Schizofrenia dziecięca
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Schizofrenia dziecięca (COS) to ciężka postać zaburzenia psychotycznego manifestująca się przed 12. rokiem życia, charakteryzująca się przewlekłym i wyniszczającym przebiegiem. Tradycyjnie rokowanie w COS oceniano jako gorsze niż w schizofrenii o początku dorosłym, z tylko 15,4% pacjentów osiągających dobry wynik leczenia (w porównaniu do 19,6% w grupach mieszanych). Pełne wyzdrowienie, jeśli następuje, zwykle ma miejsce w ciągu pierwszych 3 miesięcy od wystąpienia psychozy. Czynniki prognostyczne negatywne obejmują przedchorobowe deficyty społeczne i poznawcze, długi czas trwania pierwszego epizodu psychotycznego, wydłużony czas nieleczonej psychozy (DUP), dominację objawów negatywnych, płeć męską oraz podstępny początek choroby. Współwystępowanie objawów depresyjnych i obsesyjno-kompulsyjnych może natomiast sprzyjać lepszemu rokowaniu. Wskaźnik śmiertelności z powodu samobójstwa w tej populacji wynosi 5-11%, co podkreśla konieczność uważnej oceny ryzyka i profilaktyki.

Prognozy w schizofrenii dziecięcej

Schizofrenia dziecięca (ang. Childhood-onset schizophrenia, COS) jest ciężką postacią zaburzenia psychotycznego, które pojawia się w wieku 12 lat lub wcześniej. Choroba ta charakteryzuje się często przewlekłym i uporczywie wyniszczającym przebiegiem. Przez lata w literaturze medycznej dominował pogląd o szczególnie niekorzystnym rokowaniu w przypadku wczesnego początku choroby, jednak najnowsze badania dostarczają bardziej zróżnicowanego obrazu prognostycznego tej jednostki chorobowej.12

Porównanie z schizofrenią o późniejszym początku

Tradycyjnie uważa się, że rokowanie w schizofrenii dziecięcej jest gorsze niż w przypadku schizofrenii o początku w wieku dorosłym. Meta-analizy wskazują na mniejszy odsetek dobrego wyniku leczenia – tylko 15,4% pacjentów z wczesnym początkiem schizofrenii osiąga dobry wynik w porównaniu z 19,6% pacjentów z grup mieszanych (włączających pacjentów z różnym wiekiem zachorowania). Krótkoterminowe wyniki leczenia schizofrenii pojawiającej się we wczesnym okresie życia wydają się być gorsze niż w przypadku pierwszego epizodu w wieku dorosłym. Jeśli dochodzi do pełnego wyzdrowienia, to najprawdopodobniej następuje ono w ciągu pierwszych 3 miesięcy od wystąpienia psychozy.34

Liczne długoterminowe badania follow-up dotyczące schizofrenii o początku w dzieciństwie i adolescencji opisują typowo przewlekły, nieprzerwany długoterminowy przebieg, z poważnie upośledzonym funkcjonowaniem w dorosłym życiu. Pacjenci z początkiem choroby przed okresem dojrzewania oraz ci z podstępnym początkiem wydają się mieć gorszą odpowiedź na leki i gorsze rokowanie.56

Nowe spojrzenie na rokowanie

Najnowsze badania rzucają jednak nowe światło na rokowanie w schizofrenii dziecięcej. Naturalistyczne badanie z 6-letnim okresem obserwacji przeprowadzone w Chinach wykazało bardziej korzystne długoterminowe wyniki niż wcześniej sądzono. Na końcu okresu obserwacji 52,3% pacjentów uczęszczało do szkoły, 41,2% pacjentów było zatrudnionych, a tylko 6,5% przerwało naukę lub było bezrobotnych. To sugeruje, że przy odpowiednim leczeniu i wsparciu, perspektywy dla pacjentów z COS mogą być lepsze niż dotychczas uznawano.78

