Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Uveitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14414-uveitis

  Uveitis can happen for many reasons. Between 50% and 70% of cases are idiopathic, meaning the cause isn’t something an eye care specialist can see or test for. […] The most likely known causes include: Infections, Systemic causes, Injuries, Medications. […] Infections happen when germs (pathogens) enter your body and cause damage. Infection-related uveitis usually only affects one eye at a time. […] Uveitis isn’t always because of something affecting just your eyes. In some cases, uveitis is a side effect of medications or a symptom of conditions that affect multiple body systems or your whole body (systemic). […] Certain medications may increase your risk of developing uveitis.

• #2 Uveitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540993/

  Uveitis is most often idiopathic but has been associated with traumatic, inflammatory, and infectious processes. […] Patients may present with concurrent systemic symptoms or infectious diseases to suggest an etiology affecting more than just the eye. […] Idiopathic cases of uveitis account for 48 to 70% of uveitis cases. […] Systemic inflammatory disorders commonly associated with anterior uveitis include: HLA-B27-associated entities, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease (BD) or tubulo-interstitial nephritis (TINU). […] Multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, and TINU are causes of intermediate uveitis with systemic manifestations, while Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, leukemia, lupus, BD, and multiple sclerosis can cause a posterior uveitis with systemic manifestations.

• #3 Uveitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378734

  Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation. […] Possible causes of uveitis are infection, injury, or an autoimmune or inflammatory disease. Many times a cause can’t be identified. […] In about half of all cases, the specific cause of uveitis isn’t clear, and the disorder may be considered an autoimmune disease that only affects the eye or eyes. If a cause can be determined, it may be one of the following: […] An autoimmune or inflammatory disorder that affects other parts of the body, such as sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus or Crohn’s disease. […] Uveitis is one of the most common complications of ankylosing spondylitis. […] An infection, such as cat-scratch disease, herpes zoster, syphilis, toxoplasmosis or tuberculosis. […] Medication side effect. […] Eye injury or surgery. […] Very rarely, a cancer that affects the eye, such as lymphoma.

• #4 Causes of Uveitis – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/causes-of-uveitis/

  Uveitis is a form of inflammation of the eye. The cause of uveitis is often unknown in at least one-third of cases. The inflammation could be caused by: […] In more than a third of anterior uveitis cases, the exact cause is unknown but may include: […] In more than two thirds of all cases of intermediate uveitis, the exact cause is unknown. The remaining third of all cases are thought to be caused by conditions such as: […] In more than one in ten cases of posterior uveitis the cause is unknown. The following is a list of common causes of posterior uveitis. […] As with other kinds of uveitis, the cause of panuveitis is often unknown. Other possible causes include: […] Often, the cause of the uveitis is unknown. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a leading cause of uveitis in children.

• #5 Uveitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitis

  Infectious causes in order of global burden include: bartonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, human herpesvirus viruses (herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster ophthalmicus – shingles of the eye), leptospirosis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, syphilis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmic chorioretinitis, Lyme disease, Zika fever. […] Recent evidence has pointed to reactivation of herpes simplex, varicella zoster and other viruses as important causes of developing what was previously described as idiopathic anterior uveitis. […] Bacterial infection is another significant contributing factor in developing uveitis.

• #5 Uveitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitis

  Uveitis is usually an isolated illness, but can be associated with many other medical conditions. […] In anterior uveitis, no associated condition or syndrome is found in approximately one-half of cases. However, anterior uveitis is often one of the syndromes associated with HLA-B27. Presence of this type of HLA allele has a relative risk of evolving this disease by approximately 15%. […] The most common form of uveitis is acute anterior uveitis (AAU). It is most commonly associated with HLA-B27, which has important features: HLA-B27 AAU can be associated with ocular inflammation alone or in association with systemic disease. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is not uncommon in Asian countries as a significant association of uveitis. […] Uveitis may be an immune response to fight an infection caused by an organism in the eye.

• #6 Uveitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540993/

  Infectious processes are thought to account for approximately 20% of all uveitis cases but underlying causes can vary geographically. […] Infectious causes include viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV), bacteria (endophthalmitis, syphilis, tuberculosis, etc), or parasites/worms (toxoplasmosis, Lyme Disease, toxocara, Bartonella sp. or other atypical infections).

