Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Uveitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14414-uveitis

  Uveitis is a condition where you have inflammation of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Its common, and vision loss is one of the possible complications (especially when uveitis is severe or goes untreated). Fortunately, its usually treatable and you can play a big role in improving the odds of a positive outcome. […] Uveitis can happen for many reasons. Between 50% and 70% of cases are idiopathic, meaning the cause isnt something an eye care specialist can see or test for. […] Because uveitis can happen for so many reasons, the treatments for uveitis can vary widely. Theres no cure for uveitis, but some conditions that can cause it are curable. When that happens, treating that cause may resolve the uveitis, too. […] If you have uveitis, your eye care specialist will guide you on treatments and tell you what you should do as part of the treatment. Following your eye specialists instructions is important because it can reduce your risk of permanent vision loss. […] Uveitis is a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss. At Cleveland Clinic, our experts will create a treatment plan thats personalized for you.

• #1 Uveitis | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/uveitis

  Uveitis can cause vision loss if it isn’t treated so it’s important to see your eye doctor right away if you have symptoms. […] Eye doctors can check for uveitis as part of a dilated eye exam. The exam is simple and painless your doctor will give you some eye drops to dilate (widen) your pupil and then check your eyes for uveitis and other eye problems. […] Medicines called steroids can reduce inflammation in your eye. This can ease symptoms and prevent vision loss. Your eye doctor may prescribe steroids in a few different ways: […] Your treatment plan will depend on several factors like which part of your eye is affected, and other health conditions you have. For example, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help control your immune system. You can work with your doctor to find the right treatments for you.

• #1 Uveitis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.uveitis-care-instructions.ut3274

  Uveitis (say „you-vee-EYE-tus”) is swelling and tenderness of the middle layer of the eye. This area includes the colored part of the eye (iris), muscles, and blood vessels. One or both of your eyes may be swollen, red, and painful. You may have blurred vision. […] It is important to treat uveitis. Treatment can save your eyesight and avoid permanent damage to your eyes. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you have any problems with your medicine. You will get more details on the specific medicines your doctor prescribes.

• #1 Ohio State is building bridges for clinical care between autoimmune disorders and uveitis | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/departments/innovations/ophthalmology/uveitis

  Uveitis is a potentially blinding inflammatory eye condition that primarily affects younger people between 20 to 40 years of age. […] Most uveitis cases are caused by an autoimmune disorder, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or sarcoidosis. […] At our ophthalmology-rheumatology uveitis clinic, we can see patients with uveitis and rheumatological conditions at the same time. This is really helpful to patients because we treat them as a whole and can get to a proper diagnosis faster. […] Uveitis is a collection of more than 30 diseases that are characterized by intraocular inflammation. […] Symptoms typically include redness, pain and sensitivity to light. […] The more severe form is posterior uveitis and panuveitis. These patients typically present with mild blurry vision, haziness or floaters.

• #1 Iritis and Uveitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/798323-overview

  Uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uveal tract, which is further subdivided into anterior and posterior components. The anterior tract is composed of the iris and ciliary body, whereas the posterior tract includes choroid. Hence, uveitis is inflammation of any of these components and also may include other surrounding tissues such as sclera, retina, and optic nerve. Uveitis often is idiopathic but may be triggered by genetic, traumatic, immune, or infectious mechanisms. […] Uveitis has no standard treatment regimen. Usually, the initial course of management is a stepwise approach starting with cycloplegics and corticosteroid drops to control pain and reduce inflammation. Progression to immunosuppressive agents may be necessary after consideration of the baseline etiology; however, this progression would be initiated by a primary care physician in consultation with an ophthalmologist after including physician and patient factors, which are beyond the scope of this review. Topical corticosteroid eye drops or sustained-release implants are traditionally used as treatment modalities. Newer administration routes (eg, intravitreal injection, suprachoroidal injection) have been approved by the FDA. There is growing evidence for the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents, such as adalimumab (Humira), which has also been FDA approved for treatment of uveitis. […] Considerations prior to initiating treatment include the following: Supporting evidence is sparse; Check intraocular pressure and rule out herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis before starting topical corticosteroids; Initiate steroid treatment only in consultation with an ophthalmologist.

• #1 Uveitis & Iritis » Spokane Eye Clinic

  https://www.spokaneeye.com/specialties/adult-eye-care/uveitis-and-iritis/

  Uveitis is inflammation inside the eye, specifically affecting one or more of the three parts of the eye that make up the uvea. […] Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. […] Inflammation of the uvea can affect the cornea, the retina, the sclera, and other vital parts of the eye. […] Symptoms include increased sensitivity to light, blurred vision, pain, and redness of the eye. […] Prompt treatment is necessary to minimize any loss of vision. Eye drops, especially steroids and pupil dilators, are medications used to reduce inflammation and pain. […] Uveitis arising in the front or middle part of the eye is commonly more sudden in onset, generally lasting six to eight weeks. […] Uveitis in the back part of the eye is commonly slower in onset and may last longer. It is also often more difficult to treat.

• #1 Uveitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/uveitis

  Uveitis is swelling and inflammation of the uvea. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye. The uvea supplies blood for the iris at the front of the eye and the retina in the back of the eye. […] Iritis and irido-cyclitis (anterior uveitis) are most often mild. Treatment may involve: Dark glasses, Eye drops that dilate the pupil to relieve pain, Steroid eye drops. […] Pars planitis is often treated with steroid eye drops. Other medicines, including steroids taken by mouth, may be used to help suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation. […] Posterior uveitis treatment depends on the underlying cause. It almost always includes steroids taken by mouth. […] If the uveitis is caused by a body-wide (systemic) infection, you may be given antibiotics. You may also be given powerful anti-inflammatory medicines called corticosteroids. Sometimes certain types of immune-suppressant medicines are used to treat severe uveitis.