Co więcej, badanie z 10-letnim okresem obserwacji zakwestionowało powszechne przekonanie, że młodszy wiek zachorowania jest predyktorem złego rokowania. Wiek początku choroby nie był związany z funkcjonowaniem pacjentów, co podważa długotrwałe założenie, że wcześniejszy wiek zachorowania wiąże się z gorszymi wynikami w populacjach z wczesnym początkiem schizofrenii.9

Czynniki prognostyczne w schizofrenii dziecięcej

Czynniki związane z gorszym rokowaniem

Na podstawie systematycznych przeglądów i metaanaliz zidentyfikowano kilka czynników związanych z gorszym rokowaniem w schizofrenii dziecięcej:

  • Przedchorobowe zaburzenia społeczne i poznawcze – występowanie deficytów poznawczych i trudności w relacjach społecznych przed pojawieniem się objawów psychotycznych10
  • Przedłużony pierwszy epizod psychotyczny – dłuższy czas trwania pierwszego epizodu wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem11
  • Wydłużony czas nieleczonej psychozy (DUP) – dłuższy okres nieleczonej psychozy wraz z cięższym obrazem klinicznym przy pierwszej prezentacji był związany z gorszym przebiegiem dwuletnim1213
  • Obecność objawów negatywnych – dominacja objawów negatywnych w obrazie klinicznym14
  • Płeć męska – stanowi czynnik przyczyniający się do gorszego przebiegu schizofrenii o wczesnym początku15
  • Podstępny początek choroby – stopniowe narastanie objawów bez wyraźnego początku16

Czynniki związane z lepszym rokowaniem

Interesujące jest, że niektóre objawy współwystępujące, tradycyjnie uznawane za komplikujące przebieg schizofrenii, mogą w rzeczywistości wiązać się z lepszym rokowaniem w przypadku schizofrenii dziecięcej:

  • Objawy depresyjne – obecność objawów depresyjnych może być czynnikiem ochronnym dla pozytywnego statusu zawodowego/edukacyjnego1718
  • Objawy obsesyjno-kompulsyjne (OCS) – współwystępowanie OCS może stanowić czynnik ochronny przed ponowną hospitalizacją1920
  • Wczesna interwencja i odpowiednie leczenie – wczesne rozpoznanie i wdrożenie leczenia może poprawić rokowanie21

Długoterminowe wyniki funkcjonowania

Funkcjonowanie społeczne i zawodowe

Badania follow-up pokazują, że ponad 50% dzieci ze schizofrenią ma utrzymujące się poważne upośledzenie umiejętności społecznych oraz ograniczenia w osiągnięciach akademickich i zawodowych. Jako dorośli, pacjenci ci doświadczają: mniejszej liczby bliskich relacji społecznych, mniejszego prawdopodobieństwa zawarcia małżeństwa, niższych osiągnięć akademickich, większego bezrobocia i mniejszych zdolności do samodzielnego życia.2223

Meta-analiza wykazała niewielkie, ale statystycznie istotne powiązanie między niższym wiekiem zachorowania a większą liczbą hospitalizacji, nasilonymi objawami negatywnymi, częstszymi nawrotami, gorszym funkcjonowaniem społecznym/zawodowym i gorszym globalnym wynikiem. Niższy wiek zachorowania może skutkować gorszym wyjściowym funkcjonowaniem, szczególnie w zakresie pracy i dostosowania społecznego, chociaż to powiązanie może słabnąć z czasem w wyniku programów interwencyjnych.24

Ryzyko samobójstwa

U pacjentów ze schizofrenią występuje zwiększone ryzyko śmierci z powodu samobójstwa. W dużych badaniach follow-up dotyczących schizofrenii o początku w dzieciństwie, wskaźnik śmiertelności z powodu samobójstwa wynosi 5-11%, co podkreśla potrzebę uważnej oceny ryzyka samobójczego i profilaktyki.25

Znaczenie wczesnego rozpoznania i leczenia

Kliniczna ciężkość, wpływ na rozwój i złe rokowanie schizofrenii o początku w dzieciństwie i adolescencji wzmacniają potrzebę wczesnego wykrywania, szybkiej diagnozy i skutecznego leczenia. Czas trwania nieleczonej psychozy (DUP) jest przedmiotem badań ze względu na jego znaczenie dla rokowania, szczególnie w perspektywie dwuletniej. Dłuższy czas nieleczonej psychozy wraz z cięższym obrazem klinicznym przy pierwszej prezentacji wiąże się z gorszym przebiegiem dwuletnim.2627

