Szczepionka przeciw wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego

Szczepionka przeciw wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Szczepionka przeciw HPV, w tym Gardasil 9, jest kluczowym elementem profilaktyki zakażeń HPV i nowotworów z nimi związanych, chroniąc przed genotypami HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58. Zalecenia dotyczące badań przesiewowych obejmują cytologię (Pap) co 3 lata u kobiet 21-29 lat oraz ko-test lub test PCR HPV co 5 lat u kobiet 30-65 lat. Testy HPV wykrywają DNA wirusa wysokiego ryzyka, zwłaszcza HPV16 i HPV18, które odpowiadają za większość nowotworów szyjki macicy. Szczepionka nie eliminuje konieczności regularnych badań przesiewowych, gdyż nie chroni przed wszystkimi typami HPV ani nie leczy istniejących zakażeń. Nowo zatwierdzony test samodzielnego pobierania próbek HPV umożliwia wykrywanie 14 typów HPV wysokiego ryzyka, co może zwiększyć dostępność badań przesiewowych.

Diagnostyka szczepionki przeciw wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego

Metody diagnostyczne w screeningu HPV
Organizacja badań przesiewowych
Diagnostyka po zaszczepieniu
Diagnostyka u kobiet po pozytywnym wyniku testu HPV

Ocena skuteczności szczepionki HPV

Badania kliniczne i ich wyniki
Metody oceny immunogenności
Długoterminowa skuteczność szczepionki

Diagnostyka zmian przedrakowych i nowotworowych związanych z HPV

Diagnostyka zmian w szyjce macicy
Diagnostyka HPV w innych lokalizacjach
Nowe metody diagnostyczne

Diagnostyka terapeutycznego zastosowania szczepionki HPV

Badania nad zastosowaniem terapeutycznym
Diagnostyka po szczepieniu terapeutycznym

Diagnostyka bezpieczeństwa szczepionki HPV

Monitorowanie bezpieczeństwa szczepionki
Monitoring ciąży

Zalecenia diagnostyczne po szczepieniu HPV

Badania przesiewowe po szczepieniu
Zalecenia dla specjalnych grup pacjentów

Podsumowanie diagnostyki szczepionki HPV

Kolejne rozdziały

Diagnostyka szczepionki przeciw wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego

Szczepionka przeciw wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) stanowi istotny element profilaktyki zakażeń HPV oraz związanych z nimi chorób, w tym nowotworów. Diagnostyka w kontekście szczepionki HPV odnosi się zarówno do badań przesiewowych przed i po szczepieniu, jak i do metod oceny skuteczności szczepienia oraz monitorowania odpowiedzi układu odpornościowego.¹²

Metody diagnostyczne w screeningu HPV

Istnieją dwie główne metody badań przesiewowych w kierunku zakażeń HPV u pacjentek z szyjką macicy:¹

Cytologia (badanie Pap) – identyfikuje nieprawidłowe komórki w szyjce macicy
Test HPV – wykrywa wysokiego ryzyka szczepy HPV, które mogą prowadzić do nowotworu
Badanie ko-testowe (co-test) – łączy cytologię i test HPV w jednym badaniu

¹²

Testy HPV mogą obejmować amplifikację wirusowego DNA (z lub bez genotypowania) przy użyciu reakcji łańcuchowej polimerazy (PCR) w czasie rzeczywistym lub konwencjonalnej PCR. Mogą również identyfikować ekspresję specyficznych onkoprotein HPV poprzez wykrywanie mRNA.¹ Badania te są szczególnie istotne w wykrywaniu wysokiego ryzyka szczepów HPV, takich jak HPV16 i HPV18, które są odpowiedzialne za większość nowotworów związanych z HPV.²

Organizacja badań przesiewowych

Aktualne rekomendacje dotyczące badań przesiewowych w kierunku HPV różnią się w zależności od kraju i organizacji zdrowotnych. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force oraz American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology zalecają:¹²

Dla pacjentek w wieku 21-29 lat: badanie Pap co 3 lata
Dla pacjentek w wieku 30-65 lat: badanie Pap co 3 lata, ko-test co 5 lat lub pierwotny test PCR HPV co 5 lat

¹²

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku HPV zwykle rozpoczynają się, gdy pacjentka ma 21 lat lub więcej, choć u pacjentek z obniżoną odpornością (które są bardziej narażone na rozwój niekorzystnych stanów zdrowotnych związanych z HPV) badania mogą rozpocząć się wcześniej.¹

Diagnostyka po zaszczepieniu

Szczepionka przeciw HPV, jak np. Gardasil 9, nie eliminuje konieczności poddawania się przez zaszczepionych regularnym badaniom przesiewowym w kierunku raka szyjki macicy i innych nowotworów związanych z HPV, zgodnie z zaleceniami pracownika służby zdrowia.¹¹ Szczepionka nie leczy istniejących zakażeń HPV, nowotworów ani brodawek narządów płciowych.¹

Szczepionka przeciw HPV nie zastępuje testów Pap. Badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka szyjki macicy za pomocą regularnych testów Pap rozpoczynające się w wieku 21 lat stanowią istotny element profilaktycznej opieki zdrowotnej.¹

Diagnostyka u kobiet po pozytywnym wyniku testu HPV

Jeśli kobieta ma pozytywny wynik testu HPV, a wynik badania Pap jest prawidłowy, lekarz najprawdopodobniej zaleci powtórzenie badania Pap i badania przesiewowego HPV za rok.¹ Jeżeli drugi test HPV będzie pozytywny, lekarz może zalecić kolposkopię.¹

Jeśli pacjentka ma pozytywny wynik testu HPV, a wynik badania Pap jest nieprawidłowy, lekarz prawdopodobnie zaleci kolposkopię.¹ Kolposkopia jest procedurą, która może usunąć HPV z szyjki macicy. Pracownik służby zdrowia używa narzędzia zwanego kolposkopem do oglądania szyjki macicy i pobierania próbek tkanek, zwanych biopsją, z obszarów, które wyglądają nietypowo.¹

