Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Systematic review of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7113252/

  A systematic review was conducted on epidemiology studies on acne obtained from a Web of Science search to study risk factors associated with acne presentation and severity. A strong association was observed between several risk factors family history, age, BMI and skin type and acne presentation or severity in multiple studies. […] The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 found that acne vulgaris (henceforth acne) is the eight most common skin disease, with an estimated global prevalence (for all ages) of 9.38%. In different countries and among different age groups, the prevalence of acne varies, with estimates ranging from 35% to close to 100% of adolescents having acne at some point. […] The acne and severity grading systems used by the different studies is described in Table 1. Depending on the acne definition and severity grading system used, the resulting prevalence estimates differ.

• #1 Systematic review of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7113252/

  The results of the reviewed articles generally followed this trend, with higher odds of acne in teenagers compared to young adults and children. […] The pooled odds ratio of 2.91 (95% CI 2.583.28) for family history in parents with reference to no family history in parents demonstrate this strong association. […] The findings can direct future acne research, with the hope of gaining insight into the pathophysiology of acne so as to develop effective acne treatments. […] The pooled odds ratio of 2.36 (95% CI 1.972.83) for overweight/obese BMI with reference to normal/underweight BMI demonstrates this strong association. […] The results suggest that family history may increase the risk of more severe acne. […] The pooled odds ratio was calculated to establish the association between BMI and acne risk (Fig. 3). The obtained OR of 2.36 (95% CI 1.972.83; overweight/obese BMI with reference to normal/underweight BMI) suggests that BMI significantly influences acne presentation.

• #2 Systematic review of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62715-3

  A systematic review was conducted on epidemiology studies on acne obtained from a Web of Science search to study risk factors associated with acne presentation and severity. A strong association was observed between several risk factors family history, age, BMI and skin type and acne presentation or severity in multiple studies. The pooled odds ratio of 2.36 (95% CI 1.972.83) for overweight/obese BMI with reference to normal/underweight BMI and the pooled odds ratio of 2.91 (95% CI 2.583.28) for family history in parents with reference to no family history in parents demonstrate this strong association. This study summarizes the potential factors that may affect the risk of acne presentation or severe acne and can help researchers and clinicians to understand the epidemiology of acne and severe acne. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 found that acne vulgaris (henceforth acne) is the eight most common skin disease, with an estimated global prevalence (for all ages) of 9.38%. In different countries and among different age groups, the prevalence of acne varies, with estimates ranging from 35% to close to 100% of adolescents having acne at some point. The acne and severity grading systems used by the different studies is described in Table 1. Depending on the acne definition and severity grading system used, the resulting prevalence estimates differ. Despite the presence of objective symptoms of acne (such as the presentation of comedones, papules and/or pustules), dermatologists disagree about the minimal criteria that should be used to diagnose the condition. Similarly, efforts to create a standardized grading system for acne severity have been unsuccessful and over 25 different systems are currently in use. The prevalence estimates obtained are also influenced by other factors such as the sample size and country studied. A larger sample will result in a more representative prevalence estimate. Prevalence estimates ranged from 26.8% in a study conducted in Germany to 96% in a study conducted in Brazil. Many papers have demonstrated that acne presentation is influenced by demographic factors. The onset of acne typically correlates with the onset of puberty, when sebum production increases. As such, the prevalence of acne increases with increasing age, showing highest incidence in teenagers and a relatively low incidence in pre-pubertal children. Previous reviews have reported that the prevalence of acne is higher in females than males. Similarly, the Global Burden of Disease Study conducted in 2010 estimated that the prevalence of acne was 8.96% in males, lower than the estimated prevalence of 9.81% in females. However, the papers reviewed in this study showed mixed results, with only two papers revealing a higher odds of acne in females while another three demonstrated a higher odds of acne in males. The articles reviewed revealed that the odds of severe acne are higher in older teenagers compared to younger teenagers or preteens. Previous reviews have found that severe acne is more common in males compared to females. Most of the articles reviewed in this study are in line with this trend, demonstrating an association between severe acne and being male. Studies have also demonstrated the impact of genetic factors on acne presentation. Dreno and Poli reported that a positive family history of acne in parents was associated with increased acne risk in their offspring. The pooled odds ratio of 2.91 (95% CI 2.583.28; family history in parents with reference to no family history in parents) suggests that family history in parents is associated with an increased risk of acne presentation. Further, an individuals skin type (for example oily, neutral or dry skin) can be classified according to their skin sebum level. Twin studies suggest that skin sebum levels are controlled by genetic factors. Oily skin shows a strong association while mixed skin shows an association with acne presentation relative to neutral or dry skin. The importance of dietary factors in influencing acne presentation has been widely debated. In particular, dairy and chocolate intake have received the most attention, possibly due to the hypothesis that Western diets are related to acne. Most studies found that cheese, yoghurt and ice cream intake did not significantly impact the risk of acne. The influence of milk intake on acne risk, however, was unclear, with inconsistent results between studies. A pooled odds ratio was calculated to establish the association between BMI and acne risk, suggesting that BMI significantly influences acne presentation. The effect of smoking status on acne prevalence is controversial, with inconsistent evidence on whether smoking is a protective or risk factor. A small number of studies have also investigated the relation between substance use and acne prevalence. In addition, a few studies found that lack of sleep or insomnia, sun exposure, high mental stress, study pressure and cosmetic usage may be associated with increased acne presentation. This study summarizes the potential factors that may affect the risk of acne presentation or severe acne and can help researchers and clinicians to understand the epidemiology of acne and severe acne.

