Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news/item/03-07-2024-vaccines-to-treat-human-papillomavirus-could-be-a-significant-innovation-in-the-fight-against-cervical-cancer

  Innovative vaccines are being developed that could potentially treat dangerous human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in adults and therefore reduce risks of cervical cancer, according to a new report released today by the World Health Organization (WHO). […] Currently, vaccines exist to prevent, but not treat HPV infections, which are the main cause of cervical cancer. Using the latest immunotherapy advances, however, therapeutic vaccines are now also being developed that could clear HPV or treat precancerous cells in those already exposed to the virus. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation to complement these efforts, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future.

• #2 Vaccines that can treat HPV could help save hundreds of thousands of lives lost to cervical cancerverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/vaccines-can-treat-hpv-could-help-save-hundreds-thousands-lives-lost-cervical

  Vaccines that can treat HPV could help save hundreds of thousands of lives lost to cervical cancer. New therapeutic HPV vaccines could complement existing HPV prophylactic vaccines. For these women, ‘therapeutic’ vaccines against HPV – i.e. a vaccine given after an HPV infection rather than before – could be lifesaving. […] “Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation […] increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future” […] There are currently over 20 therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates at different stages of development, with several in clinical trials. The goal of these therapeutic vaccines is to destroy cells that have already been infected with the virus and begun to transform into precancerous or cancerous cells. […] “Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation to complement these efforts, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future.”

• #3 Prophylactic and Therapeutic HPV Vaccines: Current Scenario and Perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9289603/

  Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is recognized as the main cause of cervical cancer and other malignant cancers. […] Vaccine, being regarded as a more effective solution, is expected to prevent virus infection and the consequent diseases in the phases of both prevention and treatment. Currently, there are three licensed prophylactic vaccines for L1-VLPs, namely bivalent, quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccine. […] However, no significant therapeutic effect has been observed on the already existed infections and lesions. Therapeutic vaccine designed for oncoprotein E6/E7 activates cellular immunity rather than focuses on neutralizing antibodies, which is considered as an ideal immune method to eliminate infection. […] For the treatment of cervical cancer and other HPV-associated cancers, surgery remains the dominant treatment. Therapeutic vaccines can be developed both as mainstream treatment and as an adjunct to surgery to improve treatment outcomes and prevent recurrence.

• #4 HPV vaccine: Who needs it, how it works

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/in-depth/hpv-vaccine/art-20047292

  But none of the vaccines can treat an existing HPV infection. The vaccines protect you only from specific strains of HPV you don’t have. […] The HPV vaccine has been found to be safe in many studies. […] Overall, the effects tend to be mild. The most common side effects of HPV vaccines include soreness, swelling or redness at the injection site. […] The HPV vaccine doesn’t replace Pap tests. Screening for cervical cancer with regular Pap tests starting at age 21 is an essential part of preventive healthcare.

• #5 Prophylactic and Therapeutic HPV Vaccines: Current Scenario and Perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9289603/

  The working mechanism of these vaccines is to delivery target antigen to antigen presenting cells (APC), and then activate HPV specific cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, and the helper CD4+T lymphocyte (Th) responses. […] Oncoproteins E6 and E7 are important transforming proteins for the occurrence and maintenance of HPV-related malignant tumors, the two most important target antigens for HPV therapeutic vaccines, and most widely used in existing development schemes.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news/item/03-07-2024-vaccines-to-treat-human-papillomavirus-could-be-a-significant-innovation-in-the-fight-against-cervical-cancer

  A therapeutic vaccine for HPV could supplement these existing approaches. Such vaccines aim to boost the body’s immune response so that it can either fight and clear high-risk strains of the virus or abnormal precancerous cells. It is likely to be especially beneficial for adult women who did not receive the HPV vaccination before contracting the virus and in poorer countries, where millions of women still lack access to effective cervical screening and cancer treatments. […] There are currently over 20 therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates at different stages of development, with several in clinical trials.

• #7 Prophylactic and Therapeutic HPV Vaccines: Current Scenario and Perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9289603/

  There are different types of HPV therapeutic vaccines that are expected to elicit better immune effects including Live vector-based vaccines, protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines and Whole cell vaccines. […] However, many vaccines that achieved satisfactory preclinically results do not work well in the clinic, and there is still a need to optimize current vaccine regimens and to develop new vaccines. […] The mechanism of HPV prophylactic vaccines is to cause the body’s humoral immunity to induce the generation of neutralizing antibodies to prevent HPV infection. However, the HPV preventive vaccine does not provide effective treatment for an already infected organism. […] There are mainly four categories of HPV treatment vaccine such as live vector-based vaccines, peptide and protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines and whole cell vaccines, and their demonstration diagram is shown in Figure 5A.

