Trądzik
Etiologia i przyczyny

Trądzik pospolity (acne vulgaris) jest przewlekłą chorobą zapalną jednostki włosowo-łojowej, dotykającą około 85-90% nastolatków i około 50 milionów osób rocznie. Patogeneza opiera się na czterech głównych mechanizmach: nadmiernej produkcji sebum pod wpływem androgenów (np. testosteronu), nieprawidłowym rogowaceniu mieszków włosowych prowadzącym do powstawania zaskórników, kolonizacji przez bakterie Cutibacterium acnes oraz wywołanej przez nie reakcji zapalnej. Zmiany hormonalne, zwłaszcza u nastolatków i kobiet w okresach okołomenstruacyjnych, ciąży czy menopauzy, odgrywają kluczową rolę w nasileniu trądziku. Czynniki genetyczne odpowiadają za 81% zmienności w występowaniu i ciężkości choroby. Dieta o wysokim indeksie glikemicznym oraz spożycie produktów mlecznych mogą nasilać objawy, podobnie jak stres, niektóre leki (np. steroidy, lit) oraz czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak zanieczyszczenie powietrza czy nadmierna wilgotność.

Etiologia trądziku

Trądzik pospolity (acne vulgaris) to przewlekła choroba zapalna jednostki włosowo-łojowej, będąca najczęstszym schorzeniem dermatologicznym, dotykającym niemal 50 milionów osób rocznie, głównie nastolatków i młodych dorosłych1. Występuje u około 85-90% wszystkich nastolatków, co czyni go jedną z najbardziej powszechnych chorób skóry na świecie23. Trądzik rozwija się, gdy małe otwory w skórze, zwane mieszkami włosowymi, zostają zablokowane4.

Patogeneza trądziku

W patogenezie trądziku kluczową rolę odgrywają cztery główne czynniki56:

  1. Nadmierna produkcja sebum przez gruczoły łojowe
  2. Nieprawidłowe rogowacenie-mieszkow/” title=”rogowacenie mieszków” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”107261″>rogowacenie mieszków włosowych prowadzące do powstawania zaskórników
  3. Kolonizacja mieszków włosowych przez bakterię Cutibacterium acnes (dawniej Propionibacterium acnes)
  4. Stan zapalny

Proces powstawania zmian trądzikowych rozpoczyna się od nadmiernej produkcji sebum przez gruczoły łojowe znajdujące się w skórze7. Nadmiar sebum miesza się z martwymi komórkami naskórka, co prowadzi do zatkania mieszka włosowego i powstania czopa (comedone)89. Zablokowany mieszkiec włosowy staje się idealnym środowiskiem dla namnażania się bakterii Cutibacterium acnes, która normalnie występuje na skórze10. Bakterie te uwalniają enzymy rozkładające sebum, co prowadzi do powstania stanu zapalnego11. W rezultacie powstają różne zmiany trądzikowe, takie jak zaskórniki, grudki, krosty, a w cięższych przypadkach – guzki i torbiele12.

Czynniki hormonalne

Trądzik jest w dużej mierze schorzeniem hormonalnym, napędzanym przez hormony androgenowe, szczególnie testosteron13. U nastolatków zwiększenie poziomu hormonów androgenowych podczas dojrzewania stymuluje gruczoły łojowe do produkowania większej ilości sebum1415.

Gruczoły łojowe są szczególnie wrażliwe na działanie hormonów. Uważa się, że podwyższony poziom testosteronu powoduje, że gruczoły produkują znacznie więcej sebum, niż skóra potrzebuje16. Hormon ten powoduje również pogrubienie wewnętrznej wyściółki mieszka włosowego, co przyczynia się do blokady porów17.

Zmiany hormonalne mogą również prowadzić do trądziku u dorosłych, szczególnie u kobiet. Wahania hormonalne związane z cyklem menstruacyjnym, ciążą, menopauzą lub stosowaniem antykoncepcji hormonalnej mogą powodować epizody trądziku1819. U około 70% kobiet obserwuje się nasilenie trądziku przed miesiączką, co wydaje się związane z obrzękiem przewodu włosowo-łojowego20.

Czynniki genetyczne

Trądzik może być dziedziczny21. Badania sugerują, że genetyka wyjaśnia 81% zmienności w występowaniu trądziku w populacji22. Jeśli oboje rodzice mieli trądzik, istnieje większe prawdopodobieństwo, że również u ich dziecka rozwinie się to schorzenie2324.

Jedno z badań wykazało, że jeśli oboje rodzice mieli trądzik, istnieje większe prawdopodobieństwo, że ich dziecko będzie miało cięższy trądzik w młodym wieku25. Czynniki genetyczne wpływają znacząco na proporcję rozgałęzionych kwasów tłuszczowych występujących w sebum, z szacunkami dziedziczności wahającymi się od 50% do 90%26.

Niemożliwe jest przewidzenie, kto rozwinie cięższy trądzik, ale ryzyko jest wyższe, jeśli jeden lub oboje rodziców (lub inny bliski krewny) mieli ciężki trądzik, który pozostawił po sobie blizny27.

Czynniki dietetyczne

Rola diety w patogenezie trądziku jest nadal przedmiotem badań. Niektóre badania sugerują związek między dietą a trądzikiem, szczególnie w przypadku diety o wysokim indeksie glikemicznym i produktów mlecznych2829.

Dieta o wysokim indeksie glikemicznym (bogata w cukry proste i przetworzone węglowodany) może nasilać trądzik. Insulina indukuje hormony męskie (androgeny), glukokortykoidy i czynniki wzrostu, które prowokują rogowacenie mieszka włosowego i produkcję sebum30.

Produkty mleczne, mimo niskiego indeksu glikemicznego, zawierają androgeny, estrogen, progesteron i glukokortykoidy, które również prowokują rogowacenie i produkcję sebum31. Badania wskazują, że zwiększone spożycie mleka i dieta o wysokim indeksie glikemicznym są związane z trądzikiem u nastolatków32.

Niektóre jednonienasycone kwasy tłuszczowe, takie jak kwas sapienowy i niektóre oleje roślinne, mogą zwiększać produkcję sebum33. Nie ma jednak istotnych dowodów potwierdzających powszechne przekonanie, że czekolada pogarsza trądzik34.

Stres i czynniki psychologiczne

Stres psychologiczny jest związany ze zwiększoną ciężkością trądziku, prawdopodobnie poprzez stymulację hormonów stresu35. Chociaż stres nie może wywołać trądziku, może on pogorszyć istniejący trądzik36.

Wyniki badań sugerują, że gdy stres się nasila, ciężkość trądziku wzrasta37. Stres powoduje uwolnienie hormonów zapalnych zwanych neuropeptydami oraz zmiany hormonalne, które mogą nasilać trądzik38.

Trądzik może również powodować zaburzenia zdrowia psychicznego, ponieważ wpływa na wygląd i samoocenę39.

Choroby i zaburzenia wewnętrzne

Niektóre schorzenia wewnętrzne mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju trądziku. Szczególnie te związane z zaburzeniami hormonalnymi, takie jak4041:

  • Zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS) – zaburzenie hormonalne, które może zakłócać cykl menstruacyjny i nasilać trądzik
  • Wrodzony przerost nadnerczy
  • Guzy wydzielające androgeny
  • Inne zaburzenia endokrynologiczne związane z nadmiarem androgenów

Insulinooporność może również odgrywać istotną rolę w rozwoju trądziku, ponieważ osoby z insulinoopornością mają podwyższony poziom insulinopodobnego czynnika wzrostu (IGF), który jest związany ze zwiększonym wydzielaniem sebum na twarzy42.

Leki i substancje medyczne

Niektóre leki mogą wywołać lub pogorszyć trądzik. Do najczęściej wymienianych należą434445:

  • Steroidy (kortykosteroidy, steroidy anaboliczne)
  • Lit (stosowany w leczeniu depresji i choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej)
  • Niektóre leki przeciwpadaczkowe
  • Leki zawierające jodki i bromki
  • Niektóre leki antykoncepcyjne

Warto zauważyć, że chociaż niektóre doustne środki antykoncepcyjne mogą pomóc w leczeniu trądziku, inne mogą go pogorszyć46. Dlatego ważne jest, aby skonsultować się z lekarzem w celu dobrania odpowiedniego preparatu47.

Czynniki zewnętrzne

Różne czynniki zewnętrzne mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju lub zaostrzenia trądziku4849:

  • Kosmetyki i produkty do pielęgnacji skóry – kosmetyki na bazie oleju i niektóre kremy mogą blokować pory
  • Produkty do pielęgnacji włosów – pomady i olejki do włosów mogą powodować trądzik typu pomade acne, szczególnie wzdłuż linii włosów
  • Mechaniczna okluzja – ścisłe ubrania, opaski na głowę, plecaki, biustonosze z fiszbinami mogą powodować tarcie i okluzję porów
  • Ekspozycja na oleje przemysłowe – oleje do cięcia stosowane w przemyśle mogą powodować trądzik
  • Nadmierna ekspozycja na słońce – może zarówno poprawiać, jak i pogarszać trądzik, ale promieniowanie UV przyspiesza starzenie się skóry
  • Warunki klimatyczne – wysoka wilgotność i nadmierne pocenie się mogą nasilać trądzik
  • Palenie tytoniu – niektóre badania wskazują, że palenie może odgrywać rolę w rozwoju trądziku, szczególnie u kobiet
  • Zanieczyszczenie powietrza – drobne cząsteczki pyłu znane jako PM 2.5 mogą przedostawać się przez barierę ochronną skóry i powodować spustoszenie

Popularne mity dotyczące trądziku

Istnieje wiele mitów dotyczących przyczyn trądziku, które warto obalić505152:

  • Brak higieny – większość procesów, które prowadzą do trądziku, zachodzi pod skórą, a nie na jej powierzchni, więc czystość skóry nie ma wpływu na trądzik
  • Dieta oparta na tłustych potrawach – nie ma bezpośredniego związku między spożywaniem frytek, pizzy czy innych tłustych potraw a rozwojem trądziku
  • Aktywność seksualna – seks lub masturbacja nie mają wpływu na trądzik, nie mogą go ani poprawić, ani pogorszyć
  • Ekspozycja na słońce – nie ma jednoznacznych dowodów na to, że przedłużona ekspozycja na światło słoneczne lub korzystanie z solariów może poprawić trądzik
  • Zaraźliwość – trądziku nie można przenieść na inne osoby, nie jest chorobą zakaźną

Zaawansowana patofizjologia trądziku

Patofizjologia trądziku obejmuje złożoną interakcję między czynnikami genetycznymi, hormonalnymi, bakteryjnymi i zapalnymi53. Trądzik pospolity jest chorobą przewlekłą jednostki włosowo-łojowej i rozwija się w wyniku blokady mieszków włosowych skóry54.

