Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095007/

  Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoa that causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis, is the sexually transmitted infection with the largest annual incidence, exceeding 170 million cases per year. […] The disease can be difficult to diagnose due to its heterogeneous presentation and problems with diagnostic testing. […] All diagnostic tests are fraught with imperfections, but the old, reliable wet mount examination (in trained hands), and the newer InPouch method may be advantageous due to simplicity in technology and cost. […] The diagnosis of trichomoniasis has traditionally depended on the microscopic observation of motile protozoa from vaginal or cervical samples and from urethral or prostatic secretions. […] The sensitivity of this test varies from 38% to 82% and is dependent on the inoculum size because fewer than 104 organisms/mL will not be seen.

• #1 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. […] Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection (e.g., multiple sex partners, transactional sex, drug misuse, or a history of STIs or incarceration). […] Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection. […] Wet-mount microscopy traditionally has been used as the preferred diagnostic test for T. vaginalis among women because it is inexpensive and can be performed at the POC; however, it has low sensitivity (44%68%) compared with culture.

• #1 Trichomoniasis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trichomoniasis

  How is trichomoniasis diagnosed? […] The primary methods for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis are as follows. […] Wet mount microscopy and staining […] A wet mount involves placing a small amount of vaginal discharge on a slide with a few drops of saline. […] It is immediately examined under a microscope. […] The motile trichomonads (T. vaginalis protozoans) are visible for about 10-20 minutes after sample collection. […] Excess white blood cells may also be seen and indicate accompanying inflammation. […] Microscopy can detect up to 60-70% of cases of trichomoniasis when compared to culture. […] Staining of dead organisms with acridine orange has higher sensitivity but is not widely available. […] Culture of Trichomonas vaginalis […] Culture requires a urethral swab in men or a high vaginal swab in women.

• #1 How to diagnose and manage Trichomonas vaginalis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-diagnose-and-manage-trichomonas-vaginalis

  Symptomatic women are recommended to attend a sexual health clinic where point-of-care microscopy can test for TV. However, this is not available in other settings. With the increased availability of NAATs for TV, more microbiology laboratories are providing testing but this is not universal, especially to settings other than sexual health clinics. Therefore, if TV is suspected, the patient should be advised to attend their local sexual health clinic or the local laboratory should be contacted to establish whether it undertakes TV testing. […] Microscopy for TV diagnosis has the advantage that it can be performed near to the patient in a clinic setting. […] There are point-of-care tests for the detection of TV, of which the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test (Sekisui Diagnostics) has demonstrated a high sensitivity (80–94%) and specificity (>95%). This test requires no instrumentation, provides a result within 30 minutes and is a suitable alternative to culture or molecular testing in women.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095007/

  Broth culture technique has been the gold standard for T vaginalis for the past 40 years. […] Incubation periods ranging from two to seven days are required to identify T vaginalis in culture. […] To improve the sensitivity of microscopic evaluations and the speed in comparison with culture results, staining techniques have been used. […] Recombinant DNA technology has been adapted over the past decade as a diagnostic tool. […] A variety of primers have been tested, including primers initially reported by Riley et al. […] Nucleic acid detection of T vaginalis is not generally available in Canada (even in reference laboratories). […] The diagnosis of T vaginalis is usually not made, and the male partner is identified and treated with metronidazole at the same time that the female partner is treated. […] Vaginal swab culture either in broth tubes or using the InPouch system is an important diagnostic procedure that has a particular role in identifying women who do not have clinically overt disease.

• #1 Trichomoniasis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trichomoniasis

  It is harder to grow T. vaginalis from men than women, and false negatives are common. […] The reliability of culture may be improved by combining a urethral swab with a urine sample. […] The more widely available culture system (the InPouch kit) has a sensitivity of 80% and the results are available in 3-5 days. […] The less widely available culture system (Diamond’s medium) has a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and the results are available in 7 days. […] Nucleic acid amplification test […] An NAAT detects T. vaginalis RNA in a urine sample or a vaginal swab. […] Some brands only detect T. vaginalis, whereas others combine testing for Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. […] NAATs have a sensitivity and specificity of 95-100%. […] Rapid antigen and DNA hybridisation test

• #1 How to diagnose and manage Trichomonas vaginalis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-diagnose-and-manage-trichomonas-vaginalis

  Culture of TV has a higher sensitivity compared with microscopy and can detect TV in men; however, it takes up to five days to produce a result. […] NAATs, which are the ‘gold standard’, offer the highest sensitivity for the detection of TV and should be the test of choice where resources allow. NAATs can detect TV DNA in vaginal or endocervical swabs and in urine samples from women and men with sensitivities of 88–97% and specificities of 98–99%.

• #1 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  NAATs are highly sensitive, detecting more T. vaginalis infections than wet-mount microscopy among women. […] The Aptima T. vaginalis assay (Hologic) is FDA cleared for detection of T. vaginalis from symptomatic or asymptomatic women. […] This assay detects RNA by transcription-mediated amplification with a sensitivity of 95.3%100% and specificity of 95.2%100%, compared with wet mount and culture. […] The Probe Tec TV Qx Amplified DNA Assay (Becton Dickinson) is FDA cleared for detection of T. vaginalis from vaginal (patient-collected or clinician-collected) swabs, endocervical swabs, or urine specimens from women and has sensitivity of 98.3% and specificity of 99.6%, compared with wet mount and culture. […] Culture, such as the InPouch system (BioMed Diagnostics), was considered the most sensitive method for diagnosing T. vaginalis infection before molecular detection methods became available.

