Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) among women of reproductive age, caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. […] In 2020 there were approximately 156 million new cases of T. vaginalis infection among people aged 15-49 years old. […] Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral STI. There were an estimated 156 million new cases of T. vaginalis infection among people aged 15-49 years old in 2020 globally in 2020 (73.7 million in females, 82.6 million in males). […] Approximately one third of new infections in this age group occur in the WHO African Region, followed by the Region of the Americas. […] T. vaginalis infections are linked to a 1.5 times increased risk of HIV acquisition. […] WHO focuses on improving country and global-level monitoring of new infections.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  In 2020, WHO estimated 374 million new infections with 1 of 4 STIs: chlamydia (129 million), gonorrhoea (82 million), syphilis (7.1 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million). […] STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of the infection itself. […] AMR for other STIs, like Mycoplasma genitalium, also exist but are not systematically monitored. […] Research to develop vaccines for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis are needed. […] The Gonococcal AMR Surveillance Programme (GASP) has shown high rates of resistance to many antibiotics including quinolone, azithromycin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, a last-line treatment. […] WHO supports the estimation and economic burden of STIs and the strengthening of STI surveillance.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) among women of reproductive age, caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. […] In 2020 there were approximately 156 million new cases of T. vaginalis infection among people aged 15-49 years old. […] Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral STI. There were an estimated 156 million new cases of T. vaginalis infection among people aged 15-49 years old in 2020 globally in 2020 (73.7 million in females, 82.6 million in males). […] Approximately one third of new infections in this age group occur in the WHO African Region, followed by the Region of the Americas. […] T. vaginalis infections are linked to a 1.5 times increased risk of HIV acquisition. […] WHO focuses on improving country and global-level monitoring of new infections.

• #4 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #5 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  According to the CDC’s treatment guidelines, trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, and it affects approximately 2.6 million people in the United States. However, this figure may not fully capture the true prevalence of the infection, which is believed to be around 8 million cases annually. The discrepancy arises because trichomoniasis is not nationally reportable, and many infections are asymptomatic, making exact numbers difficult to obtain. Additionally, the commonly used wet mount technique for diagnosis has low sensitivity, leading to further underestimation of prevalence. […] Trichomoniasis has a higher prevalence in women compared to men. In the United States, from 2013 to 2016, the prevalence of the infection among individuals aged 14 to 59 years was 2.1% in women and 0.5% in men.

• #6 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  According to the CDC’s treatment guidelines, trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, and it affects approximately 2.6 million people in the United States. However, this figure may not fully capture the true prevalence of the infection, which is believed to be around 8 million cases annually. The discrepancy arises because trichomoniasis is not nationally reportable, and many infections are asymptomatic, making exact numbers difficult to obtain. Additionally, the commonly used wet mount technique for diagnosis has low sensitivity, leading to further underestimation of prevalence. […] Trichomoniasis has a higher prevalence in women compared to men. In the United States, from 2013 to 2016, the prevalence of the infection among individuals aged 14 to 59 years was 2.1% in women and 0.5% in men.

• #7 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  According to the CDC’s treatment guidelines, trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, and it affects approximately 2.6 million people in the United States. However, this figure may not fully capture the true prevalence of the infection, which is believed to be around 8 million cases annually. The discrepancy arises because trichomoniasis is not nationally reportable, and many infections are asymptomatic, making exact numbers difficult to obtain. Additionally, the commonly used wet mount technique for diagnosis has low sensitivity, leading to further underestimation of prevalence. […] Trichomoniasis has a higher prevalence in women compared to men. In the United States, from 2013 to 2016, the prevalence of the infection among individuals aged 14 to 59 years was 2.1% in women and 0.5% in men.

• #8 Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10713349/

  Approximately 20% of the U.S. population has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) at any given time. Incidence rates of trichomoniasis, chlamydia, syphilis, and genital herpes have continually increased each year between 2010-2019. Trichomoniasis, caused by the parasitic pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common nonviral STI. Unlike other common STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, T. vaginalis is not a nationally reportable disease in the U.S., thus epidemiological data related to T. vaginalis are from population and clinic-based studies. According to recent estimates, over 1 million people in the U.S. are infected with T. vaginalis each year. […] Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the most recent prevalence estimates of trichomoniasis in women and men were 5.3% and 0.6%, respectively, with an estimated incidence of 156 million cases worldwide. Since trichomoniasis is not a nationally reportable STI in the U.S., the most accurate national prevalence data in women and men ages 18-59 years comes from the 2013-2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES), published in 2018. T. vaginalis prevalence in this NHANES cohort was 1.8% among women and 0.5% among men, all of whom were screened using the Hologic Aptima T. vaginalis NAAT test on urine specimens. In the NHANES cohort, T. vaginalis infection was associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having multiple sexual partners.

• #9 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  According to the CDC’s treatment guidelines, trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, and it affects approximately 2.6 million people in the United States. However, this figure may not fully capture the true prevalence of the infection, which is believed to be around 8 million cases annually. The discrepancy arises because trichomoniasis is not nationally reportable, and many infections are asymptomatic, making exact numbers difficult to obtain. Additionally, the commonly used wet mount technique for diagnosis has low sensitivity, leading to further underestimation of prevalence. […] Trichomoniasis has a higher prevalence in women compared to men. In the United States, from 2013 to 2016, the prevalence of the infection among individuals aged 14 to 59 years was 2.1% in women and 0.5% in men.

• #10 (PDF) Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://www.academia.edu/127456784/Epidemiology_and_Treatment_of_Trichomoniasis

  T. vaginalis infection also increases vaginal shedding of HIV and is associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection and higher HIV transmission rates. […] Health disparities are prominent in the epidemiology of this infection, which affects 11% of women aged 40 years and a disproportionately high percentage of black women. […] Particularly high prevalences have been identified among sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients and incarcerated individuals. […] Variations in estimates of prevalence of trichomoniasis in men may reflect true differences in the burden of disease but are also affected by the performance of diagnostic methods and the type of specimen tested.

• #11 Trichomoniasis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30586

  Trichomoniasis occurs more frequently in people with multiple sexual partners who also have other sexually transmitted infections. In one study with 4057 participants, T. vaginalis infection was found in 0.5% of males and 1.8% of females in the study population. They found prevalence among Black study participants to be higher, with 4.2% and 8.9% infection rates noted in males and females, respectively. […] According to another article, the estimated infection rate of Trichomoniasis vaginalis is 3.2%. T. vaginalis infection rates in the United States are higher than those of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection rates combined. Trichomoniasis is most prevalent amongst women ages 40 to 49, which is starkly different from the rate of chlamydia infections, which peaks in the 19 to 24-year-old age group.