• #1 What Is Uveitis? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-health/eyes-the-windows-to-your-health/what-is-uveitis/

  Uveitis is usually not a serious condition, if not treated promptly, though severe cases can result in vision loss. […] This type of uveitis can occur in people who are generally healthy, but has also been associated with autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. […] Posterior uveitis is a worrying eye condition as it can induce retinal scarring, making it a more sight-threatening conditions than anterior uveitis. […] Panuveitis is a serious condition in which inflammation affects all major components of the eye. […] Uveitis treatment varies depending on the cause and kind of uveitis. […] Eye drops are usually used to treat this eye condition. […] In severe cases of uveitis, immune-suppressing medications may be required. […] Uveitis can sometimes be avoided by treating the autoimmune disease or infection that could trigger the inflammation.

• #1 Ohio State is building bridges for clinical care between autoimmune disorders and uveitis | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/departments/innovations/ophthalmology/uveitis

  In patients with uveitis, it’s crucial to rule out infection, malignancy and systemic diseases with impact on health (such as sarcoidosis, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis). […] Prolonged inflammation in the eye can worsen existing cataracts and make glaucoma harder to treat. […] We are more proactive now in avoiding damage to the intraocular structure because the eyes are really delicate. […] Anterior uveitis is typically treated with topical steroids. Posterior and panuveitis require oral, intravenous or injectable medications, as eye drops are usually not effective. […] Normally, in people who have a lot of flares of uveitis, the treatment protocol is to move to a corticosteroid-sparing therapy to retrain the immune system. […] The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center is one of only a few medical centers in the country with a uveitis specialist. […] I find it really gratifying to take care of uveitis patients, Dr. Suelves says. When they come to the Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, they can expect to have the best uveitis care available. Our care is highly personalized because every patient is unique.

• #1 Uveitis – Empire Eye | Spokane and Coeur d’Alene

  https://empireeye.com/condition/uveitis/

  Uveitis is a term that means inflammation of the eye. Uveitis symptoms may include light sensitivity, blurred vision, pain, floaters, and redness of the eye. Uveitis can be associated with glaucoma, increased eye pressure, cataracts, neovascularization (growth of new, abnormal blood vessels), and blindness from scarring. Uveitis is a serious eye condition that may cause scarring in the eye; therefore, it needs to be treated quickly to prevent damage to the vision. Anti-inflammatory and dilating eye drops can help to reduce inflammation and pain in most cases. For more severe uveitis, oral medication, injections, or surgery may be necessary. If left untreated, inflammation inside the eye caused by uveitis may cause permanent vision damage or blindness. […] A careful eye examination by an eye doctor is extremely important when symptoms occur. They may order blood or skin tests, or imaging tests such as x-rays or MRIs to help identify the cause.

• #1 Iritis and Uveitis Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/798323-treatment

  The main goals in the emergency department are to correctly diagnose uveitis, to provide analgesia, and to refer the patient to an ophthalmologist for possible initiation of topical steroids. […] Patients with possible uveitis should be examined by an ophthalmologist within 24 hours. […] Follow-up care with an ophthalmologist within 24 hours is imperative. […] In the acute phase, cases of uveitis are monitored every 1 to 7 days with slit-lamp examination and intraocular pressure measurements. […] The ophthalmologist tapers steroids and cycloplegics. […] When the condition is stable, patients are monitored every 1 to 6 months. […] Two sustained-release corticosteroid vitreous implants (fluocinolone acetonide [Retisert, Yutiq] and dexamethasone [Ozurdex]) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of inflammation-induced cases of panuveitis, intermediate uveitis, and posterior uveitis. […] The installation and monitoring of these treatment modalities should be managed by an ophthalmologist.

• #1 Ocular Immunology and Uveitis NYC | New York Eye & Ear

  https://www.nyee.edu/care/eye/ocular-immunology-uveitis

  NYEE’s Advanced Retinal Imaging Center works closely with our physicians to determine what type of uveitis is present and what part of the eye is affected. Our imaging specialists use the most advanced tools in the field, such as optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to make accurate diagnoses on which to base treatment. […] With proper diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing management, inflammation from uveitis can be carefully controlled and the patient’s vision preserved.

• #1 Uveitis: The Collaborative Diagnostic Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1115/p711.html

  Symptoms of uveitis are nonspecific, consisting of various combinations of blurred or reduced vision, visual floaters, eye discomfort or pain, and intolerance to light. […] The clinical distinction between acute and chronic uveitis has been arbitrarily set at three months. Recurrent uveitis is defined as repeat episodes occurring after three months of disease inactivity without treatment. […] There is no universally accepted approach to the evaluation of uveitis. […] If the history, physical examination, and basic laboratory tests do not suggest a specific diagnosis, serologic studies for syphilis and chest radiography for sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are recommended. […] Drug-induced uveitis is rare. Symptoms, which overlap those in other forms of uveitis, usually begin days to months after exposure. […] Primary ocular lymphoma should be considered in persons older than 50 years with persistent intermediate or posterior uveitis that does not respond to anti-inflammatory therapy.

• #1 Uveitis | Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN

  https://www.vanderbilthealth.com/program/uveitis

  The Vanderbilt Eye Institute offers a full range of care options to patients with uveitis. Uveitis is also known as ocular inflammation because it causes inflammation of the eye and the surrounding tissue. Left untreated, it can cause vision loss. Our team of specialists will work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan to stabilize your condition and preserve your vision. […] We care for patients through diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, education and research. From the most simple to the most complex treatment, we provide a full range of options to address your specific needs and preferences. […] We offer a full range of tests, treatments and services, including: Advanced anti-inflammatory therapy, Aqueous biopsy, Blood tests, B-scan ultrasonography (ophthalmic ultrasound), Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, CT scan, Intra-ocular methotrexate, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

• #1 Treatment of Uveitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Treatment_of_Uveitis

  The goal of treatment in uveitis is to control inflammation in order to prevent vision loss while also limiting the side effects of therapy. Treatments include medical management with ocular or systemic therapy, as well as surgical interventions for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and for the treatment of complications of uveitis. Treatment strategies depend on the etiology of inflammation and the disease severity and course. If the underlying etiology is infectious, then this must first be treated with appropriate therapy. If the underlying etiology is idiopathic or associated with systemic autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, then a stepladder approach utilizing anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory therapy may be necessary, often times in coordination with other specialists. […] Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment in uveitis and can be administered via multiple routes: topical, local injections (periocular or intraocular), or systemically via oral or intravenous routes.