• #3 Pierre Fabre Laboratories presents the first global study on the “epidemiology of acne”

  https://www.pierre-fabre.com/en-us/press_release/pierre-fabre-laboratories-presents-the-first-global-study-on-the-epidemiology-of-acne

  Published in February 2024 in the Journal of American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD), this study reveals the prevalence of acne worldwide in a completely new light. […] Pierre Fabre Laboratories has announced the publication of the first global study on the epidemiology of acne in the prestigious Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology1 (JAAD) in February 2024. This project, carried out as part of the ALL study, provides unparalleled insight into the prevalence of acne globally, highlighting significant variations by age, gender, geographic region and impacts on quality of life and stigmatization. […] The global prevalence of acne is 20.5%. It is the highest in the group of adolescents/young adults (16/24 years old), reaching 28.3%, and also remains quite high in the group of adults aged 25 to 39 years old, at 19.3%.

• #3 Pierre Fabre Laboratories presents the first global study on the “epidemiology of acne”

  https://www.pierre-fabre.com/en-us/press_release/pierre-fabre-laboratories-presents-the-first-global-study-on-the-epidemiology-of-acne

  Generally speaking, women (23.6%) are more affected by acne than men (17.5%). […] Significant disparities were observed between geographic areas. The highest prevalence of acne was observed in Latin America (23.9%), East Asia2 (20.2%), Africa (18.5%) and the Middle East (16.1%), while the lowest prevalence was observed in Europe (9.7%) and Australia (10.8%). […] This study provides an in-depth understanding and a new vision of the demographic factors influencing the epidemiology of acne worldwide. […] People suffering from acne experience fatigue (50%) and have difficulty sleeping (41%). […] People with acne reported feeling excluded or rejected by others (31%), and having the feeling that people avoid touching them (27%) or coming close to them (26%). […] The self-image of people suffering from acne is the most affected among all skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis, vitiligo and rosacea), as acne is often linked to a psychological impact, because those affected constantly have pimples and have to manage breakouts.

• #3 Pierre Fabre Laboratories presents the first global study on the “epidemiology of acne”

  https://www.pierre-fabre.com/en-us/press_release/pierre-fabre-laboratories-presents-the-first-global-study-on-the-epidemiology-of-acne

  Another study on the prevalence and risk factors of selfie phobia in people suffering from facial, skin or hair conditions also demonstrated that fear and the feeling of stigmatization in people suffering from acne can have a significant impact on physical health and mental well-being, as it often affects their social and professional lives. […] The ALL study aims to provide a global overview of the prevalence of the main skin diseases and their consequences in order to generate awareness among all stakeholders.

• #4 Pierre Fabre Laboratories presents the first global study on the “epidemiology of acne”

  https://www.pierre-fabre.com/en/news/first-global-study-dermatological-care

  Published in February 2024 in the Journal of American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD), this study reveals the prevalence of acne worldwide in a completely new light. […] Pierre Fabre Laboratories has announced the publication of the first global study on the epidemiology of acne in the prestigious Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology1 (JAAD) in February 2024. This project, carried out as part of the ALL study, provides unparalleled insight into the prevalence of acne globally, highlighting significant variations by age, gender, geographic region and impacts on quality of life and stigmatization. […] The global prevalence of acne is 20.5%. It is the highest in the group of adolescents/young adults (16/24 years old), reaching 28.3%, and also remains quite high in the group of adults aged 25 to 39 years old, at 19.3%.