• #12 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #13 Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10713349/

  T. vaginalis also disproportionately affects Black individuals. The prevalence of T. vaginalis among Black women and men in the U.S. NHANES study was 6.8% compared to 0.4% among other racial and ethnic groups. A recent review of T. vaginalis in African Americans found compelling evidence that structural racism has generated and maintained the significant racial disparity regarding this STI among the Black community, arguing that current efforts to reduce its prevalence have failed globally, especially in the U.S. This is compounded by a failure of strategies to control this infection including a lack of public awareness, non-compliance with prophylactic use of protective barrier methods, inconsistent STI testing, lack of a prophylactic T. vaginalis vaccine, and lack of mandatory national and global surveillance programs. […] Overall, multiple demographic and socioeconomic factors such as age, race, educational level, and income play a significant role in the epidemiology of trichomoniasis in the U.S. and globally.

• #14 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  In the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Study, significant differences in the prevalence of trichomoniasis among adolescents were noted by race: white, 1.2%; Asian, 1.8%; Latino, 2.1%; Native American, 4.1%; and African American, 6.9%. Considerable differences were also observed in the national NHANES 2001-2004 study conducted among women ages 14-49: non-Hispanic whites, 1.2%; Mexican Americans, 1.5%; and non-Hispanic blacks, 13.5%. […] Evidence suggests that T vaginalis infection likely increases HIV transmission and that coinfection with HIV complicates treatment of trichomoniasis. Control of T vaginalis may represent an important means of slowing HIV transmission, particularly among African Americans, in whom higher rates have been observed.

• #15 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #16 Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10713349/

  Approximately 20% of the U.S. population has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) at any given time. Incidence rates of trichomoniasis, chlamydia, syphilis, and genital herpes have continually increased each year between 2010-2019. Trichomoniasis, caused by the parasitic pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common nonviral STI. Unlike other common STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, T. vaginalis is not a nationally reportable disease in the U.S., thus epidemiological data related to T. vaginalis are from population and clinic-based studies. According to recent estimates, over 1 million people in the U.S. are infected with T. vaginalis each year. […] Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the most recent prevalence estimates of trichomoniasis in women and men were 5.3% and 0.6%, respectively, with an estimated incidence of 156 million cases worldwide. Since trichomoniasis is not a nationally reportable STI in the U.S., the most accurate national prevalence data in women and men ages 18-59 years comes from the 2013-2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES), published in 2018. T. vaginalis prevalence in this NHANES cohort was 1.8% among women and 0.5% among men, all of whom were screened using the Hologic Aptima T. vaginalis NAAT test on urine specimens. In the NHANES cohort, T. vaginalis infection was associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having multiple sexual partners.

• #17 Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10713349/

  Approximately 20% of the U.S. population has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) at any given time. Incidence rates of trichomoniasis, chlamydia, syphilis, and genital herpes have continually increased each year between 2010-2019. Trichomoniasis, caused by the parasitic pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common nonviral STI. Unlike other common STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, T. vaginalis is not a nationally reportable disease in the U.S., thus epidemiological data related to T. vaginalis are from population and clinic-based studies. According to recent estimates, over 1 million people in the U.S. are infected with T. vaginalis each year. […] Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the most recent prevalence estimates of trichomoniasis in women and men were 5.3% and 0.6%, respectively, with an estimated incidence of 156 million cases worldwide. Since trichomoniasis is not a nationally reportable STI in the U.S., the most accurate national prevalence data in women and men ages 18-59 years comes from the 2013-2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES), published in 2018. T. vaginalis prevalence in this NHANES cohort was 1.8% among women and 0.5% among men, all of whom were screened using the Hologic Aptima T. vaginalis NAAT test on urine specimens. In the NHANES cohort, T. vaginalis infection was associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having multiple sexual partners.

• #18 Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/8-1666

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common, curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite this burden of disease, it is not currently a reportable disease in the United States. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of T. vaginalis infection are described in this article. This includes updated global and U.S. prevalence data in women and men as well as recent epidemiological data in HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 156 million cases of T. vaginalis worldwide in 2016, accounting for almost half of the global STI incidence that year. Updated epidemiological data on the national prevalence of trichomonas among women and men in the U.S. was published in 2018. These data were collected during 2013-2014 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using the Hologic Gen-Probe Aptima T. vaginalis assay on urine specimens. T. vaginalis prevalence was 1.8% in women and 0.5% in men aged 18-59 years. Prior to this study, the national prevalence of T. vaginalis had been poorly characterized among U.S. men as a result of diagnostic challenges; NHANES did not test men for T. vaginalis until 2013-2014. A marked racial disparity regarding T. vaginalis was noted among African American women and men in the recent NHANES study, with an estimated prevalence of 6.8% among the black population compared to 0.4% among other groups. This pronounced racial disparity is likely multifactorial, involving differences in sexual networks, individual-level sexual risk behaviors such as larger numbers of sexual partners, and structural disparities (i.e. inadequate access to healthcare resources). In the recent NHANES study, T. vaginalis was found to be significantly associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having two or more sexual partners in the past year. The only population for which routine T. vaginalis screening is currently recommended in the U.S. is HIV-infected women. Even in the absence of symptoms, T. vaginalis in this population has been associated with high rates of adverse events such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and poor birth outcomes. Several recent studies have found high T. vaginalis prevalence (17.4-20%) and repeat infection rates (up to 22.7% over a median of 16 months) among HIV-infected women. Since T. vaginalis has been associated with adverse birth outcomes, its effect on pregnant women is important to consider. Currently, there are no recommendations for screening of asymptomatic pregnant women for T. vaginalis. The global prevalence of T. vaginalis in pregnant women varies geographically. A 2016 systematic review of 75 studies of STI prevalence among pregnant women found that T. vaginalis prevalence ranged from 3.9-24.6% in low- to middle-income countries. Recent studies found a T. vaginalis prevalence of 20% among HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa as well as high rates of incident infection in pregnant women (9.2/100 person-years) in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

• #19 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #20 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #21 Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5030197/

  T. vaginalis is likely the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. While not a reportable disease, the World Health Organization estimated that there were 248 million cases in 2005 and nearly 90 % of these infections occurred among people living in resource-limited settings. […] With no surveillance programs in place, and the widespread use of wet mount as a diagnostic tool, the epidemiology of T. vaginalis is not completely known. It is known, however, to vary greatly by population and geography. Among high-risk women, rates range from 5 % among female sex workers (FSW) in Pakistan, to 53 % among incarcerated women in the USA. Among high-risk men, rates range from 2 % among jail inmates in the USA to 73 % among male partners of women with T. vaginalis. A systematic review of STIs in Papua New Guinea found the pooled prevalence of T. vaginalis to be 39.3 % using various diagnostic tests.