• #1 How Trichomoniasis Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-trichomoniasis-is-diagnosed-4160390

  Perhaps the most common are nucleic amplification tests. These look for small amounts of T. vaginalis DNA in urine, vaginal, urethral, or rectal samples. They are more sensitive than many other molecular tests because they are designed to amplify the signal of even small amounts of DNA. […] In general, when you are tested for trichomonas you will simply receive a positive or negative result. It is possible, however, for the tests to be incorrect. Therefore, if you have symptoms that cannot be explained by another positive test, your healthcare provider may recommend a second round of testing. If symptoms recur after you’ve been treated, additional testing may also be indicated. […] Typically yes, although you should specifically ask your healthcare provider to test you for trichomoniasis if you suspect you have been exposed.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jgid/fulltext/2012/04010/diagnosis_of_trichomonas_vaginalis_from_vaginal.6.aspx

  The In Pouch TV culture system has been able to detect (44) 22% of cases with the sensitivity of 73.33%. […] In this study PCR has shown 30% positivity. Additional 16 cases which were negative by in pouch TV culture were detected by PCR. […] In conclusion, wet mount microscopy for detection of T. vaginalis is a rapid, inexpensive screening technique, but has low sensitivity. The In Pouch TV culture system has higher sensitivity when compared to wet mount microscopy and has unique advantages when compared to other culture media, but it is expensive and not easily available. In resourceful settings the PCR method offers advantage of extreme sensitivity in potentially shorter time, whereas in places with limited resources, combination of wet mount microscopy and culture methods could be adapted.

• #1 Point-of-Care Assays to Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis: The Road So Far

  https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0710/3/3/9

  The need for more efficient tests for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis has prompted the emergence of more sensitive tests based on the detection of genetic material through the amplification of the parasite’s DNA or rRNA (NAATs—nucleic acid amplification tests). […] In this scenario, point-of-care (POC) tests emerge as an important tool for easy and quick diagnosis. POC tests allow self-collection or collection of samples by untrained staff outside the clinical laboratory. […] The key to a viable POC test is the turnaround time, characterized by the interval between the test being requested by the health care professional and the treatment decision being made. […] POC tests allow assessment of a patient’s condition outside of the conventional clinical laboratory setting. […] The primary purpose of point-of-care testing is to expedite the immediate delivery of treatment and patient care.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9006969/

  The Roche Cobas TV/MG test can be used on self-collected vaginal swab specimens (collected in a clinical setting), clinician-collected vaginal swab specimens, and endocervical specimens in women and urine and meatal swabs in men, with sensitivity of 77.2%100% and specificity of 96.1%99.9%. […] In addition to wet mount microscopy, additional point-of-care diagnostic tests for T. vaginalis that are FDA-cleared among women are the OSOM lateral flow test (Sekisui Diagnostics, Bedford, Massachusetts), the Isothermal Helicase-Dependent AmpliVue test (Quidel, San Diego, California), and the Solana TV assay (Quidel).

• #1 Point-of-Care Assays to Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis: The Road So Far

  https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0710/3/3/9

  Rapid diagnostic tests hold significant promise and play a crucial role in health care, particularly in ease of use and monitoring and expedited results in disease diagnostics. […] The OSOM trichomonas rapid test demonstrates notable specificity and sensitivity (exceeding 85%, for both). […] The test employs a qualitative analysis through immunochromatographic capillary flow enzyme immunoassay for detecting the vaginal Trichomonas antigen, α-actinin protein, in approximately 10 min with high reliability. […] The Visby Medical Sexual Health Test single-use device utilizes DNA amplification to detect T. vaginalis, along with other etiological agents of sexually transmitted diseases. […] The Solana trichomonas assay (POC QUIDEL) uses molecular techniques with analysis that takes about 40 min.

• #1 Rapid and point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in women and men | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/93/S4/S31

  The authors of this review will discuss the literature for older and recent, rapid and POC tests for detection of trichomonas. […] The OSOM assay is the only POC assay that is CLIA waived, meaning it does not need to be performed in a laboratory, and is the only one that does not require special instrumentation. Its high sensitivity (83%90%) and excellent specificity make it an ideal assay for resource limited settings. […] The AmpliVue rapid assay demonstrated that an amplified molecular NAAT assay can perform as well as saline microscopy/culture and provided comparable results with another FDA cleared NAAT assay while yielding results in real time of 45min. […] The Solana TV assay provided evidence that this NAAT molecular assay can perform as well as saline microscopy/culture and provided comparable results as another FDA-cleared NAAT assay for detection of trichomoniasis in symptomatic and asymptomatic women while providing results in approximately 45min.

• #1

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=3953445&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=3953291

  The vaginal wet mount, also known as a vaginal smear or wet prep, is an inexpensive test done using a speculum, sterile cotton swabs, microscope slides, and a compound microscope. While its specificity is estimated at 51% to 65%, the sensitivity varies from 50% to 80% for diagnosing trichomoniasis on microscopy. […] With saline wet preparations approximately 50% to 80% sensitive to trichomoniasis, another diagnostic option may play a role in detection. Considered to be the gold standard for trichomoniasis diagnosis, cultures have a specificity approaching 100%, but sensitivity can range between 75% and 96% and are not widely used due to poor transport viability of specimens, increased cost, and time to results. […] Additional diagnostic tools include the use of pH paper to assess vaginal pH. The normal vaginal pH ranges from 3.8 to 4.5; secretions with trichomoniasis are greater than 4.5. However, diagnosis of trichomoniasis solely based on vaginal pH is not possible due to other vaginal infections having effects on the vaginal pH.