• #4 Pierre Fabre Laboratories presents the first global study on the “epidemiology of acne”

  https://www.pierre-fabre.com/en/news/first-global-study-dermatological-care

  Generally speaking, women (23.6%) are more affected by acne than men (17.5%). […] Significant disparities were observed between geographic areas. The highest prevalence of acne was observed in Latin America (23.9%), East Asia2 (20.2%), Africa (18.5%) and the Middle East (16.1%), while the lowest prevalence was observed in Europe (9.7%) and Australia (10.8%). […] This study provides an in-depth understanding and a new vision of the demographic factors influencing the epidemiology of acne worldwide. […] People suffering from acne experience fatigue (50%) and have difficulty sleeping (41%). […] People with acne reported feeling excluded or rejected by others (31%), and having the feeling that people avoid touching them (27%) or coming close to them (26%). […] The self-image of people suffering from acne is the most affected among all skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis, vitiligo and rosacea), as acne is often linked to a psychological impact, because those affected constantly have pimples and have to manage breakouts.

• #4 Pierre Fabre Laboratories presents the first global study on the “epidemiology of acne”

  https://www.pierre-fabre.com/en/news/first-global-study-dermatological-care

  Another study on the prevalence and risk factors of selfie phobia in people suffering from facial, skin or hair conditions also demonstrated that fear and the feeling of stigmatization in people suffering from acne can have a significant impact on physical health and mental well-being, as it often affects their social and professional lives.

• #5 Skin conditions by the numbers

  https://www.aad.org/media/stats/conditions/skin-conditions-by-the-numbers

  Acne is the most common skin condition in the United States, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually. (1) […] Acne usually begins in puberty and affects many adolescents and young adults; however, it can occur at any stage of life and may continue into ones 30s and 40s. (3-5) Adult acne continues to increase and affects up to 15% of women. (3-6) […] Approximately 85% of people between the ages of 12 and 24 experience at least minor acne. (7) […] Bhate K, Williams HC. Epidemiology of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. Mar 2013;168(3):474-85. doi:10.1111/bjd.12149

• #6 Acne Vulgaris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069804-overview

  Acne is the most common skin condition in the United States, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually. […] Acne vulgaris affects 80% of Americans at some time during their lives. […] Twenty percent have severe acne, which can result in permanent physical and mental scarring. […] Persons of some races are affected more than others. […] Acne is common in North American whites. […] African Americans have a higher prevalence of pomade acne, likely stemming from the use of hair pomades. […] During adolescence, acne vulgaris is more common in males than in females. […] In adulthood, acne vulgaris is more common in women than in men. […] Approximately 85% of people between the ages of 12 and 24 years experience at least minor acne. […] Acne is not limited to adolescence. […] It can occur at any stage of life and may continue into ones 30s and 40s. […] Acne occurring in adults is increasing, affecting up to 12-15% of women. […] By age 45 years, 5% of both men and women still have acne.

• #7

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-024-01284-z

  Acne is the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin condition in adolescence but occurs also in later age. Our study aimed to characterise the epidemiology, geographical distribution, comorbidity and healthcare of acne juvenilis (AJ) and acne tarda (AT). […] In 2020, the prevalence of acne among adults was 1.50% (AT25 years) and among adolescents was 3.88% (AT25 years). The highest prevalence (13.02%) was observed at the age of 17 years. […] Acne affects a relevant proportion of the German population not only in adolescence, and management of this inflammatory skin disease does not naturally follow medical guidelines or specialist recommendations. […] We performed an analysis on the frequencies of illness and concomitant diseases of acne in Germany based on health insurance data. Furthermore, the treatment of acne in regard to drug choices and prescribers was characterised. In 2020, about 2 million people in Germany had acne.

• #7

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-024-01284-z

  The high prevalence of adult acne suggests a special focus also on this age group, including exploration of hormonal and psychological disorders. Early and effective treatment, adapted to the severity of the acne, can prevent complications such as scarring. […] The administrative prevalence of acne in 2020 in the German claims data was 2.36%, which is lower than the previously published global prevalence of 9.4% but in line with a previous German publication of 3.3% and a Danish publication of 3.7%. […] The high prevalence of acne in the adult population and its association with a variety of comorbidities is remarkable. Accordingly, acne should be given sufficient attention in routine care beyond adolescence. […] The marked geographical differences in the prevalence of AT/AJ require further clarification in consecutive primary studies.