• #22 Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5030197/

  T. vaginalis is likely the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. While not a reportable disease, the World Health Organization estimated that there were 248 million cases in 2005 and nearly 90 % of these infections occurred among people living in resource-limited settings. […] With no surveillance programs in place, and the widespread use of wet mount as a diagnostic tool, the epidemiology of T. vaginalis is not completely known. It is known, however, to vary greatly by population and geography. Among high-risk women, rates range from 5 % among female sex workers (FSW) in Pakistan, to 53 % among incarcerated women in the USA. Among high-risk men, rates range from 2 % among jail inmates in the USA to 73 % among male partners of women with T. vaginalis. A systematic review of STIs in Papua New Guinea found the pooled prevalence of T. vaginalis to be 39.3 % using various diagnostic tests.

• #23 Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Among Women in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/10/4/113

  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the prevalence of trichomoniasis in China. […] The pooled prevalence among women in China was 6.31%, which is significantly greater than that in developed countries, such as the United States (1.8%) […] The results of the I2 test revealed high heterogeneity in the prevalence of trichomoniasis in different provinces of China among the eligible studies. […] The pooled TV infection rate in eleven provinces was greater than 5% and less than 10%, accounting for 40.74% of the total. […] Trichomoniasis is a health problem in most countries. […] The high infection rate observed in China is closely associated with the country’s socioeconomic status, traditional sexual values, and inadequate sex education. […] More investigations are needed to accurately determine the prevalence across China and the infection status of urban and rural high-risk groups of men and women.

• #24 Pulsenotes | Trichomoniasis notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/gum/notes/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections worldwide. […] Worldwide, trichomoniasis is extremely common but in the UK it is a relatively rare diagnosis with only an estimated 6000 cases/year. In the UK, 90% of cases occur in women due to the higher rate of spontaneous clearance in men.

• #25 Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5030197/

  In general, Africans or persons of African descent have higher rates of T. vaginalis, as evidenced by higher rates in Sub-Saharan Africa, and among persons of African descent such as Garifunas and African-Americans in the USA. In the USA, the highest prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in US women is seen among African-Americans with rates ranging from 13 to 51 %. African-American women have rates that are ten times higher than White women, constituting a remarkable health disparity. […] In the USA, there are approximately seven million new cases of T. vaginalis each year and prevalence rates range from 3 % in a nationally representative sample of women, to 14 % in adolescents, 13-36 % in pregnant women, 11-26 % in women attending STD clinics, 27 % among an urban, inner-city population, 38 % among drug users, and up to 47 % in newly incarcerated pregnant women. Despite the high rate of TV in both the general and selected subpopulations, there is no screening program in the USA for TV. And since over 80 % of cases can be asymptomatic, most TV infections likely go undetected.

• #26 Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5030197/

  In general, Africans or persons of African descent have higher rates of T. vaginalis, as evidenced by higher rates in Sub-Saharan Africa, and among persons of African descent such as Garifunas and African-Americans in the USA. In the USA, the highest prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in US women is seen among African-Americans with rates ranging from 13 to 51 %. African-American women have rates that are ten times higher than White women, constituting a remarkable health disparity. […] In the USA, there are approximately seven million new cases of T. vaginalis each year and prevalence rates range from 3 % in a nationally representative sample of women, to 14 % in adolescents, 13-36 % in pregnant women, 11-26 % in women attending STD clinics, 27 % among an urban, inner-city population, 38 % among drug users, and up to 47 % in newly incarcerated pregnant women. Despite the high rate of TV in both the general and selected subpopulations, there is no screening program in the USA for TV. And since over 80 % of cases can be asymptomatic, most TV infections likely go undetected.

• #27 Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Among Women in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/10/4/113

  Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) among women worldwide. […] The overall prevalence of T. vaginalis in China was determined to be 6.31% with a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 99.68%). […] Among these, sex workers are the most prominent with 12.16%. […] Therefore, it continues to be a public health issue that should not be overlooked. […] Our findings provide crucial information for healthcare authorities and can shed light on the prevention strategies for trichomoniasis in China. […] The degree of trichomoniasis infection varies in different countries and mainly depends on the local socioeconomic status, education level, and medical healthcare system. […] In China, published epidemiological investigations of TV infection are mainly focused on specific populations in certain areas, gynecological outpatient cases in hospitals, and unique populations, and no overall meta-analysis of women has been conducted.

• #28 Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/8-1666

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common, curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite this burden of disease, it is not currently a reportable disease in the United States. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of T. vaginalis infection are described in this article. This includes updated global and U.S. prevalence data in women and men as well as recent epidemiological data in HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 156 million cases of T. vaginalis worldwide in 2016, accounting for almost half of the global STI incidence that year. Updated epidemiological data on the national prevalence of trichomonas among women and men in the U.S. was published in 2018. These data were collected during 2013-2014 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using the Hologic Gen-Probe Aptima T. vaginalis assay on urine specimens. T. vaginalis prevalence was 1.8% in women and 0.5% in men aged 18-59 years. Prior to this study, the national prevalence of T. vaginalis had been poorly characterized among U.S. men as a result of diagnostic challenges; NHANES did not test men for T. vaginalis until 2013-2014. A marked racial disparity regarding T. vaginalis was noted among African American women and men in the recent NHANES study, with an estimated prevalence of 6.8% among the black population compared to 0.4% among other groups. This pronounced racial disparity is likely multifactorial, involving differences in sexual networks, individual-level sexual risk behaviors such as larger numbers of sexual partners, and structural disparities (i.e. inadequate access to healthcare resources). In the recent NHANES study, T. vaginalis was found to be significantly associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having two or more sexual partners in the past year. The only population for which routine T. vaginalis screening is currently recommended in the U.S. is HIV-infected women. Even in the absence of symptoms, T. vaginalis in this population has been associated with high rates of adverse events such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and poor birth outcomes. Several recent studies have found high T. vaginalis prevalence (17.4-20%) and repeat infection rates (up to 22.7% over a median of 16 months) among HIV-infected women. Since T. vaginalis has been associated with adverse birth outcomes, its effect on pregnant women is important to consider. Currently, there are no recommendations for screening of asymptomatic pregnant women for T. vaginalis. The global prevalence of T. vaginalis in pregnant women varies geographically. A 2016 systematic review of 75 studies of STI prevalence among pregnant women found that T. vaginalis prevalence ranged from 3.9-24.6% in low- to middle-income countries. Recent studies found a T. vaginalis prevalence of 20% among HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa as well as high rates of incident infection in pregnant women (9.2/100 person-years) in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