• #1 Trichomoniasis Workup: Approach Considerations, Standard Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-workup

  More sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic options are available and should be utilized alongside a negative wet mount whenever feasible. […] Culture was the criterion standard for trichomoniasis diagnosis before the introduction of molecular testing techniques. Culture is more sensitive and specific than microscopy but similar in both respects to molecular testing techniques. […] Trichomonads may be viewed on Pap smear, but this test yields low sensitivity and should not be relied on for diagnosis of T vaginalis infection. The sensitivity of Pap smear for detecting trichomonads is 40-60%. […] A whiff test is performed by adding several drops of 10% potassium hydroxide to a sample of vaginal discharge. A strong fishy odor is indicative of a positive test result. […] On March 28, 2025, the US Food and Drug Administration approved marketing authorization for a single-use, at-home diagnostic test for chlamydia trachomatis, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.

• #1 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Although T. vaginalis might be an incidental finding on a Pap test, neither conventional nor liquid-based Pap smears are considered diagnostic tests for trichomoniasis; however, women with T. vaginalis identified on a Pap smear should be retested with sensitive diagnostic tests and treated if infection is confirmed.

• #1 Trichomoniasis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichomoniasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378613

  Your health care provider may diagnose trichomoniasis by doing an exam of the genitals and lab tests. […] Your health care provider may also look at a sample of vaginal fluid for women or a swab from inside the penis (urethra) for men under a microscope. If the parasite can be seen under the microscope, no further tests are needed. […] If the test doesn’t show the parasite, but your provider thinks you may have trichomoniasis, other tests may be done. Your provider may order tests done on a sample of vaginal fluid, a penis uretheral swab or sometimes urine. Tests include a rapid antigen test and nucleic acid amplification test. […] Your health care provider will typically retest you for trichomoniasis after treatment. A retest two weeks to three months after treatment can check to be sure the infection is gone and that you haven’t been reinfected.

• #1 Trichomoniasis: Causes, Symptoms, Testing & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4696-trichomoniasis

  Your healthcare provider may perform the following tests to diagnose trich: […] Your provider will examine your genitals and discuss any symptoms you’re having. For women, it may include a pelvic exam. Often, your provider will get a sample of your discharge using a cotton swab during this exam. Your provider may notice your cervix looks like a strawberry. A „strawberry cervix” is an indication for trich. […] Your healthcare provider examines a sample of your vaginal or penile discharge under a microscope to check for signs of infection. They may send the swab to the lab for further testing if they don’t see trichomonads under the microscope. […] If you have trichomoniasis, your provider may want to test you for other STIs too. […] In some cases, your provider may prescribe antibiotics without an exam. This is typically only the case if your sexual partner has the infection and you engage in sexual contact with them while they have it.

• #1 Trichomoniasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis is infection of the vagina or male genital tract with Trichomonas vaginalis. Diagnosis is by direct microscopic examination, dipstick tests, or nucleic acid amplification tests of vaginal secretions or by urine or urethral culture. […] Trichomoniasis should be suspected in women with vaginitis, in men with urethritis, and in their sex partners. […] In women, one of the following diagnostic tests of vaginal secretions may be done: NAAT, Vaginal pH and wet mount microscopy, Immunochromatographic flow dipstick test. […] NAATs are more sensitive than microscopic examination or culture for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. […] Culture of urine or urethral swabs is the only validated test for detecting T. vaginalis in men. […] As with diagnosis of any STI, patients with trichomoniasis should be tested to exclude other common STIs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] In women, diagnose by microscopic examination of vaginal secretions, dipstick tests, or NAATs. […] In symptomatic men, diagnose by culture of urine, urethral swab, or possibly NAATs.

• #1 Trichomoniasis Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/trichomoniasis-testing/

  If you are experiencing symptoms of trichomoniasis, the health care professional will order the most appropriate test to rule out or confirm trichomoniasis as the cause of symptoms. […] At-home trichomoniasis tests use either NAAT or nucleic acid probe technology to find evidence of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in a sample of urine or a swab collected from the vagina. […] Trichomoniasis test results may be available within a few minutes or up to several days after testing depending on the type of test being conducted. […] Trichomoniasis test results are typically reported as positive or negative. […] A positive result indicates that you likely have trichomoniasis. […] Follow-up trichomoniasis testing is recommended to ensure that you aren’t reinfected with this parasite and is typically conducted two weeks to three months after you finish treatment. […] If your initial test is with wet-mount microscopy and is negative, further testing is still often necessary.

• #1 Trichomoniasis Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/trichomoniasis-testing/

  To help decide if trichomoniasis testing is appropriate, a doctor starts by discussing your symptoms and performing a physical exam as well as a pelvic exam in patients with a vagina. […] Diagnosing trichomoniasis in patients with symptoms of this infection relies on one of several test methods that can detect Trichomonas vaginalis. […] Patients being tested for trichomoniasis may receive other STD tests at the same time, including chlamydia and gonorrhea tests. […] Diagnostic testing may also be performed in some women and people with a vagina if signs of trichomoniasis are detected during a routine Pap smear. […] Monitoring patients after treatment for trichomoniasis helps to ensure that patients don’t become reinfected by an untreated partner after finishing therapy. […] Testing for trichomoniasis can be performed in a variety of settings, including hospitals, doctors’ offices, and community health clinics.

