Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Medulloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22591-medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma symptoms can vary depending on several factors, including your age, the size of the tumor and its stage of development. These symptoms may depend on the location of the tumor or because of pressure buildup inside of your skull. Warning signs may include: […] Medulloblastomas usually grow quickly. The cancer can spread to other parts of your brain and spinal cord through cerebrospinal fluid (a clear fluid that protects your brain and spinal cord from injury). […] If you or your child develops a combination of symptoms like headaches, nausea, confusion or vision changes, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. Those who are already undergoing medulloblastoma treatment should inform their healthcare provider about any side effects. They can help you manage your symptoms and ease your discomfort.

• #2 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other complex motor functions. […] Brain tumors can cause a variety of symptoms in children based on their age and the location of the tumor. Keep in mind that medulloblastoma symptoms may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] While your child may experience symptoms differently, common medulloblastoma symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Lethargy, Imbalance and lack of coordination, Problems with motor skills (such as writing), Neck tilt or double vision, Changes in personality or behavior, Seizures. […] Rarely, medulloblastoma can spread into the central nervous system or the spinal canal, and your child may experience: Loss of strength in the lower extremities, Back pain, Bowel and bladder control issues, Difficulty walking.

• #3 Childhood Medulloblastoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other complex motor functions. […] Brain tumors can cause a variety of symptoms in children based on their age and the location of the tumor. Keep in mind that medulloblastoma symptoms may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] While your child may experience symptoms differently, common medulloblastoma symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Lethargy, Imbalance and lack of coordination, Problems with motor skills (such as writing), Neck tilt or double vision, Changes in personality or behavior, Seizures. […] Rarely, medulloblastoma can spread into the central nervous system or the spinal canal, and your child may experience: Loss of strength in the lower extremities, Back pain, Bowel and bladder control issues, Difficulty walking. […] The outcome for children with medulloblastoma has improved dramatically over the past several decades. […] The outcomes in infants remain poor and many studies are underway to evaluate new treatment strategies in infants.

• #4 CoxHealth | Medulloblastoma

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma may quickly get worse as the tumor grows. Sometimes a brain tumor may block the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure. This may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Because the tumor is often in the cerebellum, it may affect balance and coordination early on. […] Some of the general symptoms of medulloblastoma include: […] Headaches (often tend to be worse in the morning). […] Balance problems or clumsiness. […] Changes in thinking ability. […] Dizziness. […] Double vision or other eye problems. […] Tiredness and lack of energy (fatigue). […] Nausea and vomiting. […] Hearing loss. […] Irritability and changed behavior. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. But it’s important to see a health care provider if you have these symptoms. Only a health care provider can tell if you have cancer. […] Symptoms often include headache, nausea, and vomiting. These tend to be worse in the morning.

• #5 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/733

  Medulloblastoma is a malignant, invasive brain tumor arising from the cerebellum. […] Symptoms, due to a mass effect from the tumor or to obstructive hydrocephalus, include morning headaches, nausea, vomiting, diplopia (manifestation of sixth nerve palsy), and ataxia. Vomiting often relieves the headaches. […] Key diagnostic factors include headache, nausea and vomiting. […] Other diagnostic factors include behavioral changes, diplopia, ophthalmoplegias, bulging anterior fontanelle, papilledema, nystagmus, head tilt, ataxia, dysmetria, and lethargy.

• #6 Medulloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431069/

  While leukemias are the most common type of malignancy affecting the pediatric population, brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in this population. Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, constituting nearly 20 percent of all pediatric brain tumors. […] This is a high-grade tumor that has a propensity to spread via the cerebrospinal fluid. Within the first few years of diagnosis, mortality approximates 15%; however, cure rates can reach as high as 60% with current therapeutic modalities. […] Given its origin in the cerebellum with the propensity of locally spreading into the fourth ventricle, patients most often present with a combination of cerebellar signs like clumsiness, gait disturbances, and obstructive hydrocephalus, for example, early morning headaches, nausea/vomiting, double vision, or blurry vision. Since the majority of medulloblastomas arise in the fourth ventricle, obstructive hydrocephalus is not uncommon. These patients may present with emesis, headache, and lethargy. Time from symptom onset to diagnosis is usually short, usually two to three months. Almost all patients have early signs of elevated intracranial pressure that is associated with headache early in the morning and relieved over the course of the day. Patients with Cushing triad usually have impending herniation and need immediate treatment. The tumor in the cerebellum can also lead to ataxia and truncal unsteadiness. If the brain stem is involved, it may lead to cranial nerve palsies that may present as diplopia, hearing loss, facial weakness, and head tilt.