• #29 Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/8-1666

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common, curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite this burden of disease, it is not currently a reportable disease in the United States. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of T. vaginalis infection are described in this article. This includes updated global and U.S. prevalence data in women and men as well as recent epidemiological data in HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 156 million cases of T. vaginalis worldwide in 2016, accounting for almost half of the global STI incidence that year. Updated epidemiological data on the national prevalence of trichomonas among women and men in the U.S. was published in 2018. These data were collected during 2013-2014 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using the Hologic Gen-Probe Aptima T. vaginalis assay on urine specimens. T. vaginalis prevalence was 1.8% in women and 0.5% in men aged 18-59 years. Prior to this study, the national prevalence of T. vaginalis had been poorly characterized among U.S. men as a result of diagnostic challenges; NHANES did not test men for T. vaginalis until 2013-2014. A marked racial disparity regarding T. vaginalis was noted among African American women and men in the recent NHANES study, with an estimated prevalence of 6.8% among the black population compared to 0.4% among other groups. This pronounced racial disparity is likely multifactorial, involving differences in sexual networks, individual-level sexual risk behaviors such as larger numbers of sexual partners, and structural disparities (i.e. inadequate access to healthcare resources). In the recent NHANES study, T. vaginalis was found to be significantly associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having two or more sexual partners in the past year. The only population for which routine T. vaginalis screening is currently recommended in the U.S. is HIV-infected women. Even in the absence of symptoms, T. vaginalis in this population has been associated with high rates of adverse events such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and poor birth outcomes. Several recent studies have found high T. vaginalis prevalence (17.4-20%) and repeat infection rates (up to 22.7% over a median of 16 months) among HIV-infected women. Since T. vaginalis has been associated with adverse birth outcomes, its effect on pregnant women is important to consider. Currently, there are no recommendations for screening of asymptomatic pregnant women for T. vaginalis. The global prevalence of T. vaginalis in pregnant women varies geographically. A 2016 systematic review of 75 studies of STI prevalence among pregnant women found that T. vaginalis prevalence ranged from 3.9-24.6% in low- to middle-income countries. Recent studies found a T. vaginalis prevalence of 20% among HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa as well as high rates of incident infection in pregnant women (9.2/100 person-years) in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

• #30 Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/8-1666

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common, curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite this burden of disease, it is not currently a reportable disease in the United States. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of T. vaginalis infection are described in this article. This includes updated global and U.S. prevalence data in women and men as well as recent epidemiological data in HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 156 million cases of T. vaginalis worldwide in 2016, accounting for almost half of the global STI incidence that year. Updated epidemiological data on the national prevalence of trichomonas among women and men in the U.S. was published in 2018. These data were collected during 2013-2014 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using the Hologic Gen-Probe Aptima T. vaginalis assay on urine specimens. T. vaginalis prevalence was 1.8% in women and 0.5% in men aged 18-59 years. Prior to this study, the national prevalence of T. vaginalis had been poorly characterized among U.S. men as a result of diagnostic challenges; NHANES did not test men for T. vaginalis until 2013-2014. A marked racial disparity regarding T. vaginalis was noted among African American women and men in the recent NHANES study, with an estimated prevalence of 6.8% among the black population compared to 0.4% among other groups. This pronounced racial disparity is likely multifactorial, involving differences in sexual networks, individual-level sexual risk behaviors such as larger numbers of sexual partners, and structural disparities (i.e. inadequate access to healthcare resources). In the recent NHANES study, T. vaginalis was found to be significantly associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having two or more sexual partners in the past year. The only population for which routine T. vaginalis screening is currently recommended in the U.S. is HIV-infected women. Even in the absence of symptoms, T. vaginalis in this population has been associated with high rates of adverse events such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and poor birth outcomes. Several recent studies have found high T. vaginalis prevalence (17.4-20%) and repeat infection rates (up to 22.7% over a median of 16 months) among HIV-infected women. Since T. vaginalis has been associated with adverse birth outcomes, its effect on pregnant women is important to consider. Currently, there are no recommendations for screening of asymptomatic pregnant women for T. vaginalis. The global prevalence of T. vaginalis in pregnant women varies geographically. A 2016 systematic review of 75 studies of STI prevalence among pregnant women found that T. vaginalis prevalence ranged from 3.9-24.6% in low- to middle-income countries. Recent studies found a T. vaginalis prevalence of 20% among HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa as well as high rates of incident infection in pregnant women (9.2/100 person-years) in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

• #31 (PDF) Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://www.academia.edu/127456784/Epidemiology_and_Treatment_of_Trichomoniasis

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. […] The prevalence of T. vaginalis varies greatly by geography and risk group, but is more common among persons of African descent and appears to increase with age, though this may be a screening phenomenon. […] Despite its importance in human reproductive health and HIV transmission, it is not a reportable disease and surveillance is not generally done. […] High rates of treatment failure among both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women indicate that a 2-g dose of metronidazole may not be adequate for treatment of some women and that rescreening should be considered. […] Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted infection that is associated with significant morbidity, especially among pregnant women.

• #32 Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/6/418

  Despite having the highest prevalence of any sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally, there is a dearth of data describing Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) incidence and prevalence in the general population. […] The lack of basic epidemiological data is an obstacle to addressing the epidemic. […] Recent developments in TV diagnostics and molecular biology have improved our understanding of TV epidemiology. […] WHO has estimated that over half the 248 million new TV infections each year occur in men. […] By contrast, 89% of prevalent TV cases are found among women. […] At the time of this publication, TV is not a reportable infection in any country. […] As such, there is a lack of TV case-reporting data at national and global levels. […] The available estimates suggest that the global incidence of TV infection increased between 1999 and 2005.

• #33 Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5030197/

  T. vaginalis is likely the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. While not a reportable disease, the World Health Organization estimated that there were 248 million cases in 2005 and nearly 90 % of these infections occurred among people living in resource-limited settings. […] With no surveillance programs in place, and the widespread use of wet mount as a diagnostic tool, the epidemiology of T. vaginalis is not completely known. It is known, however, to vary greatly by population and geography. Among high-risk women, rates range from 5 % among female sex workers (FSW) in Pakistan, to 53 % among incarcerated women in the USA. Among high-risk men, rates range from 2 % among jail inmates in the USA to 73 % among male partners of women with T. vaginalis. A systematic review of STIs in Papua New Guinea found the pooled prevalence of T. vaginalis to be 39.3 % using various diagnostic tests.