• #7 Uveitis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/uveitis-and-related-disorders/uveitis

  Other possible causes include infections that may affect only the eye, such as herpes (caused by herpes simplex virus) infection, shingles (caused by varicella-zoster virus), toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus. Cytomegalovirus occurs mainly in people with compromised immune systems, such as those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or who take medications that suppress the immune system. […] Eye injuries are a common cause of anterior uveitis. […] Although rare, some medications (such as pamidronate, rifabutin, sulfonamide antibiotics, cidofovir, and immunotherapy and chemotherapy agents) can cause uveitis.

• #8 Understanding Uveitis: Causes and Clinical Clues

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/understanding-uveitis-causes-and-clinical-clues

  Several bacterial infections cause posterior or panuveitis, but the most common are syphilis and TB. […] TB is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Toxoplasmosis, unlike syphilis and TB, is caused by a parasite, Toxoplasmosa gondii. […] Endogenous endophthalmitis is another potential infectious cause of posterior uveitis and panuevitis. […] Systemic inflammatory conditions can also lead to posterior or panuveitis, although anterior uveitis is significantly more common. […] Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic inflammatory condition that results in granulomas developing throughout the body, most often in the lungs and lymph nodes. […] VKH is an idiopathic inflammatory condition that attacks melanocyte-containing tissues (including the uvea, ear and meninges) whose primary manifestation is often ocular. […] Behets disease is another chronic autoimmune disorder that can affect many different parts of the body, including the eyes, mouth, skin and genitals. […] There are a few other potential etiologies for posterior and panuveitis that should be kept in mind as differentials.

• #8 Understanding Uveitis: Causes and Clinical Clues

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/understanding-uveitis-causes-and-clinical-clues

  An estimated 15% to 30% of uveitis cases are of the posterior variety, making it the second most common form behind anterior uveitis. […] The prevalence of uveitis has been estimated as high as 714 cases per 100,000 people. […] Given the prevalence of uveitis and the potential visual impact of posterior uveitis and panuveitis, it is important to understand characteristic presentations and etiologies for accurate diagnosis, which we will discuss extensively below. […] While uveitis can be idiopathic, posterior uveitis has a higher likelihood of a concomitant systemic medical condition. In over 75% of posterior uveitis cases, a specific diagnosis was found. […] Posterior and panuveitis have many different etiologies, the most common being infectious and inflammatory. […] It is always important to rule out infectious etiologies for posterior uveitis, and to know which infections to consider can help guide you in making an accurate diagnosis.

• #9 Infectious Uveitis – Eye Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/uveitis-and-related-disorders/infectious-uveitis

  A number of infectious diseases cause uveitis. The most common are toxoplasmosis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Different organisms affect different parts of the uveal tract. […] Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of retinitis in immunocompetent patients. Most cases are acquired postnatally; however, congenital cases occur as well, particularly in countries where infection is endemic. […] HSV causes anterior uveitis. VZV does so less commonly, although the prevalence of zoster-associated anterior uveitis increases with age. Both HSV and VZV can also result in posterior uveitis, although this is less common. […] Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of retinitis in immunocompromised patients, but prevalence has decreased among patients with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy.

• #10 Iritis and Uveitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/798323-overview

  In one study at a tertiary referral center by Rodriguez et al, the distribution in etiology among all anatomic forms of uveitis, anterior, intermediate, and posterior, were as follows: Idiopathic (34%), Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (10.4%), Sarcoidosis (9.6%), Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) (5.6%), SLE (4.8%), Behet disease (2.5%), AIDS (2.4%). […] Posterior uveitis was next most common, with 19.4% of cases, the most common etiologies being Toxoplasma (24.6%), idiopathic (13.3%), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (11.6%), SLE (7.9%), and sarcoidosis (7.5%). […] A more rare cause of uveitis are medications. Few studies and case reports have associated bisphosphonates, fluoroquinolones, hormone replacement therapy, and etanercept with the development of uveitis.

• #10 Iritis and Uveitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/798323-overview

  Uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uveal tract, which is further subdivided into anterior and posterior components. Hence, uveitis is inflammation of any of these components and also may include other surrounding tissues such as sclera, retina, and optic nerve. Uveitis often is idiopathic but may be triggered by genetic, traumatic, immune, or infectious mechanisms. […] The etiology of uveitis varies between populations and often is idiopathic; however, genetic, traumatic, or infectious mechanisms are known to promote or trigger uveitis. Diseases that predispose a patient to uveitis and are likely to present to the emergency department include inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, and AIDS. […] For infectious etiologies of uveitis, it is postulated that the immune reaction directed against foreign molecules or antigens may injure the uveal tract vessels and cells.