Ostatnia dekada przyniosła dramatyczny wzrost zrozumienia przebiegu klinicznego i neurobiologicznych podstaw schizofrenii młodzieńczej. Obecnie jest jasne, że kryteria diagnostyczne oparte na dorosłych mają zastosowanie w tej grupie wiekowej, a zaburzenie ma ciągłość kliniczną i neurobiologiczną ze schizofrenią u dorosłych. Schizofrenia młodzieńcza jest ciężkim wariantem zaburzenia występującego u dorosłych, związanym z większym upośledzeniem przedchorobowym, wyższym ryzykiem rodzinnym oraz cięższym przebiegiem klinicznym i gorszymi wynikami.28

Implikacje terapeutyczne

Złe rokowanie u dzieci i młodzieży ze schizofrenią podkreśliło potrzebę ukierunkowania na wczesne i skuteczne leczenie oraz rozwijanie specjalistycznych usług dla tej grupy. Najnowsze badania sugerują, że pacjenci z COS mogą odnieść korzyści z wczesnej interwencji i wymagają odpowiedniego leczenia. To z kolei może przyczynić się do poprawy długoterminowych wyników w tej populacji pacjentów.2930

Zmiana perspektywy w rokowaniu

Warto zauważyć, że ogólnie stosunkowo złe długoterminowe rokowanie w schizofrenii o wczesnym początku (EOS) częściowo wynika z włączenia do badań pacjentów, którzy zostali zdiagnozowani wiele dekad temu, kiedy metody leczenia i wsparcia były zdecydowanie mniej zaawansowane niż obecnie.31

Niektóre najnowsze badania wskazują na bardziej optymistyczne długoterminowe rokowanie w EOS niż powszechnie uważano. Wbrew tradycyjnemu przekonaniu, że wcześniejszy wiek zachorowania, szczególnie przed 13 rokiem życia, jest predyktorem złego rokowania, nowsze dane kwestionują to długotrwałe założenie.3233

W porównaniu z większością wcześniejszych badań, nowsze analizy wskazują, że pacjenci z COS mogą mieć korzystniejsze długoterminowe wyniki. Obserwacja ta stawia pod znakiem zapytania założenie o typowo złym rokowaniu u pacjentów z COS i sugeruje, że z odpowiednim leczeniem i wsparciem, perspektywy dla tych pacjentów mogą być lepsze niż wcześniej sądzono.34