• #34 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #35 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  T vaginalis is not classified as a reportable infection, leading to prevalence estimates that primarily rely on modeling or ad hoc population-based studies. The World Health Organization estimated in 2016 that the global prevalence of T vaginalis was 5.0% in women and 0.6% in men, with prevalence rates among men ranging from 0.2% to 1.3%. The highest rates are observed in Africa and the Americas. In the United States, an estimated 4.1 million infections occurred among men in 2018. Data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) revealed a prevalence of 0.5% in men aged 18-59 years, compared to 1.8% in women. This survey marked the first national prevalence data for T vaginalis in US men and utilized the highly sensitive Hologic Gen-Probe Aptima T vaginalis nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for diagnosis.

• #36 Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/6/418

  However, comparison of the WHO 1999 and 2005 prevalence and incidence estimates is problematic because of differences in the methods of estimation. […] Despite these limitations, it is apparent that the global burden of TV infection is enormous, and there is no indication that it is decreasing. […] Several recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the global epidemiology of TV infection. […] The evolution of TV diagnostics limits direct comparison of incidence and prevalence data acquired by different detection methods. […] Cost and required infrastructure remain as barriers to accurate global TV surveillance using more sensitive methods including culture and NAATs. […] Further studies into the global epidemiology of TV will offer insight into approaches for successful control of the epidemic.

• #37 Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/6/418

  However, comparison of the WHO 1999 and 2005 prevalence and incidence estimates is problematic because of differences in the methods of estimation. […] Despite these limitations, it is apparent that the global burden of TV infection is enormous, and there is no indication that it is decreasing. […] Several recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the global epidemiology of TV infection. […] The evolution of TV diagnostics limits direct comparison of incidence and prevalence data acquired by different detection methods. […] Cost and required infrastructure remain as barriers to accurate global TV surveillance using more sensitive methods including culture and NAATs. […] Further studies into the global epidemiology of TV will offer insight into approaches for successful control of the epidemic.

• #38 Don’t Get Tricked by Trichomonas: A Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection | Visby Medical

  https://www.visbymedical.com/webinar/dont-get-tricked-by-trichomonas-a-neglected-sexually-transmitted-infection/

  Due to the challenges of traditional Trichomonas diagnostic methods, women with this infection may be undertreated. This can lead to adverse health outcomes, inability to initiate expedited partner treatment, and persistence of the infection in sexual networks. […] In addition to providing updates on epidemiology, clinical relevance, and treatment recommendations, this webinar will examine the challenges associated with Trichomonas diagnosis, discuss issues surrounding drug resistance, and review patient management including the 2021 CDC guidelines for Trichomonas testing & treatment. […] Review Trichomoniasis epidemiology – US and worldwide. […] Dr. Muzny’s clinical and research interests focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women, specifically vaginal infections including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomoniasis.

• #39 Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/6/418

  However, comparison of the WHO 1999 and 2005 prevalence and incidence estimates is problematic because of differences in the methods of estimation. […] Despite these limitations, it is apparent that the global burden of TV infection is enormous, and there is no indication that it is decreasing. […] Several recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the global epidemiology of TV infection. […] The evolution of TV diagnostics limits direct comparison of incidence and prevalence data acquired by different detection methods. […] Cost and required infrastructure remain as barriers to accurate global TV surveillance using more sensitive methods including culture and NAATs. […] Further studies into the global epidemiology of TV will offer insight into approaches for successful control of the epidemic.

• #40 Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/6/418

  Despite having the highest prevalence of any sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally, there is a dearth of data describing Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) incidence and prevalence in the general population. […] The lack of basic epidemiological data is an obstacle to addressing the epidemic. […] Recent developments in TV diagnostics and molecular biology have improved our understanding of TV epidemiology. […] WHO has estimated that over half the 248 million new TV infections each year occur in men. […] By contrast, 89% of prevalent TV cases are found among women. […] At the time of this publication, TV is not a reportable infection in any country. […] As such, there is a lack of TV case-reporting data at national and global levels. […] The available estimates suggest that the global incidence of TV infection increased between 1999 and 2005.

• #41 Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/6/418

  However, comparison of the WHO 1999 and 2005 prevalence and incidence estimates is problematic because of differences in the methods of estimation. […] Despite these limitations, it is apparent that the global burden of TV infection is enormous, and there is no indication that it is decreasing. […] Several recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the global epidemiology of TV infection. […] The evolution of TV diagnostics limits direct comparison of incidence and prevalence data acquired by different detection methods. […] Cost and required infrastructure remain as barriers to accurate global TV surveillance using more sensitive methods including culture and NAATs. […] Further studies into the global epidemiology of TV will offer insight into approaches for successful control of the epidemic.

• #42 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #43 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #44 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #45 Trichomoniasis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30586

  There are no recommended T. vaginalis screening practices in the United States. Some suggest performing T. vaginalis screening in specific populations, including populations at high risk for HIV infection, patients attending STI clinics, men with urethritis, sexual partners of an infected patient, women living in endemic areas, and women living in correctional facilities. Trichomonas infection has been shown to increase the risk of acquisition and transmission of HIV.

• #46 A New Treatment Option for Trichomoniasis: Single-Dose Secnidazole

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/a-new-treatment-option-for-trichomoniasis-single-dose-secnidazole

  The CDC recommends diagnostic testing for trichomoniasis for all women seeking care for vaginal discharge and all women with HIV, including those who are pregnant.1 Screening for trichomoniasis might be considered for women being screened for chlamydia and gonorrhea,34 as well as asymptomatic women at high risk of infection, including those who have multiple recent sexual partners, have a history of or are currently being treated for other STIs, use drugs, or are sex workers. […] Accurate diagnostic testing and appropriate screening are needed for successful treatment of trichomoniasis. Treatment of trichomoniasis is recommended to relieve symptoms and reduce a patients risk of transmission and acquisition of HIV, other STIs, and adverse reproductive outcomes.