Blokada mieszków włosowych następuje w wyniku czterech nieprawidłowych procesów55:

  1. Nadmierna produkcja sebum przez gruczoły łojowe (pod wpływem androgenów)
  2. Nadmierne odkładanie się białka keratyny prowadzące do powstawania zaskórników
  3. Kolonizacja mieszka przez bakterie Cutibacterium acnes
  4. Miejscowe uwalnianie czynników prozapalnych w skórze

Nadmierna produkcja sebum jest wynikiem nadmiernej wrażliwości gruczołów łojowych na normalne poziomy krążących androgenów56. Zwiększona produkcja sebum miesza się z martwymi komórkami skóry, tworząc zator w mieszku włosowym57.

Bakterie Cutibacterium acnes namnażają się w zablokowanych mieszkach włosowych, rozkładając sebum i uwalniając wolne kwasy tłuszczowe, które stymulują odpowiedź zapalną58. Enzymy uwalniane przez te bakterie powodują stan zapalny w powstałym czopie, zwanym zaskórnikiem (comedone)59.

Zaskórnik może pęknąć, wylewając swoją zawartość do otaczających tkanek i intensyfikując stan zapalny60. W rezultacie powstają różne rodzaje zmian trądzikowych, od zaskórników (czarnych i białych) po grudki, krosty, a w cięższych przypadkach – guzki i torbiele61.

Aspekty immunologiczne

Znaczna część indywidualnej zmienności w ciężkości trądziku wynika z różnic w układzie odpornościowym wrodzonego i produkcji mediatorów zapalnych, takich jak cytokiny, defensyny, peptydazy, lipidy sebum i neuropeptydy62.

Bakterie Cutibacterium acnes stymulują produkcję cytokin prozapalnych, które przyczyniają się do rozwoju stanu zapalnego w obrębie mieszka włosowego63. Nadmierna reakcja zapalna może osłabić wyściółkę gruczołów łojowych, co prowadzi do pęknięcia mieszka i rozprzestrzenienia się zawartości do otaczających tkanek64.

W przypadku trądziku torbielowatego, ciężka reakcja zapalna prowadzi do formowania się głębokich, bolesnych zmian zapalnych w skórze65. Gdy blokada porów i stan zapalny występują w naskórku (górnej warstwie skóry), rozwijają się grudki zapalne, które mogą przekształcić się w krosty, jeśli wypełnią się ropą66.

Guzki i torbiele rozwijają się natomiast z zablokowanych porów w warstwie podnaskórkowej (najniższej warstwie naskórka) lub skórze właściwej (środkowej warstwie skóry)67.

Zmiany hormonalne w różnych okresach życia

Trądzik najczęściej pojawia się w okresie dojrzewania, gdy hormony androgenowe (takie jak testosteron) wzrastają zarówno u chłopców, jak i u dziewcząt68. Hormony te stymulują gruczoły łojowe do produkcji większej ilości sebum69.

U kobiet trądzik może utrzymywać się lub pojawiać się po raz pierwszy w dorosłości, często związany z cyklicznymi zmianami hormonalnymi70. Wahania hormonalne przed miesiączką, w czasie ciąży, w okresie okołomenopauzalnym lub po zaprzestaniu stosowania antykoncepcji mogą powodować zaostrzenie trądziku71.

Kobiety są bardziej narażone na trądzik w wieku dorosłym niż mężczyźni72. Uważa się, że wiele przypadków trądziku u dorosłych kobiet jest spowodowanych zmianami poziomu hormonów, które występują w określonych momentach73.

Trądzik może również nasilać się podczas ciąży lub menopauzny w wyniku zmian hormonalnych74. U niektórych kobiet trądzik może być objawem zespołu policystycznych jajników (PCOS), który charakteryzuje się zaburzeniami hormonalnymi75.

Czynniki środowiskowe i styl życia

Różne czynniki środowiskowe i aspekty stylu życia mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju lub zaostrzenia trądziku76:

  • Zanieczyszczenie powietrza – cząsteczki zanieczyszczeń mogą zatykać pory i nasilać stan zapalny skóry
  • Nadmierna ekspozycja na ciepło i wilgoć – niektóre osoby doświadczają nasilenia trądziku w gorącym, wilgotnym klimacie, gdzie bakterie i grzyby rozwijają się lepiej
  • Stres i niewystarczająca ilość snu – mogą prowadzić do zwiększonej produkcji kortyzolu, który stymuluje gruczoły łojowe
  • Nieodpowiednie oczyszczanie skóry – zbyt agresywne oczyszczanie może uszkodzić barierę skórną, a niedostateczne może prowadzić do nagromadzenia martwych komórek skóry
  • Pocieranie i drażnienie skóry – częste dotykanie twarzy lub powtarzające się tarcie może nasilać trądzik

Palenie tytoniu może również wpływać na rozwój trądziku. Jedno badanie wykazało, że palenie może odgrywać rolę u niektórych kobiet z trądzikiem77. Inne badania wykazały, że palacze są bardziej narażeni na trądzik niż osoby niepalące, co sugeruje, że palenie papierosów może wyzwalać trądzik78.

Specyficzne typy trądziku i ich etiologia

Trądzik hormonalny

Trądzik hormonalny jest bezpośrednim wynikiem nadmiaru sebum w gruczołach łojowych79. Rozwija się, gdy zmiany hormonalne zwiększają ilość oleju produkowanego przez skórę. Ten olej wchodzi w interakcję z bakteriami na porach skóry, gdzie rosną włosy (mieszki włosowe), co prowadzi do trądziku80.

Przyczyny trądziku hormonalnego, na które nie mamy wpływu, obejmują81:

  • Zmieniające się poziomy hormonów u kobiet, w tym w okresie okołomiesiączkowym, nieregularne miesiączki, podczas ciąży, w okresie menopauzy lub po odstawieniu antykoncepcji

Trądzik hormonalny powoduje wypryski, które mogą objawiać się jako zmiany lub guzki na skórze, które mogą stać się czerwone, zapalne, bolesne i tkliwe, jeśli nie są leczone82.

Trądzik dorosłych

Trądzik dorosłych, lub trądzik pojawiający się po okresie dojrzewania, to trądzik występujący po 25. roku życia83. W większości przypadków te same czynniki, które powodują trądzik u nastolatków, odgrywają rolę w trądziku dorosłych84.

Szacuje się, że do 15% dorosłych kobiet cierpi na trądzik85. Co ciekawe, można go dostać nawet jeśli nie miało się go jako nastolatek86.

Przyczyny trądziku dorosłych mogą obejmować8788:

  • Zmiany hormonalne związane z cyklem miesiączkowym, ciążą, okresem okołomenopauzalnym
  • Stosowanie kosmetyków zawierających składniki zatykające pory
  • Stres, który może zwiększać poziom androgenów
  • Dieta o wysokim indeksie glikemicznym i produkty mleczne
  • Predyspozycje genetyczne
  • Stosowanie niektórych leków
  • Choroby podstawowe, takie jak zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS)

Trądzik dorosłych występuje częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn i ma tendencję do pojawiania się wzdłuż linii żuchwy, a nie w strefie T (czoło, nos i broda)89. Trądzik w okolicy żuchwy u kobiet może sugerować zaburzenie hormonalne90.

Trądzik torbielowaty

Trądzik torbielowaty to ciężka postać trądziku, w której blokada porów prowadzi do infekcji i stanu zapalnego91. Głównym czynnikiem powodującym trądzik torbielowaty są zmiany hormonalne w okresie dojrzewania, ale może on występować również u starszych osób92.

W trądziku torbielowatym, podobnie jak w innych formach trądziku, najważniejszym czynnikiem są zmiany hormonalne w nastoletnim wieku. W okresie dojrzewania poziomy krążących hormonów androgenowych dramatycznie wzrastają, co powoduje zwiększenie produkcji sebum; komórki skóry również zaczynają rosnąć szybciej93.

Trądzik nie ogranicza się jednak do nastolatków, a inne czynniki obejmują zmiany hormonalne związane z cyklem miesiączkowym, ciążą, antykoncepcją, stosowaniem hormonalnej terapii zastępczej oraz stresem94.

Trądzik torbielowaty, w przeciwieństwie do powszechnych przekonań, nie jest spowodowany przez czekoladę, orzechy lub tłuste potrawy, ani też przez brak higieny czy masturbację95.

Trądzik zapalny

Trądzik zapalny jest spowodowany przez bakterie, olej i martwe komórki skóry zatykające pory96. W przeciwieństwie do niezapalnych form trądziku, takich jak zaskórniki otwarte i zamknięte, trądzik zapalny wywołuje odpowiedź immunologiczną, która prowadzi do stanu zapalnego97.

Podobnie jak w przypadku innych form trądziku, zablokowane pory prowadzą do trądziku zapalnego. Pory to małe otwory w skórze, które zawierają mieszki włosowe i mają pod spodem gruczoł łojowy98.

Bakterie, martwe komórki skóry i sebum mogą gromadzić się w porach, powodując ich zatkanie, rozciągnięcie i pęknięcie99. Ta odpowiedź immunologiczna prowadzi do zaczerwienienia i obrzęku porów oraz otaczających tkanek100.

Gdy blokada porów i stan zapalny występują w naskórku (górnej warstwie skóry), mogą rozwijać się zapalne grudki101. Jeśli zaczynają wypełniać się ropą, przekształcają się w krosty102.

W trądziku zapalnym, guzki i torbiele rozwijają się z zablokowanych porów w warstwie podnaskórkowej (najniższej warstwie naskórka) lub skórze właściwej (środkowej warstwie skóry)103.

Podsumowanie etiologii trądziku

Trądzik pospolity to złożona, wieloczynnikowa choroba zapalna jednostki włosowo-łojowej. Jego rozwój jest wynikiem interakcji między czynnikami genetycznymi, hormonalnymi, bakteryjnymi i środowiskowymi104105.