Ocena skuteczności szczepionki HPV

Skuteczność szczepionki przeciw HPV jest oceniana na podstawie różnych parametrów, w tym jej zdolności do zapobiegania zakażeniom HPV, zmianom przedrakowym oraz nowotworom.¹

Badania kliniczne i ich wyniki

Badania kliniczne wykazały, że szczepionki HPV są wysoce skuteczne w zapobieganiu zakażeniom szyjki macicy typami HPV, na które są ukierunkowane, gdy są podawane przed pierwszą ekspozycją na wirusa – czyli przed rozpoczęciem aktywności seksualnej. Szczepionki HPV zmniejszają również zakażenia w innych tkankach, które HPV zakaża, w tym w odbycie i jamie ustnej.¹

Szczepionka 9-walentna HPV (Gardasil 9) chroni przed ponad 99% chorób związanych z genotypami 6, 11, 16 i 18 oraz do 96,7% chorób związanych z genotypami 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58.¹ Badania wykazały, że dwie dawki szczepionki HPV podane w odstępie 6 miesięcy u osób w wieku 9-14 lat skutkowały mianami przeciwciał równymi tym u osób w wieku 15-26 lat, którym podano trzy dawki.¹

Metody oceny immunogenności

Do oceny immunogenności szczepionek HPV stosuje się trzy główne rodzaje testów. Test neutralizacji jest uważany za złoty standard wykrywania przeciwciał ochronnych i jest zalecany przez WHO jako metoda referencyjna do oceny przeciwciał ochronnych indukowanych przez szczepionkę. Test neutralizacji jest metodą wykrywania opartą na hodowli komórkowej.¹

Wyniki kliniczne pokazują, że przeciwciała neutralizujące wytwarzane przez szczepionkę HPV mogą przenikać przez ścianę naczynia krwionośnego, aby dotrzeć do miejsca zakażenia i wiązać się z wirusem, powodując utratę zdolności do zakażania komórek.¹

Długoterminowa skuteczność szczepionki

Chociaż eksperci nie wiedzą dokładnie, jak długo szczepionka chroni przed zakażeniem HPV, nie ma dowodów sugerujących, że szczepionka HPV traci jakąkolwiek zdolność zapewniania ochrony z czasem.¹

Aktualne badania globalne sugerują, że ochrona zapewniana przez Gardasil 9 jest długotrwała: ponad 10 lat danych z obserwacji zarówno chłopców, jak i dziewcząt wskazuje, że szczepionki są nadal skuteczne i nie ma dowodów na zmniejszającą się ochronę, chociaż nadal nie wiadomo, czy osoby zaszczepione będą potrzebować dawki przypominającej w przyszłości.¹

Diagnostyka zmian przedrakowych i nowotworowych związanych z HPV

Diagnostyka zmian w szyjce macicy

Test Pap jest wykonywany poprzez zeskrobanie niektórych komórek z szyjki macicy i zbadanie ich pod mikroskopem. Badanie to może zidentyfikować nieprawidłowe komórki w szyjce macicy.¹ Test HPV natomiast określa, czy wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego jest obecny w szyjce macicy.¹

Jeśli badanie Pap jest nieprawidłowe, można zasugerować test HPV, aby ustalić, czy DNA wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego jest obecne w komórkach szyjki macicy.¹

Zmiany przedrakowe wymagają usunięcia. Opcje obejmują:¹

Zamrażanie (krioterapia)
Usunięcie chirurgiczne laserem
LEEP (procedura wycięcia pętlą elektrochirurgiczną) – wykorzystuje cienką pętlę drucianą naładowaną prądem elektrycznym do usunięcia cienkiej warstwy części szyjki macicy
Konizacja zimnym nożem – procedura chirurgiczna usuwająca stożkowy fragment szyjki macicy

Diagnostyka HPV w innych lokalizacjach

Osoba, u której stwierdzono HPV w komórkach szyjki macicy, może, ale nie musi mieć zakażenia w komórkach odbytu. W niektórych przypadkach komórki odbytu mogą być izolowane w celu sprawdzenia zmian sugerujących nowotwór.¹

Niestety, obecnie nie jest dostępny test do sprawdzenia HPV w jamie ustnej.¹ Chociaż nie ma zatwierdzonych testów przesiewowych dla raka jamy ustnej i gardła (oropharyngeal), dokładne badanie stomatologiczne może ujawnić oznaki raka jamy ustnej i gardła lub zmian przedrakowych.¹

Nowe metody diagnostyczne

W maju 2024 roku Agencja Żywności i Leków (FDA) zatwierdziła nowy test samodzielnego pobierania próbek HPV dla kobiet w wieku 25 lat i starszych. Test ten bada do 14 typów HPV wysokiego ryzyka, które mogą prowadzić do raka szyjki macicy.¹

Metoda samodzielnego pobierania próbek HPV ma dodatkową korzyść, ponieważ umożliwia kobietom samodzielne pobieranie próbek za pomocą wymazu z pochwy, eliminując zarówno bariery kulturowe, jak i dostępowe, które uniemożliwiają wielu kobietom badania przesiewowe.¹

Diagnostyka terapeutycznego zastosowania szczepionki HPV

Chociaż szczepionki zostały opracowane do zapobiegania zakażeniom HPV, badacze badają terapeutyczne zastosowanie szczepionek do leczenia zmian przedrakowych.¹

Badania nad zastosowaniem terapeutycznym

Badania wykazały, że szczepionka HPV po leczeniu była związana ze znacznie zmniejszonym ryzykiem nawrotu CIN2+ (śródnabłonkowej neoplazji szyjki macicy stopnia 2 lub wyższego) przy użyciu nieskorygowanych szacunków z badań obserwacyjnych i randomizowanych badań klinicznych.¹

W badaniu fazy II z 2022 roku wykazano, że szczepionka terapeutyczna skierowana przeciwko wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego typu 16 (HPV16) indukowała regresję w zmianach przedrakowych szyjki macicy wysokiego stopnia. Szczepionka Vvax001 okazała się jedną z najbardziej skutecznych szczepionek terapeutycznych dla zmian CIN3 związanych z HPV16.¹²