• #8 Acne statistics – update | MDacne

  https://www.mdacne.com/article/acne-statistics-update?srsltid=AfmBOorPGjW1yFlhvYlDtPEUyv_Lw3wlHClgdB7EGe8IYVijLre7ZRzq

  Acne is a global skin condition affecting an estimated 9.4% of the population, predominantly impacting adolescents and young adults, though it remains common in adult women. […] In the U.S., acne is the most frequently diagnosed skin condition, with teenage boys more commonly affected than girls. […] Nearly 85% of people in the U.S. experience acne at some point, affecting about 50 million Americans annually. […] The Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology published a study indicating that adult acne is more prevalent in women, with rates of 50.9% in those aged 20-29, decreasing to 15.3% in women over 50. […] Acne affects 99% of people on the face, with 60% also experiencing body acne, particularly on the back and chest. […] In the U.S., over $6 billion is spent annually on acne treatments, with only 10% of individuals consulting dermatologists and the majority relying on over-the-counter products. […] Yentzer B, Hick J, Reese E, Uhas A, Feldman S, Balkrishnan R. Acne vulgaris in the United States: descriptive epidemiology. Cutis. 2010;86:9499.

• #9 Postadolescent acne in women – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postadolescent-acne-in-women

  The prevalence of acne in women steadily decreases with age. […] This was evident in a prospective study of 2895 women (aged 10 to 70 years) performed in the United States, England, Italy, and Japan. […] Although acne was most prevalent at age 16 (present in almost 70 percent of subjects) and proceeded to decline after the age of 18, approximately one-half of women in their 20s, one-quarter of women in their 30s, and more than 10 percent of women in their 40s still had clinically significant acne (defined as more than four inflammatory lesions or comedones present on one side of the face). […] Acne occurred less frequently in postmenopausal women; among women aged 51 years and older, clinically significant acne was detected in less than 5 percent.

• #9 Postadolescent acne in women – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postadolescent-acne-in-women

  Postadolescent acne is a common disorder that is often defined as acne that occurs in individuals aged 25 years or older. The disorder appears to occur more frequently in women than men. […] In a population-based study of more than 17,000 individuals in China, acne was more common in men prior to the age of 30 but was more prevalent in women thereafter. […] Similarly, in a community-based study of 749 adults aged 25 years or older in the United Kingdom, clinically significant acne (defined as Leeds acne grade ≥1) was detected in 12 percent of women but only 3 percent of men. […] In addition, women may be more likely to visit health care providers for the evaluation and treatment of postadolescent acne. […] In a retrospective study performed in the United Kingdom, 152 out of 200 patients (75 percent) over the age of 25 who were referred to a dermatology department for acne were female.

• #10 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/

  Acne can occasionally develop in neonates, but it tends to resolve independently in most cases without any specific treatment. Infantile acne, another variant of acne vulgaris, may begin in infancy. Acne that develops in children aged 1 to 6 is rare. However, it could be a sign of an underlying condition requiring additional evaluation.

• #10 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/

  Acne vulgaris is commonly observed in adolescents and young adults. Its prevalence rates are estimated to range from 35% to over 90% among adolescents. The natural course of this disease can commence as early as ages 7-12 (preadolescent acne) and resolve by the third decade of an individual’s life. However, there are instances where acne can persist into adulthood or even develop for the first time during adulthood. […] Adolescent acne is more common in males than in females. On the contrary, postadolescent acne predominantly affects females. Urban populations tend to be more affected by acne vulgaris than rural populations. Approximately 20% of the affected individuals develop severe acne, which results in scarring. Some evidence suggests that certain racial and ethnic groups may experience variations in the severity and prevalence of acne vulgaris. Asians and Africans are more likely to develop severe forms of acne. Whereas mild acne is more commonly seen in the White population. In general, people with darker skin also tend to develop hyperpigmentation.

• #11 Adult acne versus adolescent acne: a narrative review with a focus on epidemiology to treatment | Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia

  https://www.anaisdedermatologia.org.br/en-adult-acne-versus-adolescent-acne-articulo-S0365059622002240

  Acne vulgaris tends to be more severe in males while its frequency increases in females after the age of twenty. […] In a cross-sectional epidemiologic study, the presence of adolescent acne has been reported among 27.9% of boys and 20.8% of girls. […] Adult acne is preferentially observed in women. In a study with 280 patients, 82.1% of the patients with adult acne were women. […] In another study, late-onset acne was found in 97.3% of women.