• #11 Uveitis – Moorfields Eye Hospital

  https://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/eye-conditions/uveitis

  Bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection such as toxoplasmosis, Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster(shingles), tuberculosis (TB), Lyme disease and syphilis are all causes of uveitis. Immunodeficiency in susceptible with a known underlying condition such as leukaemia, lymphoma, HIV/AIDS may make these groups of patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections in the eye e.g. cytomegalovirus retinitis. […] Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most common identifiable cause of uveitis in children.

• #12 The Many Moods of Uveitis

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-many-moods-of-uveitis

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease characterized by granulomatous infiltration of organ tissue. […] Although sarcoidosis usually affects the lungs, ocular involvement does occur in up to 50% of patients. […] Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a multi-organ connective tissue disorder that occurs more frequently in women. […] Behcets disease (BD) is a multi-organ and multisystem chronic, relapsing, occlusive vasculitis. […] Although the etiology is unknown, BD has been associated with HLA-B51. […] Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a multisystem autoimmune disorder principally affecting pigmented tissues in the ocular, auditory, integumentary and central nervous systems. […] The pathogenesis of VKH is thought to be related to an aberrant T cell-mediated immune response directed against self-antigens found on melanocytes.

• #13 Uveitis: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166410

  Uveitis can occur in anyone. The inflammation may occur only in the eye, or have links to conditions that affect other parts of the body, too. […] Infections that may cause or increase the risk of uveitis include: HIV and AIDS, herpes simplex, brucellosis, shingles, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, syphilis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis. […] Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders may also cause uveitis. These include: psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, multiple sclerosis. […] Injury to the eye is another possible cause of uveitis. Injury may be due to trauma, recent surgery, or exposure to chemicals.

• #14 Traumatic Iritis: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/uveitis-8636653

  Traumatic iritis is inflammation of the iris due to trauma. It is most often caused by a blunt force injury, but can be caused by other types of injury. […] Most commonly, a corneal abrasion causes traumatic iritis. It may also result from a blunt force injury to the eye that ruptures, tears, or bruises the iris, or by a penetrating injury, a chemical or fire burn, the jarring of the head during an automobile accident, or an explosion (such as fireworks) near the eye. […] In traumatic iritis, the eye injury will trigger an inflammatory response in which white blood cells and proteins will rapidly accumulate between the iris and lens. […] Inflammation associated with traumatic iritis can often increase intraocular pressure (pressure within the eye). This can further amplify inflammation within the eye, increasing the risk of synechiae and angle-closure glaucoma.

• #15 Uveitis (Iritis): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/eye-problems/uveitis

  ’Iatrogenic’ refers either to an unforeseen or to an inevitable side-effect from a medical treatment. In this case, iatrogenic uveitis is usually uveitis that has resulted from eye surgery. […] Some cancers are associated with inflammation and uveitis. These include leukaemia, lymphoma and ocular malignant melanoma – but all are rare causes of uveitis.

• #16 Overview of Uveitis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/uveitis-and-related-disorders/overview-of-uveitis

  Causes of panuveitis include idiopathic (most common), sarcoidosis, TB, Vogt-Koynagi-Harada syndrome (VKH), and syphilis. […] Infrequently, systemic medications cause uveitis (usually anterior). Examples are sulfonamides, bisphosphonates (inhibitors of bone resorption), rifabutin, cidofovir, antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, and chemotherapy agents, including checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF/MEK protein kinase inhibitors.

• #16 Overview of Uveitis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/uveitis-and-related-disorders/overview-of-uveitis

  Uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uveal tractthe iris, ciliary body, and choroid. […] About half of cases are idiopathic; identifiable causes include trauma, infection, and systemic diseases, many of which are autoimmune. […] Causes of anterior uveitis include idiopathic or postsurgical (most common cause), trauma, spondyloarthropathies, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, herpesvirus infection (herpes simplex virus [HSV], varicella-zoster virus [VZV], and cytomegalovirus [CMV]), and tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU). […] Causes of intermediate uveitis include idiopathic (most common), multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, and Lyme disease (in endemic regions). […] Causes of posterior uveitis (retinitis) include idiopathic (most common), toxoplasmosis, CMV (in immunocompromised patients), HSV/VZV, sarcoidosis, syphilis, and TB.