Szczepionka HPV może być również ważnym elementem leczenia zmian komórkowych spowodowanych zakażeniem HPV. Po usunięciu lub zniszczeniu nieprawidłowych komórek szczepionka HPV może pomóc zapobiec nawrotowi nieprawidłowych komórek.¹

Jedno badanie przeanalizowało 21 472 pacjentów z dysplazją szyjki macicy: 4132 (19,2%) otrzymało okołooperacyjną szczepionkę HPV, podczas gdy 17 340 (80,8%) zostało poddanych samemu leczeniu chirurgicznemu. Nawroty CIN 1+, CIN 2+ i CIN 3 były niższe w grupie zaszczepionej niż w grupie niezaszczepionej.¹

Diagnostyka po szczepieniu terapeutycznym

Po szczepieniu terapeutycznym kluczowe jest ścisłe monitorowanie pacjentów. W badaniu z zastosowaniem szczepionki Vvax001, 18 pacjentek z HPV16-pozytywnym CIN3 otrzymało trzy dawki szczepionki w odstępie trzech tygodni, a następnie były rutynowo monitorowane za pomocą kolposkopii przed ostateczną kolposkopią z biopsją po 19 tygodniach po immunizacji.¹

Oczyszczenie HPV jest powiązane z mniejszym ryzykiem nawrotu. W wyżej wymienionym badaniu dziesięć z 16 ocenianych pacjentek wyeliminowało HPV16, w tym wszystkie dziewięć, u których nastąpiła regresja choroby. Po medianie obserwacji wynoszącej 20 miesięcy, u żadnej z pacjentek nie wystąpił nawrót.¹

Diagnostyka bezpieczeństwa szczepionki HPV

Szczepionka HPV została poddana rygorystycznym testom bezpieczeństwa i jest niezwykle skuteczna. Do tej pory ponad 100 badań z udziałem milionów ludzi na całym świecie wykazało, że szczepionka HPV jest bezpieczna.¹

Monitorowanie bezpieczeństwa szczepionki

CDC i FDA nie znalazły żadnych dowodów na to, że szczepionki HPV powodują problemy reprodukcyjne u kobiet, w tym POI (przedwczesną niewydolność jajników).¹ Podobnie, dowody nie wskazują na związek przyczynowy między szczepionkami HPV a zespołem kompleksowego bólu regionalnego (CRPS).¹

Badania nie wykazały zwiększonego ryzyka zespołu przewlekłego zmęczenia (ME/CFS) wśród dziewcząt, którym podano szczepionkę HPV.¹ Dowody nie sugerują również związku przyczynowego między Gardasilem a śmiercią.¹

Monitoring ciąży

Szczepionki HPV nie są zatwierdzone ani zalecane dla kobiet w ciąży. Jednakże niektóre kobiety w ciąży otrzymują szczepionki HPV, ponieważ nie wiedzą, że są w ciąży w momencie szczepienia, lub z innych powodów otrzymują szczepionkę HPV, kiedy nie powinny.¹

CDC i producenci szczepionek monitorowali i badali bezpieczeństwo szczepionek HPV u kobiet, które otrzymały szczepionkę będąc w ciąży. Ścisłe monitorowanie nie wykazało żadnych problemów zdrowotnych.¹ Jeśli kobieta otrzyma szczepionkę HPV i później dowie się, że jest w ciąży, nie ma powodu do alarmu.¹

Zalecenia diagnostyczne po szczepieniu HPV

Szczepionka HPV nie usuwa konieczności badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy, sromu, pochwy, odbytu, jamy ustnej i gardła oraz innych nowotworów głowy i szyi, zgodnie z zaleceniami pracownika służby zdrowia.¹ Kobiety powinny nadal poddawać się rutynowym badaniom przesiewowym w kierunku raka szyjki macicy.²

Badania przesiewowe po szczepieniu

Otrzymanie szczepionki HPV nie oznacza, że można pominąć badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka szyjki macicy w przyszłości, ponieważ szczepionka nie eliminuje zakażeń nabytych przed szczepieniem. Ponadto inne typy HPV wysokiego ryzyka, przed którymi szczepionka nie chroni, mogą również powodować raka szyjki macicy.¹

American Cancer Society (ACS) zaleca badania przesiewowe HPV jako część planu badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy. ACS zaleca:¹

Osoby w wieku 25-65 lat powinny mieć podstawowy test HPV co 5 lat

Pierwotny test HPV jest lepszy w zapobieganiu nowotworom szyjki macicy niż sam test Pap.¹ FDA zatwierdziła tylko testy do wykrywania HPV w szyjce macicy. Wszelkie nieprawidłowe (pozytywne) wyniki są zarządzane za pomocą dodatkowych testów i szybkiego leczenia, jeśli zakażenie powoduje nieprawidłowy wzrost komórek.¹

Zalecenia dla specjalnych grup pacjentów

Szczepienie jest zalecane dla kobiet do 26 roku życia, nawet jeśli pacjentka jest badana na obecność DNA HPV, a wyniki są pozytywne. Testowanie na obecność DNA HPV nie jest zalecane przed szczepieniem.¹

U dzieci z historią wykorzystywania seksualnego lub napaści, szczepionka HPV powinna być podana jak najwcześniej, począwszy od 9 roku życia.¹

Wiek	Szczepienie HPV	Badania przesiewowe
9-14 lat (z prawidłową odpornością)	2 dawki (odstęp co najmniej 6 miesięcy)	Nie zalecane
15-26 lat (z prawidłową odpornością)	3 dawki (druga 1-2 miesiące po pierwszej, trzecia 6 miesięcy po pierwszej)	Badanie Pap od 21 roku życia
27-45 lat	Indywidualna decyzja po konsultacji z lekarzem	Test HPV co 5 lat lub badanie Pap co 3 lata
Osoby z obniżoną odpornością	3 dawki niezależnie od wieku	Częstsze badania przesiewowe