• #12 SciELO Brazil – Acne vulgaris: prevalence and clinical forms in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil Acne vulgaris: prevalence and clinical forms in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/nn4cSLkvzM5hDNsQpVShMsp/

  Acne is a common disease in adolescents, but there are no epidemiological data for acne in Brazil. […] The prevalence of acne in adolescents varies widely due to the clinical features and diagnostic methods used. […] This study showed high prevalence of acne in adolescents from Sao Paulo, predominantly the comedonal form on the face, with a higher chance of presenting non-comedonal acne with increased age. […] In Brazil, acne accounts for approximately 14% of dermatological consultations and affects both genders, different ethnicities and all age groups, predominantly in the first three decades of life. […] The prevalence of acne was 96.0% and increased with age – all students over 14 had acne. […] The most prevalent form of acne was comedonal (61.1%), followed by mild (30.6%) and moderate (7.6%) papular-pustular.

• #12 SciELO Brazil – Acne vulgaris: prevalence and clinical forms in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil Acne vulgaris: prevalence and clinical forms in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/nn4cSLkvzM5hDNsQpVShMsp/

  The prevalence of acne in male adolescents was 95.9%, with no difference in female adolescents (96.1%), which increased with age. […] The chances of presenting non-comedonal acne are higher with increased age. […] This study revealed a high prevalence of acne in adolescents from So Paulo, Brazil, with a higher prevalence of the comedonal form.

• #13 Is Acne the Same Around the World? | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/is-acne-same-around-the-world/

  Epidemiologic studies of acne from various world regions tend to study differing variables (e.g., prevalence, incidence, adolescents, and adults) which complicates comparison of regions; however, it is clear that acne affects populations worldwide. […] Some studies suggest that acne is more common in darker skin types compared to those with lighter skin. […] Geographic and population-specific variations in access to care for acne have been reported. […] Regardless of location, analysis of the Global Burden of Disease data indicate that women have a disproportionately large negative effect due to skin diseases. […] When examining reported frequencies of acne in various world regions, rather than racial/ethnic populations, the African continent has both very high (90.7% in an urban adolescent population of Nigeria) and very low frequencies (5.4% of 8,008 individuals in rural Egypt) which are theorized to be related to rural versus urban differences, varying environmental factors, and degree of westernization. […] Acne is the most prevalent dermatologic disorder in Latin America.

• #13 Is Acne the Same Around the World? | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/is-acne-same-around-the-world/

  Both acne scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) are frequent complications of acne in patients with skin of color. […] The postacne hyperpigmentation index (PAHPI), which evaluates the degree of PIH, can be useful clinically to determine acne and PIH severity. […] There is an increasing recognition of population variations of acne and nuances in skin of color patients. More research and education into variations of acne across diverse populations will allow for more individualized care and, presumably, improved therapeutic outcomes.

• #13 Is Acne the Same Around the World? | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/is-acne-same-around-the-world/

  Acne is a common skin disease associated with a range of sequelae. These include scarring and dyspigmentation, emotional and psychosocial disturbances, and occupational problems, in part because acne often manifests on the face, in addition to other body areas, and is highly visible. Worldwide, the prevalence of acne is estimated at 9.4 percent; it is most common in adolescents but also affects a relatively high proportion of adults. […] Early studies of acne epidemiology were conducted primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom. In more recent decades, data have been increasing for other areas of the world. […] This review seeks to highlight aspects of acne that may be unique to skin of color. […] Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disease throughout the world, estimated to affect approximately 9.4 percent of the global population. There are regional variations in acne that may be due to differences in environment (e.g., typical humidity, temperature, and climate) as well as skin types/ethnic/racial composition of the population. […] However, there is growing recognition of adult acne as a common subtype with unique characteristics.

• #14 Comparison of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris among Caucasian, Asian, Continental Indian and African American women.

  https://research.bidmc.org/alexa-kimball/publications/comparison-epidemiology-acne-vulgaris-among-caucasian-asian-continental-indian-and

  Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease with a large quality of life impact, characterized by comedones, inflammatory lesions, secondary dyspigmentation and scarring. […] This study aimed to define the prevalence and subtypes of acne in women of different racial groups from four ethnicities. […] Clinical acne was more prevalent in African American and Hispanic women (37%, 32% respectively) than in Continental Indian, Caucasian and Asian (23%, 24%, 30% respectively) women. […] Hyperpigmentation was more prevalent in African American and Hispanic (65%, 48% respectively) than in Asian, Continental Indian and Caucasian (18%, 10%, 25% respectively) women. […] Acne prevalence and sequelae were more common in those with darker skin types, suggesting that acne is a more heterogeneous condition than previously described and highlight the importance of skin-colour tailored treatment.