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or younger and is often chronic and persistently debilitating, with worse outcomes than patients who have later onset of symptoms. […] The prognosis for childhood-onset schizophrenia and adolescent-onset schizophrenia is worse than that observed in adult-onset schizophrenia. As adults, these children experience the following: fewer close social relationships, less likely to be married, less academic achievement, more unemployment, and less capacity for independent living. […] Patients with an onset before adolescence and those with an insidious onset appear to have a worse response to medication and a worse prognosis. […] An increased risk of death from suicide is present in patients with schizophrenia. In large follow-up studies of childhood-onset schizophrenia, the mortality rate from suicide is 5-11%.
  • #2 Predictors of outcome in early onset schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up study | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-2484-x
    Younger age at onset is generally thought to be a predictor of poor outcome in Early Onset Schizophrenia (EOS), but there is a paucity of epidemiological data supporting this belief. […] Age of onset was not associated with function in either the univariate model (p=0.24), full model (p=0.17) or the final risk factor model (p=0.11), nor after using propensity scores to further adjust for confounders. […] The long-term functional outcome of EOS is more optimistic than generally believed. Age at disease onset does not predict long-term functional outcome in EOS populations. […] Traditionally, early age at onset, especially onset before age 13, is believed to be a predictor of poor prognosis. […] Our findings call to question the long-standing assumption that earlier age at onset is associated with poor outcomes in EOS.
  • #3 A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-12-150
    The current review analyzes the long-term outcome and prognosis of early onset schizophrenia based on previously published studies in 1980. […] In general, the outcome in studies with EOS is worse than the outcome in MIX studies. […] Only 15.4% of the patients in EOS studies versus 19.6% of the patients in MIX studies experienced a good outcome. […] In contrast to the adult manifestation, the early manifestation of schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence still carries a particularly poor prognosis. […] According to these aggregated data analyses, longer follow-up periods, male sex, and patients having been diagnosed before 1970 contribute predominantly to the rather poor course of EOS. […] The main findings are the following: (a) the outcome for EOS is relatively poor and less favourable than in MIX samples;
  • #4 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    This article summarises new research, together with core features, course and outcome of schizophrenia with onset in childhood and adolescence, and investigates its neurobiology and continuity into adult life. It concludes that, in conformity with other disorders of childhood, adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in adolescence. Sadly, the disorder has a poorer outcome when onset is in youth. […] The clinical severity, impact on development and poor prognosis of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia reinforce the need for early detection, prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. […] The short-term outcome of schizophrenia presenting in early life appears to be worse than that of a first episode in adulthood. If full recovery does occur, then it is most likely within the first 3 months of onset of psychosis.
  • #5 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    A number of long-term follow-up studies of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia all describe a typically chronic, unremitting long-term course, with severely impaired functioning in adult life. […] The predictors of poor outcome in adolescent-onset schizophrenia include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, a prolonged first psychotic episode, extended duration of untreated psychosis and the presence of negative symptoms. […] The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in our understanding of the clinical course and neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent schizophrenia. It is now clear that adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in this age group and the disorder has clinical and neurobiological continuity with schizophrenia in adults. Adolescent schizophrenia is a severe variant of the adult disorder associated with greater premorbid impairment, a higher familial risk, and more severe clinical course and poorer outcome. The poor outcome of children and adolescents with schizophrenia has highlighted the need to target early and effective treatments and develop specialist services for this group.
  • #6 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or younger and is often chronic and persistently debilitating, with worse outcomes than patients who have later onset of symptoms. […] The prognosis for childhood-onset schizophrenia and adolescent-onset schizophrenia is worse than that observed in adult-onset schizophrenia. As adults, these children experience the following: fewer close social relationships, less likely to be married, less academic achievement, more unemployment, and less capacity for independent living. […] Patients with an onset before adolescence and those with an insidious onset appear to have a worse response to medication and a worse prognosis. […] An increased risk of death from suicide is present in patients with schizophrenia. In large follow-up studies of childhood-onset schizophrenia, the mortality rate from suicide is 5-11%.
  • #7 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Objectives: The long-term outcome of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and its influencing factors remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of COS and identify possible outcome predictors. […] At the end of the follow-up, 89 patients (52.3%) were at school, 70 patients (41.2%) were employed, and only 11 patients (6.5%) were dropped out of school or unemployed. The duration to the first admission and depressive symptoms were identified as predictors of occupational/educational status. The length of follow-up and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were distinguished as predictors of readmission. Duration to the first admission and length of follow-up were risk factors, and depressive symptoms and OCS were protective factors for the outcomes of COS. […] We found a favorable long-term outcome on occupational/education status in COS, and depressive symptoms and OCS may be associated with more positive long-term outcomes in COS. Our findings suggest that COS patients may benefit from early intervention and require appropriate treatment.