• #1 The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/2/126

  In summary, the recommended procedures for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, according to Eastern European and CDC guidelines, are as follows: (i) diagnostic screening in all patients with any vaginal discharge, in high-prevalence environments (STI clinics), and for the asymptomatic population with high risk of infection and (ii) employ NAAT if direct microscopic examination fails.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9006969/

  Since the 2015 guidelines, the diagnosis of T. vaginalis is becoming more precise and additional tests, including point-of-care tests, have become available in the last decade. Wet mount microscopy has been the primary method to diagnose T. vaginalis in women, as it is inexpensive and can be performed in clinical settings as a point-of-care test. However, wet mount microscopy has low sensitivity (44%68%) compared to NAATs, depending upon the expertise of the reader, and is not recommended for use in men. […] NAATs for T. vaginalis are the most sensitive tests and are moderately priced, but high-complexity assays. The Aptima T. vaginalis assay (Hologic Gen-Probe, San Diego, California) was FDA-cleared in 2011 for use with urine, endocervical and vaginal swabs, and endocervical specimens collected in the Hologic PreserveCyt solution (ThinPrep) from asymptomatic and symptomatic women.

• #2 The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/2/126

  More than one million curable sexually transmitted infections occur every day. Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the main infections responsible for these epidemiological data; however, the diagnosis of this protozoan is still mainly based on microscopic and culture identification. […] The importance of including this parasite in routine gynecological screening, especially in pregnant women, and the importance of considering T. vaginalis as an indicator of high-risk sexual behavior are also discussed. […] Routine gynecological or urological examination does not include the identification of Trichomonas, so clinicians usually manage symptomatic patients who present different and nonspecific symptoms, such as vaginal discharge, odour and vulvar irritation. […] The high prevalence of asymptomatic patients and the absence of determinant clinical parameters imply the need for appropriate laboratory diagnostic methods to confirm T. vaginalis infection.

• #2 Trichomoniasis Workup: Approach Considerations, Standard Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-workup

  Given the poor reliability of history and physical findings, diagnosis of trichomoniasis depends on laboratory testing. According to the CDC, providers should perform laboratory tests for trichomoniasis in all women seeking care for vaginal discharge and all women at high risk of STIs. […] Tests for trichomoniasis are quick and can be performed in the medical office. In the past, saline wet mount testing was commonly used to test for trichomoniasis, although these tests have low sensitivity. The CDC now recommends molecular diagnostic tests, when available, to evaluate patients at risk for trichomoniasis. […] Diagnosis of trichomoniasis involves various testing methods tailored to the patient’s sex and symptoms. In women, diagnostic tests for vaginal secretions may include nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), wet-mount microscopic examination, rapid-antigen dipstick tests, or occasionally culture or cervical cytology. NAATs are particularly sensitive and are preferred over microscopic examination or culture for diagnosing trichomoniasis in women.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9006969/

  Trichomonas vaginalis is likely the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million women and men in the United States. […] Newly available diagnostic methods, including point-of-care assays and multiple nucleic acid amplification tests, can be performed on a variety of genital specimens in women and men, including urine, allowing more accurate and convenient testing and screening of those at risk for infection. […] Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed in women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening can be considered for women receiving care in high-prevalence settings (eg, STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic persons at high risk for infection (eg, persons with multiple sexual partners, exchanging sex for payment, illicit drug use, or a history of STD or incarceration).

• #2 The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/2/126

  Diagnosis of trichomoniasis has traditionally consisted of taking a specimen from the patient and examining it immediately under the microscope to identify the characteristic morphology and motility of the trophozoite. […] Today, wet mount microscopy is the fastest and most widely used method for diagnosing trichomoniasis in resource-limited areas. […] The most reliable specimens for the diagnosis of female trichomoniasis include endocervical and vaginal swabs and urine, while in male patients are urine, urethral swabs, and semen. […] This method is the most efficient diagnostic test, but its reliability and sensitivity are not optimal. […] The traditional diagnostic methodology is easy to perform; however, these techniques have the disadvantage of not being very sensitive and require careful observation by expert microscopists.

• #2 Microscopy Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/56259

  More than one million curable sexually transmitted infections occur every day. Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the main infections responsible for these epidemiological data. The diagnosis of this protozoan is mainly based on microscopic and culture identification. […] Diagnosis of trichomoniasis has traditionally consisted of taking a specimen from the patient and examining it immediately under the microscope to identify the characteristic morphology and motility of the trophozoite. The most reliable specimens for the diagnosis of female trichomoniasis include endocervical and vaginal swabs and urine, while in male patients are urine, urethral swabs, and semen. […] Today, wet mount microscopy is the fastest and most widely used method for diagnosing trichomoniasis in resource-limited areas. This method can have a specificity of 100%; nevertheless, it must be carried out quickly enough and at a temperature that does not impair the viability of the trophozoite.

• #2

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=3953445&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=3953291

  The vaginal wet mount, also known as a vaginal smear or wet prep, is an inexpensive test done using a speculum, sterile cotton swabs, microscope slides, and a compound microscope. While its specificity is estimated at 51% to 65%, the sensitivity varies from 50% to 80% for diagnosing trichomoniasis on microscopy. […] With saline wet preparations approximately 50% to 80% sensitive to trichomoniasis, another diagnostic option may play a role in detection. Considered to be the gold standard for trichomoniasis diagnosis, cultures have a specificity approaching 100%, but sensitivity can range between 75% and 96% and are not widely used due to poor transport viability of specimens, increased cost, and time to results. […] Additional diagnostic tools include the use of pH paper to assess vaginal pH. The normal vaginal pH ranges from 3.8 to 4.5; secretions with trichomoniasis are greater than 4.5. However, diagnosis of trichomoniasis solely based on vaginal pH is not possible due to other vaginal infections having effects on the vaginal pH.