• #8 As Development Of Therapeutic Vaccines Against Cervical Cancer Virus Gain Momentum, WHO Issues Product Guidelines – Health Policy Watch

  https://healthpolicy-watch.news/with-20-potential-vaccines-to-treat-virus-causing-cervical-cancer-who-issues-product-guidelines/

  A wide variety of approaches have been used to develop therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates, including peptide, protein, DNA, RNA, and bacterial- and viral-vectored vaccine platforms, according to WHO. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines would ideally have high efficacy in both clearing high-risk HPV infection to prevent development of cervical precancers, and treating high-grade precancers that have already developed, according to WHO. […] At a minimum, first-generation vaccines would be expected to clear infection and/or prevent high-grade cervical precancer due to HPV types 16 and 18, according to WHO. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines that could reverse the progression of high-grade cervical precancers (at a minimum HPV 16 and 18) could be used as an alternative or adjunct to existing cervical treatments in women with cervical precancer according to positive screening tests. […] Both types of vaccine could potentially play a role in addressing each of the identified gaps in cervical cancer prevention programmes.

• #9 Comparing mRNA Vaccines for Treating HPV-Related Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2023/mrna-vaccines-treat-hpv-cancers

  In head-to-head comparisons, a single dose of any of three experimental mRNA vaccines eradicated HPV-related cancers in mice. […] A new study in mice has done just that. Researchers developed and compared three mRNA vaccine formulations designed to treat cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, such as cervical and some head and neck cancers. […] In the head-to-head comparison, all three experimental vaccines eradicated HPV-related cancers in the mice, the researchers found. […] Although there are vaccines to prevent HPV infections and the cancers that result, these vaccines do not treat cancers caused by existing HPV infections. And for people who develop HPV-related cancers, more treatment options are needed. […] Previous studies have suggested that mRNA vaccines might be effective against HPV-related cancers, and some of these vaccines are being evaluated in people with these cancers.

• #10 Comparing mRNA Vaccines for Treating HPV-Related Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2023/mrna-vaccines-treat-hpv-cancers

  Mice in the study were implanted with E7-expressing cancer cells that went on to develop tumors. The animals were then treated with one of the three mRNA vaccines. Each one eradicated established early- and later-stage tumors in the mice, said Dr. Pardi. […] The results from a single dose of the three new vaccines are impressive, although my optimism is tempered by the fact that other approaches that were effective in this mouse tumor model were not similarly successful in subsequent clinical trials, said Dr. Schiller. […] The researchers also analyzed how the vaccines activated the immune system. All three stimulated antigen-specific immune cells called CD8-positive T cells to attack the tumor cells. […] The new study, Dr. Schiller added, highlights the value of head-to-head comparisons of potential treatment strategies for HPV-related cancers. […] In the meantime, mRNA vaccines are being evaluated in people with HPV-related cancers. One trial, for example, is testing a personalized mRNA vaccine in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor in patients with advanced head and neck cancer.

• #11 The potential use of therapeutics and prophylactic mRNA vaccines in human papillomavirus (HPV) | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-024-02397-9

  It is expected that mRNA vaccines will soon be produced quickly for clinical HPV prevention and treatment. […] HPV infection may be prevented by vaccination, and therapeutic vaccination offers the chance to develop cellular immunity against pre-existing HPV infections and lesions as well as stop the spread of malignancy. […] The HPV vaccines currently on the market are based on virus-like particles (VLPs) that naturally come together from the L1 major capsid protein. […] A pathogen infection (HPV) can be prevented and treated alternatively with a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV), which has been developed continuously in the form of recombinant subunit protein or mRNA vaccines. […] In conclusion, there has been limited research on nucleic acid vaccines in the context of HPV, and their efficacy in animal experiments has been inconsistent. At this time, mRNA vaccines are gaining traction in the context of the epidemic due to their high level of safety and effectiveness.

• #12 The potential use of therapeutics and prophylactic mRNA vaccines in human papillomavirus (HPV) | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-024-02397-9

  As of right now, the most extensively used vaccination is the mRNA vaccine, which has shown to be an auspicious treatment approach in immunotherapy. […] The objective of this research endeavor was to examine the potential antitumor properties of a therapeutic vaccine (mHTV) composed of mRNA-HPV and non-oncogenic E6 and E7 proteins. […] The oncogenic early proteins E6 and E7 are widely recognized targets of HPV16 vaccination strategies. […] A therapeutic vaccine based on mRNA has the potential to provide a non-invasive alternative to the current standard of care for HPV16+HSILs, according to researchers. […] mRNA vaccines have demonstrated limited efficacy in the clinical phase despite their overall effectiveness in preclinical investigations. Further developments in the future will involve the investigation of additional in situ tumor models, the implementation of combination medication therapy, and the development of novel antigenic targets (e.g., E1 and E5) to enhance the effectiveness of the mRNA vaccine.

