Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. […] However, the epidemiology of HPV differs between male and female populations. Worldwide, in the female population, 26.8% of cases afflict the genital organs (this rate is the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa) and 14% afflict the anus, whereas in the male population, 45.2% of the cases afflict the genital organs and 16% afflict the anus. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. In fact, adopting gender-neutral HPV vaccination schedules will reduce population-transmitted infections, combat misinformation, minimize vaccine-related stigma, and promote gender equity. […] To date, only a few countries have achieved a vaccination coverage of 70%, with a marked discrepancy between continents ranging from 20% in sub-Saharan Africa to 77% in New Zealand.

• #2 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  Background and aim: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted, one of the three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both males and females, and the most common viral STI. A crucial public health strategy to protect people against HPV is vaccination, which has shown its effectiveness in preventing HPV-related diseases. Presently, three types of vaccines are available (bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonvalent), and they all target the two most oncogenic virus genotypes (HPV 16 and 18). […] To date, only a few countries have included young males in their vaccination programmes. Thus, our objective with this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of HPV and HPV prevention strategies and report the latest findings from the scientific literature. […] Globally, 4.5% of all cancers are attributable to HPVs, which are responsible for 8.6% of cancer cases in women (the third most prevalent cause, with a high mortality) and 0.8% in men. […] The first vaccine against HPV has been available since 2006. To date, there are three types of vaccines available against HPVs, and they have been progressively introduced into many national vaccination programs. Unfortunately, however, several studies and international agencies have reported that both the introduction of the vaccine and the coverage achieved are still suboptimal.

• #3 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. […] However, the epidemiology of HPV differs between male and female populations. Worldwide, in the female population, 26.8% of cases afflict the genital organs (this rate is the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa) and 14% afflict the anus, whereas in the male population, 45.2% of the cases afflict the genital organs and 16% afflict the anus. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. In fact, adopting gender-neutral HPV vaccination schedules will reduce population-transmitted infections, combat misinformation, minimize vaccine-related stigma, and promote gender equity. […] To date, only a few countries have achieved a vaccination coverage of 70%, with a marked discrepancy between continents ranging from 20% in sub-Saharan Africa to 77% in New Zealand.

• #4 Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-9-human-papillomavirus-vaccine.html

  Globally and in Canada, HPV-associated diseases are a significant public health problem. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (e.g., 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) can result in cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers. […] If not immunized, it is estimated that 75% of Canadians will have an HPV infection at some time. […] Cervical cancer was the 4th leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with approximately 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths worldwide. […] HPV is associated with 60 to 73% of oropharyngeal cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and 40 to 50% of penile cancers. […] The incidence rates of HPV-associated anal and head and neck cancers have been increasing in both Canada and globally in recent decades.

• #5 Human papillomavirus vaccination – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-vaccination

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes anogenital and oropharyngeal disease in males and females. Persistent viral infection with high-risk HPV genotypes causes virtually all cancers of the cervix. The high-risk HPV genotypes (or „types”) 16 and 18 cause approximately 70 percent of all cervical cancers worldwide, and types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 cause an additional 20 percent, with nonvaccine high-risk types 35, 39, 51, 56, 59, and 68 causing almost all of the remaining 10 percent. HPV types 16 and 18 also cause nearly 90 percent of anal cancers and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal cancer, vulvar and vaginal cancer, and penile cancer. HPV types 6 and 11 cause approximately 90 percent of anogenital warts. […] Vaccines have been developed to protect against acquisition of HPV infection and development of subsequent HPV-associated disease. This topic will cover issues related to routine immunization recommendations, vaccination in special patient populations, and vaccine safety. […] The natural history, epidemiology, and disease associations of HPV infection and virology of HPV are discussed elsewhere. (See „Human papillomavirus infections: Epidemiology and disease associations” and „Virology of human papillomavirus infections and the link to cancer”.)

• #6 Human papillomavirus vaccination – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-vaccination

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes anogenital and oropharyngeal disease in males and females. Persistent viral infection with high-risk HPV genotypes causes virtually all cancers of the cervix. The high-risk HPV genotypes (or „types”) 16 and 18 cause approximately 70 percent of all cervical cancers worldwide, and types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 cause an additional 20 percent, with nonvaccine high-risk types 35, 39, 51, 56, 59, and 68 causing almost all of the remaining 10 percent. HPV types 16 and 18 also cause nearly 90 percent of anal cancers and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal cancer, vulvar and vaginal cancer, and penile cancer. HPV types 6 and 11 cause approximately 90 percent of anogenital warts. […] Vaccines have been developed to protect against acquisition of HPV infection and development of subsequent HPV-associated disease. This topic will cover issues related to routine immunization recommendations, vaccination in special patient populations, and vaccine safety. […] The natural history, epidemiology, and disease associations of HPV infection and virology of HPV are discussed elsewhere. (See „Human papillomavirus infections: Epidemiology and disease associations” and „Virology of human papillomavirus infections and the link to cancer”.)

• #7 Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-9-human-papillomavirus-vaccine.html

  Globally and in Canada, HPV-associated diseases are a significant public health problem. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (e.g., 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) can result in cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers. […] If not immunized, it is estimated that 75% of Canadians will have an HPV infection at some time. […] Cervical cancer was the 4th leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with approximately 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths worldwide. […] HPV is associated with 60 to 73% of oropharyngeal cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and 40 to 50% of penile cancers. […] The incidence rates of HPV-associated anal and head and neck cancers have been increasing in both Canada and globally in recent decades.

• #8 Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-9-human-papillomavirus-vaccine.html

  Globally and in Canada, HPV-associated diseases are a significant public health problem. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (e.g., 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) can result in cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers. […] If not immunized, it is estimated that 75% of Canadians will have an HPV infection at some time. […] Cervical cancer was the 4th leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with approximately 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths worldwide. […] HPV is associated with 60 to 73% of oropharyngeal cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and 40 to 50% of penile cancers. […] The incidence rates of HPV-associated anal and head and neck cancers have been increasing in both Canada and globally in recent decades.

• #9 Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-9-human-papillomavirus-vaccine.html

  Globally and in Canada, HPV-associated diseases are a significant public health problem. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (e.g., 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) can result in cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers. […] If not immunized, it is estimated that 75% of Canadians will have an HPV infection at some time. […] Cervical cancer was the 4th leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with approximately 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths worldwide. […] HPV is associated with 60 to 73% of oropharyngeal cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and 40 to 50% of penile cancers. […] The incidence rates of HPV-associated anal and head and neck cancers have been increasing in both Canada and globally in recent decades.

• #10 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  Background and aim: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted, one of the three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both males and females, and the most common viral STI. A crucial public health strategy to protect people against HPV is vaccination, which has shown its effectiveness in preventing HPV-related diseases. Presently, three types of vaccines are available (bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonvalent), and they all target the two most oncogenic virus genotypes (HPV 16 and 18). […] To date, only a few countries have included young males in their vaccination programmes. Thus, our objective with this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of HPV and HPV prevention strategies and report the latest findings from the scientific literature. […] Globally, 4.5% of all cancers are attributable to HPVs, which are responsible for 8.6% of cancer cases in women (the third most prevalent cause, with a high mortality) and 0.8% in men. […] The first vaccine against HPV has been available since 2006. To date, there are three types of vaccines available against HPVs, and they have been progressively introduced into many national vaccination programs. Unfortunately, however, several studies and international agencies have reported that both the introduction of the vaccine and the coverage achieved are still suboptimal.

• #11 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine). All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards. All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11. The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They also protect against penile cancer. They additionally prevent genital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection. The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9-14 years, the same for girls and women aged 15-20 years, and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years. The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.

• #12 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine). All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards. All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11. The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They also protect against penile cancer. They additionally prevent genital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection. The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9-14 years, the same for girls and women aged 15-20 years, and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years. The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.

• #13 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine). All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards. All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11. The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They also protect against penile cancer. They additionally prevent genital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection. The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9-14 years, the same for girls and women aged 15-20 years, and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years. The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.

• #14 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine). All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards. All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11. The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They also protect against penile cancer. They additionally prevent genital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection. The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9-14 years, the same for girls and women aged 15-20 years, and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years. The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.