  • #8 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Our study has found that COS has a more favorable outcome after a long-term follow-up than some previous studies, particularly regarding occupational/education status. […] In summary, compared to most previous studies, we found that COS patients have a more favorable long-term outcome. […] We found that depressive symptoms and the duration to the first admission were protective factors for a positive occupational/education status in COS. […] We found that OCS was a protective factor for hospital readmission in COS. […] The present study indicates a much more favorable long-term outcome in COS than most previous studies, raising questions around the assumption of a typically poor outcome in COS patients.
  • #9 Predictors of outcome in early onset schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up study | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-2484-x
    Younger age at onset is generally thought to be a predictor of poor outcome in Early Onset Schizophrenia (EOS), but there is a paucity of epidemiological data supporting this belief. […] Age of onset was not associated with function in either the univariate model (p=0.24), full model (p=0.17) or the final risk factor model (p=0.11), nor after using propensity scores to further adjust for confounders. […] The long-term functional outcome of EOS is more optimistic than generally believed. Age at disease onset does not predict long-term functional outcome in EOS populations. […] Traditionally, early age at onset, especially onset before age 13, is believed to be a predictor of poor prognosis. […] Our findings call to question the long-standing assumption that earlier age at onset is associated with poor outcomes in EOS.
  • #10 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    A number of long-term follow-up studies of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia all describe a typically chronic, unremitting long-term course, with severely impaired functioning in adult life. […] The predictors of poor outcome in adolescent-onset schizophrenia include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, a prolonged first psychotic episode, extended duration of untreated psychosis and the presence of negative symptoms. […] The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in our understanding of the clinical course and neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent schizophrenia. It is now clear that adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in this age group and the disorder has clinical and neurobiological continuity with schizophrenia in adults. Adolescent schizophrenia is a severe variant of the adult disorder associated with greater premorbid impairment, a higher familial risk, and more severe clinical course and poorer outcome. The poor outcome of children and adolescents with schizophrenia has highlighted the need to target early and effective treatments and develop specialist services for this group.
  • #11 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    A number of long-term follow-up studies of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia all describe a typically chronic, unremitting long-term course, with severely impaired functioning in adult life. […] The predictors of poor outcome in adolescent-onset schizophrenia include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, a prolonged first psychotic episode, extended duration of untreated psychosis and the presence of negative symptoms. […] The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in our understanding of the clinical course and neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent schizophrenia. It is now clear that adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in this age group and the disorder has clinical and neurobiological continuity with schizophrenia in adults. Adolescent schizophrenia is a severe variant of the adult disorder associated with greater premorbid impairment, a higher familial risk, and more severe clinical course and poorer outcome. The poor outcome of children and adolescents with schizophrenia has highlighted the need to target early and effective treatments and develop specialist services for this group.
  • #12 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    In follow-up studies, more than 50% of children with schizophrenia have persistent severe impairment in social skills and limitations in academic and occupational achievement. […] The duration of untreated psychosis has been a point of study for many as it appears to have implications in prognosis, especially at two years. A longer duration of untreated psychosis along with a more severe clinical picture at first presentation was associated with a poorer two-year course.
  • #13 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    A number of long-term follow-up studies of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia all describe a typically chronic, unremitting long-term course, with severely impaired functioning in adult life. […] The predictors of poor outcome in adolescent-onset schizophrenia include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, a prolonged first psychotic episode, extended duration of untreated psychosis and the presence of negative symptoms. […] The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in our understanding of the clinical course and neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent schizophrenia. It is now clear that adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in this age group and the disorder has clinical and neurobiological continuity with schizophrenia in adults. Adolescent schizophrenia is a severe variant of the adult disorder associated with greater premorbid impairment, a higher familial risk, and more severe clinical course and poorer outcome. The poor outcome of children and adolescents with schizophrenia has highlighted the need to target early and effective treatments and develop specialist services for this group.