• #1 Uveitis – Diagnosis and Treatment at the UPMC Vision Institute

  https://www.upmc.com/services/eye/conditions/uveitis

  Uveitis needs to be promptly treated with topical and/or oral steroids to avoid vision-threatening complications. […] The easiest and best way to treat uveitis is with topical steroid eye drops. These drops typically are used for several weeks. Sometimes oral steroids may be needed to treat uveitis. It is important that patients taking steroids visit their doctor frequently because steroids can cause glaucoma and cataracts. […] Some patients also may receive a drop that will dilate their pupils and keep the iris in one place, which is more comfortable. These drops, however, may temporarily increase focusing problems and cause light sensitivity.

• #1 Uveitis Treatment & Care in Oklahoma City

  https://www.dmei.org/services-specialties/uveitis/

  Uveitis is a form of inflammation located inside the eye, with its name referring to the uvea the middle layer of tissue in the wall of the eye. Uveitis can worsen rapidly, making it crucial to get treatment quickly in order to avoid lasting damage to the eye. […] Despite its appearance being similar, uveitis is not your usual case of pink eye and does not respond to antibiotic drops. Anti-inflammatory drops (typically steroid drops) are often effective in controlling the inflammation. If these drops are not effective, other options may be considered. More potent steroids can be given by injection next to or even into the eye itself, or taken by pill. […] For some patients, anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive medicines may be recommended. In most cases, the disease can be treated effectively and vision preserved.

• #1 Treatment of Uveitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Treatment_of_Uveitis

  Systemic steroid therapy may be indicated in cases of vision-threatening uveitis, when there is poor response to topical or local steroid therapy, and in cases of bilateral or systemic involvement. Treatment should consist of high dosage initially and then tapering according to clinical effect. In cases of severe uveitis, intravenous methylprednisolone may be considered (typically 1g/day for three days). […] An important goal in the treatment of uveitis is to minimize the use of corticosteroids and its myriad ocular and systemic adverse effects. The use of immunomodulatory therapy is an essential treatment strategy in the management of noninfectious uveitis (NIU). […] Surgical interventions may also be necessary in the treatment of complications of uveitis.

• #1 Uveitis: Current and Emerging Diagnostics and Treatments

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/uveitis-a-review-of-current-and-emerging-diagnostics-and-treatments

  Therapies include steroid implants, immunomodulation and biologics […] In a referral practice like the one at Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute, a small percentage of patients with uveitis have infectious uveitis, a larger percentage have known etiologies of noninfectious uveitis like sarcoid or birdshot, but more than 50% have idiopathic or undifferentiated uveitis. We need better diagnostics to classify this disease so we can treat it most effectively. […] There are newer ways of thinking about how we treat uveitis, from local steroid injections to systemic steroid-sparing immunomodulation, as well as local and systemic biologics. […] This treatment may be indicated for: Noninfectious uveitis or uveitic macular edema, Patients with contraindications to systemic therapy, Patients who are intolerant of systemic therapy, Patients with uveitis refractory to systemic therapy.

• #1 UVEITIS: THE RETINA INSTITUTE BOARD CERTIFIED RETINAL MICRO-SURGICAL EYE CARE

  https://theretinainstitute.org/uveitis

  Other immunosuppressive agents that are commonly used include medications such as methotrexate, mycophenolate, azathioprine, and cyclosporine. These treatments require regular blood tests to monitor for possible side effects. In some cases, biologic response modifiers (BRM), or biologics, such as, adalimumab, infliximab, daclizumab, abatacept, and rituximab are used. These drugs target specific elements of the immune system. Some of these drugs may increase the risk of having cancer. […] Anterior uveitis may be treated by: Taking eye drops that dilate the pupil to prevent muscle spasms in the iris and ciliary body. Taking eye drops containing steroids, such as prednisone, to reduce inflammation. […] Intermediate, posterior, and pan-uveitis are often treated with injections around the eye, medications given by mouth, or, in some instances, time-release capsules that are surgically implanted inside the eye. Other immunosuppressive agents may be given. A doctor must make sure a patient is not fighting an infection before proceeding with these therapies.

• #1 Uveitis: Current and Emerging Diagnostics and Treatments

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/uveitis-a-review-of-current-and-emerging-diagnostics-and-treatments

  The seven-year MUST study showed faster and more complete control of inflammation with the steroid implant versus systemic therapy. […] When treating noninfectious uveitis today, we start with systemic steroid-sparing immunomodulatory therapy (e.g., methotrexate, mycophenolate, azathioprine) as first line. […] Today we are much more intentional about using local steroids with systemic immunomodulation in uveitis patients. […] Tried-and-true but off-label use of some of the first-line agents above was studied in the FAST trial. […] The most common biologics for noninfectious uveitis are TNF-alpha inhibitors adalimumab and infliximab. […] In summary, there is a need for more rapid and specific detection of infectious uveitis, which may involve molecular classification. Short- and long-acting steroid implants are useful in treating noninfectious uveitis and are increasingly used to spare systemic steroids or bridge efficacy of immunomodulatory therapy. There are many options for steroid-sparing therapy (e.g., biologics, immunomodulatory therapy), but additional local and systemic biologic development is needed.