• #15 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine). All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards. All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11. The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They also protect against penile cancer. They additionally prevent genital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection. The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9-14 years, the same for girls and women aged 15-20 years, and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years. The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.

• #16

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/human-papillomavirus-vaccines-(HPV)/hpv-clearing-house/monitoring

  Monitoring and Surveillance of HPV Vaccination Programmes […] As HPV vaccine is recommended for an age group not routinely served by immunization programmes, and since the population impact of the vaccine on cervical cancer cannot be measured until years after the vaccine has been introduced, new approaches to monitoring coverage and impact are needed for HPV vaccine. This section provides practical tools to keep track of and analyse programme results to continually monitor the effectiveness of HPV vaccine introduction and revise delivery strategies. […] A meeting on HPV Vaccine Coverage and Impact Monitoring was held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland on 16-17 November 2009 to… […] Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the most common sexually transmitted infection. Although the majority of infections do not cause illness, persistent…

• #17

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/human-papillomavirus-vaccines-(HPV)/hpv-clearing-house/monitoring

  Monitoring and Surveillance of HPV Vaccination Programmes […] As HPV vaccine is recommended for an age group not routinely served by immunization programmes, and since the population impact of the vaccine on cervical cancer cannot be measured until years after the vaccine has been introduced, new approaches to monitoring coverage and impact are needed for HPV vaccine. This section provides practical tools to keep track of and analyse programme results to continually monitor the effectiveness of HPV vaccine introduction and revise delivery strategies. […] A meeting on HPV Vaccine Coverage and Impact Monitoring was held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland on 16-17 November 2009 to… […] Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the most common sexually transmitted infection. Although the majority of infections do not cause illness, persistent…

• #18 Surveillance systems for monitoring cervical cancer elimination efforts: Focus on HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, cervical screening and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8403014/

  In order to achieve the global elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem, close surveillance of progress in public health and clinical activities and outcomes across the three pillars of vaccination, screening and treatment will be required. […] A comprehensive national or sub-national surveillance system for elimination would encompass long-term surveillance of both processes and outcomes across the three core activities of vaccination, screening and treatment as outlined in the WHO Global Strategy towards eliminating cervical cancer as a public health problem. […] The ability to achieve cervical cancer elimination is dependent upon the successful reduction and long-term suppression of population level transmission of oncogenic HPV through prophylactic HPV vaccination.

• #19 Surveillance systems for monitoring cervical cancer elimination efforts: Focus on HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, cervical screening and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8403014/

  In order to achieve the global elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem, close surveillance of progress in public health and clinical activities and outcomes across the three pillars of vaccination, screening and treatment will be required. […] A comprehensive national or sub-national surveillance system for elimination would encompass long-term surveillance of both processes and outcomes across the three core activities of vaccination, screening and treatment as outlined in the WHO Global Strategy towards eliminating cervical cancer as a public health problem. […] The ability to achieve cervical cancer elimination is dependent upon the successful reduction and long-term suppression of population level transmission of oncogenic HPV through prophylactic HPV vaccination.

• #20 Surveillance systems for monitoring cervical cancer elimination efforts: Focus on HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, cervical screening and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8403014/

  While surveillance of HPV prevalence is not considered an essential requirement of HPV vaccination program introduction, where it is feasible it can provide an early measure of effectiveness by quantifying the magnitude of reduction in HPV prevalence, including possible evidence of herd and cross protection. […] Surveillance of HPV infection using repeat cross-sectional surveys has been a central strategy for monitoring HPV vaccine program impact in Australia. […] Australia has recently switched to primary HPV screening and replaced three dose quadrivalent HPV vaccine with two dose nonavalent vaccine in the national immunisation program. […] National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), is an ongoing series of cross-sectional surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, at the US CDC.

• #21 Surveillance systems for monitoring cervical cancer elimination efforts: Focus on HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, cervical screening and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8403014/

  While surveillance of HPV prevalence is not considered an essential requirement of HPV vaccination program introduction, where it is feasible it can provide an early measure of effectiveness by quantifying the magnitude of reduction in HPV prevalence, including possible evidence of herd and cross protection. […] Surveillance of HPV infection using repeat cross-sectional surveys has been a central strategy for monitoring HPV vaccine program impact in Australia. […] Australia has recently switched to primary HPV screening and replaced three dose quadrivalent HPV vaccine with two dose nonavalent vaccine in the national immunisation program. […] National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), is an ongoing series of cross-sectional surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, at the US CDC.

• #22 About the Data: Overview | HPV-IMPACT | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv-impact/about/index.html

  HPV-IMPACT enables CDC to monitor trends in cervical lesions that could progress to cancer and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types that can be prevented by HPV vaccine. […] Started in 2008, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project (HPV-IMPACT) monitors rates of high-grade cervical lesions in the United States. […] CDC uses the data from HPV-IMPACT to describe trends in high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types (such as HPV16 and HPV18) in people diagnosed with these cervical lesions. […] Monitoring high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of the HPV types that are prevented by vaccination are ways to measure the impact of the HPV vaccine. […] The main objectives of HPV-IMPACT are to: […] Estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine, and estimate vaccine effectiveness.

• #23 About the Data: Overview | HPV-IMPACT | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv-impact/about/index.html

  HPV-IMPACT enables CDC to monitor trends in cervical lesions that could progress to cancer and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types that can be prevented by HPV vaccine. […] Started in 2008, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project (HPV-IMPACT) monitors rates of high-grade cervical lesions in the United States. […] CDC uses the data from HPV-IMPACT to describe trends in high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types (such as HPV16 and HPV18) in people diagnosed with these cervical lesions. […] Monitoring high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of the HPV types that are prevented by vaccination are ways to measure the impact of the HPV vaccine. […] The main objectives of HPV-IMPACT are to: […] Estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine, and estimate vaccine effectiveness.

• #24 About the Data: Overview | HPV-IMPACT | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv-impact/about/index.html

  HPV-IMPACT enables CDC to monitor trends in cervical lesions that could progress to cancer and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types that can be prevented by HPV vaccine. […] Started in 2008, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project (HPV-IMPACT) monitors rates of high-grade cervical lesions in the United States. […] CDC uses the data from HPV-IMPACT to describe trends in high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types (such as HPV16 and HPV18) in people diagnosed with these cervical lesions. […] Monitoring high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of the HPV types that are prevented by vaccination are ways to measure the impact of the HPV vaccine. […] The main objectives of HPV-IMPACT are to: […] Estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine, and estimate vaccine effectiveness.

• #25 About the Data: Overview | HPV-IMPACT | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv-impact/about/index.html

  HPV-IMPACT enables CDC to monitor trends in cervical lesions that could progress to cancer and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types that can be prevented by HPV vaccine. […] Started in 2008, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project (HPV-IMPACT) monitors rates of high-grade cervical lesions in the United States. […] CDC uses the data from HPV-IMPACT to describe trends in high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of cancer-causing HPV types (such as HPV16 and HPV18) in people diagnosed with these cervical lesions. […] Monitoring high-grade cervical lesions and the reduction of the HPV types that are prevented by vaccination are ways to measure the impact of the HPV vaccine. […] The main objectives of HPV-IMPACT are to: […] Estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine, and estimate vaccine effectiveness.

• #26 About the Data: Overview | HPV-IMPACT | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv-impact/about/index.html

  Since 2008, HPV-IMPACT has monitored pre-invasive cervical lesions that could progress to invasive cancer if left untreated as early indicators of population vaccine impact. […] Because showing the impact of vaccine on reducing the burden of cervical cancer is of highest importance, we revised the case definition to include invasive cervical cancer. […] The HPV-IMPACT monitors U.S. rates of cervical lesions to determine the impact of HPV vaccination.

• #27 About the Data: Overview | HPV-IMPACT | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv-impact/about/index.html

  Since 2008, HPV-IMPACT has monitored pre-invasive cervical lesions that could progress to invasive cancer if left untreated as early indicators of population vaccine impact. […] Because showing the impact of vaccine on reducing the burden of cervical cancer is of highest importance, we revised the case definition to include invasive cervical cancer. […] The HPV-IMPACT monitors U.S. rates of cervical lesions to determine the impact of HPV vaccination.