• #13 A Therapeutic HPV Vaccine Could Eliminate Precancerous Cervical Lesions | News Releases | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/a-therapeutic-hpv-vaccine-could-eliminate-precancerous-cervical-lesions/

  A therapeutic vaccine targeting human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) induced regression in high-grade precancerous cervical lesions, according to the results from a phase II clinical trial published in Clinical Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. […] The main purpose of our trial was to investigate whether our therapeutic vaccine Vvax001 could offer a potential alternative treatment to the standard-of-care loop excision, which is frequently associated with complications, Yigit added. […] To the best of our knowledge, this response rate makes Vvax001 one of the most effective therapeutic vaccines for HPV16-associated CIN3 lesions reported to date, said Yigit. If confirmed in a larger trial, our results could mean that at least half of the patients with CIN3 might be able to omit surgery and avoid all its possible side effects and complications. […] In the standard-of-care setting, HPV clearance is linked to lower risk of recurrence, and Yigit said her team expects the same here. Ten of the 16 patients evaluated cleared HPV16, including all nine of those whose disease regressed.

• #14 New HPV vaccine shows promise in treating high-grade cervical lesions

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/new-hpv-vaccine-shows-promise-in-treating-high-grade-cervical-lesions

  Vvax001, a new HPV16 vaccine, offers a potential alternative to surgery for treating precancerous cervical lesions, with promising trial results. […] A new vaccine targeting human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) has shown promise in reducing advanced precancerous cervical lesions, according to results from a phase II clinical trial published in Clinical Cancer Research. […] The main goal of our trial was to see if our vaccine Vvax001 could provide an alternative to the standard surgical treatment, which often has complications, Yigit added. […] To our knowledge, this makes Vvax001 one of the most effective vaccines for treating HPV16-related CIN3 reported so far, Yigit said. If confirmed in larger studies, our findings suggest that many patients with CIN3 might be able to avoid surgery and its potential complications. […] The authors concluded that these results represent an important step forward in the fight against HPV-related cervical cancer. Further research is needed to confirm the vaccine’s effectiveness and safety in larger, more diverse groups.

• #15 How Therapeutic HPV Vaccines Can Help Curb Cervical Precancers | Blog | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2025/01/24/hold-up-hpv-how-therapeutic-vaccines-can-help-curb-cervical-premalignancies/

  When administered to those with CIN3, the results were remarkable. Lesions shrunk in 17 of the 18 patients, most within a month. More importantly, half had clinical regressions, with three no longer showing any signs of precancer. […] To the best of our knowledge, this response rate makes Vvax001 one of the most effective therapeutic vaccines for HPV16-associated CIN3 lesions reported to date, said Yigit. […] If confirmed in a larger trial, our results could mean that at least half of these patients with CIN3 might be able to omit surgery and avoid all its possible side effects and complications, Yigit declared. […] By expanding the toolbox of cervical cancer prevention and treatment, researchers are also paving the way for more personalized and less invasive care. Therapeutic vaccines like Vvax001, which target existing infections and promote long-term immune responses, offer new hope to patients while reducing the need for surgical interventions and their associated complications.

• #16 Prevention to Regression: HPV Vaccine Variants as a Treatment Modality for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Dysplasia, Warts – A Scoping Review | Cureus

  https://www.cureus.com/posters/2883-prevention-to-regression-hpv-vaccine-variants-as-a-treatment-modality-for-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia-dysplasia-warts—a-scoping-review

  Prevention to Regression: HPV Vaccine Variants as a Treatment Modality for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Dysplasia, Warts – A Scoping Review […] Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection poses a significant public health concern globally as the leading cause of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine is widely known for preventing high-risk strains of HPV, and is now being studied for its therapeutic potential as a treatment modality after the diagnosis of HPV has been made. […] This review found that in management of cervical/vulvar cancer and precancerous lesions, HPV vaccination was shown to decrease incidence with a minimum of one dose given, even after dysplasia has occurred. […] In women with cervical biopsies displaying CIN, quadrivalent or Gardasil-9 vaccines were administered as a treatment after CIN diagnosis. Subsequent biopsies showed significant regression compared to non-vaccinated women, as well as lower rates of persisting/recurring high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in women who underwent cervical conization and/or Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) procedure. […] Clinical trials of new therapeutic vaccines to be given as a treatment were also reviewed. Phase II of a clinical trial of IGMKK16E7 (lacticaseibacillus paracasei) oral vaccine expressing cell surface-HPV 16 E7 antigen demonstrated a statistically significant improved rate difference of 28.5% in high-dose recipients vs. placebo for HPV-16 positive HGSIL. […] Additional research is needed to further understand the efficacy of new therapeutic vaccines.

• #17 The human papillomavirus vaccine as a treatment for human papillomavirus-related dysplastic and neoplastic conditions: A literature review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31085272/

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with common dermatologic and nondermatologic diseases. […] Although HPV vaccines are well established as preventive measures for genital warts and cervical neoplasia, their use as therapeutic agents deserves greater attention. […] To evaluate the use of HPV vaccine(s) as a treatment modality for cutaneous and/or mucosal disease. […] A total of 63 articles with 4439 patients were included. The majority of patients with cutaneous warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and squamous and basal cell carcinomas were successfully treated with HPV vaccination. […] The commercially available three-dose, quadrivalent HPV vaccine is a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of cutaneous warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and squamous and basal cell carcinomas. Noncommercially available HPV vaccines demonstrate therapeutic response for treating anogenital warts, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. The vaccine’s efficacy as an adjunct therapy for HPV-associated cutaneous and/or mucosal disease warrants further exploration.