• #17 Iritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354961

  An uncommon cause of acute iritis in Western countries, this condition is also characterized by joint problems, mouth sores and genital sores. […] This autoimmune disease involves the growth of collections of inflammatory cells in areas of your body, including your eyes. […] Some drugs, such as the antibiotic rifabutin (Mycobutin) and the antiviral medication cidofovir, that are used to treat HIV infections can be a rare cause of iritis. Rarely, bisphosphonates, used to treat osteoporosis, can cause uveitis. Stopping these medications usually stops the iritis symptoms.

• #18 Uveitis Symptoms: Identifying Serious Underlying Conditions | WebMD

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/uveitis-symptom-something-else

  Many infections can trigger uveitis, including: Herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster virus, Tuberculosis (TB), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, Mumps, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Cat-scratch disease, AIDS, Syphilis, COVID-19. […] Uveitis can be a side effect of some medications. You can sometimes get uveitis if you take: Bisphosphonates, Brimonodine eye drops, Cidofovir, Rifabutin, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitor therapies. […] Some eye injuries can cause swelling and inflammation in your eye. This can trigger uveitis. […] Even though its rare, some cancers, such as lymphoma (a blood cancer), can cause uveitis. And some metastatic cancers can also cause it.

• #19 Understanding Uveitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options

  https://nethradhama.org/blog/understanding-uveitis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Uveitis refers to inflammation of the middle layer of your eyeball which is also known as uvea. This condition could be caused due to infections or autoimmune diseases. […] In most cases, the cause of uveitis is unknown and in some cases, it could be a result of infections, systemic diseases, injuries or medications. […] Uveitis can also occur in association with certain systemic diseases. […] Eye injuries can damage uvea tissues and blood vessels resulting in uveitis. […] Certain medications that can cause uveitis are: Cidofovir, Rifabutin, Brimonidine Eye Drops, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

• #20 Uveitis: The Collaborative Diagnostic Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1115/p711.html

  Uveitis, or inflammation of the uveal tract (i.e., iris, ciliary body, and choroid), results from a heterogeneous collection of disorders of varying etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms. Uveitis is caused by a systemic disease in 30% to 45% of patients. […] Most forms of uveitis not caused by accidental or surgical trauma are manifestations of infectious or immune-mediated disease. Approximately 30% to 45% of patients with uveitis have a causally associated systemic disease. […] Drug-induced uveitis is rare and can occur from days to months after the time of initial exposure. […] Primary ocular lymphoma should be considered in persons older than 50 years with persistent intermediate or posterior uveitis that does not respond to anti-inflammatory therapy. […] Neoplastic cells may simulate intraocular inflammation. Primary ocular lymphoma should be considered in persons older than 50 years with persistent intermediate or posterior uveitis that does not respond to anti-inflammatory therapy.

• #21 Uveitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/uveitis/

  Uveitis can have many causes, including eye injury and inflammatory diseases. Exposure to toxic chemicals such as pesticides and acids used in manufacturing processes also can cause uveitis. […] In many cases, the cause of uveitis is unknown. In some cases, it is caused by infections or systemic disorders, including: ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet’s disease, birdshot retinochoroidopathy, brucellosis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasaki’s disease, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS), psoriatic arthritis, Reiter’s syndrome, sarcoidosis, syphilis, systemic lupus erythematosus, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Phthisis Bulbi. […] Research has shown smoking is a risk factor for uveitis. „Cigarette smoke includes compounds that stimulate inflammation within the blood vessels, and this may contribute to immune system disruption and uveitis,” said University of California San Francisco (UCSF) researcher and ophthalmologist Dr. Nisha Acharya, one of the study authors.

• #22 Acute Anterior Uveitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acute_Anterior_Uveitis

  Acute anterior uveitis is the most common form of uveitis. […] AAU may occur as an isolated medical problem without any association with illness or inflammation elsewhere in the body. It might also arise as part of an illness affecting multiple parts of the body, in tandem with a localized infection (e.g., cold sores, herpes simplex), or as an adverse reaction to a medication, though the latter cause is rare. The most common illnesses associated with AAU are also associated with a genotype known as HLA-B27. […] Other diseases linked with AAU are apparent from associated symptoms; for example, a patient with bowel inflammation or colitis associated with AAU would usually have abdominal problems such as cramps, weight loss, and/or diarrhea. Sarcoidosis, interstitial nephritis (a rare kidney inflammation), relapsing polychondritis (a rare autoimmune disease), and vasculitis (an inflammation of the blood vessel wall) may also occur in tandem with AAI.

