing a diagnosis of uveitis and monitoring response to treatment. […] Given the high burden of disease, timely diagnosis and treatment is of utmost importance. Evaluation of patients begins with a thorough clinical examination and comprehensive medical history. Multimodal imaging plays an important role in establishing a diagnosis and in monitoring a patients response to treatment.

• #58 Getting a Good Look at Uveitis With Multimodal Imaging – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2018-sept/getting-a-good-look-at-uveitis-with-multimodal-imaging

  Posterior segment B-scan ultrasonography provides noninvasive evaluation of the vitreous cavity, optic nerve, retina, and choroid. […] Novel imaging methods have been used to better visualize or quantify ocular inflammation in uveitic eyes. Further research is needed to automate quantification of posterior and anterior segment inflammation.

• #59 Anterior uveitis | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/anterior-uveitis

  Anterior uveitis is an inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. […] The symptoms of anterior uveitis can be similar to those of other eye conditions. Therefore, a doctor of optometry will carefully examine the front and inside of the eye with a unique microscope using high magnification. A doctor of optometry may also perform or arrange for other diagnostic tests to help pinpoint the cause. […] To prevent serious complications, including permanent loss of some or all vision, early diagnosis and proper treatment is essential.

• #60 Uveitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378734

  Uveitis can be serious, leading to permanent vision loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and preserve your vision. […] Contact your doctor if you think you have the warning signs of uveitis. He or she may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). If you’re having significant eye pain and unexpected vision problems, seek immediate medical attention. […] In about half of all cases, the specific cause of uveitis isn’t clear, and the disorder may be considered an autoimmune disease that only affects the eye or eyes. If a cause can be determined, it may be one of the following: […] Left untreated, uveitis can cause complications, including: […] Permanent vision loss.

• #61 Uveitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/407

  Uveitis is a broad term for inflammation of one or all parts of the uvea, or the vascular area between the retina and sclera of the eye. […] Diagnosis is clinical. Acute anterior uveitis may be idiopathic, or associated with human leukocyte antigen-B27-related disease or viral eye disease. Posterior uveitis is associated with localised infections or systemic infection, or systemic inflammatory disease. Onset and duration of the ocular symptoms offer clues to the aetiology. Diagnosis of underlying disease may require investigation. […] Even after full laboratory and diagnostic work-up and treatment, aetiology may not be determined. […] Clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include FBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), and rapid plasma reagin (RPR), serum ACE, antinuclear antibodies, HLA-B27, Lyme titre, purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA), perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA), antidouble-stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA), rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, Bartonella henselae titre, toxoplasma serological titre, other HLA antigens, chemistry screen, CXR, polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] Emerging tests include vitreous biopsy.

• #62 Uveitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378739

  When you visit an eye specialist (ophthalmologist), they will likely conduct a complete eye exam and gather a thorough health history. The eye examination usually involves the following: […] A slit-lamp examination. A slit lamp is a microscope that magnifies and illuminates the front of your eye with an intense line of light. This evaluation is necessary to identify microscopic inflammatory cells in the front of the eye. […] If the ophthalmologist thinks an underlying condition may be the cause of your uveitis, you may be referred to another doctor for a general medical examination and laboratory tests. […] Sometimes, it’s difficult to find a specific cause for uveitis. Even if a specific cause is not identified, uveitis can still be treated successfully. In the majority of cases, identifying a cause for the uveitis does not lead to a cure. It is still necessary to use some form of treatment to control the swelling.

• #63 Uveitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378739

  The speed of your recovery depends in part on the type of uveitis you have and how bad your symptoms are. Uveitis that affects the back of your eye (posterior uveitis or panuveitis, including retinitis or choroiditis) tends to heal more slowly than uveitis in the front of the eye (anterior uveitis or iritis). Severe inflammation takes longer to clear up than mild inflammation does. […] Uveitis can come back. Make an appointment with your doctor if any of your symptoms reappear or worsen.

• #64 Uveitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378739

  The speed of your recovery depends in part on the type of uveitis you have and how bad your symptoms are. Uveitis that affects the back of your eye (posterior uveitis or panuveitis, including retinitis or choroiditis) tends to heal more slowly than uveitis in the front of the eye (anterior uveitis or iritis). Severe inflammation takes longer to clear up than mild inflammation does. […] Uveitis can come back. Make an appointment with your doctor if any of your symptoms reappear or worsen.

• #65 Tests and diagnosis of Uveitis

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/uveitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  A perimetry, campimetry or visual field test is an examination used to assess any alterations in the patients visual field. […] OCT is a complementary test used to determine whether the retina is working correctly and if there is any intra/subretinal fluid present. […] Fluorescein angiography examines blood flow in the posterior portion of the eye. […] Given that uveitis is a group of complex diseases that affect not just the eyes but other organs as well, ophthalmologists specialising in uveitis often collaborate with other specialists to reach a joint diagnostic and therapeutic approach. […] There is no standard battery of tests that must be carried out on all patients affected by uveitis. […] Most patients require one or a few diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, when the background and physical examination do not reveal the cause of the uveitis, then the specialists propose a group of basic tests, such as a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), syphilis serology and a chest X-ray.

• #66 Uveitis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/uveitis

  Likewise, if your child is diagnosed with an autoimmune disease that can be associated with uveitis, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis or sarcoidosis, your child’s rheumatologist will recommend an exam by an eye doctor to check for uveitis. […] Rheumatologists and eye doctors often work together to determine the best treatment for your child.

• #67 Uveitis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/uveitis

  Likewise, if your child is diagnosed with an autoimmune disease that can be associated with uveitis, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis or sarcoidosis, your child’s rheumatologist will recommend an exam by an eye doctor to check for uveitis. […] Rheumatologists and eye doctors often work together to determine the best treatment for your child.

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