• #18 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  In addition to preventive vaccines, laboratory research, and several human clinical trials are focused on the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines. In general, these vaccines focus on the main HPV oncogenes, E6 and E7. Since expression of E6 and E7 is required for promoting the growth of cervical cancer cells (and cells within warts), it is hoped that immune responses against the two oncogenes might eradicate established tumors. There is a working therapeutic HPV vaccine. It has gone through three clinical trials. The vaccine is officially called the MEL-1 vaccine but also known as the MVA-E2 vaccine. In a study it has been suggested that an immunogenic peptide pool containing epitopes that can be effective against all the high-risk HPV strains circulating globally and 14 conserved immunogenic peptide fragments from four early proteins (E1, E2, E6 and E7) of 16 high-risk HPV types providing CD8+ responses.

• #19 HPV vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine

  Therapeutic DNA vaccine VGX-3100, which consists of plasmids pGX3001 and pGX3002, has been granted a waiver by the European Medicines Agency for pediatric treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix caused by HPV types 16 and 18. According to an article published 16 September 2015 in The Lancet, which reviewed the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of VGX-3100 in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial (phase 2b) targeting HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 and E7 proteins for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3, it is the first therapeutic vaccine to show efficacy against CIN 2/3 associated with HPV-16 and HPV-18. In June 2017, VGX-3100 entered a phase III clinical trial called REVEAL-1 for the treatment of HPV-induced high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The estimated completion time for collecting primary clinical endpoint data is August 2019.

• #20 Unveiling the Therapeutic Horizon: HPV Vaccines and Their Impact on Cutaneous Diseases—A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/228

  The efficacy of HPV vaccines extends to the treatment of immunocompromised populations, as evidenced by a case series demonstrating disease regression of skin warts following the standard three doses of the Gardasil9 vaccine. […] Immunosuppressed patients may experience therapeutic benefits from HPV vaccination, as demonstrated in a case report where complete clearance of recalcitrant warts occurred in a patient with idiopathic immune deficiency following qHPV vaccination. […] The existing literature indicates a broadened application of HPV vaccination beyond its approved usage, serving as a therapeutic intervention for HPV-associated cutaneous and mucosal conditions. Research supports the utilization of the commercially available three-dose series qHPV vaccine for treating conditions like cutaneous warts, nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).

• #21 Adjuvant Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2+ | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2023/07/adjuvant-human-papillomavirus-vaccination-for-patients-undergoing-treatment-for-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) associated with the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer, in addition to anal, vulvar, and vaginal dysplasias and cancers, genital warts, and oropharyngeal cancer continues to be a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. […] Recent data from meta-analyses and observational studies demonstrate that adjuvant HPV vaccination in the setting of surgically-managed CIN 2+ in previously unvaccinated individuals reduces the recurrence of cervical dysplasia. […] A meta-analysis of 11 studies (n=21,310) that compared adjuvant HPV vaccination with surgery alone reported a 65% overall risk reduction of new or persistent CIN 2+ with adjuvant HPV vaccination. […] Another systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 papers also found evidence on the benefit of adjuvant HPV vaccination, especially for CIN 2+ related to HPV genotypes 16 or 18.

• #22 Adjuvant Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2+ | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2023/07/adjuvant-human-papillomavirus-vaccination-for-patients-undergoing-treatment-for-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) associated with the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer, in addition to anal, vulvar, and vaginal dysplasias and cancers, genital warts, and oropharyngeal cancer continues to be a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. […] Recent data from meta-analyses and observational studies demonstrate that adjuvant HPV vaccination in the setting of surgically-managed CIN 2+ in previously unvaccinated individuals reduces the recurrence of cervical dysplasia. […] A meta-analysis of 11 studies (n=21,310) that compared adjuvant HPV vaccination with surgery alone reported a 65% overall risk reduction of new or persistent CIN 2+ with adjuvant HPV vaccination. […] Another systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 papers also found evidence on the benefit of adjuvant HPV vaccination, especially for CIN 2+ related to HPV genotypes 16 or 18.

• #23 Adjuvant Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2+ | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2023/07/adjuvant-human-papillomavirus-vaccination-for-patients-undergoing-treatment-for-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  Additionally, according to a decision analysis published in 2023, adjuvant HPV vaccination for CIN 2+ results in improved quality of life and cost savings due to fewer recurrences of CIN, Pap tests, colposcopies, and repeat excisional procedures. […] Based on data on the benefit of adjunct HPV vaccination, ACOG recommends adherence to the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for vaccinations of individuals aged 9-26 years, and to consider adjuvant HPV vaccination for immunocompetent previously unvaccinated people aged 27-45 years who are undergoing treatment for CIN 2+. […] There are some data to suggest that initiating vaccination 0-3 months prior to conization rather than 0-12 months post-conization is more effective in reducing persistent or recurrent high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions.