• #23 Acute Anterior Uveitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acute_Anterior_Uveitis

  As noted above, the HLA-B27 allele, the presence of ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, and certain medications may increase the risk of AAU. […] Currently, the pathophysiology of AAI is unknown. A leading theory is that a person with a genetic predisposition to AAU is exposed to an infectious agent, resulting in cross-reactivity with ocular-specific antigens (molecular mimicry) and resultant iritis. […] There is evidence from animal studies that the gut microbiome may play a role in the development of HLA-B27 related diseases.

• #24 Uveitis Causes And Risk Factors – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/uveitis-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Acute uveitis is more likely in people with diabetes with poor glycaemic control; patients with an HbA1c of more than 11.3% (100 mmol/mol) are almost five times more likely to experience the condition. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that can affect the brain and spinal cord. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms, including problems with balance, movement of the arms or legs, and vision. For several decades, it has been known that uveitis and MS are related. […] All anatomical subtypes of uveitis and infectious uveitis are significantly associated with a history of smoking. […] Cataract surgery can result in postoperative uveitis. […] Uveitis is an inflammation of the middle layer of the eye known as the uvea. Infections, autoimmune disorders, eye injuries or trauma, exposure to toxins, and certain medications can all contribute to the condition. The risk factors incorporate age and orientation, hereditary qualities and family ancestry, and other ailments like HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.

• #24 Uveitis Causes And Risk Factors – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/uveitis-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Uveitis can also be brought on by being around harmful chemicals and toxins like acids used in manufacturing and pesticides. […] Even though it is uncommon, drug-induced uveitis (DIU) is a significant cause of uveitis that one should be aware of. Uveitis can occur immediately or over several months following the administration of the inducing medication. […] The rate and prevalence vary significantly around the world. It appears that females and those between the ages of 20 and 50 who are working are most affected. […] A gene known as HLA-B27 has been linked to an increased risk of developing anterior uveitis, or uveitis at the front of the eye, even though uveitis is not passed down through families. […] In infectious uveitis, intraocular inflammation is frequently the cause of HIV infection in patients.

• #25 Uveitis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/uveitis

  Uveitis is an inflammation of the eyes. […] Infection, damage, or an immune or chronic illness is all possible causes of uveitis. In most of the cases, no reason can be found. […] Pulmonary sarcoidosis, seronegative arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory bowel disease are examples of autoimmune or inflammatory disorders that affect other body regions. […] Cat scratch disease, herpes infection, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, or TB are examples of infections. […] Uveitis may be more common in those who have mutations in particular genes. […] Tobacco smoking has also been linked to uveitis which is more difficult to manage. […] Uveitis can be avoided by seeking correct therapy for an autoimmune condition and treating the infection. Because the etiology of uveitis for otherwise healthy people is unknown, it is difficult to avoid. […] Early identification and treatment are critical to reducing the risk of irreversible visual loss.

• #26 Uveitis: A Brief Primer for the Rheumatologist – The Rheumatologist

  https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/uveitis-a-brief-primer-for-the-rheumatologist/

  Uveitis is an umbrella term for intraocular inflammatory diseases that can lead to vision loss. […] The heterogeneous causes of uveitis include trauma, autoimmune disorders, infections, drug reactions and malignancies. When a cause is not identified, which occurs in approximately half of cases, the term idiopathic is used. […] Uncontrolled, chronic inflammation causes structural complications leading to blindness, including macular edema, cataracts, glaucoma or neovascularization of the retina. […] As the cause of 10-15% of blindness in the U.S. and Europe, uveitis and associated complications predominately affect patients during their working years.

• #27 Pediatric Uveitis: Challenging for Ophthalmologists, Patients, and Parents – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2017-oct/pediatric-uveitis-challenging-for-ophthalmologists-patients-and-parents

  Managing uveitis in children can be daunting. […] Although uveitis is less common in children than in adults, a higher percentage (40% in children, 20% in adults) presents in the form of posterior uveitis, which can be more devastating than more anterior disease. […] Pediatric uveitis is an uncommon but potentially blinding condition with a higher rate of complications and vision loss than uveitis in adults. […] Complications, including amblyopia, can be more devastating in the pediatric population and result in severe vision loss in 25% to 30% of pediatric uveitis patients. […] The differential diagnosis of pediatric uveitis is extensive. […] Of noninfectious causes, JIA arthritis of unknown etiology in children less than 16 years of age is the most common systemic association of pediatric uveitis.