• #2 The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/2/126

  Liquid or broth culture of a clinical specimen for microscopic observation has been considered the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, due to its sensitivity, simplicity, and the relatively low inoculum requirement. […] The most common are Diamond (TYM), modified Diamond, or Roiron’s medium. […] However, the most common are Diamond (TYM), modified Diamond, or Roiron’s medium. […] The absence of pharmacological alternatives to cope with treatment failure, hypersensitivity to 5-nitroimidazoles, or side effects increases the risk of transmission and the development of chronic infection. […] Therefore, it was necessary to develop and implement more rapid, sensitive, and specific tests that allow early diagnosis in at-risk populations and even the identification of asymptomatic cases.

• #2 Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/80/2/91

  Trichomoniasis has been associated with vaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and adverse birth outcomes. […] Diagnosis is usually made from wet mount microscopy and direct visualisation, which are insensitive. […] DNA amplification techniques perform with good sensitivity, but are not yet approved for diagnostic purposes. […] In areas where diagnostic methods are limited, management of trichomoniasis is usually as part of a clinical syndrome; vaginal discharge for women and urethral discharge for men. […] Suitable clinical specimens include urine, vaginal fluid, semen, and endocervical smear. […] Wet mount preparation has been the most commonly used method for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. […] Culture has long been considered the gold standard for diagnosing T vaginalis infection.

• #2 Microscopy Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/56259

  The traditional diagnostic methodology is easy to perform; however, these techniques have the disadvantage of not being very sensitive and require careful observation by expert microscopists. […] Liquid or broth culture of a clinical specimen (cervicovaginal, urethral, or urinary sediment) for microscopic observation has been considered the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, due to its sensitivity, simplicity, and the relatively low inoculum requirement (300 trichomonads/mL). […] Therefore, it was necessary to develop and implement more rapid, sensitive, and specific tests that allow early diagnosis in at-risk populations and even the identification of asymptomatic cases. These new methods based on immunological and molecular tools, some of them POC techniques, are currently being implemented in many diagnostic services.

• #2

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095007/

  Broth culture technique has been the gold standard for T vaginalis for the past 40 years. […] Incubation periods ranging from two to seven days are required to identify T vaginalis in culture. […] To improve the sensitivity of microscopic evaluations and the speed in comparison with culture results, staining techniques have been used. […] Recombinant DNA technology has been adapted over the past decade as a diagnostic tool. […] A variety of primers have been tested, including primers initially reported by Riley et al. […] Nucleic acid detection of T vaginalis is not generally available in Canada (even in reference laboratories). […] The diagnosis of T vaginalis is usually not made, and the male partner is identified and treated with metronidazole at the same time that the female partner is treated. […] Vaginal swab culture either in broth tubes or using the InPouch system is an important diagnostic procedure that has a particular role in identifying women who do not have clinically overt disease.

• #2 Trichomoniasis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trichomoniasis

  It is harder to grow T. vaginalis from men than women, and false negatives are common. […] The reliability of culture may be improved by combining a urethral swab with a urine sample. […] The more widely available culture system (the InPouch kit) has a sensitivity of 80% and the results are available in 3-5 days. […] The less widely available culture system (Diamond’s medium) has a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and the results are available in 7 days. […] Nucleic acid amplification test […] An NAAT detects T. vaginalis RNA in a urine sample or a vaginal swab. […] Some brands only detect T. vaginalis, whereas others combine testing for Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. […] NAATs have a sensitivity and specificity of 95-100%. […] Rapid antigen and DNA hybridisation test

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9006969/

  Since the 2015 guidelines, the diagnosis of T. vaginalis is becoming more precise and additional tests, including point-of-care tests, have become available in the last decade. Wet mount microscopy has been the primary method to diagnose T. vaginalis in women, as it is inexpensive and can be performed in clinical settings as a point-of-care test. However, wet mount microscopy has low sensitivity (44%68%) compared to NAATs, depending upon the expertise of the reader, and is not recommended for use in men. […] NAATs for T. vaginalis are the most sensitive tests and are moderately priced, but high-complexity assays. The Aptima T. vaginalis assay (Hologic Gen-Probe, San Diego, California) was FDA-cleared in 2011 for use with urine, endocervical and vaginal swabs, and endocervical specimens collected in the Hologic PreserveCyt solution (ThinPrep) from asymptomatic and symptomatic women.

• #2 How to diagnose and manage Trichomonas vaginalis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-diagnose-and-manage-trichomonas-vaginalis

  Culture of TV has a higher sensitivity compared with microscopy and can detect TV in men; however, it takes up to five days to produce a result. […] NAATs, which are the ‘gold standard’, offer the highest sensitivity for the detection of TV and should be the test of choice where resources allow. NAATs can detect TV DNA in vaginal or endocervical swabs and in urine samples from women and men with sensitivities of 88–97% and specificities of 98–99%.

• #2 How Trichomoniasis Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-trichomoniasis-is-diagnosed-4160390

  Perhaps the most common are nucleic amplification tests. These look for small amounts of T. vaginalis DNA in urine, vaginal, urethral, or rectal samples. They are more sensitive than many other molecular tests because they are designed to amplify the signal of even small amounts of DNA. […] In general, when you are tested for trichomonas you will simply receive a positive or negative result. It is possible, however, for the tests to be incorrect. Therefore, if you have symptoms that cannot be explained by another positive test, your healthcare provider may recommend a second round of testing. If symptoms recur after you’ve been treated, additional testing may also be indicated. […] Typically yes, although you should specifically ask your healthcare provider to test you for trichomoniasis if you suspect you have been exposed.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jgid/fulltext/2012/04010/diagnosis_of_trichomonas_vaginalis_from_vaginal.6.aspx

  The In Pouch TV culture system has been able to detect (44) 22% of cases with the sensitivity of 73.33%. […] In this study PCR has shown 30% positivity. Additional 16 cases which were negative by in pouch TV culture were detected by PCR. […] In conclusion, wet mount microscopy for detection of T. vaginalis is a rapid, inexpensive screening technique, but has low sensitivity. The In Pouch TV culture system has higher sensitivity when compared to wet mount microscopy and has unique advantages when compared to other culture media, but it is expensive and not easily available. In resourceful settings the PCR method offers advantage of extreme sensitivity in potentially shorter time, whereas in places with limited resources, combination of wet mount microscopy and culture methods could be adapted.