• #24 HPV Vaccination after Primary Treatment of HPV-Related Disease across Different Organ Sites: A Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/2/239

  Adjuvant HPV vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of CIN recurrence, although there are limited data regarding its role in other HPV-related diseases. […] The present systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that adjuvant HPV vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of CIN recurrence, while reporting scant data regarding its role in other HPV-related diseases. Further randomized trials are needed to shed more light on the post-expositional role of HPV vaccines across different disciplines and potentially drive post-expositional HPV vaccination into daily practice. […] Administering the HPV vaccine shortly before or after the standard treatment is a simple and safe intervention with potentially extraordinary outcomes.

• #25 Already Have HPV: Does Vaccine Help Infection?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/does-hpv-vaccine-help-if-already-infected-7561702

  Getting vaccinated for HPV will not treat or cure HPV. However, getting an HPV vaccination does help prevent HPV from spreading and reduces the chance of adverse outcomes if you’re exposed to a different strain of the virus in the future. […] The HPV vaccine provides less benefit since more people in this age range have already been exposed to HPV. Additionally, the HPV vaccine is not recommended for people with severe allergies, who have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to any vaccine ingredient, have yeast allergies, or are pregnant. […] The HPV vaccine is highly effective at preventing the strains of HPV responsible for most cervical cancers worldwide. While it is most effective for young people before they become sexually active, some adults may still choose to receive the HPV vaccine to protect them from strains that they have not yet been exposed to.

• #26 Adjuvant Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2+ | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2023/07/adjuvant-human-papillomavirus-vaccination-for-patients-undergoing-treatment-for-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  Additionally, according to a decision analysis published in 2023, adjuvant HPV vaccination for CIN 2+ results in improved quality of life and cost savings due to fewer recurrences of CIN, Pap tests, colposcopies, and repeat excisional procedures. […] Based on data on the benefit of adjunct HPV vaccination, ACOG recommends adherence to the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for vaccinations of individuals aged 9-26 years, and to consider adjuvant HPV vaccination for immunocompetent previously unvaccinated people aged 27-45 years who are undergoing treatment for CIN 2+. […] There are some data to suggest that initiating vaccination 0-3 months prior to conization rather than 0-12 months post-conization is more effective in reducing persistent or recurrent high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions.

• #27 HPV Vaccination after Primary Treatment of HPV-Related Disease across Different Organ Sites: A Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/2/239

  Adjuvant HPV vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of CIN recurrence, although there are limited data regarding its role in other HPV-related diseases. […] The present systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that adjuvant HPV vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of CIN recurrence, while reporting scant data regarding its role in other HPV-related diseases. Further randomized trials are needed to shed more light on the post-expositional role of HPV vaccines across different disciplines and potentially drive post-expositional HPV vaccination into daily practice. […] Administering the HPV vaccine shortly before or after the standard treatment is a simple and safe intervention with potentially extraordinary outcomes.

• #28 A safe and potentiated multi-type HPV L2-E7 nanoparticle vaccine with combined prophylactic and therapeutic activity | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-024-00914-z

  Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is widely recognized as the primary cause of cervical and other malignant cancers. […] Thus, a prophylactic vaccine also endowed with therapeutic activity would afford protection regardless of the vaccine recipients HPV-infection status. […] Our dual-purpose vaccine holds great potential for clinical translation as an immune-treatment capable of targeting active infections as well as established HPV-related malignancies, thus benefiting both uninfected and infected individuals. […] A successful therapeutic vaccination strategy or post-exposure prophylaxis should focus on activating the cellular immune system, e.g. by eliciting virus-specific T-cell responses. […] Various strategies, including peptide-based, protein-based, viral-vectored, bacterial-vectored, cell-based and DNA/RNA-based vaccine approaches have been employed for the development of HPV therapeutic vaccine prototypes.

• #29 A safe and potentiated multi-type HPV L2-E7 nanoparticle vaccine with combined prophylactic and therapeutic activity | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-024-00914-z

  No therapeutic vaccine has yet been licensed for the treatment of premalignant lesions or established HPV associated tumors. […] The best candidate that emerged from this study, Trx-L2 8mer-HPV16 E7-HPV18 E7-OVX313 (referred to as cPANHPVAX), which incorporates full-length E7 derived from both HPV16 and HPV18, elicits T-cell immunity in the context of the human HLA-A*0201/DRB1*0101 haplotype and while maintaining the humoral HPV neutralizing activity of PANHPVAX, it exhibits a significantly improved therapeutic efficacy compared to our previous antigen design. […] Altogether, these data point to the high clinical translation potential of wo/pRb-cPANHPVAX as a vaccine candidate capable of targeting active infections as well as established HPV-related malignancies. […] The incorporation in the cPANHPVAX antigen of full-length HPV16 E7 and HPV18 E7 polypeptides resulted in higher titers of L2-specific and PsV neutralizing antibodies compared to the standard PANHPVAX vaccine. […] The anti-E7 T-cell responses observed in both C57BL/6 and humanized, HLA-A2.DR1 transgenic mice, along with the concomitant induction of HPV neutralizing antibodies, point to cPANHPVAX as a promising vaccine candidate that can be beneficial to uninfected as well as early infected individuals.