¹²¹

Podsumowanie diagnostyki szczepionki HPV

Gardasil 9 jest szczepionką wskazaną dla kobiet w wieku od 9 do 45 lat w celu zapobiegania rakowi szyjki macicy, sromu, pochwy, odbytu, jamy ustnej i gardła oraz innym nowotworom głowy i szyi spowodowanym przez typy wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58; przedrakowym lub dysplastycznym zmianom szyjki macicy, sromu, pochwy i odbytu spowodowanym przez typy HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58; oraz brodawkom narządów płciowych spowodowanym przez typy HPV 6 i 11.¹

Gardasil 9 jest wskazany u mężczyzn w wieku od 9 do 45 lat w celu zapobiegania rakowi odbytu, jamy ustnej i gardła oraz innym nowotworom głowy i szyi spowodowanym przez typy HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58; przedrakowym lub dysplastycznym zmianom odbytu spowodowanym przez typy HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58; oraz brodawkom narządów płciowych spowodowanym przez typy HPV 6 i 11.¹

Szczepionka HPV chroni przed zakażeniami związanymi z HPV-16 i HPV-18, które powodują 70% nowotworów szyjki macicy, 90% nowotworów odbytu i wiele nowotworów, które mogą dotykać gardła i narządów płciowych.¹

Regularne badania przesiewowe są nadal konieczne po szczepieniu, ponieważ szczepionka nie chroni przed wszystkimi typami HPV, które mogą powodować nowotwory.¹ Badania wykazały, że szczepionka HPV jest wysoce skuteczna w zapobieganiu zakażeniom HPV i przedrakowym zmianom szyjki macicy oraz nowotworom spowodowanym przez typy HPV objęte szczepionką.¹