• #15 The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence | AHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-epidemiology-of-acne-vulgaris-in-late-adolescence-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AHMT

  By providing data that accurately describe the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, genetics, comorbidities, and treatment associated with acne vulgaris in late adolescence, we hope to improve the awareness of the demographics affected by this condition and lead to important changes in patient education and treatment. […] Globally, epidemiological studies have demonstrated a higher incidence of acne vulgaris in different ethnicities of color in samples collected from the population aged 10-70 years. […] However, contradictory evidence exists as to whether a biological difference actually exists among various racial or ethnic groups in the pathogenesis of acne. […] Moreover, there are no reported studies that delineate the incidences of acne vulgaris among these different ethnicities in patients who are in their late adolescence.

• #15 The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence | AHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-epidemiology-of-acne-vulgaris-in-late-adolescence-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AHMT

  Cultural differences regarding skin and hair care practices have also been cited as possible factors contributing to the variable incidence of acne vulgaris among different ethnic populations. […] The cellular physiology underlying the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is complex, and any number of dysfunctional or overactivated proteins can affect the genetic component of the disease. […] The consideration of the effects of acne on patients in their late adolescence should not be confined to the dermatological realm due to the pervasive psychosocial comorbidities among patients plagued with the disease. […] While girls are often more susceptible than boys, both sexes frequently suffer from anxiety, depression, and suicidality along with their acne vulgaris. […] In conclusion, there are many contributing factors that uniquely influence the incidence, prevalence, and persistence of acne vulgaris in the late adolescent population.

• #16 Epidemiology Of Acne Vulgaris In Adolescent And Young Females In Riyadh City, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia.

  https://www.journalijar.com/article/13732/epidemiology-of-acne-vulgaris-in-adolescent-and-young-females-in-riyadh-city,-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia/

  Acne vulgaris remains one of the most common diseases to afflict humanity, with over 90% of males and 80% of females affected by the age of 21 years. […] The most severe forms of acne vulgaris occur more frequently in males, but the disease tends to be more persistent in females. […] This work was conducted to estimate the prevalence of acne vulgaris, to show the characteristics of cases, to determine the aggravating factors and the psychological impact of acne vulgaris in a sample of adolescent and young females of Riyadh city, KSA. […] The overall prevalence of acne vulgaris was 68.2%. […] Positive family history of acne vulgaris was found in 42.5% of cases. […] Acne was highly prevalent among adolescents and young females in Riyadh city, KSA. […] Several risk factors increased the appearance of acne including skin cleanliness, certain diets, stress and menstruation. […] Therefore, a community-based multiple strategies are required to combat with increasing rate of acne vulgaris and its subsequent complications among adolescent and adult females in Riyadh city and to educate them about its causes and the risk factors aggravating its development.

• #17

  https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1992210

  Bhate, K. and Williams, H.C. (2013) Epidemiology of Acne Vulgaris. British Journal of Dermatology, 168, 474-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12149 […] Acne is a common skin disorder of teenagers and continues into adulthood. Research has been limited regarding acne prevalence, perception and health care utilization in Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to assess acne prevalence in final year female medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia using the global acne grading system (GAGS) compared with students self-report of their acne. […] This study showed that acne was reported subjectively by 83.4% of female students compared to 98% of students assessed objectively by the global acne grading system. […] A total of 41.7% of student had trunk acne. […] Moderate to severe acne students had higher siblings acne history of 95.2%.

• #18 The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in a multiethnic adolescent population from Rotterdam, the Netherlands: A cross-sectional study – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1648080/the-epidemiology-of-acne-vulgaris-in-a-multiethnic

  The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in a multiethnic adolescent population from Rotterdam, the Netherlands: A cross-sectional study – 10/02/24 […] Although acne is a prevalent multifactorial inflammatory skin condition, few studies were performed in multiethnic populations. […] To study the prevalence and determinants of acne in a multiethnic study at the start of puberty. […] A total of 4561 children (51% girls) with a median age of 13.5 (IQR 13.3-13.6) were included. The visible acne prevalence (GEA 2-5) for girls vs boys was 62% vs 45% and moderate-to-severe acne (GEA 3-5) 14% vs 9%. […] Acne prevalence was high at the age of 13 years and was associated with advanced puberty, darker skin color, and weight status.