• #1 Minor Care Series: Uveitis — Taming the SRU

  https://www.tamingthesru.com/blog/bread-butter-em/uveitis

  Uveitis accounts for 10% of blindness in people of working age in the western world (1). Uveitis describes a group of intraocular inflammatory disorders that involve the uvea (iris, ciliary body, choroid) but confusingly can also involve other tissues in the eye (retina, vitreous, optic nerve). It is often associated with systemic diseases (sarcoidosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Behcets disease) but can also be infectious. […] The goal of treatment is resolution of ocular inflammation with restoration of vision. The treatment depends on the cause of uveitis. Infectious causes are treated specifically based on the causative virus/bacteria. This includes oral acyclovir/valacyclovir for HSV/VZV, oral valganciclovir for CMV, doxycycline for Lyme Disease, penicillin for syphilis, and appropriate antibiotics for TB. Topical steroids are also often prescribed to help decrease inflammation, but this should be done in consultation with an ophthalmologist.

• #1 Uveitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540993/

  Uveitis is a disease process that involves inflammation of the eye. […] This activity reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of uveitis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Describe the importance of improving care coordination amongst interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients with uveitis. […] Treatment aims at eliminating inflammation and pain with steroids and topical cycloplegics. […] For anterior uveitis, the most common, therapy consists of topical corticosteroids and cycloplegics. […] Intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis treatment is much more complex and should be guided by ophthalmologists, specifically uveitis specialists, when possible. […] It is essential to give the patient education regarding the disease process and emphasize the importance of being compliant with treatment and follow up. […] Treatment for uveitis should be handled by an interprofessional team approach that includes ophthalmologists, retina and uveitis specialists, specialty-trained nurses, and pharmacists, all collaborating to support the patient’s treatment regimen and bring about the best possible outcome.

• #1

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/bascom-palmer-eye-institute/specialties/uveitis

  Eye inflammation may lead to more serious problems if left untreated, including other eye diseases such as glaucoma, cataracts or loss of eyesight. If you have been diagnosed with uveitis or a related condition called scleritis, schedule an exam with one of our specialty ophthalmologists. […] Oral Medications – Many medications treat uveitis, but treatment must be tailored to your specific condition. […] Injected Medications – When injected into the eye, drugs such as corticosteroids, slow-dissolving steroid pellets or very slow steroid release devices help some patients control their uveitis. […] Vitrectomy – Removing the vitreous (a gel-like substance in the middle of your eye) may help control uveitis if you have intermediate uveitis. Vitrectomy is also used to remove vitreous samples for study in the lab to reach a more precise diagnosis.

• #1 Uveitis Treatment: Cutting-Edge Care in London

  https://bluefinvision.com/blog/treatment-for-uveitis-comprehensive-care-at-blue-fin-vision-eye-clinic/

  Consistent monitoring is essential to assess treatment response, detect disease activity, and identify potential complications. […] Uveitis can lead to various complications if not properly managed. […] To ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment monitoring, we utilise state-of-the-art diagnostic tools. […] At Blue Fin Vision Eye Clinic, we understand that each case of uveitis is unique. […] Uveitis is a complex condition that requires expert care and management. […] Our commitment to ongoing care, advanced diagnostics, and patient education ensures that you receive the best possible outcomes. […] Early intervention and expert management are key to preventing complications and preserving your precious eyesight.

• #1 Explains Uveitis, a chronic eye inflammation – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/uveitis/

  Uveitis is a form of inflammation of the eye. […] Diagnosis and treatment of uveitis is important. Uveitis can cause permanent damage to the eyes and vision loss that cannot be reversed. […] The goal of treatment is to treat the inflammation and check the eyes regularly to help prevent damage and vision loss. Eye doctors treat uveitis to relieve pain, prevent vision loss from inflammation and complications of uveitis, and to treat the cause of the uveitis if known. […] It is important to follow the eye doctors instructions for treatment carefully throughout the duration of treatment as prescribed. Treatment of uveitis must continue as long as inflammation is active. […] Modern treatments help control uveitis and can often prevent vision loss and blindness if the condition is found and treated early.

• #1 Uveitis Coordinated Care Clinic | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/uveitis-coordinated-care-clinic

  Our clinic is dedicated to assessing and treating uveitis, a group of inflammatory diseases that causes inflammation and swelling in the eye, destroys eye tissue and can permanently damage the eye and lead to blindness. […] Our clinic provides: Streamlined, coordinated care from ophthalmology and rheumatology. […] Our team of pediatric ophthalmologists and rheumatologists provide medical care, emotional counseling and much more. We strive to quickly respond to your concerns and make sure your family receives the support you need. […] Caring for a child with any illness or injury can be overwhelming. We have created resources to help you feel confident in the care your child is receiving.

• #1 Uveitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378734

  Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation. It affects the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). […] Uveitis can be serious, leading to permanent vision loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and preserve your vision. […] Contact your doctor if you think you have the warning signs of uveitis. He or she may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). If you’re having significant eye pain and unexpected vision problems, seek immediate medical attention. […] Left untreated, uveitis can cause complications, including: retinal swelling (macular edema), retinal scarring, glaucoma, cataracts, optic nerve damage, retinal detachment, and permanent vision loss.