• #28 Surveillance systems for monitoring cervical cancer elimination efforts: Focus on HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, cervical screening and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8403014/

  The HPV-IMPACT project has reported that both CIN2+ rates and cervical cancer screening declined in women aged 18-24 years. […] Requirements for long-term consistency in population-sampling and HPV testing infrastructure are larger obstacles to HPV vaccine impact evaluation in low and middle income countries than in high-income settings. […] As the precursor lesion to cervical cancer, surveillance of screen detected high grade cervical lesions (HSIL) provides an intermediate endpoint for monitoring the likely long-term effectiveness of vaccination and screening against cervical cancer. […] Monitoring of screening participation seems deceptively simple, especially if only two screens in a lifetime are required. […] The achievement of scale up of both of the goals relating to effective treatment rates within the WHO elimination scale up strategy are of critical importance in reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in the short term.

• #29 Surveillance systems for monitoring cervical cancer elimination efforts: Focus on HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, cervical screening and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8403014/

  The HPV-IMPACT project has reported that both CIN2+ rates and cervical cancer screening declined in women aged 18-24 years. […] Requirements for long-term consistency in population-sampling and HPV testing infrastructure are larger obstacles to HPV vaccine impact evaluation in low and middle income countries than in high-income settings. […] As the precursor lesion to cervical cancer, surveillance of screen detected high grade cervical lesions (HSIL) provides an intermediate endpoint for monitoring the likely long-term effectiveness of vaccination and screening against cervical cancer. […] Monitoring of screening participation seems deceptively simple, especially if only two screens in a lifetime are required. […] The achievement of scale up of both of the goals relating to effective treatment rates within the WHO elimination scale up strategy are of critical importance in reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in the short term.

• #30 Trends in Cervical Precancers Identified Through Population-Based Surveillance — Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project, Five Sites, United States, 2008–2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7406a4.htm

  Since 2006, when human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was first recommended in the United States to prevent cancers and other diseases caused by HPV, vaccination coverage has increased, and many young women vaccinated as children or adolescents have become age-eligible for cervical cancer screening. CDC monitors cervical precancer incidence through the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project. […] During 20082022, cervical precancer incidence decreased 79% and higher-grade precancer incidence decreased 80% among screened women aged 2024 years, the age group most likely to have been vaccinated. […] Observed declines in cervical precancers are consistent with HPV vaccination impact and support Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations to vaccinate children against HPV at age 1112 years with catch-up through age 26 years.

• #31 Trends in Cervical Precancers Identified Through Population-Based Surveillance — Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project, Five Sites, United States, 2008–2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7406a4.htm

  Among women aged 2024 years who were screened, CIN2+ incidence decreased 79% from 2008 to 2022, and CIN3+ incidence decreased 80%. […] The data are consistent with a considerable impact from the U.S. HPV vaccination program on cervical precancers, with the largest decreases in the youngest age group for which benefit of vaccination would first be observed. […] These data are consistent with continuing impact of the U.S. HPV vaccination program on reducing cervical precancers (including CIN3+, the outcome most proximal to cervical cancer), and are consistent with both declines in vaccine-type HPV prevalence and early observations of reductions in cervical cancer among young women.

• #32 Trends in Cervical Precancers Identified Through Population-Based Surveillance — Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project, Five Sites, United States, 2008–2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7406a4.htm

  Among women aged 2024 years who were screened, CIN2+ incidence decreased 79% from 2008 to 2022, and CIN3+ incidence decreased 80%. […] The data are consistent with a considerable impact from the U.S. HPV vaccination program on cervical precancers, with the largest decreases in the youngest age group for which benefit of vaccination would first be observed. […] These data are consistent with continuing impact of the U.S. HPV vaccination program on reducing cervical precancers (including CIN3+, the outcome most proximal to cervical cancer), and are consistent with both declines in vaccine-type HPV prevalence and early observations of reductions in cervical cancer among young women.

• #33 Trends in Cervical Precancers Identified Through Population-Based Surveillance — Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project, Five Sites, United States, 2008–2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7406a4.htm

  Among women aged 2024 years who were screened, CIN2+ incidence decreased 79% from 2008 to 2022, and CIN3+ incidence decreased 80%. […] The data are consistent with a considerable impact from the U.S. HPV vaccination program on cervical precancers, with the largest decreases in the youngest age group for which benefit of vaccination would first be observed. […] These data are consistent with continuing impact of the U.S. HPV vaccination program on reducing cervical precancers (including CIN3+, the outcome most proximal to cervical cancer), and are consistent with both declines in vaccine-type HPV prevalence and early observations of reductions in cervical cancer among young women.

• #34 Human papillomavirus (HPV) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Cervical screening data show that the prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in 2017–2018 was low (2.1%) and stable across all age groups, contrasting with rate before the vaccination program when rates were substantially higher in young women especially those aged younger than 25 years. […] Australia has committed to eliminating cervical cancer by 2035. […] Modelling studies have shown that if high vaccine coverage and screening is maintained, cervical cancer could be eliminated (<4 new cases per 100 000 women annually) as a public health problem in Australia by 2028.

• #35 Human papillomavirus (HPV) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Cervical screening data show that the prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in 2017–2018 was low (2.1%) and stable across all age groups, contrasting with rate before the vaccination program when rates were substantially higher in young women especially those aged younger than 25 years. […] Australia has committed to eliminating cervical cancer by 2035. […] Modelling studies have shown that if high vaccine coverage and screening is maintained, cervical cancer could be eliminated (<4 new cases per 100 000 women annually) as a public health problem in Australia by 2028.

• #36 Study Confirms HPV Vaccine Prevents Cervical Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/hpv-vaccine-prevents-cervical-cancer-sweden-study

  A new study confirms that widespread use of the HPV vaccine reduces the incidence of cervical cancer, particularly for women who are vaccinated when they are younger. […] In the study of nearly 1.7 million women, the vaccines efficacy was particularly pronounced among girls vaccinated before age 17, among whom there was a nearly 90% reduction in cervical cancer incidence during the 11-year study period (2006 through 2017) compared with the incidence in women who had not been vaccinated. […] Studies and clinical trials to date have consistently shown that HPV vaccines are extremely effective at reducing infections with the types of the virus that can lead to cancer, as well as cervical precancers. […] The Swedish study is the largest to compare cervical cancer diagnoses among women who did and did not receive an HPV vaccine.

• #37 Study Confirms HPV Vaccine Prevents Cervical Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/hpv-vaccine-prevents-cervical-cancer-sweden-study

  A new study confirms that widespread use of the HPV vaccine reduces the incidence of cervical cancer, particularly for women who are vaccinated when they are younger. […] In the study of nearly 1.7 million women, the vaccines efficacy was particularly pronounced among girls vaccinated before age 17, among whom there was a nearly 90% reduction in cervical cancer incidence during the 11-year study period (2006 through 2017) compared with the incidence in women who had not been vaccinated. […] Studies and clinical trials to date have consistently shown that HPV vaccines are extremely effective at reducing infections with the types of the virus that can lead to cancer, as well as cervical precancers. […] The Swedish study is the largest to compare cervical cancer diagnoses among women who did and did not receive an HPV vaccine.

• #38 Study Confirms HPV Vaccine Prevents Cervical Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/hpv-vaccine-prevents-cervical-cancer-sweden-study

  Overall, 19 of the vaccinated women were diagnosed with cervical cancer during the study period, compared with 538 of the unvaccinated women. After adjusting for different factors that can influence cervical cancer risk, those numbers translated into a 63% reduced risk of being diagnosed with cervical cancer among females who had been vaccinated compared with those who hadn’t. […] The nearly 90% reduction in cervical cancer among women who were vaccinated at a younger age makes sense, said Dr. Kreimer. […] According to the studys senior researcher, Pr Sparn, Ph.D., also of Karolinska, the findings affirm the need for broader use of the HPV vaccine among women in low- and middle-income countries, in which cervical cancer is often one of the leading causes of death. […] The evidence highlights the importance of continuing to introduce HPV vaccination programs and maintaining a high [vaccine] coverage, preferably for girls at young age, to maximize the benefits, Dr. Sparn said.