• #19 Epidemiological and Laboratory Study of Acne Vulgaris in Women in Basrah City

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/dermatology/dma-6-035.php?jid=dermatology

  The main point in the prevention of acne is the management of the modifiable risk factors implicated in its development, including underlying systemic diseases and lifestyle factors. Dietary habits and obesity may influence acne development. Decreasing the consumption of fat, sugar, sweets, nuts, chocolates, and oily foods has been associated with decreased acne severity. […] This study aimed to provide an overview of the various clinical aspects of acne vulgaris among Iraqi women and to compare the epidemiological and laboratory parameters between different groups.

• #19 Epidemiological and Laboratory Study of Acne Vulgaris in Women in Basrah City

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/dermatology/dma-6-035.php?jid=dermatology

  Results: The mean duration of disease was (55.1 ± 38.7) months. Patients in groups G-2 and G-3 who used cosmetics on their face were more frequently women. Involvement of the forehead and check was more frequently observed in G-1, while the lower face and chin were more frequently involved in G-3. Trunk lesions were more frequent in the G-1 group than in the other groups. Hirsutism was found in (36.25%, 32.5%, and 28%) of cases in G-1, G-2, and G-3, respectively. The majority of patients with G-1 (78.5%) had mild to moderate acne, while (77.5%) of G-2 had moderate to moderately severe acne, and (72%) of G-3 patients had moderately-severe to severe acne. Pitted scarring was the most frequent type of scarring in all the age groups. […] Conclusions: Age, duration of acne, family history, early onset of cosmetic use, and moderate obesity are predisposing factors that affect the development and severity of acne. The wide distribution of acne lesions, the severe form of acne, and the difficulty of intervention.

• #20 Epidemiology of acne vulgaris in adolescent male students in Arar…: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/jegpay/2016/00000091/00000003/art00007;jsessionid=31s4wddj29ari.x-ic-live-02

  There was clear seasonal variation, with a higher prevalence mainly in summer. […] Therefore, community-based multiple strategies are required to combat with increasing rate of acne vulgaris and its subsequent complications among adolescents in Arar city and to educate them about its causes and the risk factors for its development.

• #21 A clinico-epidemiological study of adult acne: Is it different from adolescent acne? – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/a-clinico-epidemiological-study-of-adult-acne-is-it-different-from-adolescent-acne/

  Adult acne has been traditionally defined as presence of acne beyond the age of 25 years. […] The objectives of this study were to observe the prevalence, clinical features, contributing etiological and aggravating factors of acne in adults, with a view to establishing possible etiological factors and highlight possible differences from adolescent acne. […] The prevalence of adult acne presenting for treatment in our study was found to be 0.38% (280 patients out of 72710 patients attending the OPD during the study duration). […] The majority of the patients had inflammatory papular acne (55%), whereas comedonal acne was the least common (6%). […] Adult acne is predominant in women, and as compared to adolescent acne is more inflammatory, with involvement of the cheeks and lower half of the face, while comedones are rare.

• #21 A clinico-epidemiological study of adult acne: Is it different from adolescent acne? – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/a-clinico-epidemiological-study-of-adult-acne-is-it-different-from-adolescent-acne/

  The causes of postadolescent acne remain to be fully elucidated and hormones, colonization by resistant bacteria, the use of cosmetics, drugs and chronic stress have been put forward as possible etiological factors. […] Scarring in adult acne is more common as compared to adolescent acne. […] Patients with adult acne are now being recognized as an increasingly important population requiring treatment. […] To the best of our knowledge this is the first Indian study on adult acne.

• #22 Acne in Indian population: An epidemiological study evaluating multiple factors – IP Indian J Clin Exp Dermatol

  https://www.ijced.org/article-details/12336

  Acne is one of the most common skin diseases seen in clinical practice and is caused by multiple factors. Epidemiological data on acne are limited from developing countries. Using a questionnaire survey, the epidemiological data of acne were evaluated with a view to establishing possible contributing etiological factors in dermatology practice in India. This study presents the demographic features and clinical characteristics of acne in dermatology office practice in India. […] The presence of hyperpigmentation (35%) and scarring (29%) was considered to be a reflection of the severity of the acne.

• #23 Epidemiology of Acne Vulgaris: Prevalence, Severity and its Impact among School Teenagers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

  https://efmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_67775.html

  Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory dermatological problems among teenagers worldwide. […] The prevalence of acne vulgaris was (45.7%). […] Acne is a very common skin problem among teenagers with the majority having moderate severity with mild to moderate disability.