• #1 Uveitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/uveitis/

  Uveitis, also known as iritis, is a rare condition that causes inflammation inside part of your eye. […] It’s important to get it treated early to avoid long-term complications such as vision loss and blindness. […] If a GP thinks you have uveitis they’ll refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). You’ll usually be seen within 24 hours, so you can start treatment quickly. […] Depending on what is causing your uveitis and how severe it is, you’ll usually be prescribed a combination of medicines to: get rid of any infection, reduce inflammation, relax the eye and reduce pain. […] After you’ve started treatment, you’ll be seen again by an ophthalmologist to: see how your treatment is working, check for any side effects of treatment, check for complications of uveitis, such as vision loss.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut3274

  Use any prescribed eyedrops or ointments exactly as your doctor told you to. […] Wear sunglasses if light hurts your eyes. […] Do not wear contact lenses until your eyes have healed. […] Do not wear eye makeup until your eyes have healed. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have signs of an eye infection, such as: Pus or thick discharge coming from the eye. Redness or swelling around the eye. A fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #1 Uveitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/uveitis

  With proper treatment, most attacks of anterior uveitis go away in a few days to weeks. However, the problem often returns. […] Posterior uveitis may last from months to years. It may cause permanent vision damage, even with treatment. […] If you have a body-wide (systemic) infection or disease, treating the condition may prevent uveitis.

• #1 Uveitis: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166410

  People living with chronic forms of uveitis may need ongoing monitoring and care to ensure that other conditions, such as cataracts or glaucoma, do not develop. […] A person can reduce their risk of vision loss from uveitis by following all treatment recommendations to reduce inflammation and pressure in the eye.

• #1 Uveitis | UCI Gavin Herbert Eye Institute

  https://ophthalmology.uci.edu/patient-care/specialties/uveitis

  Uveitis is a group of inflammatory diseases that can produce swelling and can damage eye tissues. […] Since uveitis is a relatively rare condition and there are many things that can cause it, it is essential to see a specialist who has experience doing the investigative work necessary to find an underlying disease. […] In addition, patients should seek out a uveitis specialist who has experience using immunosuppressive medications, since their use in some diseases is associated with better long-term outcomes, including in some cases, remission. […] Uveitis is inflammation of the eye that can affect the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. […] It is the third leading cause of blindness in the United States. […] Uveitis affects women and men, all age groups, and all races. […] The treatment for uveitis depends on the individual patient and the underlying cause of their inflammation. […] It can range from antibiotic therapy to local steroid injections or implants to systemic immunosuppressive therapy (chemotherapy).

• #1 What is Uveitis? | Conditions & Treatments | UTSW Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/uveitis-eye-inflammation/

  UT Southwestern ophthalmologists provide high-quality care for ocular immunologic diseases such as uveitis (inflammation of the eye). We use the most advanced diagnostic tools to quickly diagnose the condition, prevent symptoms, and, whenever possible, restore lost vision. […] At UT Southwestern, our ophthalmologists have special expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory eye diseases such as uveitis. Our uveitis specialist has the unique training required to not only diagnose but also prescribe and manage the immunotherapy to treat many of these autoimmune disorders when needed. […] Our doctors create treatment plans that are tailored to each patient, taking into account the severity of the disease, which part(s) of the eye is affected, and other existing health problems. Treatments can ease symptoms and, in some cases, reverse vision loss.

• #1 Uveitis and Vasculitis | Emory School of Medicine

  https://med.emory.edu/departments/ophthalmology/clinical-specialties/uveitis-and-vasculitis.html

  Physicians in the Uveitis Vasculitis section are active in national and international organizations and conferences, where the direction of uveitis treatment and research are under constant review. […] A strong emphasis is placed on treating conditions unresponsive to topical anti-inflammatory treatments. […] The Uveitis Vasculitis Section regularly consults with rheumatologists, gastroenterologists, dermatologists, oncologists, infectious diseases experts and obstetrical clinicians to provide comprehensive short- and long-term patient care.

• #1 Uveitis Coordinated Care Clinic | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/uveitis-coordinated-care-clinic

  At the Uveitis Coordinated Care Clinic (UCCC), specialists from both the Division of Rheumatology and Division of Ophthalmology at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) work together to determine the cause of your childs uveitis a disease that causes inflammation and swelling in the eye and create a customized treatment plan for your childs individual needs. […] Early screening and close management are very important to achieve the best outcomes for your child and prevent more serious complications, such as blindness. […] We offer state-of-the-art diagnostic tests and therapeutic treatments to children with uveitis with the goal of reducing eye inflammation and restoring vision. A variety of medications are used, including topical corticosteroids, systemic medications, as well as immunosuppressive and biologic agents.

• #1 UVEITIS CORNER: Uveitis Care Availability in the United States | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2023/september/uveitis-corner-uveitis-care-availability-in-the-united-states/

  The American Academy of Ophthalmology recognizes that there is a shortage in uveitis specialists, and has recently written a letter to the US Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee to advocate for improved access to smaller subspecialities like uveitis. […] The uveitis specialist shortage disproportionally affects rural communities. Geographic preferences and scarcity in fellowship-trained specialists are likely contributing factors to these disparities. Public policies that provide financial incentives based on medical complexity rather than procedures may facilitate equitable access. […] Although newer technologies and virtual visits have helped doctors communicate with their patients and other specialists, further advancements are needed to make tele-ophthalmology more than an adjunct to in-person visits for complex specialties like uveitis.

• #1 Advancing Uveitis Care Through AI and Ultra-High Resolution OCT | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/casey-eye-institute/advancing-uveitis-care-through-ai-and-ultra-high-resolution-oct

  Uveitis, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, has long challenged ophthalmologists due to its complex diagnosis and monitoring requirements. […] Using UHR OCT combined with AI, we dont just count these cells we can also identify their type. This capability is crucial because the differential diagnosis of uveitis is broad and challenging. By identifying both the location and type of inflammatory cells, our system could help diagnose and classify uveitis more accurately. It could also help monitor treatment response with unprecedented precision. […] The implications for patient care are significant. Currently, the most common diagnosis at uveitis centers across the United States is „idiopathic,” meaning the underlying cause is unknown. More specific diagnostic information could be potentially lifesavingfor instance, in cases of sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement. Additionally, current diagnostic methods, like sampling intraocular cells from the anterior chamber or vitreous cavity, are invasive and carry risks of sight-threatening infection or ocular injury. Our non-invasive approach using UHR OCT and AI could provide crucial diagnostic information while avoiding these risks.