Główne procesy patofizjologiczne obejmują106:

  1. Zwiększoną produkcję sebum przez gruczoły łojowe (pod wpływem androgenów)
  2. Nieprawidłowe rogowacenie mieszków włosowych prowadzące do blokady porów
  3. Kolonizację mieszków przez bakterie Cutibacterium acnes
  4. Wywołaną reakcję zapalną

Czynniki genetyczne odgrywają znaczącą rolę, determinując podatność na trądzik i ciężkość jego przebiegu. Zmiany hormonalne, szczególnie związane z androgenami, są głównym wyzwalaczem trądziku, zwłaszcza w okresie dojrzewania, ale również w innych okresach życia, zwłaszcza u kobiet107108.

Czynniki dietetyczne, szczególnie dieta o wysokim indeksie glikemicznym i produkty mleczne, mogą nasilać trądzik u predysponowanych osób. Stres, choroby współistniejące, stosowane leki oraz czynniki środowiskowe również mogą wpływać na rozwój i nasilenie trądziku109110.

Zrozumienie złożonej etiologii trądziku jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii leczenia, które będą ukierunkowane na konkretne mechanizmy patogenetyczne i indywidualne czynniki ryzyka u pacjentów111.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Acne Vulgaris: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1015/p475.html
    Acne vulgaris is the most prevalent chronic skin disease in the United States, affecting nearly 50 million people per year, mostly adolescents and young adults. […] Typical acne lesions involve the pilosebaceous follicles and the interrelated processes of sebum production, Cutibacterium acnes colonization, and inflammation. […] Acne vulgaris is a chronic disease originating within the pilosebaceous follicles. Four interrelated processes are involved: sebum overproduction, abnormal shedding of follicular epithelium, follicular colonization by Cutibacterium acnes, and inflammation. […] Sebum overproduction is the result of excessive androgen hormones or a heightened sebaceous gland sensitivity to normal levels of androgen hormones. […] Certain foods and drinks, particularly those with a high glycemic index (e.g., sugary drinks, starchy foods, highly processed foods) and skim milk, seem to affect acne severity.
  • #2 What Is Acne and What Causes It? · Frontiers for Young Minds
    https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2022.787466
    Acne, which is formally called acne vulgaris, is the most common skin condition in the world. It is estimated that 8590% of all adolescents (teenagers) experience acne at some point, so chances are almost everyone you know has dealt with acne in one form or another. Acne is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit, which is a hair follicle surrounded by an oil-producing (sebaceous) gland. […] What causes the pilosebaceous units to become clogged, inflamed, and form acne? There are four known factors that contribute to the development of acne in adolescents. […] In summary, keratin plugs, increased sebum production, high levels of P. acnes, and inflammation are the best understood causes of acne in adolescents. There are also other components that can affect whether a person develops acne, such as genetics and diet. […] Some people might develop a specific type of acne known as hormonal acne, which is caused by the surge in hormones that occurs during the menstrual cycle.
  • #3
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/skin/Pages/What-Causes-Acne.aspx
    Acne, the medical condition that causes „pimples,” is common and a normal part of growing up especially in the teenage years. In fact, around 85% of people have acne when they’re teens. […] The hair follicles (pores) in the skin contain oil glands, called sebaceous glands. The oil they produce is called sebum, which helps to lubricate the hair and skin. But changes during puberty can lead to acne: […] Increased levels of hormones during the teen years lead to more sebum production. This can cause the pores to become clogged up. […] Unfortunately, a normal, healthy bacteria on the skin named C. acnes loves all of the extra oil and gets to work multiplying, causing redness and irritation. […] As mentioned above, teenage hormones lead to more oil production in the skin, which can lead to acne. Acne can also flare with the hormone increases that happen just before menstrual periods.
  • #4
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #5 Acne Vulgaris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069804-overview
    Acne develops from the following four factors: (1) follicular epidermal hyperproliferation with subsequent plugging of the follicle, (2) excess sebum production, (3) the presence and activity of the commensal bacteria Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), and (4) inflammation. […] In addition, genetics is also a key factor in the pathophysiology of acne. […] The main underlying cause of acne is a genetic predisposition. In addition, other aggravating factors are recognized. […] Cosmetic agents and hair pomades may worsen acne. […] Medications that can promote acne development include steroids, lithium, some antiepileptics, and iodides. […] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and other endocrine disorders associated with excess androgens may trigger the development of acne vulgaris. Even pregnancy may cause a flare-up. […] Mechanical occlusion with headbands, shoulder pads, back packs, or under-wire bras can be aggravating factors. […] Excessive sunlight may either improve or flare acne. In any case, the ultraviolet exposure ages the skin.
  • #6 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acne | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1015/p734.html
    Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is the most common skin disorder in the United States. Therapy targets the four factors responsible for lesion formation: increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization, colonization by Propionibacterium acnes, and the resultant inflammatory reaction. […] Four main factors lead to the formation of acne lesions: (1) increased sebum production by sebaceous glands, in which androgens have an important role; (2) hyperkeratinization of the follicle, leading to a microcomedo that eventually enlarges into a comedo; (3) colonization of the follicle by the anaerobe Propionibacterium acnes; and (4) an inflammatory reaction. […] Current therapies target these four factors for acute control of flare-ups and long-term maintenance.
  • #7 Acne – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/acne-and-related-disorders/acne
    Acne is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells, bacteria, and dried sebum that blocks the hair follicles in the skin. […] Acne is caused by an interaction between hormones, skin oils, and bacteria, which results in inflammation of hair follicles (the pores in the skin where hair grows). […] Acne results when a collection of dried sebum, dead skin cells, and bacteria clogs the hair follicles, blocking the sebum from leaving through the pores. […] The blocked sebum-filled hair follicle promotes overgrowth of the bacterium Cutibacterium acnes (formerly called Propionibacterium acnes), which is normally present in the hair follicle. […] Acne occurs mainly during puberty, when the sebaceous glands are stimulated by increased hormone levels, especially the androgens (such as testosterone), resulting in excessive sebum production.
  • #8
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #9
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/
    Acne is most commonly linked to the changes in hormone levels during puberty, but can start at any age. […] Certain hormones cause the grease-producing glands next to hair follicles in the skin to produce larger amounts of oil (abnormal sebum). […] This abnormal sebum changes the activity of a usually harmless skin bacterium called P. acnes, which becomes more aggressive and causes inflammation and pus. […] The hormones also thicken the inner lining of the hair follicle, causing blockage of the pores. Cleaning the skin does not help to remove this blockage. […] Acne is known to run in families. If both your mother and father had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also have acne. […] Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy, can also lead to episodes of acne in women. […] There’s no evidence that poor hygiene or sexual activity play a role in acne.
  • #10 Acne (Acne Vulgaris) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/acne
    But bacteria also play a role. Cutibacterium acnes, or C. acnes, is a type of gram-positive bacteria that normally lives on the skin. […] When the sebaceous glands produce lots of sebum, C. acnes thrives and reproduces, which further clogs the hair follicles and leads to skin inflammation. […] The plugged hair follicles can form blackheads and whiteheads. If they become inflamed, red, raised pimples develop on the skin, or nodules or cysts may form under the skin.
  • #11 Acne: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes & Treatment
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/acne/acne
    Acne is caused by clogged pores, which are tiny openings in the skin’s surface. An overproduction of oil (or sebum) by the oil glands (sebaceous glands) combined with rapidly growing skin cells can clog the pores. When the pores become plugged, ordinary skin bacteria begin to grow inside the pore. Complete blockage of the pore results in whiteheads; incomplete blockage results in blackheads. […] Enzymes released by these trapped bacteria cause localized inflammation within the resulting plug called a comedone. The comedone can burst, spilling material into surrounding areas, intensifying the inflammation. Deeper infections, including painful cysts, can also develop under the skin. […] Acne most often begins in puberty, when the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the sebaceous glands to become more active, which results in increased production of oil, or sebum.
  • #12 Acne: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes & Treatment
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/acne/acne
    Acne is caused by clogged pores, which are tiny openings in the skin’s surface. An overproduction of oil (or sebum) by the oil glands (sebaceous glands) combined with rapidly growing skin cells can clog the pores. When the pores become plugged, ordinary skin bacteria begin to grow inside the pore. Complete blockage of the pore results in whiteheads; incomplete blockage results in blackheads. […] Enzymes released by these trapped bacteria cause localized inflammation within the resulting plug called a comedone. The comedone can burst, spilling material into surrounding areas, intensifying the inflammation. Deeper infections, including painful cysts, can also develop under the skin. […] Acne most often begins in puberty, when the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the sebaceous glands to become more active, which results in increased production of oil, or sebum.
  • #13 Acne: Types, Causes, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12233-acne
    Acne is a very common skin condition that causes pimples. Clogged pores cause acne. Acne is a common skin condition where the pores of your skin clog. Clogged hair follicles or pores cause acne. When too much material is inside your hair follicle, a clog occurs. Your pores can clog with: […] Acne is largely a hormonal condition thats driven by androgen hormones, especially testosterone. This typically becomes active during teenage and young adult years. […] Certain things in your environment contribute to acne, or they can make an acne breakout worse, including: […] Some studies link particular foods and diets to acne, like: […] Acne can cause disruptions in your mental health because it affects your appearance and self-esteem.
  • #14 Acne | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/acne
    Acne is a chronic disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands (commonly called oil glands) located in the middle layer of the skin. […] Acne is a common condition that affects millions of people in the U.S. It most often begins in puberty, when male sex hormones known as androgens increase in both boys and girls, causing the sebaceous glands to become more active and produce more sebum, commonly known as oil. […] Rising hormone levels during puberty may cause acne. In addition, acne is often inherited through genetics. Other causes of acne may include the following: […] Contrary to popular belief, research has shown that chocolate, greasy foods, and dirty skin are not risk factors for acne.
  • #15 Acne | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/acne/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Normally harmless bacteria that live on the skin can then contaminate and infect the plugged follicles, causing papules, pustules, nodules or cysts. […] Acne is most commonly linked to the changes in hormone levels during puberty, but can start at any age. […] Certain hormones cause the grease-producing glands next to hair follicles in the skin to produce larger amounts of oil (abnormal sebum). […] The hormones also thicken the inner lining of the hair follicle, causing blockage of the pores (opening of the hair follicles). Cleaning the skin doesnt help to remove this blockage.
  • #16
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #17
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/
    Acne is most commonly linked to the changes in hormone levels during puberty, but can start at any age. […] Certain hormones cause the grease-producing glands next to hair follicles in the skin to produce larger amounts of oil (abnormal sebum). […] This abnormal sebum changes the activity of a usually harmless skin bacterium called P. acnes, which becomes more aggressive and causes inflammation and pus. […] The hormones also thicken the inner lining of the hair follicle, causing blockage of the pores. Cleaning the skin does not help to remove this blockage. […] Acne is known to run in families. If both your mother and father had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also have acne. […] Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy, can also lead to episodes of acne in women. […] There’s no evidence that poor hygiene or sexual activity play a role in acne.