  • #14 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    A number of long-term follow-up studies of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia all describe a typically chronic, unremitting long-term course, with severely impaired functioning in adult life. […] The predictors of poor outcome in adolescent-onset schizophrenia include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, a prolonged first psychotic episode, extended duration of untreated psychosis and the presence of negative symptoms. […] The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in our understanding of the clinical course and neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent schizophrenia. It is now clear that adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in this age group and the disorder has clinical and neurobiological continuity with schizophrenia in adults. Adolescent schizophrenia is a severe variant of the adult disorder associated with greater premorbid impairment, a higher familial risk, and more severe clinical course and poorer outcome. The poor outcome of children and adolescents with schizophrenia has highlighted the need to target early and effective treatments and develop specialist services for this group.
  • #15 A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-12-150
    The current review analyzes the long-term outcome and prognosis of early onset schizophrenia based on previously published studies in 1980. […] In general, the outcome in studies with EOS is worse than the outcome in MIX studies. […] Only 15.4% of the patients in EOS studies versus 19.6% of the patients in MIX studies experienced a good outcome. […] In contrast to the adult manifestation, the early manifestation of schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence still carries a particularly poor prognosis. […] According to these aggregated data analyses, longer follow-up periods, male sex, and patients having been diagnosed before 1970 contribute predominantly to the rather poor course of EOS. […] The main findings are the following: (a) the outcome for EOS is relatively poor and less favourable than in MIX samples;
  • #16 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or younger and is often chronic and persistently debilitating, with worse outcomes than patients who have later onset of symptoms. […] The prognosis for childhood-onset schizophrenia and adolescent-onset schizophrenia is worse than that observed in adult-onset schizophrenia. As adults, these children experience the following: fewer close social relationships, less likely to be married, less academic achievement, more unemployment, and less capacity for independent living. […] Patients with an onset before adolescence and those with an insidious onset appear to have a worse response to medication and a worse prognosis. […] An increased risk of death from suicide is present in patients with schizophrenia. In large follow-up studies of childhood-onset schizophrenia, the mortality rate from suicide is 5-11%.
  • #17 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Objectives: The long-term outcome of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and its influencing factors remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of COS and identify possible outcome predictors. […] At the end of the follow-up, 89 patients (52.3%) were at school, 70 patients (41.2%) were employed, and only 11 patients (6.5%) were dropped out of school or unemployed. The duration to the first admission and depressive symptoms were identified as predictors of occupational/educational status. The length of follow-up and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were distinguished as predictors of readmission. Duration to the first admission and length of follow-up were risk factors, and depressive symptoms and OCS were protective factors for the outcomes of COS. […] We found a favorable long-term outcome on occupational/education status in COS, and depressive symptoms and OCS may be associated with more positive long-term outcomes in COS. Our findings suggest that COS patients may benefit from early intervention and require appropriate treatment.
  • #18 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Our study has found that COS has a more favorable outcome after a long-term follow-up than some previous studies, particularly regarding occupational/education status. […] In summary, compared to most previous studies, we found that COS patients have a more favorable long-term outcome. […] We found that depressive symptoms and the duration to the first admission were protective factors for a positive occupational/education status in COS. […] We found that OCS was a protective factor for hospital readmission in COS. […] The present study indicates a much more favorable long-term outcome in COS than most previous studies, raising questions around the assumption of a typically poor outcome in COS patients.
  • #19 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Objectives: The long-term outcome of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and its influencing factors remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of COS and identify possible outcome predictors. […] At the end of the follow-up, 89 patients (52.3%) were at school, 70 patients (41.2%) were employed, and only 11 patients (6.5%) were dropped out of school or unemployed. The duration to the first admission and depressive symptoms were identified as predictors of occupational/educational status. The length of follow-up and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were distinguished as predictors of readmission. Duration to the first admission and length of follow-up were risk factors, and depressive symptoms and OCS were protective factors for the outcomes of COS. […] We found a favorable long-term outcome on occupational/education status in COS, and depressive symptoms and OCS may be associated with more positive long-term outcomes in COS. Our findings suggest that COS patients may benefit from early intervention and require appropriate treatment.