• #1 Advancing Uveitis Care Through AI and Ultra-High Resolution OCT | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/casey-eye-institute/advancing-uveitis-care-through-ai-and-ultra-high-resolution-oct

  One of the greatest challenges in caring for patients with uveitis has been the lack of objective markers of disease activityour technology aims to fill this critical gap in care. When ultrahigh-resolution OCT becomes available to clinicians, it will give us objective biomarkers to aid in differential diagnosis of uveitis and assessment of disease severity. This precision will be especially valuable for clinical trials of new drugs and for monitoring treatment response in individual patients. […] By combining advanced OCT with AI, Dr. Li and her team may soon provide clinicians with objective, reliable tools for diagnosing and monitoring uveitis, potentially improving outcomes for patients worldwide.

• #2 Uveitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540993/

  Uveitis is a disease process that involves inflammation of the eye. […] This activity reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of uveitis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Describe the importance of improving care coordination amongst interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients with uveitis. […] Treatment aims at eliminating inflammation and pain with steroids and topical cycloplegics. […] For anterior uveitis, the most common, therapy consists of topical corticosteroids and cycloplegics. […] Intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis treatment is much more complex and should be guided by ophthalmologists, specifically uveitis specialists, when possible. […] It is essential to give the patient education regarding the disease process and emphasize the importance of being compliant with treatment and follow up. […] Treatment for uveitis should be handled by an interprofessional team approach that includes ophthalmologists, retina and uveitis specialists, specialty-trained nurses, and pharmacists, all collaborating to support the patient’s treatment regimen and bring about the best possible outcome.

• #2 Uveitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378734

  Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation. It affects the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). […] Uveitis can be serious, leading to permanent vision loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and preserve your vision. […] Contact your doctor if you think you have the warning signs of uveitis. He or she may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). If you’re having significant eye pain and unexpected vision problems, seek immediate medical attention. […] Left untreated, uveitis can cause complications, including: retinal swelling (macular edema), retinal scarring, glaucoma, cataracts, optic nerve damage, retinal detachment, and permanent vision loss.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut3274

  Uveitis (say „you-vee-EYE-tus”) is swelling and tenderness of the middle layer of the eye. This area includes the coloured part of the eye (iris), muscles, and blood vessels. One or both of your eyes may be swollen, red, and painful. You may have blurred vision. […] It is important to treat uveitis. Treatment can save your eyesight and avoid permanent damage to your eyes. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems with your medicine. You will get more details on the specific medicines your doctor prescribes.

• #2 Uveitis: The Collaborative Diagnostic Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1115/p711.html

  Uveitis, or inflammation of the uveal tract (i.e., iris, ciliary body, and choroid), results from a heterogeneous collection of disorders of varying etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms. Uveitis is caused by a systemic disease in 30% to 45% of patients. […] If the history, physical examination, and basic laboratory studies do not suggest an underlying cause, serologic tests for syphilis and chest radiography for sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are recommended. […] Drug-induced uveitis is rare and can occur from days to months after the time of initial exposure. Primary ocular lymphoma should be considered in persons older than 50 years with persistent intermediate or posterior uveitis that does not respond to anti-inflammatory therapy. […] Most forms of uveitis not caused by accidental or surgical trauma are manifestations of infectious or immune-mediated disease. Approximately 30% to 45% of patients with uveitis have a causally associated systemic disease.

• #2 Uveitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/uveitis

  With proper treatment, most attacks of anterior uveitis go away in a few days to weeks. However, the problem often returns. […] Posterior uveitis may last from months to years. It may cause permanent vision damage, even with treatment. […] If you have a body-wide (systemic) infection or disease, treating the condition may prevent uveitis.

• #2 Uveitis | Tennessee Retina

  https://www.tnretina.com/retinal-care/uveitis

  Uveitis is a condition characterized by inflammation in the eye. Such inflammation may be caused by autoimmune conditions or infections affecting the entire body or isolated to the eye. Uveitis may involve one or both eyes and can affect any part of the eye. Tennessee Retina Serves as a tertiary Referral center for complex cases of uveitis. […] The treatment approach to uveitis depends on the extent of inflammation. Uveitis may have a short (acute) or prolonged (chronic) course and treatment is tailored to each individual. Treatment may range from steroids (administered as eye drops, local injections, pills or infusions) to complex immunosuppressive medications. Depending on the underlying cause of uveitis, we may involve an infectious disease specialist, rheumatologist or neurologist to provide you with the best care possible. […] In cases of chronic uveitis, long-term therapy is often needed to improve vision and maintain disease-free remission.

• #2 Explains Uveitis, a chronic eye inflammation – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/uveitis/

  Uveitis is a form of inflammation of the eye. […] Diagnosis and treatment of uveitis is important. Uveitis can cause permanent damage to the eyes and vision loss that cannot be reversed. […] The goal of treatment is to treat the inflammation and check the eyes regularly to help prevent damage and vision loss. Eye doctors treat uveitis to relieve pain, prevent vision loss from inflammation and complications of uveitis, and to treat the cause of the uveitis if known. […] It is important to follow the eye doctors instructions for treatment carefully throughout the duration of treatment as prescribed. Treatment of uveitis must continue as long as inflammation is active. […] Modern treatments help control uveitis and can often prevent vision loss and blindness if the condition is found and treated early.