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies
https://asm.org/articles/2023/march/hpv-diagnostics,-vaccines-and-preventive-health-st
HPV infections and HPV-related diseases are a public health issue, said Katie Au, M.D., IBCLC, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health and Science University. It’s one of the few cancers that is preventable, and where timely care and appropriate screening can really make a difference in terms of incidence and outcomes. We can make a great public health impact, both from a screening and from a vaccination standpoint. […] Screening to detect high-risk HPV strainsmost importantly HPV16 and HPV18, which cause the majority of HPV-related cancersis so critical. […] There are 2 primary ways in which health care professionals will screen patients with a cervix for cervical cancer: cytology (i.e., Pap test) or an HPV test (for high-risk HPV strains). […] A Pap test can identify abnormal cells in the cervix. A co-test may also be used, which screens for cervical cancer and can be done with cytology and/or an HPV test. HPV tests can involve amplification of viral DNA (with or without genotyping) via real-time or conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or identify specific HPV oncoprotein expression via mRNA detection.
#1 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies
https://asm.org/articles/2023/march/hpv-diagnostics,-vaccines-and-preventive-health-st
HPV screening of the cervix doesnt start until a patient is 21 or older, though for patients who are immunocompromised (and are at a greater risk of developing adverse health conditions related to HPV), screenings may start sooner. […] Currently, there are differing opinions regarding what is best practice for HPV screening. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology recommend a Pap test every 3 years for patients 21 to 29 years old, and a Pap test (every 3 years), a co-test (every 5 years) or primary real-time PCR HPV testing (every 5 years) for patients 30 to 65 years old. […] The more we learn about HPV and the pathogenesis of HPV-related disease and infection, the more we understand that nearly all cervical cancers are driven by HPV, particularly high-risk subtypes, and we pick up more clinically relevant disease if we look for HPV rather than the cytology.
#1 Find Out If GARDASILÂ®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) Is Right for You
https://www.gardasil9.com/patient-a/
GARDASIL 9 helps protect individuals ages 9 to 45 against the following diseases caused by 9 types of HPV: cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers in females, anal cancer, certain head and neck cancers, such as throat and back of mouth cancers and genital warts in both males and females. […] GARDASIL 9 may not fully protect everyone, nor will it protect against diseases caused by other HPV types or against diseases not caused by HPV. GARDASIL 9 does not prevent all types of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, or head and neck cancers. […] Vaccination does not remove the need for recommended cancer screenings, and its important to get routine cervical cancer screenings. GARDASIL 9 does not treat HPV infection, cancer, or genital warts. […] Only a doctor or health care professional can decide if GARDASIL 9 is right for you.
#1 CPTÂ® and ICD-10-CMÂ® Codes for GARDASILÂ®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant)
https://www.merckvaccines.com/gardasil9/cpt-codes-reimbursement/
GARDASIL 9 is a vaccine indicated in females 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. […] GARDASIL 9 is indicated in males 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. […] GARDASIL 9 does not eliminate the necessity for vaccine recipients to undergo screening for cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers as recommended by a health care provider.
#1 HPV vaccine: Who needs it, how it works
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/in-depth/hpv-vaccine/art-20047292
But none of the vaccines can treat an existing HPV infection. The vaccines protect you only from specific strains of HPV you don’t have. […] The HPV vaccine doesn’t replace Pap tests. Screening for cervical cancer with regular Pap tests starting at age 21 is an essential part of preventive healthcare.
#1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html
HPV is diagnosed through an HPV test. Currently, only women can be screened for HPV. […] Your practitioner will use a soft brush to take a sample of cells from your cervix. This sample will be sent to a lab for testing. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test is normal, your doctor will most likely recommend repeating the Pap and HPV screening exams in one year. […] If your second HPV test comes back positive, your doctor may recommend a colposcopy. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test was abnormal, your doctor will probably follow up with a colposcopy.
#1 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602
A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.
#1 Human Papillomavirus Vaccination | ACOG
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/08/human-papillomavirus-vaccination
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not recommend that an individual who received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine be revaccinated with 9-valent HPV vaccine, including those aged 27-45 years who previously completed some, but not all, of the vaccine series when they were younger. […] The 9-valent HPV vaccine protects against more than 99% of HPV disease related to genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18 and up to 96.7% for HPV disease related to genotypes 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. […] Studies show that two doses of HPV vaccine given 6 months apart in individuals aged 9-14 years resulted in antibody titers equal to those in individuals aged 15-26 years who were given three doses. […] The HPV vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of anogenital cancer and genital warts in women and in men.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet
HPV vaccines protect against infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, of which more than 40 are spread through direct sexual contact. Among these, two HPV types cause genital warts, and about a dozen HPV types can cause certain types of cancercervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal. […] Clinical trials have shown that HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing cervical infection with the types of HPV they target when given before first exposure to the virusthat is, before individuals begin to engage in sexual activity. HPV vaccines have also been found to reduce infections in other tissues that HPV infects, including the anus and oral region. […] Because the cell changes and cancers caused by HPV take years to develop, it has only recently been confirmed that the vaccines reduce the risk of these outcomes as well. Trials and real-world data from population-based studies have now demonstrated that the vaccines greatly reduce the risk of precancers and cancers of the cervix, vagina, and vulva in vaccinated women.
#1 HPV Vaccine – Creative Diagnostics
https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/hpv-vaccine.htm
Human papilloma virus (HPV) widely infects humans and can cause cervical cancer and other malignant tumors, seriously endangering human health. In 2006, Merck launched the first HPV vaccine, making cervical cancer and condyloma caused by HPV preventable. The HPV vaccine is effective in preventing HPV infection and the disease it causes, and the World Health Organization (WHO) is implementing a global plan to eliminate cervical cancer. […] However, how to evaluate vaccines scientifically, especially their clinical immunogenicity, is very important. […] Clinical results show that neutralizing antibodies produced by HPV vaccine can penetrate into the blood vessel wall to reach the infection site and bind the virus to make it lose the ability to infect cells. […] Three main types of assays or immunogenicity evaluation. […] The neutralization test is considered the gold standard for detecting protective antibodies and is recommended by the WHO as a reference method for evaluating vaccine-induced protective antibodies. […] Neutralization test is a detection method based on cell culture.
#1 Patient education: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine-beyond-the-basics
Some also worry that the vaccine may have serious side effects, but studies have clearly shown that the available HPV vaccines are very safe. […] How long am I protected? â While experts do not know exactly how long the vaccine protects against HPV infection, there has been no evidence to suggest that the HPV vaccine loses any ability to provide protection over time. […] Do I still need cervical cancer screening? â Females do not need to have a pelvic exam or test for cervical cancer (eg, Pap and/or HPV test) before getting the HPV vaccine. In the United States, regular cervical cancer screening is generally recommended beginning at age 21. […] However, getting the HPV vaccine does not mean that you can skip cervical cancer screening in the future, since the vaccine does not eliminate infections acquired prior to vaccination. In addition, other types of high-risk HPV, which are not prevented by the vaccine, can also cause cervical cancer. (See „Patient education: Cervical cancer screening (Beyond the Basics).”)