• #30 Therapeutic Vaccines for HPV-Associated Malignancies | ITT

  https://www.dovepress.com/therapeutic-vaccines-for-hpv-associated-malignancies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT

  The ISA101 vaccine was recently evaluated in a Phase II study in combination with the anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New York, NY, USA) (NCT02426892). […] The overall response rate was 33%, with a median duration of response of 10.3 months. […] The combination of a therapeutic vaccine with multiple immunotherapeutic agents is currently being investigated in a trial (NCT04287868) with PDS0101, bintrafusp alfa (EMD Serono and Pfizer), and NHS-IL12 (EMD Serono). […] A strong correlation was found between the strength of the immune response and overall survival, highlighting the importance of combining therapeutic HPV vaccines with standard of care, at minimum, to increase survival in patient populations with advanced malignancies.

• #31 Therapeutic Vaccines for HPV-Associated Malignancies | ITT

  https://www.dovepress.com/therapeutic-vaccines-for-hpv-associated-malignancies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT

  The ISA101 vaccine was recently evaluated in a Phase II study in combination with the anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New York, NY, USA) (NCT02426892). […] The overall response rate was 33%, with a median duration of response of 10.3 months. […] The combination of a therapeutic vaccine with multiple immunotherapeutic agents is currently being investigated in a trial (NCT04287868) with PDS0101, bintrafusp alfa (EMD Serono and Pfizer), and NHS-IL12 (EMD Serono). […] A strong correlation was found between the strength of the immune response and overall survival, highlighting the importance of combining therapeutic HPV vaccines with standard of care, at minimum, to increase survival in patient populations with advanced malignancies.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/news/item/03-07-2024-vaccines-to-treat-human-papillomavirus-could-be-a-significant-innovation-in-the-fight-against-cervical-cancer

  Innovative vaccines are being developed that could potentially treat dangerous human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in adults and therefore reduce risks of cervical cancer, according to a new report released today by the World Health Organization (WHO). […] Currently, vaccines exist to prevent, but not treat HPV infections, which are the main cause of cervical cancer. Using the latest immunotherapy advances, however, therapeutic vaccines are now also being developed that could clear HPV or treat precancerous cells in those already exposed to the virus. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation to complement these efforts, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future.

• #33 Vaccines that can treat HPV could help save hundreds of thousands of lives lost to cervical cancerverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/vaccines-can-treat-hpv-could-help-save-hundreds-thousands-lives-lost-cervical

  Vaccines that can treat HPV could help save hundreds of thousands of lives lost to cervical cancer. New therapeutic HPV vaccines could complement existing HPV prophylactic vaccines. For these women, ‘therapeutic’ vaccines against HPV – i.e. a vaccine given after an HPV infection rather than before – could be lifesaving. […] “Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation […] increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future” […] There are currently over 20 therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates at different stages of development, with several in clinical trials. The goal of these therapeutic vaccines is to destroy cells that have already been infected with the virus and begun to transform into precancerous or cancerous cells. […] “Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation to complement these efforts, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future.”

• #34 As Development Of Therapeutic Vaccines Against Cervical Cancer Virus Gain Momentum, WHO Issues Product Guidelines – Health Policy Watch

  https://healthpolicy-watch.news/with-20-potential-vaccines-to-treat-virus-causing-cervical-cancer-who-issues-product-guidelines/

  While a vaccine exists to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV), the main cause of cervical cancer, over 20 therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates are currently in development. […] These therapeutic vaccines aim to boost the bodys immune response so that it can either fight and clear high-risk strains of the virus or abnormal precancerous cells, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] A therapeutic vaccine is likely to be especially beneficial for adult women who did not receive the HPV vaccination before contracting the virus and in poorer countries, where millions of women still lack access to effective cervical screening and cancer treatments, according to WHO. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation that complement these existing interventions, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future, said Dr Sami Gottlieb, a medical doctor and epidemiologist at WHOs Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research.

• #35 Adjuvant Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2+ | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2023/07/adjuvant-human-papillomavirus-vaccination-for-patients-undergoing-treatment-for-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia

  Additionally, according to a decision analysis published in 2023, adjuvant HPV vaccination for CIN 2+ results in improved quality of life and cost savings due to fewer recurrences of CIN, Pap tests, colposcopies, and repeat excisional procedures. […] Based on data on the benefit of adjunct HPV vaccination, ACOG recommends adherence to the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for vaccinations of individuals aged 9-26 years, and to consider adjuvant HPV vaccination for immunocompetent previously unvaccinated people aged 27-45 years who are undergoing treatment for CIN 2+. […] There are some data to suggest that initiating vaccination 0-3 months prior to conization rather than 0-12 months post-conization is more effective in reducing persistent or recurrent high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions.