  • #20 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Our study has found that COS has a more favorable outcome after a long-term follow-up than some previous studies, particularly regarding occupational/education status. […] In summary, compared to most previous studies, we found that COS patients have a more favorable long-term outcome. […] We found that depressive symptoms and the duration to the first admission were protective factors for a positive occupational/education status in COS. […] We found that OCS was a protective factor for hospital readmission in COS. […] The present study indicates a much more favorable long-term outcome in COS than most previous studies, raising questions around the assumption of a typically poor outcome in COS patients.
  • #21 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Objectives: The long-term outcome of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and its influencing factors remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of COS and identify possible outcome predictors. […] At the end of the follow-up, 89 patients (52.3%) were at school, 70 patients (41.2%) were employed, and only 11 patients (6.5%) were dropped out of school or unemployed. The duration to the first admission and depressive symptoms were identified as predictors of occupational/educational status. The length of follow-up and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were distinguished as predictors of readmission. Duration to the first admission and length of follow-up were risk factors, and depressive symptoms and OCS were protective factors for the outcomes of COS. […] We found a favorable long-term outcome on occupational/education status in COS, and depressive symptoms and OCS may be associated with more positive long-term outcomes in COS. Our findings suggest that COS patients may benefit from early intervention and require appropriate treatment.
  • #22 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or younger and is often chronic and persistently debilitating, with worse outcomes than patients who have later onset of symptoms. […] The prognosis for childhood-onset schizophrenia and adolescent-onset schizophrenia is worse than that observed in adult-onset schizophrenia. As adults, these children experience the following: fewer close social relationships, less likely to be married, less academic achievement, more unemployment, and less capacity for independent living. […] Patients with an onset before adolescence and those with an insidious onset appear to have a worse response to medication and a worse prognosis. […] An increased risk of death from suicide is present in patients with schizophrenia. In large follow-up studies of childhood-onset schizophrenia, the mortality rate from suicide is 5-11%.
  • #23 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    In follow-up studies, more than 50% of children with schizophrenia have persistent severe impairment in social skills and limitations in academic and occupational achievement. […] The duration of untreated psychosis has been a point of study for many as it appears to have implications in prognosis, especially at two years. A longer duration of untreated psychosis along with a more severe clinical picture at first presentation was associated with a poorer two-year course.
  • #24 Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5724698/
    The results show that age at onset has a small, although significant impact on some of the outcomes of schizophrenia. […] We found a small but statistically significant association between lower age at onset and more hospitalizations, more negative symptoms, more relapses, poorer social/occupational functioning and poorer global outcome. […] Overall, a lower age at onset may result in poorer baseline functioning especially regarding work and social adjustment, although this connection may dilute over time as a result of the intervention programmes.
  • #25 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or younger and is often chronic and persistently debilitating, with worse outcomes than patients who have later onset of symptoms. […] The prognosis for childhood-onset schizophrenia and adolescent-onset schizophrenia is worse than that observed in adult-onset schizophrenia. As adults, these children experience the following: fewer close social relationships, less likely to be married, less academic achievement, more unemployment, and less capacity for independent living. […] Patients with an onset before adolescence and those with an insidious onset appear to have a worse response to medication and a worse prognosis. […] An increased risk of death from suicide is present in patients with schizophrenia. In large follow-up studies of childhood-onset schizophrenia, the mortality rate from suicide is 5-11%.
  • #26 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    This article summarises new research, together with core features, course and outcome of schizophrenia with onset in childhood and adolescence, and investigates its neurobiology and continuity into adult life. It concludes that, in conformity with other disorders of childhood, adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in adolescence. Sadly, the disorder has a poorer outcome when onset is in youth. […] The clinical severity, impact on development and poor prognosis of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia reinforce the need for early detection, prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. […] The short-term outcome of schizophrenia presenting in early life appears to be worse than that of a first episode in adulthood. If full recovery does occur, then it is most likely within the first 3 months of onset of psychosis.
  • #27 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914840-overview
    In follow-up studies, more than 50% of children with schizophrenia have persistent severe impairment in social skills and limitations in academic and occupational achievement. […] The duration of untreated psychosis has been a point of study for many as it appears to have implications in prognosis, especially at two years. A longer duration of untreated psychosis along with a more severe clinical picture at first presentation was associated with a poorer two-year course.