#1 The HPV Vaccine: Access and Use in the U.S. | KFF
https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-hpv-vaccine-access-and-use-in-the-u-s/
Current global research suggests Gardasil9 protection is long-lasting: more than 10 years of follow-up data in both boys and girls indicate the vaccines are still effective and there is no evidence of waning protection, although it is still unknown if recipients will need a booster in the future. […] The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires public and private insurance plans to cover a range of recommended preventive services and ACIP recommended immunizations without consumer cost-sharing. […] The HPV vaccine has been available in the U.S. for nearly two decades and uptake has risen over that time, though more recently since the COVID-19 pandemic there have been notable declines in vaccination rates.
#1 Questions and Answers about HPV and the Vaccine | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/human-papillomavirus/prevent-hpv
This is why it is important to get regular Pap tests. […] HPV infects epithelial cells that line mucosal surfaces of the body. […] In most cases, the immune system recognizes the cells that are infected and eliminates them, clearing the infection. […] However, in some instances a persistent infection occurs causing the cells to mutate, or change. […] HPV is spread through genital contact, most often, but not always, during sex. […] Since HPV is so common, if you are intimate with anyone, the best way to reduce your chance of getting infected is to be vaccinated with the HPV vaccine. […] HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases among both men and women in the United States. […] HPV causes cervical cancer, one of the most common cancers in women. […] A Pap test is done by scraping some cells from the cervix and examining them microscopically.
#1 Questions and Answers about HPV and the Vaccine | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/human-papillomavirus/prevent-hpv
The HPV test determines if the human papillomavirus is present in the cervix. […] Although there is no approved test for men to know their „HPV status,” most HPV infections resolve without causing any problems. […] A Pap test is one in which cells isolated from the cervix are examined under a microscope for precancerous changes caused by a persistent, or long-term, HPV infection. […] A test that specifically detects HPV is also available. […] Therefore, you could have had an infection with one of the types that cause RRP and continue to have normal Pap tests. […] If you have an abnormal Pap test, an HPV test may be suggested to determine if human papillomavirus DNA is present in the cells of the cervix. […] The HPV vaccine protects against nine types of HPV. […] The types of HPV in the vaccine protect against the most common causes of cancer and genital warts.
#1 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602
Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. Another method called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) uses a thin looped wire charged with an electric current to remove a thin layer of a section of the cervix. And cold knife conization is a surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of the cervix.
#1 Questions and Answers about HPV and the Vaccine | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/human-papillomavirus/prevent-hpv
Many people have questions about human papillomavirus (HPV) and the vaccine that prevents it. […] The current vaccine protects against 9 different types of HPV, which protects against the types most likely to cause disease. […] A person found to have HPV in cells of the cervix may or may not have the infection in cells of the anus. […] In some cases, anal cells can be isolated to check for changes suggestive of cancer. […] Unfortunately, no test is available to check for oral HPV at this time. […] HPV infections can last up to 24 months before the immune system eliminates the infection. […] This is why it is difficult to stop transmission of the virus. […] HPV virus can cause persistent infections. […] This means that when a person is infected, the virus is reproducing in the cells that line the infected area.
#1 Patient education: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine-beyond-the-basics
Anal cancer screening tests may be available for individuals known to be at increased risk of anal cancer, but these are not yet done everywhere. […] There are also no approved screening tests for oropharyngeal (mouth and throat) cancer, but a thorough dental examination may reveal signs of oropharyngeal cancer or pre-cancer. […] HPV VACCINE SIDE EFFECTS AND PRECAUTIONS […] The HPV vaccine may cause mild redness, tenderness, or swelling near the injection site. There is no thimerosal (a mercury derivative used as a preservative) in the HPV vaccine. There may be an increased risk of passing out after an injection of HPV vaccine, so it is a good idea not to stand up too soon after getting the vaccine. […] The vaccine is not currently recommended during pregnancy, although there are no known risks to a fetus if the vaccine is given.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Prevention
https://www.unitypoint.org/find-a-service/primary-care/vaccinations/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine
The human papillomavirus virus (HPV) vaccine is extremely effective at preventing infection from high-risk HPV strains known to cause genital warts and several types of cancers in men and women. […] HPV in women can be detected during a cervical cancer screening performed by a doctor. This is called a Pap smear (or Pap test). The test looks for abnormal cells or any changes in the cervix that increase your risk for cervical cancer. During a Pap smear, an HPV test detects if HPV is present. […] A new HPV self-sampling test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in May 2024 for women ages 25 and up. The test screens for up to 14 types of high-risk HPV strains that can lead to cervical cancer. […] HPV testing is not as standardized for men as it is for women. Currently, there’s no HPV test for men approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA).
#1 HPV testing and single-dose vaccine key to tackle cervical cancer in the Americas, PAHO report says – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
https://www.paho.org/en/news/26-9-2024-hpv-testing-and-single-dose-vaccine-key-tackle-cervical-cancer-americas-paho-report
The HPV test has an added benefit that enables women to self-sample via vaginal swab, eliminating both the cultural and access barriers that prevent many women from getting screened. […] While increasing HPV vaccination coverage is key to eliminate cervical cancer, countries of the Americas must also urgently step-up efforts to shift from conventional PAP to HPV testing, and improve cancer treatment Dr. Anselm Hennis, Director of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health at PAHO said. […] The Pan American Health Organization is actively supporting countries in the region to strengthen their national plans for the elimination of cervical cancer, based on HPV vaccination, testing for HPV and treating women with precancerous lesions and cancer.
#1 Already Have HPV: Does Vaccine Help Infection?
https://www.verywellhealth.com/does-hpv-vaccine-help-if-already-infected-7561702
Vaccines have been approved to prevent HPV infections, but researchers are studying the therapeutic use of vaccines for treating precancerous lesions. One study explores the potential of mRNA vaccines for stimulating an immune response to treat existing infections and cervical cancers caused by HPV infection. […] Getting vaccinated for HPV will not treat or cure HPV. However, getting an HPV vaccination does help prevent HPV from spreading and reduces the chance of adverse outcomes if you’re exposed to a different strain of the virus in the future. […] The HPV vaccine provides less benefit since more people in this age range have already been exposed to HPV. Additionally, the HPV vaccine is not recommended for people with severe allergies, who have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to any vaccine ingredient, have yeast allergies, or are pregnant.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/immunization/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine
#1 A Therapeutic HPV Vaccine Could Eliminate Precancerous Cervical Lesions | News Releases | AACR
https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/a-therapeutic-hpv-vaccine-could-eliminate-precancerous-cervical-lesions/