• #39 Study Confirms HPV Vaccine Prevents Cervical Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/hpv-vaccine-prevents-cervical-cancer-sweden-study

  Overall, 19 of the vaccinated women were diagnosed with cervical cancer during the study period, compared with 538 of the unvaccinated women. After adjusting for different factors that can influence cervical cancer risk, those numbers translated into a 63% reduced risk of being diagnosed with cervical cancer among females who had been vaccinated compared with those who hadn’t. […] The nearly 90% reduction in cervical cancer among women who were vaccinated at a younger age makes sense, said Dr. Kreimer. […] According to the studys senior researcher, Pr Sparn, Ph.D., also of Karolinska, the findings affirm the need for broader use of the HPV vaccine among women in low- and middle-income countries, in which cervical cancer is often one of the leading causes of death. […] The evidence highlights the importance of continuing to introduce HPV vaccination programs and maintaining a high [vaccine] coverage, preferably for girls at young age, to maximize the benefits, Dr. Sparn said.

• #40 Study Confirms HPV Vaccine Prevents Cervical Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/hpv-vaccine-prevents-cervical-cancer-sweden-study

  Overall, 19 of the vaccinated women were diagnosed with cervical cancer during the study period, compared with 538 of the unvaccinated women. After adjusting for different factors that can influence cervical cancer risk, those numbers translated into a 63% reduced risk of being diagnosed with cervical cancer among females who had been vaccinated compared with those who hadn’t. […] The nearly 90% reduction in cervical cancer among women who were vaccinated at a younger age makes sense, said Dr. Kreimer. […] According to the studys senior researcher, Pr Sparn, Ph.D., also of Karolinska, the findings affirm the need for broader use of the HPV vaccine among women in low- and middle-income countries, in which cervical cancer is often one of the leading causes of death. […] The evidence highlights the importance of continuing to introduce HPV vaccination programs and maintaining a high [vaccine] coverage, preferably for girls at young age, to maximize the benefits, Dr. Sparn said.

• #41 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  Primary prevention against HPV is available due to the presence of vaccines targeting high-risk genotypes; in fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral. […] In the United States, vaccination has been recommended for females since 2006 and for males since 2011. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. […] This makes it difficult to achieve herd immunity, especially in males who were only invited to get vaccinated years after the first vaccine was introduced.

• #42 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  Primary prevention against HPV is available due to the presence of vaccines targeting high-risk genotypes; in fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral. […] In the United States, vaccination has been recommended for females since 2006 and for males since 2011. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. […] This makes it difficult to achieve herd immunity, especially in males who were only invited to get vaccinated years after the first vaccine was introduced.

• #43 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young adolescent girls, aged 9-14. The vaccination schedule depends on the age of the vaccine recipient. As of 2023, 27% of girls aged 9-14 years worldwide received at least one dose (37 countries were implementing the single-dose schedule, 45% of girls aged 9-14 years old vaccinated in that year). As of September 2024, 57 countries are implementing the single-dose schedule. At least 144 countries (at least 74% of WHO member states) provided the HPV vaccine in their national immunization schedule for girls, as of November 2024. As of 2022, 47 countries (24% of WHO member states) also did it for boys. Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated by way of herd immunity. […] The HPV vaccine is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures. The WHO’s priority purpose of HPV immunization is the prevention of cervical cancer, which accounts for 82% of all HPV-related cancers and more than 95% of which are caused by HPV. 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and 2% (2020 figure) in high-income countries. The WHO-recommended primary target population for HPV vaccination is girls aged 9-14 years before they become sexually active. It aims the introduction of the HPV vaccine in all countries and has set a target of reaching a coverage of 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15 years. Females aged 15 years, boys, older males or men who have sex with men (MSM) are secondary target populations. HPV vaccination is the most cost-effective public health measure against cervical cancer, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.

• #44 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young adolescent girls, aged 9-14. The vaccination schedule depends on the age of the vaccine recipient. As of 2023, 27% of girls aged 9-14 years worldwide received at least one dose (37 countries were implementing the single-dose schedule, 45% of girls aged 9-14 years old vaccinated in that year). As of September 2024, 57 countries are implementing the single-dose schedule. At least 144 countries (at least 74% of WHO member states) provided the HPV vaccine in their national immunization schedule for girls, as of November 2024. As of 2022, 47 countries (24% of WHO member states) also did it for boys. Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated by way of herd immunity. […] The HPV vaccine is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures. The WHO’s priority purpose of HPV immunization is the prevention of cervical cancer, which accounts for 82% of all HPV-related cancers and more than 95% of which are caused by HPV. 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and 2% (2020 figure) in high-income countries. The WHO-recommended primary target population for HPV vaccination is girls aged 9-14 years before they become sexually active. It aims the introduction of the HPV vaccine in all countries and has set a target of reaching a coverage of 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15 years. Females aged 15 years, boys, older males or men who have sex with men (MSM) are secondary target populations. HPV vaccination is the most cost-effective public health measure against cervical cancer, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.

• #45 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young adolescent girls, aged 9-14. The vaccination schedule depends on the age of the vaccine recipient. As of 2023, 27% of girls aged 9-14 years worldwide received at least one dose (37 countries were implementing the single-dose schedule, 45% of girls aged 9-14 years old vaccinated in that year). As of September 2024, 57 countries are implementing the single-dose schedule. At least 144 countries (at least 74% of WHO member states) provided the HPV vaccine in their national immunization schedule for girls, as of November 2024. As of 2022, 47 countries (24% of WHO member states) also did it for boys. Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated by way of herd immunity. […] The HPV vaccine is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures. The WHO’s priority purpose of HPV immunization is the prevention of cervical cancer, which accounts for 82% of all HPV-related cancers and more than 95% of which are caused by HPV. 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and 2% (2020 figure) in high-income countries. The WHO-recommended primary target population for HPV vaccination is girls aged 9-14 years before they become sexually active. It aims the introduction of the HPV vaccine in all countries and has set a target of reaching a coverage of 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15 years. Females aged 15 years, boys, older males or men who have sex with men (MSM) are secondary target populations. HPV vaccination is the most cost-effective public health measure against cervical cancer, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.

• #46 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young adolescent girls, aged 9-14. The vaccination schedule depends on the age of the vaccine recipient. As of 2023, 27% of girls aged 9-14 years worldwide received at least one dose (37 countries were implementing the single-dose schedule, 45% of girls aged 9-14 years old vaccinated in that year). As of September 2024, 57 countries are implementing the single-dose schedule. At least 144 countries (at least 74% of WHO member states) provided the HPV vaccine in their national immunization schedule for girls, as of November 2024. As of 2022, 47 countries (24% of WHO member states) also did it for boys. Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated by way of herd immunity. […] The HPV vaccine is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures. The WHO’s priority purpose of HPV immunization is the prevention of cervical cancer, which accounts for 82% of all HPV-related cancers and more than 95% of which are caused by HPV. 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and 2% (2020 figure) in high-income countries. The WHO-recommended primary target population for HPV vaccination is girls aged 9-14 years before they become sexually active. It aims the introduction of the HPV vaccine in all countries and has set a target of reaching a coverage of 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15 years. Females aged 15 years, boys, older males or men who have sex with men (MSM) are secondary target populations. HPV vaccination is the most cost-effective public health measure against cervical cancer, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.

• #47 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. […] However, the epidemiology of HPV differs between male and female populations. Worldwide, in the female population, 26.8% of cases afflict the genital organs (this rate is the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa) and 14% afflict the anus, whereas in the male population, 45.2% of the cases afflict the genital organs and 16% afflict the anus. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. In fact, adopting gender-neutral HPV vaccination schedules will reduce population-transmitted infections, combat misinformation, minimize vaccine-related stigma, and promote gender equity. […] To date, only a few countries have achieved a vaccination coverage of 70%, with a marked discrepancy between continents ranging from 20% in sub-Saharan Africa to 77% in New Zealand.