• #36 Prophylactic and Therapeutic HPV Vaccines: Current Scenario and Perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9289603/

  There are different types of HPV therapeutic vaccines that are expected to elicit better immune effects including Live vector-based vaccines, protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines and Whole cell vaccines. […] However, many vaccines that achieved satisfactory preclinically results do not work well in the clinic, and there is still a need to optimize current vaccine regimens and to develop new vaccines. […] The mechanism of HPV prophylactic vaccines is to cause the body’s humoral immunity to induce the generation of neutralizing antibodies to prevent HPV infection. However, the HPV preventive vaccine does not provide effective treatment for an already infected organism. […] There are mainly four categories of HPV treatment vaccine such as live vector-based vaccines, peptide and protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines and whole cell vaccines, and their demonstration diagram is shown in Figure 5A.

• #37 The potential use of therapeutics and prophylactic mRNA vaccines in human papillomavirus (HPV) | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-024-02397-9

  As of right now, the most extensively used vaccination is the mRNA vaccine, which has shown to be an auspicious treatment approach in immunotherapy. […] The objective of this research endeavor was to examine the potential antitumor properties of a therapeutic vaccine (mHTV) composed of mRNA-HPV and non-oncogenic E6 and E7 proteins. […] The oncogenic early proteins E6 and E7 are widely recognized targets of HPV16 vaccination strategies. […] A therapeutic vaccine based on mRNA has the potential to provide a non-invasive alternative to the current standard of care for HPV16+HSILs, according to researchers. […] mRNA vaccines have demonstrated limited efficacy in the clinical phase despite their overall effectiveness in preclinical investigations. Further developments in the future will involve the investigation of additional in situ tumor models, the implementation of combination medication therapy, and the development of novel antigenic targets (e.g., E1 and E5) to enhance the effectiveness of the mRNA vaccine.

• #38 Efficacy and safety of therapeutic HPV vaccines to treat CIN 2/CIN 3 lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase II/III clinical trials | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/10/e069616

  Objectives We aim to assess the efficacy and safety of therapeutic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or 3 (CIN 2/3). […] The efficacy of the therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of CIN 2/3 was modest. Implementation issues such as feasibility, acceptability, adoption and cost-effectiveness need to be further studied. […] Therapeutic vaccines designed to eliminate HPV-infected cells through stimulation of cell-mediated immune responses have potentials to be the simpler strategies to effectively treat CIN lesions and permanently eliminate the virus. […] Our systematic review based on 12 fair to good quality studies demonstrated that the therapeutic vaccines currently available have a modest efficacy in achieving regression of high-grade cervical cancer precursor lesions.

• #39 The potential use of therapeutics and prophylactic mRNA vaccines in human papillomavirus (HPV) | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-024-02397-9

  As of right now, the most extensively used vaccination is the mRNA vaccine, which has shown to be an auspicious treatment approach in immunotherapy. […] The objective of this research endeavor was to examine the potential antitumor properties of a therapeutic vaccine (mHTV) composed of mRNA-HPV and non-oncogenic E6 and E7 proteins. […] The oncogenic early proteins E6 and E7 are widely recognized targets of HPV16 vaccination strategies. […] A therapeutic vaccine based on mRNA has the potential to provide a non-invasive alternative to the current standard of care for HPV16+HSILs, according to researchers. […] mRNA vaccines have demonstrated limited efficacy in the clinical phase despite their overall effectiveness in preclinical investigations. Further developments in the future will involve the investigation of additional in situ tumor models, the implementation of combination medication therapy, and the development of novel antigenic targets (e.g., E1 and E5) to enhance the effectiveness of the mRNA vaccine.

• #40 Efficacy and safety of therapeutic HPV vaccines to treat CIN 2/CIN 3 lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase II/III clinical trials | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/10/e069616

  The modest efficacy of the vaccines observed in achieving clearance of any high-risk HPV or HPV 16/18 alone may have greater public health significance as there is no standard-of-care treatment for high-risk HPV infection. […] A therapeutic vaccine with reasonably high efficacy to treat CIN 2/3 may have a high relevance in the LMICs where access to excision treatment facility is extremely limited and significant dropouts happen when women are referred to centres of higher level for treatment. […] Further studies are required to establish the role of therapeutic vaccines as an adjuvant to ablation or excision while treating CIN 2/3 lesions.