A therapeutic vaccine targeting human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) induced regression in high-grade precancerous cervical lesions, according to the results from a phase II clinical trial published in Clinical Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. […] Nearly all premalignant cervical lesions and cervical cancers are caused by HPV infection, with HPV16 implicated in the majority of cases, said Refika Yigit, MD, principal investigator and oncological gynecologist at University Medical Centre Groningen in the Netherlands. […] The main purpose of our trial was to investigate whether our therapeutic vaccine Vvax001 could offer a potential alternative treatment to the standard-of-care loop excision, which is frequently associated with complications, Yigit added.
#1 What I Tell Every Patient About the HPV Vaccine | ACOG
https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/what-i-tell-every-patient-about-the-hpv-vaccine
The vaccine has been proven to be very safe with no significant risks or side effects. And the more we vaccinate, the more well have a significant decrease in HPV transmission and HPV-related cancer. […] The ideal age for HPV vaccination is 11 to 12, but it can be given to everyone age 9 through 26. If you are older than 26, have not been vaccinated, and are at risk of a new HPV infection, you and your ob-gyn can talk about whether you need the HPV vaccine. The vaccine is approved for people through age 45. […] Most HPV transmission happens when people first become sexually active. But women who have already tested positive for HPV usually arent positive for all nine types that we vaccinate for. So in some cases, well recommend those patients get the vaccine if they havent already. […] The HPV vaccine can also be an important part of treatment for the cell changes caused by HPV infection. After the abnormal cells have been removed or destroyed, the HPV vaccine may help prevent abnormal cells from coming back.
#1 HPV Vaccination after Primary Treatment of HPV-Related Disease across Different Organ Sites: A Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8879645/
Objective: To assess evidence on the efficacy of adjuvant human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in patients treated for HPV-related disease across different susceptible organ sites. […] Results: Sixteen studies were identified for the final analysis. Overall, 21,472 patients with cervical dysplasia were included: 4132 (19.2%) received the peri-operative HPV vaccine, while 17,340 (80.8%) underwent surgical treatment alone. The recurrences of CIN 1+ (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.73; p = 0.001), CIN 2+ (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.52; p 0.0001), and CIN 3 (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.59; p = 0.0009) were lower in the vaccinated than in unvaccinated group. […] Conclusions: Adjuvant HPV vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of CIN recurrence, although there are limited data regarding its role in other HPV-related diseases. Further research is warranted to shed more light on the role of HPV vaccination as adjuvant therapy after primary treatment.
#1 A Therapeutic HPV Vaccine Could Eliminate Precancerous Cervical Lesions | News Releases | AACR
https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/a-therapeutic-hpv-vaccine-could-eliminate-precancerous-cervical-lesions/
In the phase II trial, 18 patients with HPV16-positive CIN3 received three doses of Vvax001 three weeks apart, and then were routinely monitored via colposcopy before a final colposcopy-guided biopsy at 19 weeks post-immunization. […] To the best of our knowledge, this response rate makes Vvax001 one of the most effective therapeutic vaccines for HPV16-associated CIN3 lesions reported to date, said Yigit. If confirmed in a larger trial, our results could mean that at least half of the patients with CIN3 might be able to omit surgery and avoid all its possible side effects and complications. […] In the standard-of-care setting, HPV clearance is linked to lower risk of recurrence, and Yigit said her team expects the same here. Ten of the 16 patients evaluated cleared HPV16, including all nine of those whose disease regressed. […] After a median follow-up of 20 months, none of the patients had recurrences.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Prevention
https://www.unitypoint.org/find-a-service/primary-care/vaccinations/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine
The HPV vaccine has undergone rigorous safety testing and is extremely effective. To date, more than 100 studies in millions of people all over the world show the HPV vaccine is safe. […] The HPV vaccine provides protection against strains that commonly lead to cancer. This includes strains 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hpv.html
HPV vaccine is safe and effective at preventing HPV-related infections and cancers. […] CDC and FDA have not found any proof that HPV vaccines cause reproductive problems in women, including POI. […] HPV vaccination prevents infection with the HPV types that most commonly cause cervical cancer. […] CDC works closely with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) on HPV vaccination. […] HPV vaccines are not approved or recommended for pregnant women. However, some pregnant women receive HPV vaccines because they don’t know that they are pregnant at the time of vaccination, or otherwise receive an HPV vaccine when they shouldn’t have. […] CDC and vaccine manufacturers have monitored and studied HPV vaccine safety in women who received the vaccine when they were pregnant.
#1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hpv.html
Close monitoring has not found any health concerns. […] If a woman receives HPV vaccine and later learns that she is pregnant, there is no reason to be alarmed. […] Evidence does not support a causal link between HPV vaccines and CRPS. […] Studies show no increased risk of ME/CFS among girls given HPV vaccine. […] Evidence does not suggest a causal link between Gardasil and death.
#1 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html
Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Theres no useful test to find out a persons HPV status because HPV can infect different parts of the body, and an HPV test result can change over a period of months or years.
#1 Human Papillomavirus Vaccination | ACOG
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/08/human-papillomavirus-vaccination
Vaccination is recommended for women through age 26 years even if the patient is tested for HPV DNA and the results are positive. Testing for HPV DNA is not recommended before vaccination. […] Human papillomavirus vaccination is not recommended during pregnancy; however, routine pregnancy testing is not recommended before vaccination. […] The HPV vaccine can and should be given to breastfeeding women age 26 years and younger who have not previously been vaccinated. […] In children with a history of sexual abuse or assault, the HPV vaccine should be given as early as possible, starting at age 9 years. […] The HPV vaccine is now licensed in the United States for women and men through age 45 years. […] The overall public health benefit of HPV vaccination in women aged 27-45 years is markedly diminished compared with use in the target age range.
#1 Patient education: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine-beyond-the-basics
Gardasil-9 helps to prevent infection with nine HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58). […] Gardasil and Cervavac help to prevent infection with four HPV types (6, 11, 16, and 18). […] Cervarix, Walrinvax, and Cecolin help to prevent infection with HPV types 16 and 18. […] In the United States, only Gardasil-9 is available. […] HPV VACCINE TIMING AND DOSE […] All of the HPV vaccines are given by injection. The recommended timing and schedule are the same for both males and females. Dosing depends on your age and how healthy your immune system is. Vaccine schedules also differ depending on the country in which you live. In the United States: […] If you are younger than 15 years old with normal immune function, you should get two injections at least six months apart.
#1 The HPV Vaccine: Access and Use in the U.S. | KFF
https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-hpv-vaccine-access-and-use-in-the-u-s/
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is the first and only vaccination that helps protect individuals from getting several cancers that are associated with different HPV strains. […] The vaccines were originally recommended only for girls and young women and were subsequently broadened to include boys, young men, and people of all genders. […] Current guidelines by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and Womens Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI) recommend that most women ages 21 to 65 receive Pap test once every three years and recommends that women over 30 get a high-risk HPV test every 5 years. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer in women age 21 to 29 years with cytology (pap smear) every 3 years, and for women 30 to 65 a screening with cytology alone every 3 years, or a high risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) test every 5 years, or cytology in combination with a hrHPV every 5 years.
#1 HPV Vaccine: Age, Schedule, Importance & Side Effects
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21613-hpv-vaccine