• #48 Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccines – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/national-advisory-committee-immunization-updated-recommendations-hpv-vaccines.html

  Globally and in Canada, human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated diseases are a significant public health problem. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is very common in Canada. Without vaccination, it is estimated that 75% of people will have at least one HPV infection in their lifetime. HPV vaccination, along with surveillance and screening strategies, are core public health measures for the prevention of HPV-associated cancers. The current goal of the Canadian HPV Immunization program is to reduce vaccine preventable HPV-related morbidity and mortality in the Canadian population. Additionally, the Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control calls for the elimination of cancers caused by HPV through universal access to HPV vaccine programs for all children, delivered in a culturally sensitive way. As part of Canada’s commitment to the country’s action plan, which aligns with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) cervical cancer elimination initiative, Canada has set a national target to achieve 90% vaccination coverage for two or more doses of HPV vaccines by 17 years of age. Rates for completion of a 2-dose HPV vaccine series in the context of school-based immunization programs continue to vary across Canadian provinces and territories. The most recent publication from the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer Action reports HPV vaccination rates varying between 57 to 91%, based on data from the 2017/2018 school year. A more recent report from the Canadian Childhood National Immunization Survey from 2021 indicates approximately 84% of 14-year-olds received 1 or more HPV vaccine dose. While this is an increase from 80% vaccine coverage rates in 2019, HPV vaccine coverage rates continue to fall short of the national goal.

• #49 Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccines – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/national-advisory-committee-immunization-updated-recommendations-hpv-vaccines.html

  Globally and in Canada, human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated diseases are a significant public health problem. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is very common in Canada. Without vaccination, it is estimated that 75% of people will have at least one HPV infection in their lifetime. HPV vaccination, along with surveillance and screening strategies, are core public health measures for the prevention of HPV-associated cancers. The current goal of the Canadian HPV Immunization program is to reduce vaccine preventable HPV-related morbidity and mortality in the Canadian population. Additionally, the Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control calls for the elimination of cancers caused by HPV through universal access to HPV vaccine programs for all children, delivered in a culturally sensitive way. As part of Canada’s commitment to the country’s action plan, which aligns with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) cervical cancer elimination initiative, Canada has set a national target to achieve 90% vaccination coverage for two or more doses of HPV vaccines by 17 years of age. Rates for completion of a 2-dose HPV vaccine series in the context of school-based immunization programs continue to vary across Canadian provinces and territories. The most recent publication from the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer Action reports HPV vaccination rates varying between 57 to 91%, based on data from the 2017/2018 school year. A more recent report from the Canadian Childhood National Immunization Survey from 2021 indicates approximately 84% of 14-year-olds received 1 or more HPV vaccine dose. While this is an increase from 80% vaccine coverage rates in 2019, HPV vaccine coverage rates continue to fall short of the national goal.

• #50 HPV vaccine implementation and monitoring in Latin America

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342018000600012

  Monitoring HPV vaccines, as is the case with other vaccines, includes monitoring coverage, safety, and impact. Because of the well established EPI programs in Latin America, immunization program performance, safety and coverage is routinely performed through organized information systems. Immunization coverage monitoring is routinely done using administrative data from immunization registries, vaccination cards and tally sheets, or surveys and records from health service providers, and reported annually through the PAHO/WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form (JRF) for Immunization. Vaccine safety is routinely monitored through immunization program systems for adverse events. Vaccine impact monitoring is more commonly performed through surveillance and special studies. However, HPV vaccines, unlike other vaccines, involve a much more complex process for impact monitoring, as it requires robust clinical, laboratory, and surveillance infrastructure, including cancer registries.

• #51 HPV vaccine implementation and monitoring in Latin America

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342018000600012

  Monitoring HPV vaccines, as is the case with other vaccines, includes monitoring coverage, safety, and impact. Because of the well established EPI programs in Latin America, immunization program performance, safety and coverage is routinely performed through organized information systems. Immunization coverage monitoring is routinely done using administrative data from immunization registries, vaccination cards and tally sheets, or surveys and records from health service providers, and reported annually through the PAHO/WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form (JRF) for Immunization. Vaccine safety is routinely monitored through immunization program systems for adverse events. Vaccine impact monitoring is more commonly performed through surveillance and special studies. However, HPV vaccines, unlike other vaccines, involve a much more complex process for impact monitoring, as it requires robust clinical, laboratory, and surveillance infrastructure, including cancer registries.

• #52 HPV vaccine implementation and monitoring in Latin America

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342018000600012

  For HPV vaccines, EPI programs have begun to monitor and report on coverage by doses administered to females 9-15 years of age or older for each of the recommended doses in a calendar year. However, very limited data on HPV vaccine coverage were found from the Ministry of Health national immunization reports, or the PAHO Immunization Bulletin, signaling major gaps in monitoring of coverage. Coverage data were located for only 8 [Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay] of the 13 Latin American countries/territories using HPV vaccines in their national programs. […] A framework for a surveillance system to monitor HPV vaccine impact for Latin America and the Caribbean has been proposed. It includes routine data collection on indicators on prevalence of HPV genotypes in sexually-active adolescents, prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions, and cervical cancer incidence and mortality and HPV genotype prevalence in invasive cancer.

• #53 HPV vaccine implementation and monitoring in Latin America

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342018000600012

  For HPV vaccines, EPI programs have begun to monitor and report on coverage by doses administered to females 9-15 years of age or older for each of the recommended doses in a calendar year. However, very limited data on HPV vaccine coverage were found from the Ministry of Health national immunization reports, or the PAHO Immunization Bulletin, signaling major gaps in monitoring of coverage. Coverage data were located for only 8 [Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay] of the 13 Latin American countries/territories using HPV vaccines in their national programs. […] A framework for a surveillance system to monitor HPV vaccine impact for Latin America and the Caribbean has been proposed. It includes routine data collection on indicators on prevalence of HPV genotypes in sexually-active adolescents, prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions, and cervical cancer incidence and mortality and HPV genotype prevalence in invasive cancer.

• #54 HPV vaccine implementation and monitoring in Latin America

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342018000600012

  For HPV vaccines, EPI programs have begun to monitor and report on coverage by doses administered to females 9-15 years of age or older for each of the recommended doses in a calendar year. However, very limited data on HPV vaccine coverage were found from the Ministry of Health national immunization reports, or the PAHO Immunization Bulletin, signaling major gaps in monitoring of coverage. Coverage data were located for only 8 [Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay] of the 13 Latin American countries/territories using HPV vaccines in their national programs. […] A framework for a surveillance system to monitor HPV vaccine impact for Latin America and the Caribbean has been proposed. It includes routine data collection on indicators on prevalence of HPV genotypes in sexually-active adolescents, prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions, and cervical cancer incidence and mortality and HPV genotype prevalence in invasive cancer.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  Since licensure in 2006, over 270 million doses of HPV vaccines have been distributed. GACVS first reviewed the safety data in 2007, and subsequently in 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2015. […] Epidemiological studies assessing the risk of GBS following HPV vaccination have been published including population cohort studies from Denmark and Sweden. […] In addition, GACVS was presented with new studies assessing other safety concerns, again from the US, as well as from Denmark. […] As HPV vaccine is often administered during potential childbearing years it is important to establish the safety profile in pregnant women when inadvertent administration occurs. […] The Committee concluded that since their last review, there is still no evidence to suggest a causal association between HPV vaccine and CRPS, POTS or the diverse symptoms that include pain and motor dysfunction.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  Since licensure in 2006, over 270 million doses of HPV vaccines have been distributed. GACVS first reviewed the safety data in 2007, and subsequently in 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2015. […] Epidemiological studies assessing the risk of GBS following HPV vaccination have been published including population cohort studies from Denmark and Sweden. […] In addition, GACVS was presented with new studies assessing other safety concerns, again from the US, as well as from Denmark. […] As HPV vaccine is often administered during potential childbearing years it is important to establish the safety profile in pregnant women when inadvertent administration occurs. […] The Committee concluded that since their last review, there is still no evidence to suggest a causal association between HPV vaccine and CRPS, POTS or the diverse symptoms that include pain and motor dysfunction.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  Since licensure in 2006, over 270 million doses of HPV vaccines have been distributed. GACVS first reviewed the safety data in 2007, and subsequently in 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2015. […] Epidemiological studies assessing the risk of GBS following HPV vaccination have been published including population cohort studies from Denmark and Sweden. […] In addition, GACVS was presented with new studies assessing other safety concerns, again from the US, as well as from Denmark. […] As HPV vaccine is often administered during potential childbearing years it is important to establish the safety profile in pregnant women when inadvertent administration occurs. […] The Committee concluded that since their last review, there is still no evidence to suggest a causal association between HPV vaccine and CRPS, POTS or the diverse symptoms that include pain and motor dysfunction.