  • #18
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/
    Acne is most commonly linked to the changes in hormone levels during puberty, but can start at any age. […] Certain hormones cause the grease-producing glands next to hair follicles in the skin to produce larger amounts of oil (abnormal sebum). […] This abnormal sebum changes the activity of a usually harmless skin bacterium called P. acnes, which becomes more aggressive and causes inflammation and pus. […] The hormones also thicken the inner lining of the hair follicle, causing blockage of the pores. Cleaning the skin does not help to remove this blockage. […] Acne is known to run in families. If both your mother and father had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also have acne. […] Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy, can also lead to episodes of acne in women. […] There’s no evidence that poor hygiene or sexual activity play a role in acne.
  • #19 Hormonal Acne: What Is It, Treatment, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21792-hormonal-acne
    Hormonal acne is linked to the overproduction of sebum (an oily substance in skin glands), which clogs pores, leading to pimples. […] Hormonal acne is the direct result of excess sebum in oil glands. […] Acne is caused by clogged pores. Hormonal acne develops when hormonal changes increase the amount of oil your skin produces. This oil interacts with bacteria on the pores of your skin where hair grows (hair follicles) and results in acne. […] Clogged pores are the result of: Excess sebum (the oily substance created from the sebaceous glands in the middle layer of your skin). […] Causes for hormonal acne that you cant do anything about: Changing hormone levels in women, including around your period, irregular periods, during pregnancy, during menopause or after discontinuing birth control. […] When you are pregnant, hormonal fluctuations can cause acne. […] Hormonal acne causes breakouts. These appear as lesions or bumps on your skin that could become red, inflamed, painful and sore if not treated.
  • #20 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #21
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #22 Acne – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
    Acne appears to be highly heritable; genetics explain 81% of the variation in the population. […] Susceptibility to acne is primarily genetic in 80% of cases. […] The roles of diet and cigarette smoking in the condition are unclear, and neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight are associated with acne. […] Hormonal activity, such as occurs during menstrual cycles and puberty, may contribute to the formation of acne. […] Medical conditions that commonly cause a high-androgen state, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors, can cause acne in affected individuals. […] The anaerobic bacterial species Cutibacterium acnes contributes to the development of acne, but its exact role is not well understood. […] High-glycemic-load diets have been found to have different degrees of effect on acne severity.
  • #23
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #24
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/
    Acne is most commonly linked to the changes in hormone levels during puberty, but can start at any age. […] Certain hormones cause the grease-producing glands next to hair follicles in the skin to produce larger amounts of oil (abnormal sebum). […] This abnormal sebum changes the activity of a usually harmless skin bacterium called P. acnes, which becomes more aggressive and causes inflammation and pus. […] The hormones also thicken the inner lining of the hair follicle, causing blockage of the pores. Cleaning the skin does not help to remove this blockage. […] Acne is known to run in families. If both your mother and father had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also have acne. […] Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy, can also lead to episodes of acne in women. […] There’s no evidence that poor hygiene or sexual activity play a role in acne.
  • #25
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #26 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #27 Acne: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/acne-causes
    One study found that smoking may play a role for some women with acne. […] Other studies have found that smokers are more likely to have acne than non-smokers. This repeat finding suggests that smoking cigarettes may trigger acne. […] While stress cannot cause acne, stress may worsen existing acne. Results from studies suggest that when stress intensifies, the severity of the acne increases. […] Acne may worsen if you: Get too little sleep, Eat certain foods, Use oily makeup and skin care products, Apply oily hair care products, such as pomade. […] It’s impossible to predict who will develop more severe acne, but you have a higher risk if one or both of your parents (or other close blood relative) had severe acne that left them with acne scars.
  • #28 Acne – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
    Acne appears to be highly heritable; genetics explain 81% of the variation in the population. […] Susceptibility to acne is primarily genetic in 80% of cases. […] The roles of diet and cigarette smoking in the condition are unclear, and neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight are associated with acne. […] Hormonal activity, such as occurs during menstrual cycles and puberty, may contribute to the formation of acne. […] Medical conditions that commonly cause a high-androgen state, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors, can cause acne in affected individuals. […] The anaerobic bacterial species Cutibacterium acnes contributes to the development of acne, but its exact role is not well understood. […] High-glycemic-load diets have been found to have different degrees of effect on acne severity.
  • #29 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #30 What causes acne?
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/what-causes-acne
    Some studies suggest there is a link between the food we eat and acne. […] Insulin induces male hormones (androgens), glucocorticoids and growth factors. These provoke keratinisation (scaling) of the hair follicle and sebum production. An increase in sebum production and keratinisation is a factor in the appearance of acne. […] Although cow’s milk has a low glycaemic index, it contains androgens, oestrogen, progesterone and glucocorticoids, which also provoke keratinisation and sebum production. […] Studies show that some monounsaturated fatty acids, such as sapienic acid and some vegetable oils, can increase sebum production. […] We do not understand why acne eventually clears up. It does not always coincide with a reduction in sebum production or with a reduction in the number of bacteria.
  • #31 What causes acne?
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/what-causes-acne
    Some studies suggest there is a link between the food we eat and acne. […] Insulin induces male hormones (androgens), glucocorticoids and growth factors. These provoke keratinisation (scaling) of the hair follicle and sebum production. An increase in sebum production and keratinisation is a factor in the appearance of acne. […] Although cow’s milk has a low glycaemic index, it contains androgens, oestrogen, progesterone and glucocorticoids, which also provoke keratinisation and sebum production. […] Studies show that some monounsaturated fatty acids, such as sapienic acid and some vegetable oils, can increase sebum production. […] We do not understand why acne eventually clears up. It does not always coincide with a reduction in sebum production or with a reduction in the number of bacteria.
  • #32 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #33 What causes acne?
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/what-causes-acne
    Some studies suggest there is a link between the food we eat and acne. […] Insulin induces male hormones (androgens), glucocorticoids and growth factors. These provoke keratinisation (scaling) of the hair follicle and sebum production. An increase in sebum production and keratinisation is a factor in the appearance of acne. […] Although cow’s milk has a low glycaemic index, it contains androgens, oestrogen, progesterone and glucocorticoids, which also provoke keratinisation and sebum production. […] Studies show that some monounsaturated fatty acids, such as sapienic acid and some vegetable oils, can increase sebum production. […] We do not understand why acne eventually clears up. It does not always coincide with a reduction in sebum production or with a reduction in the number of bacteria.
  • #34 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #35 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #36 Acne: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/acne-causes
    One study found that smoking may play a role for some women with acne. […] Other studies have found that smokers are more likely to have acne than non-smokers. This repeat finding suggests that smoking cigarettes may trigger acne. […] While stress cannot cause acne, stress may worsen existing acne. Results from studies suggest that when stress intensifies, the severity of the acne increases. […] Acne may worsen if you: Get too little sleep, Eat certain foods, Use oily makeup and skin care products, Apply oily hair care products, such as pomade. […] It’s impossible to predict who will develop more severe acne, but you have a higher risk if one or both of your parents (or other close blood relative) had severe acne that left them with acne scars.
  • #37 Acne: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/acne-causes
    One study found that smoking may play a role for some women with acne. […] Other studies have found that smokers are more likely to have acne than non-smokers. This repeat finding suggests that smoking cigarettes may trigger acne. […] While stress cannot cause acne, stress may worsen existing acne. Results from studies suggest that when stress intensifies, the severity of the acne increases. […] Acne may worsen if you: Get too little sleep, Eat certain foods, Use oily makeup and skin care products, Apply oily hair care products, such as pomade. […] It’s impossible to predict who will develop more severe acne, but you have a higher risk if one or both of your parents (or other close blood relative) had severe acne that left them with acne scars.
  • #38 Adult Acne: 10 Surprising Causes (and How to Get Rid of It)
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-beauty/acne/10-surprising-causes-acne-adults/
    There may also be a link between acne and dairy, according to Harth. […] Dairy products have been shown in multiple studies to increase levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), that can trigger or worsen acne breakouts, says Harth. […] Stress can worsen acne by leading to a release of inflammatory chemicals called neuropeptides and hormonal changes, Fried says. […] Even good stress, like getting ready for a big event, might trigger breakouts. […] Throughout the day, you expose your cell phone to surfaces with bacteria on them, and when you talk on the phone, you put this bacteria close to your mouth, Fusco says. […] Plus, if you’re constantly on your cell phone (or regular phone, for that matter), rubbing it against your face can lead to acne mechanica, which is pimples caused by friction. […] It’s true that oily skin is the cause of bad breakouts, but so is the other extreme. Dry skin can have microscopic cracks and fissures in which bacteria can multiply and cause acne, Fusco says.
  • #39 Acne: Types, Causes, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12233-acne
    Acne is a very common skin condition that causes pimples. Clogged pores cause acne. Acne is a common skin condition where the pores of your skin clog. Clogged hair follicles or pores cause acne. When too much material is inside your hair follicle, a clog occurs. Your pores can clog with: […] Acne is largely a hormonal condition thats driven by androgen hormones, especially testosterone. This typically becomes active during teenage and young adult years. […] Certain things in your environment contribute to acne, or they can make an acne breakout worse, including: […] Some studies link particular foods and diets to acne, like: […] Acne can cause disruptions in your mental health because it affects your appearance and self-esteem.
  • #40 Acne – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/acne-and-related-disorders/acne
    Other conditions that involve hormonal changes can affect the occurrence of acne as well: Pregnancy or menstruation, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Certain medications, Certain products applied to the skin, Too-tight clothing, High humidity and sweating can trigger acne. […] Acne may occur with each menstrual period in younger women and may clear up or substantially worsen during pregnancy. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormone disorder that can disrupt the menstrual cycle and can trigger or worsen acne. […] The use of certain medications, particularly corticosteroids and anabolic steroids, can worsen acne or cause acne flare-ups. […] There is no relationship between acne and inadequate face washing, masturbation, eating chocolate, and sexual activity. […] It is not clear whether milk products and a diet that is high in simple or processed carbohydrates and sugars (a high-glycemic diet) contribute to acne.
  • #41 Acne Vulgaris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069804-overview