• #47 Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/8-1666

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common, curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite this burden of disease, it is not currently a reportable disease in the United States. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of T. vaginalis infection are described in this article. This includes updated global and U.S. prevalence data in women and men as well as recent epidemiological data in HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 156 million cases of T. vaginalis worldwide in 2016, accounting for almost half of the global STI incidence that year. Updated epidemiological data on the national prevalence of trichomonas among women and men in the U.S. was published in 2018. These data were collected during 2013-2014 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using the Hologic Gen-Probe Aptima T. vaginalis assay on urine specimens. T. vaginalis prevalence was 1.8% in women and 0.5% in men aged 18-59 years. Prior to this study, the national prevalence of T. vaginalis had been poorly characterized among U.S. men as a result of diagnostic challenges; NHANES did not test men for T. vaginalis until 2013-2014. A marked racial disparity regarding T. vaginalis was noted among African American women and men in the recent NHANES study, with an estimated prevalence of 6.8% among the black population compared to 0.4% among other groups. This pronounced racial disparity is likely multifactorial, involving differences in sexual networks, individual-level sexual risk behaviors such as larger numbers of sexual partners, and structural disparities (i.e. inadequate access to healthcare resources). In the recent NHANES study, T. vaginalis was found to be significantly associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having two or more sexual partners in the past year. The only population for which routine T. vaginalis screening is currently recommended in the U.S. is HIV-infected women. Even in the absence of symptoms, T. vaginalis in this population has been associated with high rates of adverse events such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and poor birth outcomes. Several recent studies have found high T. vaginalis prevalence (17.4-20%) and repeat infection rates (up to 22.7% over a median of 16 months) among HIV-infected women. Since T. vaginalis has been associated with adverse birth outcomes, its effect on pregnant women is important to consider. Currently, there are no recommendations for screening of asymptomatic pregnant women for T. vaginalis. The global prevalence of T. vaginalis in pregnant women varies geographically. A 2016 systematic review of 75 studies of STI prevalence among pregnant women found that T. vaginalis prevalence ranged from 3.9-24.6% in low- to middle-income countries. Recent studies found a T. vaginalis prevalence of 20% among HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa as well as high rates of incident infection in pregnant women (9.2/100 person-years) in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

• #48 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #49 Trichomoniasis: CDC Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/10/18/trichomoniasis-cdc-diagnosis-treatment-guidelines/

  Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). […] The majority of persons who have trichomoniasis (70%–85%) either have minimal or no genital symptoms, and untreated infections might last from months to years, however, data are lacking on whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis is beneficial. Decisions about screening might be informed by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection rates.

• #50 Trichomoniasis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. […] Trichomoniasis in pregnancy can lead to premature birth and low birth weight. […] Screening for other sexually transmitted diseases in persons with trichomoniasis is advisable wherever resources permit. […] Trichomoniasis is asymptomatic in at least 50% of women and 70-80% of men. […] Se ha observado que la tricomoniasis aumenta la vulnerabilidad a propagar o contraer otras ITS, incluida la infeccin por el VIH. […] Trichomoniasis infection in pregnant women can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly premature rupture of membranes, pre-term delivery and low birth weight. […] Trichomoniasis have been shown to increase the vulnerability to spreading or getting other STIs, including HIV. […] PAHO/WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, treatment, and strategies to support its Member States response to STIs.

• #51 Frontiers | Biomolecular Approaches to Trichomoniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/64105/biomolecular-approaches-to-trichomoniasis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatmentundefined

  Trichomoniasis remains a health concern due to its consequences during pregnancy and its determinant role in the acquisition of other STIs and the development of prostate or cervical cancer. […] Epidemiology: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in its latest 2016 report a global incidence of 156 million cases of trichomoniasis; more than chlamydia, syphilis, or gonorrhoea. However, the true parasitic burden in the population is unknown. […] Epidemiological studies, resistant data. […] Population distribution of T. vaginalis isolates and correlation with biological features (endobionts, pathogenesis, or metronidazole resistance).

• #52 Trichomoniasis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. […] Trichomoniasis in pregnancy can lead to premature birth and low birth weight. […] Screening for other sexually transmitted diseases in persons with trichomoniasis is advisable wherever resources permit. […] Trichomoniasis is asymptomatic in at least 50% of women and 70-80% of men. […] Se ha observado que la tricomoniasis aumenta la vulnerabilidad a propagar o contraer otras ITS, incluida la infeccin por el VIH. […] Trichomoniasis infection in pregnant women can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly premature rupture of membranes, pre-term delivery and low birth weight. […] Trichomoniasis have been shown to increase the vulnerability to spreading or getting other STIs, including HIV. […] PAHO/WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, treatment, and strategies to support its Member States response to STIs.

• #53 About Trichomoniasis | Trichomoniasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichomoniasis/about/index.html

  In the United States, CDC estimates that there were more than two million trichomoniasis infections in 2018. […] Infection is more common in women than in men. Older women are more likely than younger women to have the infection. […] Trich can increase the risk of getting or spreading other sexually transmitted infections. […] Pregnant women with trich are more likely to have their babies early. Also, their babies are more likely to have a low birth weight (less than 5.5 pounds). […] Sexually active people can get trich by having sex without a condom with a partner who has trich. […] People with trich can pass the infection to others, even if they do not have symptoms. […] Trich is the most common curable STI. […] Reinfection occurs in about 1 in 5 people within 3 months after receiving treatment.

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) among women of reproductive age, caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. […] In 2020 there were approximately 156 million new cases of T. vaginalis infection among people aged 15-49 years old. […] Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral STI. There were an estimated 156 million new cases of T. vaginalis infection among people aged 15-49 years old in 2020 globally in 2020 (73.7 million in females, 82.6 million in males). […] Approximately one third of new infections in this age group occur in the WHO African Region, followed by the Region of the Americas. […] T. vaginalis infections are linked to a 1.5 times increased risk of HIV acquisition. […] WHO focuses on improving country and global-level monitoring of new infections.

• #55 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  In the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Study, significant differences in the prevalence of trichomoniasis among adolescents were noted by race: white, 1.2%; Asian, 1.8%; Latino, 2.1%; Native American, 4.1%; and African American, 6.9%. Considerable differences were also observed in the national NHANES 2001-2004 study conducted among women ages 14-49: non-Hispanic whites, 1.2%; Mexican Americans, 1.5%; and non-Hispanic blacks, 13.5%. […] Evidence suggests that T vaginalis infection likely increases HIV transmission and that coinfection with HIV complicates treatment of trichomoniasis. Control of T vaginalis may represent an important means of slowing HIV transmission, particularly among African Americans, in whom higher rates have been observed.

• #56 e-Publications@Marquette

  https://epublications.marquette.edu/clinical_lab_fac/23/

  Past viewpoints on Trichomonas vaginalis infection have characterized the associated clinical disease as a nuisance condition, with affected demographics largely being older African American females residing in urban centers. […] The advent of commercial molecular assays specific for T. vaginalis has offered a new outlook on trichomoniasis. Within high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection populations, parasite distribution is not localized to specific population centers, and T. vaginalis prevalence is elevated among both younger and older age groups. […] Adaptation of these molecular assays can additionally facilitate male screening and subsequent epidemiologic characterization. […] These findings, combined with associations between T. vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition/transmission and persistent human papillomavirus infection, support consideration of the expansion of T. vaginalis screening efforts in the realms of clinical practice and public health.