• #58

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  Since licensure in 2006, over 270 million doses of HPV vaccines have been distributed. GACVS first reviewed the safety data in 2007, and subsequently in 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2015. […] Epidemiological studies assessing the risk of GBS following HPV vaccination have been published including population cohort studies from Denmark and Sweden. […] In addition, GACVS was presented with new studies assessing other safety concerns, again from the US, as well as from Denmark. […] As HPV vaccine is often administered during potential childbearing years it is important to establish the safety profile in pregnant women when inadvertent administration occurs. […] The Committee concluded that since their last review, there is still no evidence to suggest a causal association between HPV vaccine and CRPS, POTS or the diverse symptoms that include pain and motor dysfunction.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  Since licensure in 2006, over 270 million doses of HPV vaccines have been distributed. GACVS first reviewed the safety data in 2007, and subsequently in 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2015. […] Epidemiological studies assessing the risk of GBS following HPV vaccination have been published including population cohort studies from Denmark and Sweden. […] In addition, GACVS was presented with new studies assessing other safety concerns, again from the US, as well as from Denmark. […] As HPV vaccine is often administered during potential childbearing years it is important to establish the safety profile in pregnant women when inadvertent administration occurs. […] The Committee concluded that since their last review, there is still no evidence to suggest a causal association between HPV vaccine and CRPS, POTS or the diverse symptoms that include pain and motor dysfunction.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  Since licensure in 2006, over 270 million doses of HPV vaccines have been distributed. GACVS first reviewed the safety data in 2007, and subsequently in 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2015. […] Epidemiological studies assessing the risk of GBS following HPV vaccination have been published including population cohort studies from Denmark and Sweden. […] In addition, GACVS was presented with new studies assessing other safety concerns, again from the US, as well as from Denmark. […] As HPV vaccine is often administered during potential childbearing years it is important to establish the safety profile in pregnant women when inadvertent administration occurs. […] The Committee concluded that since their last review, there is still no evidence to suggest a causal association between HPV vaccine and CRPS, POTS or the diverse symptoms that include pain and motor dysfunction.

• #61

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  The impact of HPV vaccines on HPV-related clinical outcomes, including precancerous lesions, is well established. […] GACVS has systematically investigated safety concerns raised about HPV vaccines and has issued several reports in this regard. […] GACVS reviewed data from a recent retrospective cohort study from the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety on autoimmune conditions following HPV vaccination. […] Despite the difficulties in diagnosing or fully characterizing CRPS and POTS, reviews of pre- and post-licensure data provide no evidence that these syndromes are associated with HPV vaccination. […] Continued pharmacovigilance will be important in order to ensure that concerns related to the use of HPV vaccines can be addressed with the best possible evidence.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  The impact of HPV vaccines on HPV-related clinical outcomes, including precancerous lesions, is well established. […] GACVS has systematically investigated safety concerns raised about HPV vaccines and has issued several reports in this regard. […] GACVS reviewed data from a recent retrospective cohort study from the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety on autoimmune conditions following HPV vaccination. […] Despite the difficulties in diagnosing or fully characterizing CRPS and POTS, reviews of pre- and post-licensure data provide no evidence that these syndromes are associated with HPV vaccination. […] Continued pharmacovigilance will be important in order to ensure that concerns related to the use of HPV vaccines can be addressed with the best possible evidence.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  The impact of HPV vaccines on HPV-related clinical outcomes, including precancerous lesions, is well established. […] GACVS has systematically investigated safety concerns raised about HPV vaccines and has issued several reports in this regard. […] GACVS reviewed data from a recent retrospective cohort study from the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety on autoimmune conditions following HPV vaccination. […] Despite the difficulties in diagnosing or fully characterizing CRPS and POTS, reviews of pre- and post-licensure data provide no evidence that these syndromes are associated with HPV vaccination. […] Continued pharmacovigilance will be important in order to ensure that concerns related to the use of HPV vaccines can be addressed with the best possible evidence.

• #64

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  The impact of HPV vaccines on HPV-related clinical outcomes, including precancerous lesions, is well established. […] GACVS has systematically investigated safety concerns raised about HPV vaccines and has issued several reports in this regard. […] GACVS reviewed data from a recent retrospective cohort study from the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety on autoimmune conditions following HPV vaccination. […] Despite the difficulties in diagnosing or fully characterizing CRPS and POTS, reviews of pre- and post-licensure data provide no evidence that these syndromes are associated with HPV vaccination. […] Continued pharmacovigilance will be important in order to ensure that concerns related to the use of HPV vaccines can be addressed with the best possible evidence.

• #65 Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/vaccination/safety-of-the-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines provide the best protection against HPV infections and their complications. Like all vaccines offered in Qubec, the HPV vaccines are manufactured according to very strict safety standards. […] According to statistics, fewer than 1 in 1,000 people develop severe symptoms after being vaccinated against HPV infections. […] Many scientific articles published around the world also confirm the safety of the HPV vaccine. […] A World Health Organization (WHO) analysis of data for 92,000 pregnancies conducted in June 2017 confirms that there is no link. […] In a Danish study, no association was found between the vaccine and multiple sclerosis or several other diseases of the nervous system. […] The HPV vaccine does not increase the risk of circulatory disorders, such as venous thromboembolism, in girls and women aged 9 to 26 years.

• #66 Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/vaccination/safety-of-the-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines provide the best protection against HPV infections and their complications. Like all vaccines offered in Qubec, the HPV vaccines are manufactured according to very strict safety standards. […] According to statistics, fewer than 1 in 1,000 people develop severe symptoms after being vaccinated against HPV infections. […] Many scientific articles published around the world also confirm the safety of the HPV vaccine. […] A World Health Organization (WHO) analysis of data for 92,000 pregnancies conducted in June 2017 confirms that there is no link. […] In a Danish study, no association was found between the vaccine and multiple sclerosis or several other diseases of the nervous system. […] The HPV vaccine does not increase the risk of circulatory disorders, such as venous thromboembolism, in girls and women aged 9 to 26 years.

• #67 Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/vaccination/safety-of-the-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines provide the best protection against HPV infections and their complications. Like all vaccines offered in Qubec, the HPV vaccines are manufactured according to very strict safety standards. […] According to statistics, fewer than 1 in 1,000 people develop severe symptoms after being vaccinated against HPV infections. […] Many scientific articles published around the world also confirm the safety of the HPV vaccine. […] A World Health Organization (WHO) analysis of data for 92,000 pregnancies conducted in June 2017 confirms that there is no link. […] In a Danish study, no association was found between the vaccine and multiple sclerosis or several other diseases of the nervous system. […] The HPV vaccine does not increase the risk of circulatory disorders, such as venous thromboembolism, in girls and women aged 9 to 26 years.

• #68 Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/vaccination/safety-of-the-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines provide the best protection against HPV infections and their complications. Like all vaccines offered in Qubec, the HPV vaccines are manufactured according to very strict safety standards. […] According to statistics, fewer than 1 in 1,000 people develop severe symptoms after being vaccinated against HPV infections. […] Many scientific articles published around the world also confirm the safety of the HPV vaccine. […] A World Health Organization (WHO) analysis of data for 92,000 pregnancies conducted in June 2017 confirms that there is no link. […] In a Danish study, no association was found between the vaccine and multiple sclerosis or several other diseases of the nervous system. […] The HPV vaccine does not increase the risk of circulatory disorders, such as venous thromboembolism, in girls and women aged 9 to 26 years.

• #69 Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/vaccination/safety-of-the-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  A data review carried out in Europe concluded that there was no link between the HPV vaccine and these 2 rare syndromes. WHO also confirmed that there was no link. […] Numerous studies and the report published by WHO in June 2017 did not show any link between HPV vaccination and GBS or any other immune system disorder. The WHO report also confirmed that the risk of GBS does not increase following HPV vaccination. […] A study conducted in Canada in 2016 did not find any evidence of an increased risk for GBS in vaccination target groups.