Gardasil-9 protects against infections associated with HPV-16 and HPV-18, which cause 70% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, and many cancers that can affect your throat and genitals. […] Cervarix only protects against high-risk strains of HPV associated with cancer. […] The HPV vaccine can reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers and genital warts in any person who is (or will one day be) sexually active. […] The HPV vaccine became widely available to women in 2006 to prevent cervical cancer. […] The vaccine can prevent these cancers as well as anal and penile cancers. […] Youll still need regular Pap tests and HPV tests regardless of your vaccination status. […] The CDC doesnt currently recommend additional vaccinations because the earlier versions protect against the most high-risk strains of HPV. […] The HPV vaccine is one of our most powerful weapons against cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers.
#1 Questions and Answers about HPV and the Vaccine | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/human-papillomavirus/prevent-hpv
The vaccine may be protective against strains to which the individual was not previously exposed, so some people can still benefit from vaccination after having HPV. […] The HPV vaccine does not contain all types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer; therefore, it is important to continue getting Pap tests. […] The HPV vaccine is recommended for adolescents between 9 and 12 years of age, and all teenagers and adults between 13 and 26 years of age who did not get the vaccine when they were younger. […] The HPV vaccine can be given at the same time as other vaccines recommended at this age. […] The HPV vaccine will not protect you against types of HPV to which you may have already been exposed; however, it will protect you against types to which you were not previously exposed. […] The HPV vaccine does not protect against any other STD. […] The HPV vaccine is made using a protein from the surface of the HPV virus. […] The strains of HPV included in the vaccine will prevent about 9 of 10 cases of cervical cancer.
#1 Patient education: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine-beyond-the-basics
If you are concerned about the safety of the vaccine or possible side effects, your health care provider can talk to you about this in more detail. […] HOW EFFECTIVE IS THE VACCINE? […] Studies have shown that: […] HPV vaccination in females is very effective in preventing HPV infections and cervical pre-cancers and cancers caused by HPV types targeted by the vaccine. […] HPV vaccination in females reduces the risk of genital warts and of transmitting the warts to their sexual partners. […] HPV vaccination in males reduces the risk of developing genital warts and penile HPV infection, which decreases the risk of HPV transmission to sexual partners. […] HPV vaccination also reduces the risk of anal cancer in both males and females. […] HPV vaccination prevents oral HPV infection, which is associated with oropharyngeal (mouth and throat) cancer. It is expected that the vaccine can reduce the risk of this cancer as well, and the vaccine is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for this indication.
#2 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies
https://asm.org/Articles/2023/March/HPV-Diagnostics,-Vaccines-and-Preventive-Health-St
HPV infections and HPV-related diseases are a public health issue, said Katie Au, M.D., IBCLC, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health and Science University. It’s one of the few cancers that is preventable, and where timely care and appropriate screening can really make a difference in terms of incidence and outcomes. We can make a great public health impact, both from a screening and from a vaccination standpoint. […] Screening to detect high-risk HPV strainsmost importantly HPV16 and HPV18, which cause the majority of HPV-related cancersis so critical. […] There are 2 primary ways in which health care professionals will screen patients with a cervix for cervical cancer: cytology (i.e., Pap test) or an HPV test (for high-risk HPV strains). […] A Pap test can identify abnormal cells in the cervix. A co-test may also be used, which screens for cervical cancer and can be done with cytology and/or an HPV test. HPV tests can involve amplification of viral DNA (with or without genotyping) via real-time or conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or identify specific HPV oncoprotein expression via mRNA detection.
#2 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies
https://asm.org/Articles/2023/March/HPV-Diagnostics,-Vaccines-and-Preventive-Health-St
HPV screening of the cervix doesnt start until a patient is 21 or older, though for patients who are immunocompromised (and are at a greater risk of developing adverse health conditions related to HPV), screenings may start sooner. […] Currently, there are differing opinions regarding what is best practice for HPV screening. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology recommend a Pap test every 3 years for patients 21 to 29 years old, and a Pap test (every 3 years), a co-test (every 5 years) or primary real-time PCR HPV testing (every 5 years) for patients 30 to 65 years old. […] The more we learn about HPV and the pathogenesis of HPV-related disease and infection, the more we understand that nearly all cervical cancers are driven by HPV, particularly high-risk subtypes, and we pick up more clinically relevant disease if we look for HPV rather than the cytology. […] HPV screening is not considered a standard test for routine STI testing. […] If a patient tests positive for HPV, their provider may consider them to be at a higher risk for dysplasia and monitor them more closely.
#2 A Therapeutic HPV Vaccine Could Eliminate Precancerous Cervical Lesions | News Releases | AACR
https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/a-therapeutic-hpv-vaccine-could-eliminate-precancerous-cervical-lesions/
In the phase II trial, 18 patients with HPV16-positive CIN3 received three doses of Vvax001 three weeks apart, and then were routinely monitored via colposcopy before a final colposcopy-guided biopsy at 19 weeks post-immunization. […] To the best of our knowledge, this response rate makes Vvax001 one of the most effective therapeutic vaccines for HPV16-associated CIN3 lesions reported to date, said Yigit. If confirmed in a larger trial, our results could mean that at least half of the patients with CIN3 might be able to omit surgery and avoid all its possible side effects and complications. […] In the standard-of-care setting, HPV clearance is linked to lower risk of recurrence, and Yigit said her team expects the same here. Ten of the 16 patients evaluated cleared HPV16, including all nine of those whose disease regressed. […] After a median follow-up of 20 months, none of the patients had recurrences.
#2 Frequently Asked Questions About GARDASILÂ®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant)
https://www.gardasil9.com/patient-a/faqs/
HPV is not the only cause of these cancers. […] Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by certain types of HPV, although HPV is not the only cause of cervical cancer. […] For most people, HPV clears on its own. But for those who dont clear the virus, it can cause certain cancers and diseases. […] HPV is not the only cause of these cancers. […] In the United States, certain throat and back of mouth cancers are now the most common HPV-related cancers in men. […] HPV is not the only cause of these cancers. […] In the United States, the most common HPV-related cancer in women is cervical cancer. […] HPV is not the only cause of these cancers. […] GARDASIL 9 only helps protect against genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. […] GARDASIL 9 does not remove the need for screening for cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and certain head and neck cancers, such as throat and back of mouth cancers as recommended by a health care professional; women should still get routine cervical cancer screenings.
#2 Patient education: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine-beyond-the-basics
If you are 15 years of age or older with normal immune function, you should get three injections. The second dose is given one to two months after the first, and the third dose is given six months after the first. […] If you have HIV infection or are immunocompromised (eg, have another health condition that weakens your immune system), you should get three injections regardless of the age at which you start the vaccination series. […] It is best to try to get all the recommended doses. If you miss a dose, talk to your health care provider about how many more doses you need. […] Who should be vaccinated? â In the United States, routine HPV vaccination is recommended for all children ages 11 to 12 years and can be given as early as 9 years of age. „Catch-up” vaccination is recommended for all people up to 26 years of age who have not yet received it. The HPV vaccine is also approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for individuals aged 27 to 45 years; the decision to vaccinate adults in this age group should be individualized, typically in conversation with a health care provider, as some people in this age group may still benefit from it.