    Acne develops from the following four factors: (1) follicular epidermal hyperproliferation with subsequent plugging of the follicle, (2) excess sebum production, (3) the presence and activity of the commensal bacteria Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), and (4) inflammation. […] In addition, genetics is also a key factor in the pathophysiology of acne. […] The main underlying cause of acne is a genetic predisposition. In addition, other aggravating factors are recognized. […] Cosmetic agents and hair pomades may worsen acne. […] Medications that can promote acne development include steroids, lithium, some antiepileptics, and iodides. […] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and other endocrine disorders associated with excess androgens may trigger the development of acne vulgaris. Even pregnancy may cause a flare-up. […] Mechanical occlusion with headbands, shoulder pads, back packs, or under-wire bras can be aggravating factors. […] Excessive sunlight may either improve or flare acne. In any case, the ultraviolet exposure ages the skin.
  • #42 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #43
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Other possible triggers of an acne flare-up include certain medications such as steroid medicines, lithium (used to treat depression and bipolar disorder) and some drugs used to treat epilepsy. […] Most of the biological reactions that trigger acne occur beneath the skin, not on the surface, so the cleanliness of your skin has no effect on your acne. […] This could actually make symptoms worse and may leave you with scarring. […] Having sex or masturbating will not make acne any better or worse. […] There’s no conclusive evidence that prolonged exposure to sunlight or using sunbeds or sunlamps can improve acne. […] You cannot pass acne on to other people.
  • #44 What is Acne? Definition & Types | NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/acne
    Acne is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles under the skin become clogged. […] Acne is an inflammatory disorder of the skin, which has sebaceous (oil) glands that connects to the hair follicle, which contains a fine hair. […] Doctors and researchers believe that one or more of the following can lead to the development of acne: Excess or high production of oil in the pore. Buildup of dead skin cells in the pore. Growth of bacteria in the pore. […] An increase in androgens, which are male sex hormones, may lead to acne. […] Researchers believe that you may be more likely to get acne if your parents had acne. […] Certain medications, such as medications that contain hormones, corticosteroids, and lithium, can cause acne. […] Some studies show that eating certain foods may make acne worse. Researchers are continuing to study the role of diet as a cause of acne.
  • #45 Acne Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment
    https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/acne-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment
    Acne can be caused by excess oil production, bacteria, abnormally shedding hair follicles, and an excess activity of androgynous hormones, such as testosterone. […] Factors that may aggravate acne include excessive hormone secretion, certain medications (eg, corticosteroids, lithium, and testosterone), certain foods (eg, bread, chocolate, chips, and skim milk), and stress.
  • #46 What Are Acne Causes and Treatments?
    https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/acne-causes
    No one factor causes acne. Acne happens when oil (sebaceous) glands become active at puberty, stimulated by male hormones from the adrenal glands in both boys and girls. […] Other things that may — or may not — cause acne include: […] Heredity: With the exception of very severe acne, most people do not have the problem exactly as their parents did. Almost everyone has some acne at some point in life. […] Food: All over the world, parents tell teens to avoid pizza, chocolate, greasy and fried foods, and junk food. While these foods may not be good for overall health, they don’t cause acne or make it worse. Studies show dairy products and high glycemic foods, however, can trigger acne. […] Hormones: Most women break out cyclically. Some oral contraceptive pills help relieve acne, but some may make acne worse. Ask your doctor which is best for you.
  • #47 What causes acne?
    https://blog.walgreens.com/health/skin-health-conditions/what-causes-acne.html
    Certain types of intrauterine devices (IUDs), injectable forms of birth control and oral birth control pills may worsen acne. However, some combination birth control pills are actually used to treat moderate to severe acne in women. The hormone estrogen helps to balance out androgen, which may reduce breakouts.
  • #48 Acne Vulgaris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069804-overview
    Acne develops from the following four factors: (1) follicular epidermal hyperproliferation with subsequent plugging of the follicle, (2) excess sebum production, (3) the presence and activity of the commensal bacteria Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), and (4) inflammation. […] In addition, genetics is also a key factor in the pathophysiology of acne. […] The main underlying cause of acne is a genetic predisposition. In addition, other aggravating factors are recognized. […] Cosmetic agents and hair pomades may worsen acne. […] Medications that can promote acne development include steroids, lithium, some antiepileptics, and iodides. […] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and other endocrine disorders associated with excess androgens may trigger the development of acne vulgaris. Even pregnancy may cause a flare-up. […] Mechanical occlusion with headbands, shoulder pads, back packs, or under-wire bras can be aggravating factors. […] Excessive sunlight may either improve or flare acne. In any case, the ultraviolet exposure ages the skin.
  • #49 Acne: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/acne-causes
    One study found that smoking may play a role for some women with acne. […] Other studies have found that smokers are more likely to have acne than non-smokers. This repeat finding suggests that smoking cigarettes may trigger acne. […] While stress cannot cause acne, stress may worsen existing acne. Results from studies suggest that when stress intensifies, the severity of the acne increases. […] Acne may worsen if you: Get too little sleep, Eat certain foods, Use oily makeup and skin care products, Apply oily hair care products, such as pomade. […] It’s impossible to predict who will develop more severe acne, but you have a higher risk if one or both of your parents (or other close blood relative) had severe acne that left them with acne scars.
  • #50
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/
    Acne is most commonly linked to the changes in hormone levels during puberty, but can start at any age. […] Certain hormones cause the grease-producing glands next to hair follicles in the skin to produce larger amounts of oil (abnormal sebum). […] This abnormal sebum changes the activity of a usually harmless skin bacterium called P. acnes, which becomes more aggressive and causes inflammation and pus. […] The hormones also thicken the inner lining of the hair follicle, causing blockage of the pores. Cleaning the skin does not help to remove this blockage. […] Acne is known to run in families. If both your mother and father had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also have acne. […] Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy, can also lead to episodes of acne in women. […] There’s no evidence that poor hygiene or sexual activity play a role in acne.
  • #51 Acne | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/acne/
    Acne is known to run in families. If both your mother and father had acne, its likely that youll also have acne. […] Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy, can also lead to episodes of acne in women. […] Theres no evidence that diet, poor hygiene or sexual activity play a role in acne.
  • #52
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne can start at any age but is most often because of the changes in hormone levels during puberty. […] Acne runs in families. If both your mother and father had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also have acne. […] Acne is caused when hair follicles (small holes in the skin that a hair grows out of) become blocked. […] When you have acne your sebaceous glands make too much sebum. The sebum mixes with dead skin cells and together they block the follicle. […] Some hormones can cause you to make larger amounts of sebum. […] This causes a usually harmless bacteria on your skin to overgrow. The bacteria P. acnes, causes inflammation and pus. […] Changes in hormone levels are a major cause. […] There are a number of myths about acne. People think it is caused by food, how clean your skin is, and sex or masturbating. But it’s not.
  • #53 Acne – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
    There are few high-quality studies to demonstrate that stress causes or worsens acne. […] Some individuals experience severe intensification of their acne when they are exposed to hot humid climates; this is due to bacteria and fungus thriving in warm, moist environments. […] Several medications can also worsen pre-existing acne; this condition is the acne medicamentosa form of acne. […] Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit and develops due to blockages in the skin’s hair follicles. […] The blockages in the skin’s hair follicles that cause acne vulgaris manifestations occur as a result of the following four abnormal processes: increased oily sebum production (influenced by androgens), excessive deposition of the protein keratin leading to comedo formation, colonization of the follicle by Cutibacterium acnes bacteria, and the local release of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the skin.
  • #54 Acne – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
    There are few high-quality studies to demonstrate that stress causes or worsens acne. […] Some individuals experience severe intensification of their acne when they are exposed to hot humid climates; this is due to bacteria and fungus thriving in warm, moist environments. […] Several medications can also worsen pre-existing acne; this condition is the acne medicamentosa form of acne. […] Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit and develops due to blockages in the skin’s hair follicles. […] The blockages in the skin’s hair follicles that cause acne vulgaris manifestations occur as a result of the following four abnormal processes: increased oily sebum production (influenced by androgens), excessive deposition of the protein keratin leading to comedo formation, colonization of the follicle by Cutibacterium acnes bacteria, and the local release of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the skin.
  • #55 Acne – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
    There are few high-quality studies to demonstrate that stress causes or worsens acne. […] Some individuals experience severe intensification of their acne when they are exposed to hot humid climates; this is due to bacteria and fungus thriving in warm, moist environments. […] Several medications can also worsen pre-existing acne; this condition is the acne medicamentosa form of acne. […] Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit and develops due to blockages in the skin’s hair follicles. […] The blockages in the skin’s hair follicles that cause acne vulgaris manifestations occur as a result of the following four abnormal processes: increased oily sebum production (influenced by androgens), excessive deposition of the protein keratin leading to comedo formation, colonization of the follicle by Cutibacterium acnes bacteria, and the local release of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the skin.
  • #56 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #57 Acne: Treatment, Types, Causes, Prevention, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/skin/acne
    Acne occurs when the pores of your skin become blocked with oil, dead skin, or bacteria. […] One or more mishaps in this lubrication process can contribute to acne. […] Acne might occur, for example, when: your follicles produce too much oil, dead skin cells accumulate in your pores, bacteria build up in your pores. […] Any of these concerns can lead to pimples, which develop when bacteria grow in a clogged pore and the oil cant escape.
  • #58 Acne: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes & Treatment
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/acne/acne
    Acne is caused by clogged pores, which are tiny openings in the skin’s surface. An overproduction of oil (or sebum) by the oil glands (sebaceous glands) combined with rapidly growing skin cells can clog the pores. When the pores become plugged, ordinary skin bacteria begin to grow inside the pore. Complete blockage of the pore results in whiteheads; incomplete blockage results in blackheads. […] Enzymes released by these trapped bacteria cause localized inflammation within the resulting plug called a comedone. The comedone can burst, spilling material into surrounding areas, intensifying the inflammation. Deeper infections, including painful cysts, can also develop under the skin. […] Acne most often begins in puberty, when the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the sebaceous glands to become more active, which results in increased production of oil, or sebum.
  • #59 Acne: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes & Treatment
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/acne/acne