• #57 e-Publications@Marquette

  https://epublications.marquette.edu/clinical_lab_fac/23/

  Past viewpoints on Trichomonas vaginalis infection have characterized the associated clinical disease as a nuisance condition, with affected demographics largely being older African American females residing in urban centers. […] The advent of commercial molecular assays specific for T. vaginalis has offered a new outlook on trichomoniasis. Within high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection populations, parasite distribution is not localized to specific population centers, and T. vaginalis prevalence is elevated among both younger and older age groups. […] Adaptation of these molecular assays can additionally facilitate male screening and subsequent epidemiologic characterization. […] These findings, combined with associations between T. vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition/transmission and persistent human papillomavirus infection, support consideration of the expansion of T. vaginalis screening efforts in the realms of clinical practice and public health.

• #58 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  Trichomoniasis represents a significant global disease burden, particularly among women in low-income areas and individuals aged 30 to 54 years. From 1990 to 2021, the estimated annual percentage change in the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of trichomoniasis was 0.09. In 2021, the global ASIR was 4133.41 cases per 100,000 people, with men experiencing a higher rate (4353.43 per 100,000) compared to women (3921.31 per 100,000). However, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate was significantly higher in women than in men, at 6.45 versus 0.23 per 100,000. Among women aged 30 to 54 years, the trend in ASIR closely mirrored the overall population incidence trend. Additionally, the highest ASIRs were observed in low socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, with projected ASIRs by 2050 estimated at 5680.57 per 100,000 for males and 5749.47 per 100,000 for females.

• #59 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview

  Trichomoniasis represents a significant global disease burden, particularly among women in low-income areas and individuals aged 30 to 54 years. From 1990 to 2021, the estimated annual percentage change in the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of trichomoniasis was 0.09. In 2021, the global ASIR was 4133.41 cases per 100,000 people, with men experiencing a higher rate (4353.43 per 100,000) compared to women (3921.31 per 100,000). However, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate was significantly higher in women than in men, at 6.45 versus 0.23 per 100,000. Among women aged 30 to 54 years, the trend in ASIR closely mirrored the overall population incidence trend. Additionally, the highest ASIRs were observed in low socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, with projected ASIRs by 2050 estimated at 5680.57 per 100,000 for males and 5749.47 per 100,000 for females.

• #60 Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/8-1666

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common, curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite this burden of disease, it is not currently a reportable disease in the United States. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of T. vaginalis infection are described in this article. This includes updated global and U.S. prevalence data in women and men as well as recent epidemiological data in HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 156 million cases of T. vaginalis worldwide in 2016, accounting for almost half of the global STI incidence that year. Updated epidemiological data on the national prevalence of trichomonas among women and men in the U.S. was published in 2018. These data were collected during 2013-2014 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using the Hologic Gen-Probe Aptima T. vaginalis assay on urine specimens. T. vaginalis prevalence was 1.8% in women and 0.5% in men aged 18-59 years. Prior to this study, the national prevalence of T. vaginalis had been poorly characterized among U.S. men as a result of diagnostic challenges; NHANES did not test men for T. vaginalis until 2013-2014. A marked racial disparity regarding T. vaginalis was noted among African American women and men in the recent NHANES study, with an estimated prevalence of 6.8% among the black population compared to 0.4% among other groups. This pronounced racial disparity is likely multifactorial, involving differences in sexual networks, individual-level sexual risk behaviors such as larger numbers of sexual partners, and structural disparities (i.e. inadequate access to healthcare resources). In the recent NHANES study, T. vaginalis was found to be significantly associated with older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, and having two or more sexual partners in the past year. The only population for which routine T. vaginalis screening is currently recommended in the U.S. is HIV-infected women. Even in the absence of symptoms, T. vaginalis in this population has been associated with high rates of adverse events such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and poor birth outcomes. Several recent studies have found high T. vaginalis prevalence (17.4-20%) and repeat infection rates (up to 22.7% over a median of 16 months) among HIV-infected women. Since T. vaginalis has been associated with adverse birth outcomes, its effect on pregnant women is important to consider. Currently, there are no recommendations for screening of asymptomatic pregnant women for T. vaginalis. The global prevalence of T. vaginalis in pregnant women varies geographically. A 2016 systematic review of 75 studies of STI prevalence among pregnant women found that T. vaginalis prevalence ranged from 3.9-24.6% in low- to middle-income countries. Recent studies found a T. vaginalis prevalence of 20% among HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa as well as high rates of incident infection in pregnant women (9.2/100 person-years) in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

• #61 Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10713349/

  T. vaginalis also disproportionately affects Black individuals. The prevalence of T. vaginalis among Black women and men in the U.S. NHANES study was 6.8% compared to 0.4% among other racial and ethnic groups. A recent review of T. vaginalis in African Americans found compelling evidence that structural racism has generated and maintained the significant racial disparity regarding this STI among the Black community, arguing that current efforts to reduce its prevalence have failed globally, especially in the U.S. This is compounded by a failure of strategies to control this infection including a lack of public awareness, non-compliance with prophylactic use of protective barrier methods, inconsistent STI testing, lack of a prophylactic T. vaginalis vaccine, and lack of mandatory national and global surveillance programs. […] Overall, multiple demographic and socioeconomic factors such as age, race, educational level, and income play a significant role in the epidemiology of trichomoniasis in the U.S. and globally.

• #62 Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10713349/

  T. vaginalis also disproportionately affects Black individuals. The prevalence of T. vaginalis among Black women and men in the U.S. NHANES study was 6.8% compared to 0.4% among other racial and ethnic groups. A recent review of T. vaginalis in African Americans found compelling evidence that structural racism has generated and maintained the significant racial disparity regarding this STI among the Black community, arguing that current efforts to reduce its prevalence have failed globally, especially in the U.S. This is compounded by a failure of strategies to control this infection including a lack of public awareness, non-compliance with prophylactic use of protective barrier methods, inconsistent STI testing, lack of a prophylactic T. vaginalis vaccine, and lack of mandatory national and global surveillance programs. […] Overall, multiple demographic and socioeconomic factors such as age, race, educational level, and income play a significant role in the epidemiology of trichomoniasis in the U.S. and globally.