• #2 Trichomoniasis Workup: Approach Considerations, Standard Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-workup

  In men, the diagnosis of trichomoniasis relies on the culture of urine or urethral swabs, as this is the only validated method for detecting T vaginalis in this population. […] The following six FDA-approved molecular tests are currently available for diagnosing trichomoniasis in women: Affirm VPIII Microbial Identification Test, APTIMA T vaginalis assay, BD ProbeTec TV Qx Amplified DNA Assay, OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test, Solana Trichomonas Assay, and Xpert TV Assay. […] All the above tests have a sensitivity greater than 83% (except for the Affirm VPIII, at 63%) and a specificity greater than 97% for detecting T vaginalis in vaginal secretions. […] In women, vaginal trichomoniasis has historically been diagnosed via wet mount microscopy, which has very low sensitivity (44%-68%) for detecting T vaginalis compared with most molecular tests.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9006969/

  The Roche Cobas TV/MG test can be used on self-collected vaginal swab specimens (collected in a clinical setting), clinician-collected vaginal swab specimens, and endocervical specimens in women and urine and meatal swabs in men, with sensitivity of 77.2%100% and specificity of 96.1%99.9%. […] In addition to wet mount microscopy, additional point-of-care diagnostic tests for T. vaginalis that are FDA-cleared among women are the OSOM lateral flow test (Sekisui Diagnostics, Bedford, Massachusetts), the Isothermal Helicase-Dependent AmpliVue test (Quidel, San Diego, California), and the Solana TV assay (Quidel).

• #2 Rapid and point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in women and men | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/93/S4/S31

  The authors of this review will discuss the literature for older and recent, rapid and POC tests for detection of trichomonas. […] The OSOM assay is the only POC assay that is CLIA waived, meaning it does not need to be performed in a laboratory, and is the only one that does not require special instrumentation. Its high sensitivity (83%90%) and excellent specificity make it an ideal assay for resource limited settings. […] The AmpliVue rapid assay demonstrated that an amplified molecular NAAT assay can perform as well as saline microscopy/culture and provided comparable results with another FDA cleared NAAT assay while yielding results in real time of 45min. […] The Solana TV assay provided evidence that this NAAT molecular assay can perform as well as saline microscopy/culture and provided comparable results as another FDA-cleared NAAT assay for detection of trichomoniasis in symptomatic and asymptomatic women while providing results in approximately 45min.

• #2 How to diagnose and manage Trichomonas vaginalis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-diagnose-and-manage-trichomonas-vaginalis

  Symptomatic women are recommended to attend a sexual health clinic where point-of-care microscopy can test for TV. However, this is not available in other settings. With the increased availability of NAATs for TV, more microbiology laboratories are providing testing but this is not universal, especially to settings other than sexual health clinics. Therefore, if TV is suspected, the patient should be advised to attend their local sexual health clinic or the local laboratory should be contacted to establish whether it undertakes TV testing. […] Microscopy for TV diagnosis has the advantage that it can be performed near to the patient in a clinic setting. […] There are point-of-care tests for the detection of TV, of which the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test (Sekisui Diagnostics) has demonstrated a high sensitivity (80–94%) and specificity (>95%). This test requires no instrumentation, provides a result within 30 minutes and is a suitable alternative to culture or molecular testing in women.

• #2 Trichomoniasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis is infection of the vagina or male genital tract with Trichomonas vaginalis. Diagnosis is by direct microscopic examination, dipstick tests, or nucleic acid amplification tests of vaginal secretions or by urine or urethral culture. […] Trichomoniasis should be suspected in women with vaginitis, in men with urethritis, and in their sex partners. […] In women, one of the following diagnostic tests of vaginal secretions may be done: NAAT, Vaginal pH and wet mount microscopy, Immunochromatographic flow dipstick test. […] NAATs are more sensitive than microscopic examination or culture for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. […] Culture of urine or urethral swabs is the only validated test for detecting T. vaginalis in men. […] As with diagnosis of any STI, patients with trichomoniasis should be tested to exclude other common STIs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] In women, diagnose by microscopic examination of vaginal secretions, dipstick tests, or NAATs. […] In symptomatic men, diagnose by culture of urine, urethral swab, or possibly NAATs.

• #2 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0401/p807.html

  Symptoms and signs of trichomoniasis are not specific, and diagnosis by microscopy is more reliable. Features suggestive of trichomoniasis are trichomonads seen with saline, leukocytes more numerous than epithelial cells, positive whiff test, and vaginal pH greater than 5.4. […] Almost any nitroimidazole drug given orally in a single dose or over a longer period results in parasitologic cure in 90 percent of cases. […] A single 2-g dose of metronidazole is adequate but can cause dyspepsia and metallic taste; compliant patients may prefer a longer regimen at a lower daily dosage with fewer adverse effects. […] The parasitologic cure rate of intravaginal nitroimidazole creams is an unacceptably low 50 percent. […] In RCTs, combined oral and intravaginal treatments have been more effective than oral treatment alone. […] Test of cure is not required. […] A Cochrane review found that metronidazole is effective against trichomoniasis when taken by women and their partners during pregnancy.