• #2 Minor Care Series: Uveitis — Taming the SRU

  https://www.tamingthesru.com/blog/bread-butter-em/uveitis

  Uveitis accounts for 10% of blindness in people of working age in the western world (1). Uveitis describes a group of intraocular inflammatory disorders that involve the uvea (iris, ciliary body, choroid) but confusingly can also involve other tissues in the eye (retina, vitreous, optic nerve). It is often associated with systemic diseases (sarcoidosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Behcets disease) but can also be infectious. […] The goal of treatment is resolution of ocular inflammation with restoration of vision. The treatment depends on the cause of uveitis. Infectious causes are treated specifically based on the causative virus/bacteria. This includes oral acyclovir/valacyclovir for HSV/VZV, oral valganciclovir for CMV, doxycycline for Lyme Disease, penicillin for syphilis, and appropriate antibiotics for TB. Topical steroids are also often prescribed to help decrease inflammation, but this should be done in consultation with an ophthalmologist.

• #2 Uveitis – Medical Eye Associates | Comprehensive Vision Care | Wilson & Rocky Mount, NC

  https://www.medicaleyenc.com/uveitis.php

  Uveitis treatments primarily try to eliminate inflammation, alleviate pain, prevent further tissue damage, and restore any loss of vision. Treatments depend on the type of uveitis a patient displays. Some, such as using corticosteroid eye drops and injections around the eye or inside the eye, may exclusively target the eye whereas other treatments, such immunosuppressive agents taken by mouth, may be used when the disease is occurring in both eyes, particularly in the back of both eyes. […] An eye care professional will usually prescribe steroidal anti-inflammatory medication that can be taken as eye drops, swallowed as a pill, injected around or into the eye, infused into the blood intravenously, or, released into the eye via a capsule that is surgically implanted inside the eye. Long-term steroid use may produce side effects such as stomach ulcers, osteoporosis (bone thinning), diabetes, cataracts, glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, weight gain, fluid retention, and Cushing’s syndrome. Usually other agents are started if it appears that patients need moderate or high doses of oral steroids for more than 3 months.

• #2 Iritis and Uveitis Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/798323-treatment

  The main goals in the emergency department are to correctly diagnose uveitis, to provide analgesia, and to refer the patient to an ophthalmologist for possible initiation of topical steroids. […] Patients with possible uveitis should be examined by an ophthalmologist within 24 hours. […] Follow-up care with an ophthalmologist within 24 hours is imperative. […] In the acute phase, cases of uveitis are monitored every 1 to 7 days with slit-lamp examination and intraocular pressure measurements. […] The ophthalmologist tapers steroids and cycloplegics. […] When the condition is stable, patients are monitored every 1 to 6 months. […] Two sustained-release corticosteroid vitreous implants (fluocinolone acetonide [Retisert, Yutiq] and dexamethasone [Ozurdex]) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of inflammation-induced cases of panuveitis, intermediate uveitis, and posterior uveitis. […] The installation and monitoring of these treatment modalities should be managed by an ophthalmologist.

• #2 Treatment of Uveitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Treatment_of_Uveitis

  Systemic steroid therapy may be indicated in cases of vision-threatening uveitis, when there is poor response to topical or local steroid therapy, and in cases of bilateral or systemic involvement. Treatment should consist of high dosage initially and then tapering according to clinical effect. In cases of severe uveitis, intravenous methylprednisolone may be considered (typically 1g/day for three days). […] An important goal in the treatment of uveitis is to minimize the use of corticosteroids and its myriad ocular and systemic adverse effects. The use of immunomodulatory therapy is an essential treatment strategy in the management of noninfectious uveitis (NIU). […] Surgical interventions may also be necessary in the treatment of complications of uveitis.

• #2

  https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/sites/ophthalmology/medical-specialties/uveitis.html

  The uveitis service within the Department of Ophthalmology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of medicine is comprised of four uveitis-trained ophthalmologists with high-volume clinical and surgical practices and multiple academic publications. Uveitis is inflammation inside the eye and can be due to multiple immune, infectious and malignant causes. We treat patients with uveitis and scleritis (inflammation of the wall of the eye), from simple to the most complex, serving as a referral center for the most difficult to manage cases. Our surgical services include cataract surgery, complex uveitic cataract surgery and ocular injections. […] Fellows learn excellent examination skills, diagnosis and medical and surgical management, including managing immunomodulation. […] Fellows will learn the use and interpretation of our amazing imaging services. They will learn to manage immunomodulatory therapy, including methotrexate, mycophenolate, adalimumab, infliximab and other biologic agents. […] Research is an important part of the fellowship, and fellows are involved in clinical research, including clinical trials, and are expected to submit at least one manuscript for publication.

• #2 Uveitis – Medical Eye Associates | Comprehensive Vision Care | Wilson & Rocky Mount, NC

  https://www.medicaleyenc.com/uveitis.php

  Anterior uveitis may be treated by: Taking eye drops that dilate the pupil to prevent muscle spasms in the iris and ciliary body. Taking eye drops containing steroids, such as prednisone, to reduce inflammation. […] Intermediate, posterior, and pan-uveitis are often treated with injections around the eye, medications given by mouth, or, in some instances, time-release capsules that are surgically implanted inside the eye. Other immunosuppressive agents may be given. A doctor must make sure a patient is not fighting an infection before proceeding with these therapies.

• #2 Uveitis Iritis & Eye Inflammation NJ | The Eye Care & Surgery Center Warren Westfield

  https://newjerseyvision.com/uveitis-eye-inflammation-nj/

  Ocular Inflammatory Disease (OID) and Uveitis are the third most common cause of blindness in developed countries as a result of not being adequately treated and controlled or because patients are prescribed steroid medications for prolonged periods of time. […] The primary goal of treating uveitis is getting rid of inflammation as fast as possible. […] Corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy for acute uveitis of non-infectious causes, and can be used along with antibiotics in some cases of infectious uveitis. […] Sometimes systemic therapy, by mouth, injection, or intravenous infusion, is necessary to treat stubborn cases of uveitis that recur after being treated acutely with steroids. […] A step-ladder approach to therapy has been adopted by most uveitis specialists to treat patients with stubborn or severe forms of non-infectious uveitis, with therapy again based on type and severity, as well as the extent of complications already suffered.