    Acne is caused by clogged pores, which are tiny openings in the skin’s surface. An overproduction of oil (or sebum) by the oil glands (sebaceous glands) combined with rapidly growing skin cells can clog the pores. When the pores become plugged, ordinary skin bacteria begin to grow inside the pore. Complete blockage of the pore results in whiteheads; incomplete blockage results in blackheads. […] Enzymes released by these trapped bacteria cause localized inflammation within the resulting plug called a comedone. The comedone can burst, spilling material into surrounding areas, intensifying the inflammation. Deeper infections, including painful cysts, can also develop under the skin. […] Acne most often begins in puberty, when the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the sebaceous glands to become more active, which results in increased production of oil, or sebum.
  • #60 Acne: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes & Treatment
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/acne/acne
    Acne is caused by clogged pores, which are tiny openings in the skin’s surface. An overproduction of oil (or sebum) by the oil glands (sebaceous glands) combined with rapidly growing skin cells can clog the pores. When the pores become plugged, ordinary skin bacteria begin to grow inside the pore. Complete blockage of the pore results in whiteheads; incomplete blockage results in blackheads. […] Enzymes released by these trapped bacteria cause localized inflammation within the resulting plug called a comedone. The comedone can burst, spilling material into surrounding areas, intensifying the inflammation. Deeper infections, including painful cysts, can also develop under the skin. […] Acne most often begins in puberty, when the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the sebaceous glands to become more active, which results in increased production of oil, or sebum.
  • #61 Cystic acne: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103258
  • #62 What causes acne?
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/what-causes-acne
    Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition that involves the pilosebaceous unit (hair follicles and oil glands). […] The precise reasons that acne is most severe during the teenage years are being studied. There are higher levels of sex hormones after puberty than in younger children. […] The sebaceous glands produce sebum. Changes in sebum composition may lead to acne lesions. […] Bacteria within the hair follicle may enhance inflammatory lesions. […] Some people have particularly severe acne. This may be because of genetic factors (family members have bad acne). […] Much of the individual variation in acne severity is due to variation in the innate immune system and the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, defensins, peptidases, sebum lipids, and neuropeptides.
  • #63 Acne (Acne Vulgaris) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/acne
    But bacteria also play a role. Cutibacterium acnes, or C. acnes, is a type of gram-positive bacteria that normally lives on the skin. […] When the sebaceous glands produce lots of sebum, C. acnes thrives and reproduces, which further clogs the hair follicles and leads to skin inflammation. […] The plugged hair follicles can form blackheads and whiteheads. If they become inflamed, red, raised pimples develop on the skin, or nodules or cysts may form under the skin.
  • #64 Acne: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/acne-causes-4688896
    Androgens (male hormones) appear to be the hormones most responsible for acne. […] In women, hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle play a key role in adult-onset acne, while stress, hormonal contraceptives, and smoking are considered risk factors. […] It is not entirely clear why some people have cystic acne, but it is thought that a severe inflammatory response weakens the lining of sebaceous glands that produce sebum (oil). […] Acne scars are usually the result of a severe acne breakout, during which hair follicles can become clogged with sebum, bacteria, and dead skin cells. […] Diet can influence hormone levels, and some foods are known to cause inflammation that may make acne worse.
  • #65 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #66 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #67 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Meanwhile, nodules and cysts develop from clogged pores in the subepidermal layer (the lowest layer of the epidermis) or dermis (the middle layer of skin). […] Certain factors that increase your risk of developing inflammatory acne include age, hygiene, hormonal changes and conditions, genetics, medications, and diet. […] Hormonal changes can also increase oil production, which clogs the pore with sebum.
  • #68 Acne: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes & Treatment
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/acne/acne
    Acne is caused by clogged pores, which are tiny openings in the skin’s surface. An overproduction of oil (or sebum) by the oil glands (sebaceous glands) combined with rapidly growing skin cells can clog the pores. When the pores become plugged, ordinary skin bacteria begin to grow inside the pore. Complete blockage of the pore results in whiteheads; incomplete blockage results in blackheads. […] Enzymes released by these trapped bacteria cause localized inflammation within the resulting plug called a comedone. The comedone can burst, spilling material into surrounding areas, intensifying the inflammation. Deeper infections, including painful cysts, can also develop under the skin. […] Acne most often begins in puberty, when the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the sebaceous glands to become more active, which results in increased production of oil, or sebum.
  • #69 The Causes of Bad Acne: Smita Tandon, MD: Pediatricians
    https://www.dr2kids.com/blog/the-causes-of-bad-acne
    Though the factors of acne are understood, it still isnt fully known why some people are affected more than others. […] Acne outbreaks are often triggered by hormonal changes, particularly androgens, which are present in both girls and boys. Changes through adolescence typically create increased androgen production of which acne is sometimes a symptom. Some medications, including lithium, corticosteroids, or artificial hormones can also increase the chances of triggering acne outbreaks. […] Carbohydrate-rich diets may have a connection to acne in some people, though there isnt yet conclusive medical evidence. […] Acne doesnt get worse because of dirty skin. In fact, overly aggressive scrubbing of the skin with strong soaps can be more of a problem than too little washing. Consumption of greasy food doesnt translate into greasy skin, so though a preference for French fries might have other health impacts, it wont aggravate an acne outbreak. Though chocolate is often rumored to contribute to acne, in fact it has little to no effect.
  • #70 Adult Acne: 10 Surprising Causes (and How to Get Rid of It)
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-beauty/acne/10-surprising-causes-acne-adults/
    As you age, you might think you’re past the age of getting teenage acne. […] The truth is, up to 15 percent of adult women have acne, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). […] What’s interesting is that you can get it [as an adult] even if you didn’t have it as a teenager, says Francesca Fusco, MD, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. […] Causes of your current breakouts can include changing hormone levels from premenstrual dips, fluctuations that occur during perimenopause, cosmetics, skin-care regimen, and other lifestyle choices. […] The latest scientific evidence suggests that high-carbohydrate diets may predispose you to acne, Fusco says. […] Specifically, diets high in refined carbohydrates (white foods including white bread and white pasta, along with crackers, cake, and cookies) that are high on the glycemic index may increase the development and severity of breakouts, yet more research is needed.
  • #71 Hormonal Acne: What Is It, Treatment, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21792-hormonal-acne
    Hormonal acne is linked to the overproduction of sebum (an oily substance in skin glands), which clogs pores, leading to pimples. […] Hormonal acne is the direct result of excess sebum in oil glands. […] Acne is caused by clogged pores. Hormonal acne develops when hormonal changes increase the amount of oil your skin produces. This oil interacts with bacteria on the pores of your skin where hair grows (hair follicles) and results in acne. […] Clogged pores are the result of: Excess sebum (the oily substance created from the sebaceous glands in the middle layer of your skin). […] Causes for hormonal acne that you cant do anything about: Changing hormone levels in women, including around your period, irregular periods, during pregnancy, during menopause or after discontinuing birth control. […] When you are pregnant, hormonal fluctuations can cause acne. […] Hormonal acne causes breakouts. These appear as lesions or bumps on your skin that could become red, inflamed, painful and sore if not treated.
  • #72
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #73
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #74 Acne – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/acne-and-related-disorders/acne
    Other conditions that involve hormonal changes can affect the occurrence of acne as well: Pregnancy or menstruation, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Certain medications, Certain products applied to the skin, Too-tight clothing, High humidity and sweating can trigger acne. […] Acne may occur with each menstrual period in younger women and may clear up or substantially worsen during pregnancy. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormone disorder that can disrupt the menstrual cycle and can trigger or worsen acne. […] The use of certain medications, particularly corticosteroids and anabolic steroids, can worsen acne or cause acne flare-ups. […] There is no relationship between acne and inadequate face washing, masturbation, eating chocolate, and sexual activity. […] It is not clear whether milk products and a diet that is high in simple or processed carbohydrates and sugars (a high-glycemic diet) contribute to acne.
  • #75 Adult acne: Understanding underlying causes and banishing breakouts – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/adult-acne-understanding-underlying-causes-and-banishing-breakouts-2019092117816
    Adult acne, or post-adolescent acne, is acne that occurs after age 25. For the most part, the same factors that cause acne in adolescents are at play in adult acne. The four factors that directly contribute to acne are: excess oil production, pores becoming clogged by „sticky” skin cells, bacteria, and inflammation. […] There are also some indirect factors that influence the aforementioned direct factors, including hormones, stress, and the menstrual cycle in women, all of which can influence oil production. […] Some medications, including corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, and lithium, can also cause acne. […] Many skin disorders, including acne, can be a window into a systemic condition. For example, hair loss, excess hair growth, irregular menstrual cycles, or rapid weight gain or loss in addition to acne, or rapid onset of acne with no prior history of acne, can all be red flags of an underlying disease, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, or other endocrine disorders.
  • #76 Acne: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/acne-causes
    One study found that smoking may play a role for some women with acne. […] Other studies have found that smokers are more likely to have acne than non-smokers. This repeat finding suggests that smoking cigarettes may trigger acne. […] While stress cannot cause acne, stress may worsen existing acne. Results from studies suggest that when stress intensifies, the severity of the acne increases. […] Acne may worsen if you: Get too little sleep, Eat certain foods, Use oily makeup and skin care products, Apply oily hair care products, such as pomade. […] It’s impossible to predict who will develop more severe acne, but you have a higher risk if one or both of your parents (or other close blood relative) had severe acne that left them with acne scars.
  • #77 Acne: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/acne-causes
    One study found that smoking may play a role for some women with acne. […] Other studies have found that smokers are more likely to have acne than non-smokers. This repeat finding suggests that smoking cigarettes may trigger acne. […] While stress cannot cause acne, stress may worsen existing acne. Results from studies suggest that when stress intensifies, the severity of the acne increases. […] Acne may worsen if you: Get too little sleep, Eat certain foods, Use oily makeup and skin care products, Apply oily hair care products, such as pomade. […] It’s impossible to predict who will develop more severe acne, but you have a higher risk if one or both of your parents (or other close blood relative) had severe acne that left them with acne scars.
  • #78 Acne: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/acne-causes
    One study found that smoking may play a role for some women with acne. […] Other studies have found that smokers are more likely to have acne than non-smokers. This repeat finding suggests that smoking cigarettes may trigger acne. […] While stress cannot cause acne, stress may worsen existing acne. Results from studies suggest that when stress intensifies, the severity of the acne increases. […] Acne may worsen if you: Get too little sleep, Eat certain foods, Use oily makeup and skin care products, Apply oily hair care products, such as pomade. […] It’s impossible to predict who will develop more severe acne, but you have a higher risk if one or both of your parents (or other close blood relative) had severe acne that left them with acne scars.