• #2 Trichomoniasis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trichomoniasis

  The rapid antigen and DNA hybridisation test is a commercially available point-of-care test for trichomoniasis. […] The results are available within 1 hour. […] It has variable sensitivity and specificity. […] It has the potential for use in high prevalence, geographically isolated populations. […] Cervical smear tests […] A cervical smear test (whether liquid-based cytology or conventional pap smear) cannot be used as a screening test for trichomoniasis. […] When the presence of trichomonas is noted on a smear test result, a confirmatory test with culture or NAAT should be performed. […] Conventional pap smears have more false positives than liquid-based cytology, but liquid-based cytology has higher specificity.

• #2 Trichomoniasis: Causes, Symptoms, Testing & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4696-trichomoniasis

  Your healthcare provider may perform the following tests to diagnose trich: […] Your provider will examine your genitals and discuss any symptoms you’re having. For women, it may include a pelvic exam. Often, your provider will get a sample of your discharge using a cotton swab during this exam. Your provider may notice your cervix looks like a strawberry. A „strawberry cervix” is an indication for trich. […] Your healthcare provider examines a sample of your vaginal or penile discharge under a microscope to check for signs of infection. They may send the swab to the lab for further testing if they don’t see trichomonads under the microscope. […] If you have trichomoniasis, your provider may want to test you for other STIs too. […] In some cases, your provider may prescribe antibiotics without an exam. This is typically only the case if your sexual partner has the infection and you engage in sexual contact with them while they have it.

• #2 Trichomoniasis Test: How to Test and Read the Results | Ada

  https://ada.com/sexual-health/trichomoniasis-test/

  A test is the only way to ensure you aren’t infected with the parasite that causes trichomoniasis. […] A trichomoniasis test is a test that diagnoses trichomoniasis. […] Trichomoniasis is quite difficult to differentiate from other STDs. Only a test can tell for sure. […] By getting a trichomoniasis test, you can be sure of your status and keep yourself and your sexual partners healthy. […] If you’re sexually active, getting tested regularly for trichomoniasis is important, as you can pass the parasite along to your partner, even without symptoms. A test will come back positive if you have trichomoniasis, even if you dont have symptoms. […] Diagnosing trichomoniasis in men is usually more difficult than it is in women. […] The parasite can be missed in men because they usually get tested with a trichomoniasis urine test.

• #2 Trichomoniasis Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/trichomoniasis-test/

  Trichomoniasis testing usually looks for the parasite in a sample of body fluid that’s swabbed from the infected area. […] Trichomoniasis testing is used to: […] Diagnose trichomoniasis infections in people who have symptoms. […] Screen for infection in women who have a high risk of infection. […] Check for infection after treatment for trichomoniasis is finished. […] If you think you could have an infection, it’s important to get tested so you can get treatment if you need it. […] You may need to get tested for trichomoniasis: […] Talk with your provider about your need for testing. […] Before your trichomoniasis test, your provider will usually ask about your symptoms and examine your genitals for signs of infection. […] A negative result means that no parasites were seen in your sample. […] A positive result means that parasites were found in your sample. You have a trichomoniasis infection. […] The best way to prevent trichomoniasis or other STDs is to not have sex.

• #2 Trichomoniasis: Causes, Symptoms, Testing & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4696-trichomoniasis

  Healthcare providers treat trichomoniasis with antibiotic medication to kill the parasite causing the infection. Without treatment, trich can last for months or even years. It won’t go away on its own. The entire time you’re infected, you can give the infection to your sexual partners. It’s important that all sex partners are treated to prevent re-infection. […] Oral antibiotic medications kill trich. Your healthcare provider may prescribe metronidazole or tinidazole. […] You and your sexual partners must get treatment for trich or you’ll continue to pass the infection back and forth. […] You should see your healthcare provider in three months to ensure you don’t have the infection anymore. […] Yes, trich is curable. A healthcare provider treats trich infection with medication you take by mouth (swallow). […] No, trich doesn’t go away on its own. You need an antibiotic to treat the infection.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trichomoniasis

  Healthcare providers will discuss the patients medical and sexual history and conduct a genital examination, including speculum examination and palpation, to enable them to have important clues to clinical diagnosis. Diagnostic options include smear microscopy and antigen or molecular testing. The latter include nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), considered in some settings as a gold standard for diagnosing T. vaginalis. These can be performed in the lab. Vaginal or endocervical specimens are the preferred specimen type for diagnostic testing. […] In many primary healthcare settings where diagnostic capacity for detecting T. vaginalis is not available, a syndromic approach for case management is recommended. […] In the presence of T. vaginalis (or vaginal discharge), tests for other sexually transmitted infections (such as HIV and syphilis) are recommended, together with notification of sexual partner(s).

• #2 Trichomoniasis: CDC Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/10/18/trichomoniasis-cdc-diagnosis-treatment-guidelines/

  Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. […] Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed in women seeking care for vaginal discharge (yellow-green, with or without irritation). Screening might be considered for women receiving care in high-prevalence settings. […] Perform nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), which detects T. vaginalis genetic material, is highly sensitive and which is three to five times more likely to identify T. vaginalis infections than wet-mount microscopy, a method with poor sensitivity. […] Culture was considered the gold standard before molecular testing and is less sensitive than newer tests. […] If negative, consider follow up with a NAAT to make sure infection is truly not present. […] T. vaginalis may be an incidental finding on a Pap test, neither conventional nor liquid-based Pap tests are considered diagnostic tests for Trichomoniasis, because false negatives and false positives can occur.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/trichomoniasis/diagnosis/

  If trichomoniasis is suspected, you may be advised to begin a course of treatment before your results come back. This ensures the infection is treated as soon as possible and reduces the risk of it spreading. […] If the test shows you have trichomoniasis, it’s very important that your current sexual partner and any other recent partners are also tested and treated.