• #24 EpiCast Report: Acne – Epidemiology Forecast to 2022

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/epicast-report-acne—epidemiology-forecast-to-2022-223444231.html

  GlobalData’s epidemiological analysis forecasts an increase in the total prevalent cases of acne in people ages 10-44 years in the six major markets (6MM) (US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK), from 103.91 million prevalent cases in 2012 to 105.46 million prevalent cases in 2022, with a decadal growth rate of 1.5%. […] Although acne is not a life-endangering condition, it is associated with a huge psychosocial impact and economic burden. GlobalData’s epidemiological forecast emphasizes the need for preventive measures that are directed towards high-risk groups and signifies the need for early intervention with the available effective treatments in order to tackle the increasing burden of acne. […] GlobalData epidemiologists forecast the prevalent cases of acne in the 6MM from 2012-2022 using nationally-representative, country-specific studies published in peer-reviewed journals that provided the age- and sex-specific prevalence of acne in the 6MM. Additionally, they further segmented the total prevalent cases of acne by severity. GlobalData epidemiologists ensured that the forecast methodology was consistent across all the 6MM to allow for a meaningful comparison of the total prevalent cases of acne across these markets.

• #25 Acne in Indian population: An epidemiological study evaluating multiple factors – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/12336

  Acne is one of the most common skin diseases seen in clinical practice and is caused by multiple factors. Epidemiological data on acne are limited from developing countries. Using a questionnaire survey, the epidemiological data of acne were evaluated with a view to establishing possible contributing etiological factors in dermatology practice in India. […] For epidemiological study, population-based data is important in quantifying social burden, distribution of the disease and its social and psychological impact in the community. Despite these facts, such data based studies on acne patients are lacking from India. […] The primary objective of this study is to observe the prevalence, clinical features, contributing etiological and aggravating factors of acne in adults, with a view to establishing possible etiological factors and management of acne at different age group.

• #25 Acne in Indian population: An epidemiological study evaluating multiple factors – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/12336

  This study was conducted over a period of 6 months from April 2019 to September 2019 which was specifically designed to evaluate the epidemiology of acne in India and all questions were related to this objective. […] Out of 1500 Dermatologist, 1133 responded with a data of 6409 patients. […] The different risk factors investigated were: smoking habit, diet history, cosmetic habit and causes of acne. […] Of respondents, 41% knew that acne was associated with increased sebum production and blockade of pilosebaceous units whereas 35% associated acne with excessive cosmetic use. […] The presence of hyperpigmentation and scarring was considered to be a reflection of the severity of the acne. […] This largescale analysis presents the demographic features, etiology, pattern, complications and management of acne among Indian patients. Epidemiological studies on acne have been conducted primarily in the West, and few studies have been performed in Asian patients. […] In the future, larger, community-based, epidemiological studies are warranted to better delineate the characteristics of acne patients in India.

• #26

  https://clarivate.com/life-sciences-healthcare/report/epidim0156-biopharma-acne-epidemiology-asia-pacific/

  Clarivate Epidemiologys coverage of acne comprises epidemiological estimates of key patient populations across 45 countries worldwide. We report the prevalence of acne for each country, as well as annualized case counts projected to the national population. […] Clarivate Epidemiology forecasts nine acne patient populations, as follows: Total prevalent cases, Physiological acne prevalent cases, Clinical acne prevalent cases, Comedonal acne prevalent cases, Inflammatory acne prevalent cases, Hyperpigmentation, Hypopigmentation, Atrophic scar, Hypertrophic scar. […] All forecast data are available on the Clarivate Insights Platform in tabular format, with options to download to MS Excel. All populations are accompanied by a comprehensive description of the methods and data sources used, with hyperlinks to external sources. A summary evidence table generated as part of our systematic review of the epidemiological literature is also provided for full transparency into research and methods.

• #27 Acne in primary care: A cross-sectional analysis

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/november/acne-in-primary-care

  Another notable finding is the association of acne with non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status in our study. […] The prevalence of acne in this community is unknown, with very little previous research examining rates of dermatological conditions in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. […] Our findings suggest that acne is managed by GPs less frequently in these populations when compared with other populations, and this is a topic requiring further investigation. […] This study adds to the epidemiological data for acne in Australian general practice. […] This study also highlights the need for further research in acne in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities as well as regional/remote/very remote communities.

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