  • #79 Hormonal Acne: What Is It, Treatment, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21792-hormonal-acne
    Hormonal acne is linked to the overproduction of sebum (an oily substance in skin glands), which clogs pores, leading to pimples. […] Hormonal acne is the direct result of excess sebum in oil glands. […] Acne is caused by clogged pores. Hormonal acne develops when hormonal changes increase the amount of oil your skin produces. This oil interacts with bacteria on the pores of your skin where hair grows (hair follicles) and results in acne. […] Clogged pores are the result of: Excess sebum (the oily substance created from the sebaceous glands in the middle layer of your skin). […] Causes for hormonal acne that you cant do anything about: Changing hormone levels in women, including around your period, irregular periods, during pregnancy, during menopause or after discontinuing birth control. […] When you are pregnant, hormonal fluctuations can cause acne. […] Hormonal acne causes breakouts. These appear as lesions or bumps on your skin that could become red, inflamed, painful and sore if not treated.
  • #80 Hormonal Acne: What Is It, Treatment, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21792-hormonal-acne
    Hormonal acne is linked to the overproduction of sebum (an oily substance in skin glands), which clogs pores, leading to pimples. […] Hormonal acne is the direct result of excess sebum in oil glands. […] Acne is caused by clogged pores. Hormonal acne develops when hormonal changes increase the amount of oil your skin produces. This oil interacts with bacteria on the pores of your skin where hair grows (hair follicles) and results in acne. […] Clogged pores are the result of: Excess sebum (the oily substance created from the sebaceous glands in the middle layer of your skin). […] Causes for hormonal acne that you cant do anything about: Changing hormone levels in women, including around your period, irregular periods, during pregnancy, during menopause or after discontinuing birth control. […] When you are pregnant, hormonal fluctuations can cause acne. […] Hormonal acne causes breakouts. These appear as lesions or bumps on your skin that could become red, inflamed, painful and sore if not treated.
  • #81 Hormonal Acne: What Is It, Treatment, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21792-hormonal-acne
    Hormonal acne is linked to the overproduction of sebum (an oily substance in skin glands), which clogs pores, leading to pimples. […] Hormonal acne is the direct result of excess sebum in oil glands. […] Acne is caused by clogged pores. Hormonal acne develops when hormonal changes increase the amount of oil your skin produces. This oil interacts with bacteria on the pores of your skin where hair grows (hair follicles) and results in acne. […] Clogged pores are the result of: Excess sebum (the oily substance created from the sebaceous glands in the middle layer of your skin). […] Causes for hormonal acne that you cant do anything about: Changing hormone levels in women, including around your period, irregular periods, during pregnancy, during menopause or after discontinuing birth control. […] When you are pregnant, hormonal fluctuations can cause acne. […] Hormonal acne causes breakouts. These appear as lesions or bumps on your skin that could become red, inflamed, painful and sore if not treated.
  • #82 Hormonal Acne: What Is It, Treatment, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21792-hormonal-acne
    Hormonal acne is linked to the overproduction of sebum (an oily substance in skin glands), which clogs pores, leading to pimples. […] Hormonal acne is the direct result of excess sebum in oil glands. […] Acne is caused by clogged pores. Hormonal acne develops when hormonal changes increase the amount of oil your skin produces. This oil interacts with bacteria on the pores of your skin where hair grows (hair follicles) and results in acne. […] Clogged pores are the result of: Excess sebum (the oily substance created from the sebaceous glands in the middle layer of your skin). […] Causes for hormonal acne that you cant do anything about: Changing hormone levels in women, including around your period, irregular periods, during pregnancy, during menopause or after discontinuing birth control. […] When you are pregnant, hormonal fluctuations can cause acne. […] Hormonal acne causes breakouts. These appear as lesions or bumps on your skin that could become red, inflamed, painful and sore if not treated.
  • #83 Adult acne: Understanding underlying causes and banishing breakouts – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/adult-acne-understanding-underlying-causes-and-banishing-breakouts-2019092117816
    Adult acne, or post-adolescent acne, is acne that occurs after age 25. For the most part, the same factors that cause acne in adolescents are at play in adult acne. The four factors that directly contribute to acne are: excess oil production, pores becoming clogged by „sticky” skin cells, bacteria, and inflammation. […] There are also some indirect factors that influence the aforementioned direct factors, including hormones, stress, and the menstrual cycle in women, all of which can influence oil production. […] Some medications, including corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, and lithium, can also cause acne. […] Many skin disorders, including acne, can be a window into a systemic condition. For example, hair loss, excess hair growth, irregular menstrual cycles, or rapid weight gain or loss in addition to acne, or rapid onset of acne with no prior history of acne, can all be red flags of an underlying disease, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, or other endocrine disorders.
  • #84 Adult acne: Understanding underlying causes and banishing breakouts – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/adult-acne-understanding-underlying-causes-and-banishing-breakouts-2019092117816
    Adult acne, or post-adolescent acne, is acne that occurs after age 25. For the most part, the same factors that cause acne in adolescents are at play in adult acne. The four factors that directly contribute to acne are: excess oil production, pores becoming clogged by „sticky” skin cells, bacteria, and inflammation. […] There are also some indirect factors that influence the aforementioned direct factors, including hormones, stress, and the menstrual cycle in women, all of which can influence oil production. […] Some medications, including corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, and lithium, can also cause acne. […] Many skin disorders, including acne, can be a window into a systemic condition. For example, hair loss, excess hair growth, irregular menstrual cycles, or rapid weight gain or loss in addition to acne, or rapid onset of acne with no prior history of acne, can all be red flags of an underlying disease, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, or other endocrine disorders.
  • #85 Adult Acne: 10 Surprising Causes (and How to Get Rid of It)
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-beauty/acne/10-surprising-causes-acne-adults/
    As you age, you might think you’re past the age of getting teenage acne. […] The truth is, up to 15 percent of adult women have acne, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). […] What’s interesting is that you can get it [as an adult] even if you didn’t have it as a teenager, says Francesca Fusco, MD, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. […] Causes of your current breakouts can include changing hormone levels from premenstrual dips, fluctuations that occur during perimenopause, cosmetics, skin-care regimen, and other lifestyle choices. […] The latest scientific evidence suggests that high-carbohydrate diets may predispose you to acne, Fusco says. […] Specifically, diets high in refined carbohydrates (white foods including white bread and white pasta, along with crackers, cake, and cookies) that are high on the glycemic index may increase the development and severity of breakouts, yet more research is needed.
  • #86 Adult Acne: 10 Surprising Causes (and How to Get Rid of It)
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-beauty/acne/10-surprising-causes-acne-adults/
    As you age, you might think you’re past the age of getting teenage acne. […] The truth is, up to 15 percent of adult women have acne, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). […] What’s interesting is that you can get it [as an adult] even if you didn’t have it as a teenager, says Francesca Fusco, MD, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. […] Causes of your current breakouts can include changing hormone levels from premenstrual dips, fluctuations that occur during perimenopause, cosmetics, skin-care regimen, and other lifestyle choices. […] The latest scientific evidence suggests that high-carbohydrate diets may predispose you to acne, Fusco says. […] Specifically, diets high in refined carbohydrates (white foods including white bread and white pasta, along with crackers, cake, and cookies) that are high on the glycemic index may increase the development and severity of breakouts, yet more research is needed.
  • #87 Adult Acne: 10 Surprising Causes (and How to Get Rid of It)
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-beauty/acne/10-surprising-causes-acne-adults/
    As you age, you might think you’re past the age of getting teenage acne. […] The truth is, up to 15 percent of adult women have acne, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). […] What’s interesting is that you can get it [as an adult] even if you didn’t have it as a teenager, says Francesca Fusco, MD, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. […] Causes of your current breakouts can include changing hormone levels from premenstrual dips, fluctuations that occur during perimenopause, cosmetics, skin-care regimen, and other lifestyle choices. […] The latest scientific evidence suggests that high-carbohydrate diets may predispose you to acne, Fusco says. […] Specifically, diets high in refined carbohydrates (white foods including white bread and white pasta, along with crackers, cake, and cookies) that are high on the glycemic index may increase the development and severity of breakouts, yet more research is needed.
  • #88 An expert’s guide to adult acne: Causes and treatment
    https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/an-expert-s-guide-to-adult-acne-causes-and-treatment
    Adult acne, like teenage acne, can be triggered by a number of factors. Here are some of the most typical triggers of adult acne: […] Hormonal fluctuations, especially in women, can cause acne breakouts. Hormone fluctuations, such as androgens, can result in increased sebum (oil) production and clogged pores. […] Stress can cause the adrenal glands to release more androgens, resulting in increased oil production and therefore more acne breakouts. […] Acne may be exacerbated by certain diets, particularly ones high in processed carbs and sugar. Dairy products and diets with a high glycemic index have also been connected to acne flare-ups in certain people. […] Some drugs may cause acne or disturb hormonal balances, resulting in acne breakouts. […] If you have a family history of acne, you are more likely to develop adult acne.
  • #89 Adult Acne at 30 – Acne Causes | Tufts Medicine
    https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us/news/adult-acne-age-30
    Adult acne can still happen and is a common condition among women – even after age 30. Here are some common causes of acne in adults. […] “Adult-onset acne is more prevalent in women and more likely to appear along the jawline than in the “T-zone” of the forehead, nose and chin,” said Clarissa Yang, MD, Chief of Dermatology at Tufts Medical Center. “Jawline acne in women can suggest a hormonal imbalance.” […] The hormonal imbalance that results in jawline acne is thought to be caused by a relative increase in androgen levels, explained Dr. Yang. Androgens are male hormones which can result in increased oil gland production and clogging of pores. […] A new study presented to the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology in October looked at almost 7,000 people across six different countries in Europe. Their research showed that dairy and sugar are among the greatest factors associated with acne.
  • #90 Adult Acne at 30 – Acne Causes | Tufts Medicine
    https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us/news/adult-acne-age-30
    Adult acne can still happen and is a common condition among women – even after age 30. Here are some common causes of acne in adults. […] “Adult-onset acne is more prevalent in women and more likely to appear along the jawline than in the “T-zone” of the forehead, nose and chin,” said Clarissa Yang, MD, Chief of Dermatology at Tufts Medical Center. “Jawline acne in women can suggest a hormonal imbalance.” […] The hormonal imbalance that results in jawline acne is thought to be caused by a relative increase in androgen levels, explained Dr. Yang. Androgens are male hormones which can result in increased oil gland production and clogging of pores. […] A new study presented to the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology in October looked at almost 7,000 people across six different countries in Europe. Their research showed that dairy and sugar are among the greatest factors associated with acne.
  • #91 Cystic acne: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103258