• #63 Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10713349/

  T. vaginalis also disproportionately affects Black individuals. The prevalence of T. vaginalis among Black women and men in the U.S. NHANES study was 6.8% compared to 0.4% among other racial and ethnic groups. A recent review of T. vaginalis in African Americans found compelling evidence that structural racism has generated and maintained the significant racial disparity regarding this STI among the Black community, arguing that current efforts to reduce its prevalence have failed globally, especially in the U.S. This is compounded by a failure of strategies to control this infection including a lack of public awareness, non-compliance with prophylactic use of protective barrier methods, inconsistent STI testing, lack of a prophylactic T. vaginalis vaccine, and lack of mandatory national and global surveillance programs. […] Overall, multiple demographic and socioeconomic factors such as age, race, educational level, and income play a significant role in the epidemiology of trichomoniasis in the U.S. and globally.

• #64 Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology: parameterising and analysing a model of treatment interventions | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/76/4/248

  Trichomonas vaginalis, which affects at least 170 million individuals globally, may increase the risk of transmission of HIV and predispose pregnant women to premature rupture of membranes and early labour. […] To more clearly define the epidemiology of trichomoniasis and to develop a mathematical model of disease transmission dynamics in order to explore various treatment strategies. […] The age specific prevalence of the disease was seen to differ from other STDs in a number of studies. […] Syndromic management (that is, treating only those with symptoms of disease) had minimal effect upon the endemic prevalence of disease even at high levels of coverage. Screening (that is, identification of individuals with both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection) was shown to be the most efficient method of control, but was sensitive to the screening interval.

• #65 Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology: parameterising and analysing a model of treatment interventions | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/76/4/248

  The control of trichomoniasis seems to have been a success in developed countries because of the regular access to health care, whereas it has remained endemic in many developing countries where control may only be possible by regular screening and treatment. However, without a large investment in services, success in controlling trichomoniasis is likely to be transitory.

• #66 Trichomonas Vaginalis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/trichomonas-vaginalis

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable STI worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 156 million cases of T. vaginalis worldwide in 2016, accounting for almost half of the global STI incidence that year. […] Despite having the highest prevalence of any STI globally, there is a dearth of data describing Trichomonas vaginalis incidence and prevalence in the general population. […] Trichomonas vaginalis is still underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated.

• #67 Trichomoniasis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Trichomoniasis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Trichomoniasis occurs most commonly among women aged 20-45 years. […] Females are more commonly affected by trichomoniasis than males. […] Trichomoniasis usually affects African American individuals. Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop trichomoniasis. In the United States, the highest prevalence of trichomonas infection in women is observed among African-Americans, with rates ranging from 1351%.

• #68 Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5030197/

  In general, Africans or persons of African descent have higher rates of T. vaginalis, as evidenced by higher rates in Sub-Saharan Africa, and among persons of African descent such as Garifunas and African-Americans in the USA. In the USA, the highest prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in US women is seen among African-Americans with rates ranging from 13 to 51 %. African-American women have rates that are ten times higher than White women, constituting a remarkable health disparity. […] In the USA, there are approximately seven million new cases of T. vaginalis each year and prevalence rates range from 3 % in a nationally representative sample of women, to 14 % in adolescents, 13-36 % in pregnant women, 11-26 % in women attending STD clinics, 27 % among an urban, inner-city population, 38 % among drug users, and up to 47 % in newly incarcerated pregnant women. Despite the high rate of TV in both the general and selected subpopulations, there is no screening program in the USA for TV. And since over 80 % of cases can be asymptomatic, most TV infections likely go undetected.

• #69 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Trichomoniasis is estimated to be the most prevalent nonviral STI worldwide, affecting approximately 2.6 million persons in the United States. Because trichomoniasis is not a reportable disease, and no recommendations are available for general screening for T. vaginalis, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis has largely come from population-based and clinic-based surveillance studies. The U.S. population-based T. vaginalis prevalence is 2.1% among females and 0.5% among males, with the highest rates among Black females (9.6%) and Black males (3.6%), compared with non-Hispanic White women (0.8%) and Hispanic women (1.4%). Among persons attending nine geographically diverse STD clinics, the trichomonas prevalence was 14.6% among women, and a study of STD clinic attendees in Birmingham, Alabama, identified a prevalence of 27% among women and 9.8% among men. Rates are also high among incarcerated persons of both sexes at 9%32% of incarcerated women and 3.2%8% of incarcerated men. Other risk factors for T. vaginalis include having two or more sex partners during the previous year, having less than a high school education, and living below the national poverty level. Women with BV are at higher risk for T. vaginalis. Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. However, data are lacking regarding whether screening and treatment for asymptomatic trichomoniasis in high-prevalence settings for women at high risk can reduce any adverse health events and health disparities or reduce community infection burden. Decisions about screening can be guided by local epidemiology of T. vaginalis infection. Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection.

• #70 Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/6/418

  However, comparison of the WHO 1999 and 2005 prevalence and incidence estimates is problematic because of differences in the methods of estimation. […] Despite these limitations, it is apparent that the global burden of TV infection is enormous, and there is no indication that it is decreasing. […] Several recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the global epidemiology of TV infection. […] The evolution of TV diagnostics limits direct comparison of incidence and prevalence data acquired by different detection methods. […] Cost and required infrastructure remain as barriers to accurate global TV surveillance using more sensitive methods including culture and NAATs. […] Further studies into the global epidemiology of TV will offer insight into approaches for successful control of the epidemic.

• #71 (PDF) Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis

  https://www.academia.edu/127456784/Epidemiology_and_Treatment_of_Trichomoniasis

  Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. […] The prevalence of T. vaginalis varies greatly by geography and risk group, but is more common among persons of African descent and appears to increase with age, though this may be a screening phenomenon. […] Despite its importance in human reproductive health and HIV transmission, it is not a reportable disease and surveillance is not generally done. […] High rates of treatment failure among both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women indicate that a 2-g dose of metronidazole may not be adequate for treatment of some women and that rescreening should be considered. […] Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted infection that is associated with significant morbidity, especially among pregnant women.

• #72 Trichomoniasis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. […] Trichomoniasis in pregnancy can lead to premature birth and low birth weight. […] Screening for other sexually transmitted diseases in persons with trichomoniasis is advisable wherever resources permit. […] Trichomoniasis is asymptomatic in at least 50% of women and 70-80% of men. […] Se ha observado que la tricomoniasis aumenta la vulnerabilidad a propagar o contraer otras ITS, incluida la infeccin por el VIH. […] Trichomoniasis infection in pregnant women can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly premature rupture of membranes, pre-term delivery and low birth weight. […] Trichomoniasis have been shown to increase the vulnerability to spreading or getting other STIs, including HIV. […] PAHO/WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, treatment, and strategies to support its Member States response to STIs.

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