• #2 Uveitis – Children’s Eye Care of Michigan

  https://childrenseyecaremich.com/pediatric-eye-care/uveitis/

  Uveitis may cause many ocular problems including iris attachments to the lens (posterior synechiae) or other eye structures (peripheral anterior synechiae) cataracts, glaucoma, inflammation in the vitreous (vitritis) and retina (retinitis), swelling in the back of the eye (macular edema) as well as calcium accumulation on the cornea (band keratopathy). […] The effective treatment of acute or chronic eye inflammation often requires collaboration between an ophthalmologist and pediatric subspecialists, such as rheumatologists. […] Treatment depends on the severity of the ocular inflammation. Topical steroid eye drops are the initial treatment, but steroid may also be given as an injection around the eye or taken orally. […] The overall goal of treatment is to eliminate inflammation and minimize the amount and duration of steroid required. […] If calcium accumulates on the cornea, surgical removal may be indicated. An uveitis or steroid-induced cataract may necessitate surgical removal. If glaucoma develops and cannot be controlled medically, surgery may be required to lower the eye pressure.

• #2 Uveitis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.uveitis-care-instructions.ut3274

  Use any prescribed eyedrops or ointments exactly as your doctor told you to. […] Wear sunglasses if light hurts your eyes. […] Do not wear contact lenses until your eyes have healed. […] Do not wear eye makeup until your eyes have healed. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you do not get better as expected.

• #2 Uveitis Symptoms | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/uveitis

  Uveitis is a general term for eye inflammation that affects the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). If left untreated, uveitis can cause permanent damage to the eyes. Although not a widely known eye condition, uveitis is one of the most common causes of blindness. […] Uveitis is a serious eye condition that requires prompt treatment. […] Its important to accurately diagnose and promptly treat uveitis. Without the appropriate care, uveitis can cause additional complications: Cataracts, Damage to the optic nerve, Glaucoma, Scarring, swelling or detachment of the retina, Vision loss. […] The goal of uveitis treatment is to reduce inflammation, which can often be achieved with prescription eye drops. In some cases, you may need to continue this treatment for months or even years. Severe cases of uveitis may require oral medications or injections be prescribed as well.

• #2 Uveitis Care | Eye Care | Legacy Health

  https://www.legacyhealth.org/Services-and-Resources/services/adult/eye-care/services-and-treatments/uveitis-care

  Uveitis is the medical term for inflammation inside the eye. Although many people are not familiar with the term uveitis, this disease accounts for about the same amount of visual loss as diabetes or macular degeneration. Uveitis differs from diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration in that it may start early in life and cause a problem for decades. Some forms of uveitis are mild; other forms can severely affect vision. […] Legacy Devers Eye Institute features doctors who are internationally recognized as experts in uveitis. We treat patients from all over the world. We also evaluate other forms of eye inflammation that occur in or around the eye.

• #2 Uveitis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/uveitis

  Uveitis is a serious eye condition that may scar your childs eye. It needs to be treated as soon as possible. […] At The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, children with uveitis are cared for by both a rheumatologist and an ophthalmologist through the Uveitis Coordinated Care Clinic. The specialists work together to develop a coordinated treatment plan for your child that can help control your childs eye inflammation sooner and result in better outcomes. […] Follow-up care is important to proactively adjust your childs treatment plan if needed. […] With early diagnosis and treatment along with ongoing monitoring your child will experience fewer complications and improved vision.

• #2 Recognising and managing childhood onset uveitis: a guide for primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/735/475

  Permanent visual loss in childhood uveitis occurs because of irreversible structural ocular damage caused by uncontrolled intraocular inflammation. When structural complications are treatable or reversible (for example, cataract), permanent visual loss can still occur because of the interruption to visual simulation during the sensitive period of neurodevelopment. Delays in managing eye disorders that occur during the first 8 years of life can result in lifelong poor vision due to abnormal maturation of cerebral visual pathways. This maldevelopment of vision is termed amblyopia (colloquially, lazy eye). […] Treatment is not expected to be initiated in primary care. At the initial visit to an ophthalmology department, active inflammation is graded. The child is then started on a tapering dose of topical steroids (oral steroids may be needed for severe disease) and undergoes systemic investigations as directed by the child’s history. A referral will also be made to general paediatrics or paediatric rheumatology. This is required not only to uncover underlying disorders, but is also necessary ahead of the start of systemic immunosuppressive agents. The most used first-line agents are methotrexate and mycophenolate, with second-line agents, such as the anti-TNF biologic immunomodulator adalimumab, added later if required. The use of these agents requires regular blood monitoring. Drug monitoring and re-prescription is often undertaken in primary or secondary care if considered appropriate, in order to support a more positive patient experience. The disease, and management of this chronic, relapsing remitting disease, carries a high burden on the child and family’s quality of life, with subsequent negative impact on mental health.

• #2 Uveitis: Current and Emerging Diagnostics and Treatments

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/uveitis-a-review-of-current-and-emerging-diagnostics-and-treatments

  Therapies include steroid implants, immunomodulation and biologics […] In a referral practice like the one at Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute, a small percentage of patients with uveitis have infectious uveitis, a larger percentage have known etiologies of noninfectious uveitis like sarcoid or birdshot, but more than 50% have idiopathic or undifferentiated uveitis. We need better diagnostics to classify this disease so we can treat it most effectively. […] There are newer ways of thinking about how we treat uveitis, from local steroid injections to systemic steroid-sparing immunomodulation, as well as local and systemic biologics. […] This treatment may be indicated for: Noninfectious uveitis or uveitic macular edema, Patients with contraindications to systemic therapy, Patients who are intolerant of systemic therapy, Patients with uveitis refractory to systemic therapy.

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