• #28 Uveitis Crash Course – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2017-oct/uveitis-crash-course

  Uveitis, or inflammation of the uvea, is responsible for between 10% and 15% of all cases of blindness and for 30,000 new cases of legal blindness annually in the United States. […] In US adults and children, 91% and 95% of cases, respectively, are noninfectious. […] Of adult noninfectious causes, only 9% can be attributed to a systemic immunologic condition. […] With the exception of syphilis, in general, infectious causes of uveitis are decreasing in the United States. […] Sarcoidosis, a disease in which abnormal collections of inflammatory cells form granulomas, accounts for approximately 1% to 3% of pediatric uveitis cases and 10% of adult uveitis cases and can present in many ways. […] Toxoplasmosis is the most common form of posterior uveitis in the United States, accounting for between 2.8% and 10% of cases. […] The number of cases of syphilis in the United States has climbed since 2000, with an increase in regional outbreaks of ocular syphilis since 2015. […] Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis are uncommon but potentially devastating forms of uveitis.

• #29 The Many Moods of Uveitis

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-many-moods-of-uveitis

  The seronegative spondyloarthropathies are a group of inflammatory disorders with a negative rheumatoid factor and a strong relationship to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27. […] HLA-B27-associated uveitis accounts for 18% to 32% of anterior uveitis cases in the Western population, although the exact mechanism by which it causes inflammation has yet to be determined. […] There has been a strong association found between patients with HLA-B27 spondyloarthropathy (SpA) and uveitis. […] Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile chronic arthritis is the most common cause of arthritis in children under the age of 16. […] The clinical presentation of JIA-associated uveitis is typically a chronic bilateral nongranulomatous anterior uveitis, more frequently affecting girls.

• #30 Uveitis | Advanced Family Vision Care

  https://advancedfamilyvisioncare.com/patient-center/education/uveitis/

  Uveitis may be caused by problems or diseases occurring in the eye or it can be part of an inflammatory disease affecting other parts of the body. […] Uveitis is caused by inflammatory responses inside the eye. […] Uveitis may be caused by: An attack from the body’s own immune system (autoimmunity). […] Infections or tumors occurring within the eye or in other parts of the body. […] Bruises to the eye. […] Toxins that may penetrate the eye. […] In many cases the cause is unknown. […] Uveitis is usually classified by where it occurs in the eye. […] There are many infectious and non-infectious causes to posterior uveitis. […] Behcet’s disease is one of the most well-known forms of pan-uveitis and it greatly damages the retina. […] Uveitis can be associated with many diseases including: AIDS, Ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet’s syndrome, CMV retinitis, Herpes zoster infection, Histoplasmosis, Kawasaki disease, Multiple sclerosis, Psoriasis, Reactive arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis, Ulcerative colitis, Vogt Koyanagi Harada’s disease.

• #31 Uveitis Causes and Treatment | AVCVA Virtual Library

  https://animalvisioncenterva.com/library/uveitis-causes-and-treatment/

  Uveitis is an ocular condition that occurs when the uveal tract within the eye becomes inflamed, which can lead to alterations in vision, intraocular pressure and comfort. […] The specific pathophysiology of uveitis depends on the underlying cause, but in all cases, there is a breakdown of the blood-eye barrier that normally keeps cells and large proteins from entering the eye. […] The top three causes of uveitis fall into the broad categories of infectious, immune-mediated, and neoplastic disease, however, uveitis can also occur secondary to disease of the lens, or other metabolic, vascular, traumatic, toxic, or reflexive causes. […] Common causes of uveitis in dogs and cats include auto-immune issues, trauma, high blood pressure, cataract formation, or secondary to systemic infection or cancer. […] Finally, in approximately 50% of cases in dogs and cats, we are unable to find a specific underlying cause, and consider the uveitis to be idiopathic.

• #32 The Many Moods of Uveitis

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-many-moods-of-uveitis

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease characterized by granulomatous infiltration of organ tissue. […] Although sarcoidosis usually affects the lungs, ocular involvement does occur in up to 50% of patients. […] Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a multi-organ connective tissue disorder that occurs more frequently in women. […] Behcets disease (BD) is a multi-organ and multisystem chronic, relapsing, occlusive vasculitis. […] Although the etiology is unknown, BD has been associated with HLA-B51. […] Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a multisystem autoimmune disorder principally affecting pigmented tissues in the ocular, auditory, integumentary and central nervous systems. […] The pathogenesis of VKH is thought to be related to an aberrant T cell-mediated immune response directed against self-antigens found on melanocytes.

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