• #70 Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/vaccination/safety-of-the-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  A data review carried out in Europe concluded that there was no link between the HPV vaccine and these 2 rare syndromes. WHO also confirmed that there was no link. […] Numerous studies and the report published by WHO in June 2017 did not show any link between HPV vaccination and GBS or any other immune system disorder. The WHO report also confirmed that the risk of GBS does not increase following HPV vaccination. […] A study conducted in Canada in 2016 did not find any evidence of an increased risk for GBS in vaccination target groups.

• #71 Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/vaccination/safety-of-the-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  A data review carried out in Europe concluded that there was no link between the HPV vaccine and these 2 rare syndromes. WHO also confirmed that there was no link. […] Numerous studies and the report published by WHO in June 2017 did not show any link between HPV vaccination and GBS or any other immune system disorder. The WHO report also confirmed that the risk of GBS does not increase following HPV vaccination. […] A study conducted in Canada in 2016 did not find any evidence of an increased risk for GBS in vaccination target groups.

• #72

  https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/topics/human-papillomavirus-vaccines/safety

  The impact of HPV vaccines on HPV-related clinical outcomes, including precancerous lesions, is well established. […] GACVS has systematically investigated safety concerns raised about HPV vaccines and has issued several reports in this regard. […] GACVS reviewed data from a recent retrospective cohort study from the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety on autoimmune conditions following HPV vaccination. […] Despite the difficulties in diagnosing or fully characterizing CRPS and POTS, reviews of pre- and post-licensure data provide no evidence that these syndromes are associated with HPV vaccination. […] Continued pharmacovigilance will be important in order to ensure that concerns related to the use of HPV vaccines can be addressed with the best possible evidence.

• #73 Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccines – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/national-advisory-committee-immunization-updated-recommendations-hpv-vaccines.html

  For this advisory committee statement, NACI reviewed the key questions as proposed by the HPV Working Group, including such considerations as the disease burden of HPV-associated illnesses, surveillance for HPV infections and associated diseases, the safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness of HPV vaccines currently marketed in Canada by schedule (e.g., number of doses administered), the safety of HPV vaccination during pregnancy, and other aspects of the overall immunization strategy. […] Overall, the burden of AGW and RRP are not well studied in Canada and updated surveillance is needed to better understand the prevalence of these diseases. […] Immunization programs should aim to maximize 1-dose coverage with emphasis on additional outreach to populations that currently have lower vaccine coverage. High HPV vaccine coverage will protect people (e.g., immunocompromised or those facing health inequities) through herd immunity. Surveillance activities to monitor the impact of changes to HPV vaccination schedules on HPV vaccine coverage should be prioritized by provinces, territories and local health authorities. Routine surveillance of coverage within school-based immunization and catch-up programs should support monitoring populations with lower vaccine coverage, with an emphasis on equity-denied groups, and focus delivery efforts on populations who are under-immunized. Monitoring should also differentiate and address low coverage areas within communities. Variations in coverage among rural and urban neighbourhoods, and within urban neighbourhoods, has been observed. […] Population-based studies to evaluate the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases in Canada, as well as any potential changes to the epidemiology are encouraged.

• #74 Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccines – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/national-advisory-committee-immunization-updated-recommendations-hpv-vaccines.html

  For this advisory committee statement, NACI reviewed the key questions as proposed by the HPV Working Group, including such considerations as the disease burden of HPV-associated illnesses, surveillance for HPV infections and associated diseases, the safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness of HPV vaccines currently marketed in Canada by schedule (e.g., number of doses administered), the safety of HPV vaccination during pregnancy, and other aspects of the overall immunization strategy. […] Overall, the burden of AGW and RRP are not well studied in Canada and updated surveillance is needed to better understand the prevalence of these diseases. […] Immunization programs should aim to maximize 1-dose coverage with emphasis on additional outreach to populations that currently have lower vaccine coverage. High HPV vaccine coverage will protect people (e.g., immunocompromised or those facing health inequities) through herd immunity. Surveillance activities to monitor the impact of changes to HPV vaccination schedules on HPV vaccine coverage should be prioritized by provinces, territories and local health authorities. Routine surveillance of coverage within school-based immunization and catch-up programs should support monitoring populations with lower vaccine coverage, with an emphasis on equity-denied groups, and focus delivery efforts on populations who are under-immunized. Monitoring should also differentiate and address low coverage areas within communities. Variations in coverage among rural and urban neighbourhoods, and within urban neighbourhoods, has been observed. […] Population-based studies to evaluate the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases in Canada, as well as any potential changes to the epidemiology are encouraged.

• #75 Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccines – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/national-advisory-committee-immunization-updated-recommendations-hpv-vaccines.html

  For this advisory committee statement, NACI reviewed the key questions as proposed by the HPV Working Group, including such considerations as the disease burden of HPV-associated illnesses, surveillance for HPV infections and associated diseases, the safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness of HPV vaccines currently marketed in Canada by schedule (e.g., number of doses administered), the safety of HPV vaccination during pregnancy, and other aspects of the overall immunization strategy. […] Overall, the burden of AGW and RRP are not well studied in Canada and updated surveillance is needed to better understand the prevalence of these diseases. […] Immunization programs should aim to maximize 1-dose coverage with emphasis on additional outreach to populations that currently have lower vaccine coverage. High HPV vaccine coverage will protect people (e.g., immunocompromised or those facing health inequities) through herd immunity. Surveillance activities to monitor the impact of changes to HPV vaccination schedules on HPV vaccine coverage should be prioritized by provinces, territories and local health authorities. Routine surveillance of coverage within school-based immunization and catch-up programs should support monitoring populations with lower vaccine coverage, with an emphasis on equity-denied groups, and focus delivery efforts on populations who are under-immunized. Monitoring should also differentiate and address low coverage areas within communities. Variations in coverage among rural and urban neighbourhoods, and within urban neighbourhoods, has been observed. […] Population-based studies to evaluate the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases in Canada, as well as any potential changes to the epidemiology are encouraged.

• #76 Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccines – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/national-advisory-committee-immunization-updated-recommendations-hpv-vaccines.html

  For this advisory committee statement, NACI reviewed the key questions as proposed by the HPV Working Group, including such considerations as the disease burden of HPV-associated illnesses, surveillance for HPV infections and associated diseases, the safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness of HPV vaccines currently marketed in Canada by schedule (e.g., number of doses administered), the safety of HPV vaccination during pregnancy, and other aspects of the overall immunization strategy. […] Overall, the burden of AGW and RRP are not well studied in Canada and updated surveillance is needed to better understand the prevalence of these diseases. […] Immunization programs should aim to maximize 1-dose coverage with emphasis on additional outreach to populations that currently have lower vaccine coverage. High HPV vaccine coverage will protect people (e.g., immunocompromised or those facing health inequities) through herd immunity. Surveillance activities to monitor the impact of changes to HPV vaccination schedules on HPV vaccine coverage should be prioritized by provinces, territories and local health authorities. Routine surveillance of coverage within school-based immunization and catch-up programs should support monitoring populations with lower vaccine coverage, with an emphasis on equity-denied groups, and focus delivery efforts on populations who are under-immunized. Monitoring should also differentiate and address low coverage areas within communities. Variations in coverage among rural and urban neighbourhoods, and within urban neighbourhoods, has been observed. […] Population-based studies to evaluate the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases in Canada, as well as any potential changes to the epidemiology are encouraged.

• #77 Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccines – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/national-advisory-committee-immunization-updated-recommendations-hpv-vaccines.html

  For this advisory committee statement, NACI reviewed the key questions as proposed by the HPV Working Group, including such considerations as the disease burden of HPV-associated illnesses, surveillance for HPV infections and associated diseases, the safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness of HPV vaccines currently marketed in Canada by schedule (e.g., number of doses administered), the safety of HPV vaccination during pregnancy, and other aspects of the overall immunization strategy. […] Overall, the burden of AGW and RRP are not well studied in Canada and updated surveillance is needed to better understand the prevalence of these diseases. […] Immunization programs should aim to maximize 1-dose coverage with emphasis on additional outreach to populations that currently have lower vaccine coverage. High HPV vaccine coverage will protect people (e.g., immunocompromised or those facing health inequities) through herd immunity. Surveillance activities to monitor the impact of changes to HPV vaccination schedules on HPV vaccine coverage should be prioritized by provinces, territories and local health authorities. Routine surveillance of coverage within school-based immunization and catch-up programs should support monitoring populations with lower vaccine coverage, with an emphasis on equity-denied groups, and focus delivery efforts on populations who are under-immunized. Monitoring should also differentiate and address low coverage areas within communities. Variations in coverage among rural and urban neighbourhoods, and within urban neighbourhoods, has been observed. […] Population-based studies to evaluate the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases in Canada, as well as any potential changes to the epidemiology are encouraged.