• #41

  https://www.who.int/news/item/03-07-2024-vaccines-to-treat-human-papillomavirus-could-be-a-significant-innovation-in-the-fight-against-cervical-cancer

  Innovative vaccines are being developed that could potentially treat dangerous human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in adults and therefore reduce risks of cervical cancer, according to a new report released today by the World Health Organization (WHO). […] Currently, vaccines exist to prevent, but not treat HPV infections, which are the main cause of cervical cancer. Using the latest immunotherapy advances, however, therapeutic vaccines are now also being developed that could clear HPV or treat precancerous cells in those already exposed to the virus. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation to complement these efforts, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future.

• #42 Vaccines that can treat HPV could help save hundreds of thousands of lives lost to cervical cancerverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/vaccines-can-treat-hpv-could-help-save-hundreds-thousands-lives-lost-cervical

  Vaccines that can treat HPV could help save hundreds of thousands of lives lost to cervical cancer. New therapeutic HPV vaccines could complement existing HPV prophylactic vaccines. For these women, ‘therapeutic’ vaccines against HPV – i.e. a vaccine given after an HPV infection rather than before – could be lifesaving. […] “Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation […] increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future” […] There are currently over 20 therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates at different stages of development, with several in clinical trials. The goal of these therapeutic vaccines is to destroy cells that have already been infected with the virus and begun to transform into precancerous or cancerous cells. […] “Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation to complement these efforts, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future.”

• #43 Four Ways the Single-Dose HPV Vaccine Prevents Cervical Cancer

  https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/hpv-single-dose-vaccine-explained

  This means the HPV vaccine will now be much more accessible to girls around the world who need it, because a single-dose HPV vaccine schedule lowers costs, alleviates supply pressures, and is substantially easier to deliver—one and done. […] Of course, to fully reduce the burden of cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine must be accompanied by access to cervical cancer screenings and treatment when needed, as well as much more robust investments in women’s health in general.

• #44 As Development Of Therapeutic Vaccines Against Cervical Cancer Virus Gain Momentum, WHO Issues Product Guidelines – Health Policy Watch

  https://healthpolicy-watch.news/with-20-potential-vaccines-to-treat-virus-causing-cervical-cancer-who-issues-product-guidelines/

  While a vaccine exists to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV), the main cause of cervical cancer, over 20 therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates are currently in development. […] These therapeutic vaccines aim to boost the bodys immune response so that it can either fight and clear high-risk strains of the virus or abnormal precancerous cells, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] A therapeutic vaccine is likely to be especially beneficial for adult women who did not receive the HPV vaccination before contracting the virus and in poorer countries, where millions of women still lack access to effective cervical screening and cancer treatments, according to WHO. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation that complement these existing interventions, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future, said Dr Sami Gottlieb, a medical doctor and epidemiologist at WHOs Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240092174

  Therapeutic vaccines for human papillomavirus (HPV) are currently in development and could be an important new tool in the fight against cervical cancer. […] Unlike existing prophylactic HPV vaccines, which prevent new infections, therapeutic vaccines would be designed to clear or treat existing HPV infections or HPV-associated precancers or cancers. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccine PPCs describe global public health goals and use cases for therapeutic vaccines designed to clear HPV infections or treat associated precancers, and they outline preferred vaccine parameters such as vaccine indications, target populations, safety and efficacy considerations, and immunization strategies.

• #46 How Therapeutic HPV Vaccines Can Help Curb Cervical Precancers | Blog | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2025/01/24/hold-up-hpv-how-therapeutic-vaccines-can-help-curb-cervical-premalignancies/

  When administered to those with CIN3, the results were remarkable. Lesions shrunk in 17 of the 18 patients, most within a month. More importantly, half had clinical regressions, with three no longer showing any signs of precancer. […] To the best of our knowledge, this response rate makes Vvax001 one of the most effective therapeutic vaccines for HPV16-associated CIN3 lesions reported to date, said Yigit. […] If confirmed in a larger trial, our results could mean that at least half of these patients with CIN3 might be able to omit surgery and avoid all its possible side effects and complications, Yigit declared. […] By expanding the toolbox of cervical cancer prevention and treatment, researchers are also paving the way for more personalized and less invasive care. Therapeutic vaccines like Vvax001, which target existing infections and promote long-term immune responses, offer new hope to patients while reducing the need for surgical interventions and their associated complications.

• #47 How Therapeutic HPV Vaccines Can Help Curb Cervical Precancers | Blog | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2025/01/24/hold-up-hpv-how-therapeutic-vaccines-can-help-curb-cervical-premalignancies/

  Therapeutic HPV vaccines could complement the already incredible benefits of preventive vaccines in protecting against cervical cancer. […] Thus, therapeutic solutions are essential for those who are already infected and at greater risk of disease progression. […] Vvax001 uses a modified Semliki Forest virus that cannot replicate but produces the proteins E6 and E7, which are only made by HPV16-infected cells. […] With ongoing research, broader implementation, and continued refinement, therapeutic HPV vaccines could redefine the standard-of-care, complementing preventive measures and ultimately offering protection to everyone from those who are still free of infection to those already facing advanced disease.

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