  • #28 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    A number of long-term follow-up studies of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia all describe a typically chronic, unremitting long-term course, with severely impaired functioning in adult life. […] The predictors of poor outcome in adolescent-onset schizophrenia include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, a prolonged first psychotic episode, extended duration of untreated psychosis and the presence of negative symptoms. […] The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in our understanding of the clinical course and neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent schizophrenia. It is now clear that adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in this age group and the disorder has clinical and neurobiological continuity with schizophrenia in adults. Adolescent schizophrenia is a severe variant of the adult disorder associated with greater premorbid impairment, a higher familial risk, and more severe clinical course and poorer outcome. The poor outcome of children and adolescents with schizophrenia has highlighted the need to target early and effective treatments and develop specialist services for this group.
  • #29 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Objectives: The long-term outcome of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and its influencing factors remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of COS and identify possible outcome predictors. […] At the end of the follow-up, 89 patients (52.3%) were at school, 70 patients (41.2%) were employed, and only 11 patients (6.5%) were dropped out of school or unemployed. The duration to the first admission and depressive symptoms were identified as predictors of occupational/educational status. The length of follow-up and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were distinguished as predictors of readmission. Duration to the first admission and length of follow-up were risk factors, and depressive symptoms and OCS were protective factors for the outcomes of COS. […] We found a favorable long-term outcome on occupational/education status in COS, and depressive symptoms and OCS may be associated with more positive long-term outcomes in COS. Our findings suggest that COS patients may benefit from early intervention and require appropriate treatment.
  • #30 Schizophrenia in children and adolescents | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents/2D4067DEC589778518559AE1F8C4DF38
    A number of long-term follow-up studies of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia all describe a typically chronic, unremitting long-term course, with severely impaired functioning in adult life. […] The predictors of poor outcome in adolescent-onset schizophrenia include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, a prolonged first psychotic episode, extended duration of untreated psychosis and the presence of negative symptoms. […] The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in our understanding of the clinical course and neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent schizophrenia. It is now clear that adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in this age group and the disorder has clinical and neurobiological continuity with schizophrenia in adults. Adolescent schizophrenia is a severe variant of the adult disorder associated with greater premorbid impairment, a higher familial risk, and more severe clinical course and poorer outcome. The poor outcome of children and adolescents with schizophrenia has highlighted the need to target early and effective treatments and develop specialist services for this group.
  • #31 A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-12-150
    the overall relatively poor long-term outcome of EOS is, in part, due to the inclusion of studies containing patients who had been diagnosed many decades ago. […] This exhaustive analysis of the available evidence on the outcome of EOS and VEOS points to the still rather poor prognosis of early manifestations of schizophrenia.
  • #32 Predictors of outcome in early onset schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up study | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-2484-x
    Younger age at onset is generally thought to be a predictor of poor outcome in Early Onset Schizophrenia (EOS), but there is a paucity of epidemiological data supporting this belief. […] Age of onset was not associated with function in either the univariate model (p=0.24), full model (p=0.17) or the final risk factor model (p=0.11), nor after using propensity scores to further adjust for confounders. […] The long-term functional outcome of EOS is more optimistic than generally believed. Age at disease onset does not predict long-term functional outcome in EOS populations. […] Traditionally, early age at onset, especially onset before age 13, is believed to be a predictor of poor prognosis. […] Our findings call to question the long-standing assumption that earlier age at onset is associated with poor outcomes in EOS.
  • #33 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Our study has found that COS has a more favorable outcome after a long-term follow-up than some previous studies, particularly regarding occupational/education status. […] In summary, compared to most previous studies, we found that COS patients have a more favorable long-term outcome. […] We found that depressive symptoms and the duration to the first admission were protective factors for a positive occupational/education status in COS. […] We found that OCS was a protective factor for hospital readmission in COS. […] The present study indicates a much more favorable long-term outcome in COS than most previous studies, raising questions around the assumption of a typically poor outcome in COS patients.
  • #34 Long-Term Outcomes and Predictors of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic Study of 6-year Follow-Up in China
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8360848/
    Our study has found that COS has a more favorable outcome after a long-term follow-up than some previous studies, particularly regarding occupational/education status. […] In summary, compared to most previous studies, we found that COS patients have a more favorable long-term outcome. […] We found that depressive symptoms and the duration to the first admission were protective factors for a positive occupational/education status in COS. […] We found that OCS was a protective factor for hospital readmission in COS. […] The present study indicates a much more favorable long-term outcome in COS than most previous studies, raising questions around the assumption of a typically poor outcome in COS patients.