• #78 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization recommends the possibility of receiving a single dose as an optional schedule in its position paper from December 2022; in turn, the PAHO Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (May 2023), recommends countries to ensure that all girls aged 9-14 years receive at least one HPV vaccine dose. […] High coverage in girls (80%) significantly reduces the risk of infection in boys. […] The HPV vaccine is also recommended for boys and can be administered according to the vaccination schedule in each country. […] The HPV vaccine cannot treat or cure existing HPV infections. However, girls who are already sexually active should get the vaccine if they are within the recommended age group. […] In 2020, the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Its goal is for all countries to achieve a cervical cancer incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 women. The strategy sets out three targets for 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage for girls by age 15, 70% screening coverage (70% of women screened using a high-performance test at ages 35 and 45), and 90% of precancerous lesions treated and of invasive cancer cases managed.

• #79 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization recommends the possibility of receiving a single dose as an optional schedule in its position paper from December 2022; in turn, the PAHO Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (May 2023), recommends countries to ensure that all girls aged 9-14 years receive at least one HPV vaccine dose. […] High coverage in girls (80%) significantly reduces the risk of infection in boys. […] The HPV vaccine is also recommended for boys and can be administered according to the vaccination schedule in each country. […] The HPV vaccine cannot treat or cure existing HPV infections. However, girls who are already sexually active should get the vaccine if they are within the recommended age group. […] In 2020, the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Its goal is for all countries to achieve a cervical cancer incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 women. The strategy sets out three targets for 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage for girls by age 15, 70% screening coverage (70% of women screened using a high-performance test at ages 35 and 45), and 90% of precancerous lesions treated and of invasive cancer cases managed.

• #80 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization recommends the possibility of receiving a single dose as an optional schedule in its position paper from December 2022; in turn, the PAHO Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (May 2023), recommends countries to ensure that all girls aged 9-14 years receive at least one HPV vaccine dose. […] High coverage in girls (80%) significantly reduces the risk of infection in boys. […] The HPV vaccine is also recommended for boys and can be administered according to the vaccination schedule in each country. […] The HPV vaccine cannot treat or cure existing HPV infections. However, girls who are already sexually active should get the vaccine if they are within the recommended age group. […] In 2020, the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Its goal is for all countries to achieve a cervical cancer incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 women. The strategy sets out three targets for 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage for girls by age 15, 70% screening coverage (70% of women screened using a high-performance test at ages 35 and 45), and 90% of precancerous lesions treated and of invasive cancer cases managed.

• #81 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet

  Clinical trials have shown that HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing cervical infection with the types of HPV they target when given before first exposure to the virus – that is, before individuals begin to engage in sexual activity. HPV vaccines have also been found to reduce infections in other tissues that HPV infects, including the anus and oral region. […] Trials and real-world data from population-based studies have now demonstrated that the vaccines greatly reduce the risk of precancers and cancers of the cervix, vagina, and vulva in vaccinated women. […] Widespread HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidence around the world by as much as 90%. […] As the incidence of cervical cancer has declined in the United States, due mainly to cervical cancer screening, the incidence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal, vulvar, and anal cancers has been increasing.

• #82 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet

  Clinical trials have shown that HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing cervical infection with the types of HPV they target when given before first exposure to the virus – that is, before individuals begin to engage in sexual activity. HPV vaccines have also been found to reduce infections in other tissues that HPV infects, including the anus and oral region. […] Trials and real-world data from population-based studies have now demonstrated that the vaccines greatly reduce the risk of precancers and cancers of the cervix, vagina, and vulva in vaccinated women. […] Widespread HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidence around the world by as much as 90%. […] As the incidence of cervical cancer has declined in the United States, due mainly to cervical cancer screening, the incidence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal, vulvar, and anal cancers has been increasing.

• #83 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization recommends the possibility of receiving a single dose as an optional schedule in its position paper from December 2022; in turn, the PAHO Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (May 2023), recommends countries to ensure that all girls aged 9-14 years receive at least one HPV vaccine dose. […] High coverage in girls (80%) significantly reduces the risk of infection in boys. […] The HPV vaccine is also recommended for boys and can be administered according to the vaccination schedule in each country. […] The HPV vaccine cannot treat or cure existing HPV infections. However, girls who are already sexually active should get the vaccine if they are within the recommended age group. […] In 2020, the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Its goal is for all countries to achieve a cervical cancer incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 women. The strategy sets out three targets for 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage for girls by age 15, 70% screening coverage (70% of women screened using a high-performance test at ages 35 and 45), and 90% of precancerous lesions treated and of invasive cancer cases managed.

• #84 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization recommends the possibility of receiving a single dose as an optional schedule in its position paper from December 2022; in turn, the PAHO Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (May 2023), recommends countries to ensure that all girls aged 9-14 years receive at least one HPV vaccine dose. […] High coverage in girls (80%) significantly reduces the risk of infection in boys. […] The HPV vaccine is also recommended for boys and can be administered according to the vaccination schedule in each country. […] The HPV vaccine cannot treat or cure existing HPV infections. However, girls who are already sexually active should get the vaccine if they are within the recommended age group. […] In 2020, the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Its goal is for all countries to achieve a cervical cancer incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 women. The strategy sets out three targets for 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage for girls by age 15, 70% screening coverage (70% of women screened using a high-performance test at ages 35 and 45), and 90% of precancerous lesions treated and of invasive cancer cases managed.

• #85 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization recommends the possibility of receiving a single dose as an optional schedule in its position paper from December 2022; in turn, the PAHO Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (May 2023), recommends countries to ensure that all girls aged 9-14 years receive at least one HPV vaccine dose. […] High coverage in girls (80%) significantly reduces the risk of infection in boys. […] The HPV vaccine is also recommended for boys and can be administered according to the vaccination schedule in each country. […] The HPV vaccine cannot treat or cure existing HPV infections. However, girls who are already sexually active should get the vaccine if they are within the recommended age group. […] In 2020, the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Its goal is for all countries to achieve a cervical cancer incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 women. The strategy sets out three targets for 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage for girls by age 15, 70% screening coverage (70% of women screened using a high-performance test at ages 35 and 45), and 90% of precancerous lesions treated and of invasive cancer cases managed.

• #86 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization recommends the possibility of receiving a single dose as an optional schedule in its position paper from December 2022; in turn, the PAHO Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (May 2023), recommends countries to ensure that all girls aged 9-14 years receive at least one HPV vaccine dose. […] High coverage in girls (80%) significantly reduces the risk of infection in boys. […] The HPV vaccine is also recommended for boys and can be administered according to the vaccination schedule in each country. […] The HPV vaccine cannot treat or cure existing HPV infections. However, girls who are already sexually active should get the vaccine if they are within the recommended age group. […] In 2020, the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Its goal is for all countries to achieve a cervical cancer incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 women. The strategy sets out three targets for 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage for girls by age 15, 70% screening coverage (70% of women screened using a high-performance test at ages 35 and 45), and 90% of precancerous lesions treated and of invasive cancer cases managed.

• #87 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet

  ACIP recommends that people who have an HPV infection and/or an abnormal Pap test result that may indicate an HPV infection should still receive the HPV vaccine if they are in the appropriate age group (9 through 26 years) because the vaccine may protect them against high-risk HPV types that they have not yet acquired. […] Yes. Because HPV vaccines do not protect against all HPV types that can cause cancer, women who have been vaccinated are advised to follow the same screening recommendations as unvaccinated women. […] Most private insurance plans cover HPV vaccination. The federal Affordable Care Act requires most private insurance plans to cover recommended preventive services (including HPV vaccination) with no copay or deductible. […] If a single dose of HPV vaccine were effective, that would be an important advance. A large observational study using national data from women across Australia found that one dose of HPV vaccine was as effective as two or three doses in preventing high-grade cervical lesions.

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