• #2 Point-of-Care Assays to Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis: The Road So Far

  https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0710/3/3/9

  POC assays play a pivotal role in broadening access to diagnostic evaluations, expediting and simplifying response times, with the added capacity for diagnosis and subsequent therapeutic initiation during a single clinical encounter. […] These attributes represent indispensable facets within the realm of trichomoniasis diagnosis and management. […] The landscape of T. vaginalis diagnosis experienced a transformative shift with the emergence of molecular techniques, exemplified by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), which have since superseded the aforementioned standard, establishing a novel gold standard. […] The Aptima T. vaginalis assay serves as a paradigmatic illustration of a diagnostic test endorsed by regulatory bodies in both developed and developing nations, owing to its molecular detection capabilities.

• #3 Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9006969/

  Trichomonas vaginalis is likely the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million women and men in the United States. […] Newly available diagnostic methods, including point-of-care assays and multiple nucleic acid amplification tests, can be performed on a variety of genital specimens in women and men, including urine, allowing more accurate and convenient testing and screening of those at risk for infection. […] Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed in women seeking care for vaginal discharge. Annual screening can be considered for women receiving care in high-prevalence settings (eg, STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic persons at high risk for infection (eg, persons with multiple sexual partners, exchanging sex for payment, illicit drug use, or a history of STD or incarceration).

• #3 Trichomonas Infection: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/trichomoniasis

  Trich symptoms are similar to those of other STIs. It cant be diagnosed by symptoms alone. Anyone who thinks they may have acquired trich should see a doctor for a physical exam and laboratory tests. […] A number of tests can diagnose trich, including: cell cultures, antigen tests (antibodies bind if the Trichomonas parasite is present, which causes a color change), tests that look for Trichomonas DNA, examination of samples of vaginal fluid, urethral discharge, or urine under a microscope.

• #3 Point-of-Care Assays to Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis: The Road So Far

  https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0710/3/3/9

  POC assays play a pivotal role in broadening access to diagnostic evaluations, expediting and simplifying response times, with the added capacity for diagnosis and subsequent therapeutic initiation during a single clinical encounter. […] These attributes represent indispensable facets within the realm of trichomoniasis diagnosis and management. […] The landscape of T. vaginalis diagnosis experienced a transformative shift with the emergence of molecular techniques, exemplified by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), which have since superseded the aforementioned standard, establishing a novel gold standard. […] The Aptima T. vaginalis assay serves as a paradigmatic illustration of a diagnostic test endorsed by regulatory bodies in both developed and developing nations, owing to its molecular detection capabilities.

• #3 Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/80/2/91

  As a screening tool for trichomoniasis, Papanicolaou (Pap) smear performs with low sensitivity (61%). […] Because of the insensitivity of wet mount preparation and the problems with culture methods, nucleic acid amplification methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have become increasingly attractive for diagnosing infection with T vaginalis. […] PCR has the advantage of requiring only DNA, from either viable or non-viable organisms, and in concentrations as low as one organism per PCR reaction.

• #3 Trichomoniasis Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/trichomoniasis-testing/

  If you are experiencing symptoms of trichomoniasis, the health care professional will order the most appropriate test to rule out or confirm trichomoniasis as the cause of symptoms. […] At-home trichomoniasis tests use either NAAT or nucleic acid probe technology to find evidence of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in a sample of urine or a swab collected from the vagina. […] Trichomoniasis test results may be available within a few minutes or up to several days after testing depending on the type of test being conducted. […] Trichomoniasis test results are typically reported as positive or negative. […] A positive result indicates that you likely have trichomoniasis. […] Follow-up trichomoniasis testing is recommended to ensure that you aren’t reinfected with this parasite and is typically conducted two weeks to three months after you finish treatment. […] If your initial test is with wet-mount microscopy and is negative, further testing is still often necessary.

• #3 Trichomoniasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm

  Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. […] Annual screening might be considered for persons receiving care in high-prevalence settings (e.g., STD clinics and correctional facilities) and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection (e.g., multiple sex partners, transactional sex, drug misuse, or a history of STIs or incarceration). […] Routine annual screening for T. vaginalis among asymptomatic women with HIV infection is recommended because of these adverse events associated with trichomoniasis and HIV infection. […] Wet-mount microscopy traditionally has been used as the preferred diagnostic test for T. vaginalis among women because it is inexpensive and can be performed at the POC; however, it has low sensitivity (44%68%) compared with culture.

• #4

  https://journals.lww.com/jgid/fulltext/2012/04010/diagnosis_of_trichomonas_vaginalis_from_vaginal.6.aspx

  Comparison of different methods showed that at least two techniques, such as wet mount microscopy and culture have a better chance of detection of T. vaginalis infection. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis by PCR was found to be highly specific and sensitive, but its availability and cost effectiveness limit its use in routine diagnostic laboratories. […] Diagnosis cannot be made solely on the basis of clinical presentation for several reasons like (i) the clinical symptom may be synonymous with those of other STDs, (ii) the classical strawberry cervix is seen in approximately 2% of patients, and (iii) frothy discharge is seen only in 12% of women with T. vaginalis infection. […] This suggests that clinical manifestations are not reliable diagnostic parameters and hence laboratory diagnosis is necessary for early and accurate diagnosis.

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