    Cystic acne is a severe type of acne in which pore blockages lead to infection and inflammation. […] The main factors behind cystic acne are the hormonal changes in puberty, but it can occur in older individuals, too. […] Cystic acne is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, nor by poor hygiene or masturbation. […] The biggest factor causing acne is the hormonal changes in adolescent teenage years. During puberty, levels of circulating androgen hormones increase dramatically, which causes an increase in sebum production; skin cells also begin to grow quicker. […] Acne is not confined to teenagers, however, and other factors are involved, including hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, birth control, the use of hormone therapy, and stress. […] Acne, including cystic acne, is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, most other dietary choices, poor hygiene or inadequate face washing, masturbation or sex.
  • #92 Cystic acne: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103258
    Cystic acne is a severe type of acne in which pore blockages lead to infection and inflammation. […] The main factors behind cystic acne are the hormonal changes in puberty, but it can occur in older individuals, too. […] Cystic acne is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, nor by poor hygiene or masturbation. […] The biggest factor causing acne is the hormonal changes in adolescent teenage years. During puberty, levels of circulating androgen hormones increase dramatically, which causes an increase in sebum production; skin cells also begin to grow quicker. […] Acne is not confined to teenagers, however, and other factors are involved, including hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, birth control, the use of hormone therapy, and stress. […] Acne, including cystic acne, is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, most other dietary choices, poor hygiene or inadequate face washing, masturbation or sex.
  • #93 Cystic acne: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103258
    Cystic acne is a severe type of acne in which pore blockages lead to infection and inflammation. […] The main factors behind cystic acne are the hormonal changes in puberty, but it can occur in older individuals, too. […] Cystic acne is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, nor by poor hygiene or masturbation. […] The biggest factor causing acne is the hormonal changes in adolescent teenage years. During puberty, levels of circulating androgen hormones increase dramatically, which causes an increase in sebum production; skin cells also begin to grow quicker. […] Acne is not confined to teenagers, however, and other factors are involved, including hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, birth control, the use of hormone therapy, and stress. […] Acne, including cystic acne, is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, most other dietary choices, poor hygiene or inadequate face washing, masturbation or sex.
  • #94 Cystic acne: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103258
    Cystic acne is a severe type of acne in which pore blockages lead to infection and inflammation. […] The main factors behind cystic acne are the hormonal changes in puberty, but it can occur in older individuals, too. […] Cystic acne is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, nor by poor hygiene or masturbation. […] The biggest factor causing acne is the hormonal changes in adolescent teenage years. During puberty, levels of circulating androgen hormones increase dramatically, which causes an increase in sebum production; skin cells also begin to grow quicker. […] Acne is not confined to teenagers, however, and other factors are involved, including hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, birth control, the use of hormone therapy, and stress. […] Acne, including cystic acne, is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, most other dietary choices, poor hygiene or inadequate face washing, masturbation or sex.
  • #95 Cystic acne: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103258
    Cystic acne is a severe type of acne in which pore blockages lead to infection and inflammation. […] The main factors behind cystic acne are the hormonal changes in puberty, but it can occur in older individuals, too. […] Cystic acne is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, nor by poor hygiene or masturbation. […] The biggest factor causing acne is the hormonal changes in adolescent teenage years. During puberty, levels of circulating androgen hormones increase dramatically, which causes an increase in sebum production; skin cells also begin to grow quicker. […] Acne is not confined to teenagers, however, and other factors are involved, including hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, birth control, the use of hormone therapy, and stress. […] Acne, including cystic acne, is not caused by chocolate, nuts, or greasy foods, most other dietary choices, poor hygiene or inadequate face washing, masturbation or sex.
  • #96 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #97 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #98 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #99 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #100 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #101 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #102 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Inflammatory acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. […] Unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads, inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation. […] Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. […] Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. […] This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue. […] When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. […] If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules.
  • #103 Inflammatory Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/inflammatory-acne-8636564
    Meanwhile, nodules and cysts develop from clogged pores in the subepidermal layer (the lowest layer of the epidermis) or dermis (the middle layer of skin). […] Certain factors that increase your risk of developing inflammatory acne include age, hygiene, hormonal changes and conditions, genetics, medications, and diet. […] Hormonal changes can also increase oil production, which clogs the pore with sebum.
  • #104 Acne – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
    There are few high-quality studies to demonstrate that stress causes or worsens acne. […] Some individuals experience severe intensification of their acne when they are exposed to hot humid climates; this is due to bacteria and fungus thriving in warm, moist environments. […] Several medications can also worsen pre-existing acne; this condition is the acne medicamentosa form of acne. […] Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit and develops due to blockages in the skin’s hair follicles. […] The blockages in the skin’s hair follicles that cause acne vulgaris manifestations occur as a result of the following four abnormal processes: increased oily sebum production (influenced by androgens), excessive deposition of the protein keratin leading to comedo formation, colonization of the follicle by Cutibacterium acnes bacteria, and the local release of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the skin.
  • #105 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #106 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acne | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1015/p734.html
    Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is the most common skin disorder in the United States. Therapy targets the four factors responsible for lesion formation: increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization, colonization by Propionibacterium acnes, and the resultant inflammatory reaction. […] Four main factors lead to the formation of acne lesions: (1) increased sebum production by sebaceous glands, in which androgens have an important role; (2) hyperkeratinization of the follicle, leading to a microcomedo that eventually enlarges into a comedo; (3) colonization of the follicle by the anaerobe Propionibacterium acnes; and (4) an inflammatory reaction. […] Current therapies target these four factors for acute control of flare-ups and long-term maintenance.
  • #107
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
    Acne is caused when tiny holes in the skin, known as hair follicles, become blocked. […] In acne, the glands begin to produce too much sebum. The excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and both substances form a plug in the follicle. […] Teenage acne is thought to be triggered by increased levels of a hormone called testosterone, which occurs during puberty. […] The sebaceous glands are particularly sensitive to hormones. It’s thought that increased levels of testosterone cause the glands to produce much more sebum than the skin needs. […] Acne can run in families. If your parents had acne, it’s likely that you’ll also develop it. […] One study has found that if both your parents had acne, you’re more likely to get more severe acne at an early age. […] Women are more likely to have adult acne than men. It’s thought that many cases of adult acne are caused by the changes in hormone levels that many women have at certain times.
  • #108 Hormonal Acne: What Is It, Treatment, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21792-hormonal-acne
    Hormonal acne is linked to the overproduction of sebum (an oily substance in skin glands), which clogs pores, leading to pimples. […] Hormonal acne is the direct result of excess sebum in oil glands. […] Acne is caused by clogged pores. Hormonal acne develops when hormonal changes increase the amount of oil your skin produces. This oil interacts with bacteria on the pores of your skin where hair grows (hair follicles) and results in acne. […] Clogged pores are the result of: Excess sebum (the oily substance created from the sebaceous glands in the middle layer of your skin). […] Causes for hormonal acne that you cant do anything about: Changing hormone levels in women, including around your period, irregular periods, during pregnancy, during menopause or after discontinuing birth control. […] When you are pregnant, hormonal fluctuations can cause acne. […] Hormonal acne causes breakouts. These appear as lesions or bumps on your skin that could become red, inflamed, painful and sore if not treated.
  • #109 Acne Vulgaris – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/
    Acne develops as a result of hypersensitivity of the sebaceous glands to normal levels of circulating androgens. This process is further exacerbated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterial species, and subsequent inflammation. […] Proposed contributory factors for acne include: Use of medications such as lithium, steroids, and anticonvulsants. Exposure to excess sunlight. Use of occlusive wear, such as shoulder pads, headbands, backpacks, and underwire brassieres. Oil-based cosmetics and facial massage. Endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, and even pregnancy. A premenstrual flare-up in acne seems to follow edema of the pilosebaceous duct. This occurs in 70% of female patients. Genetic factors significantly influence the proportion of branched fatty acids found in sebum, with heritability estimates ranging from 50% to 90%. Repetitive mechanical trauma resulting from scrubbing affected skin with soaps and detergents. Several studies have indicated that increased milk consumption and high glycemic load diets are associated with acne in adolescence. This could be attributed to the rich constituents of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and natural hormonal components of milk. However, no substantial evidence supports the common assumption that chocolate exacerbates acne. Psychological stress is associated with increased acne severity, probably by stimulating stress hormones. Insulin resistance may also have a significant role in acne, as individuals with insulin resistance have increased levels of IGF, which is linked to increased facial sebum excretion. However, the association between body mass index and acne vulgaris is poorly understood, with contradictory results reported in various studies.
  • #110 What causes acne?
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/what-causes-acne
    Some studies suggest there is a link between the food we eat and acne. […] Insulin induces male hormones (androgens), glucocorticoids and growth factors. These provoke keratinisation (scaling) of the hair follicle and sebum production. An increase in sebum production and keratinisation is a factor in the appearance of acne. […] Although cow’s milk has a low glycaemic index, it contains androgens, oestrogen, progesterone and glucocorticoids, which also provoke keratinisation and sebum production. […] Studies show that some monounsaturated fatty acids, such as sapienic acid and some vegetable oils, can increase sebum production. […] We do not understand why acne eventually clears up. It does not always coincide with a reduction in sebum production or with a reduction in the number of bacteria.
  • #111 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acne | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1015/p734.html
    Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is the most common skin disorder in the United States. Therapy targets the four factors responsible for lesion formation: increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization, colonization by Propionibacterium acnes, and the resultant inflammatory reaction. […] Four main factors lead to the formation of acne lesions: (1) increased sebum production by sebaceous glands, in which androgens have an important role; (2) hyperkeratinization of the follicle, leading to a microcomedo that eventually enlarges into a comedo; (3) colonization of the follicle by the anaerobe Propionibacterium acnes; and (4) an inflammatory reaction. […] Current therapies target these four factors for acute control of flare-ups and long-term maintenance.