• #7 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Symptoms of a medulloblastoma depend on the tumor’s size, location, and whether it has spread to other parts of the brain or spinal cord. […] The symptoms you or a loved one might experience if you have medulloblastoma include: […] Headaches, especially in the morning or after lying down: One of the most common symptoms is headaches, which are often worse in the morning or after lying down due to increased pressure in the brain. […] Nausea and vomiting: This symptom will often happen alongside headaches because of the increased pressure from the tumor. […] Balance and coordination problems: Because the cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination, people with medulloblastomas can experience stumbling, trouble walking, or difficulty with fine motor tasks like writing. […] Vision problems: Blurring or double vision can happen when the tumor creates pressure on the nerves that control eye movement.

• #8 Medulloblastomas – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/medulloblastomas

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma are typically related to increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure) and dysfunction of the cerebellum. […] Symptoms may include vomiting, clumsiness, walking unsteadily, or trouble maintaining balance. Children also may have headaches, nausea, lethargy, and double vision. […] For children older than 3 years, the chances of surviving cancer-free for 5 years is about 80% if the tumor is average risk and about 60 to 70% if it is high risk. […] For children 3 years old and younger, outcome is harder to predict, but overall survival is poor. In about 40% of these children, the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. In addition, radiation therapy is typically delayed or not done in this age group to avoid side effects affecting the developing brain. Children who survive are at risk of severe long-term mental deficits. For example, intellectual development is more likely to be affected, and they may have difficulty learning, remembering, and making decisions. […] Certain types of medulloblastomas have a very good prognosis, with 90 to 100% overall survival.

• #9 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and risk stratification of medulloblastoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-risk-stratification-of-medulloblastoma/print

  Medulloblastomas most commonly present with symptoms representative of increased intracranial pressure, including nocturnal or morning headaches, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. Symptoms usually evolve over a period of weeks to a few months. Infants may present with more nonspecific or atypical symptoms, like increased head circumference, lethargy, sun downing, and/or failure to thrive.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Medulloblastomas are tumors arising from embryonal cells in the brain, and occur in various histologic as well as molecular subtypes. […] The symptoms usually present abruptly, and may occur over 2-3 months before the condition is diagnosed. Typical symptoms due to hydrocephalus include: The sudden onset of headaches, which usually occur in the morning, as soon as the patient wakes; Nausea with forceful or projectile vomiting which is usually not preceded by any gastric upset and is the most common sign of increased intracranial pressure; Lethargy; Ataxia or incoordination of gait, and inability to hold the trunk steady during movement or at rest; Nystagmus or involuntary oscillation of the eyeballs; Papilledema or swelling of the optic disc, the place where the optic nerve pierces the retinal layers on its passage to the brain, and bulges when the pressure within the brain goes up.

• #11

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes

  Medulloblastoma is known for its fast-growing nature and aggressive behaviour. The tumour can quickly invade surrounding brain tissue and has a high propensity to spread (metastasise) through the cerebrospinal fluid, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord. This can result in the tumour disseminating to other areas within the central nervous system. In advanced cases, the tumour can metastasise outside the central nervous system, although this is less common. […] The symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumour’s size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include: […] Headaches that are often worse in the morning or after sleeping, due to increased pressure in the skull. […] Nausea and vomiting particularly in the morning, associated with raised intracranial pressure. […] Problems with walking, clumsiness, or unsteadiness. […] Double vision or abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). […] Drowsiness or fatigue caused by increased intracranial pressure or the tumour’s effect on brain function. […] Seizures in some cases.

• #12

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/conditions-diseases/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes

  Medulloblastoma is known for its fast-growing nature and aggressive behaviour. The tumour can quickly invade surrounding brain tissue and has a high propensity to spread (metastasise) through the cerebrospinal fluid, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord. This can result in the tumour disseminating to other areas within the central nervous system. In advanced cases, the tumour can metastasise outside the central nervous system, although this is less common. […] The symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumour’s size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include: Headaches that are often worse in the morning or after sleeping, due to increased pressure in the skull. Nausea and vomiting particularly in the morning, associated with raised intracranial pressure. Problems with walking, clumsiness, or unsteadiness. Double vision or abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). Drowsiness or fatigue caused by increased intracranial pressure or the tumour’s effect on brain function. Seizures in some cases.

• #13 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Fatigue and drowsiness: Increased pressure from tumor growth can lead to general fatigue, drowsiness, or lethargy. […] Behavioral changes: Personality or behavioral changes can manifest as new or unusual emotional states, like changes in judgment, aggressiveness, irritability, or loss of initiative. This is especially noteworthy in children. […] Hydrocephalus: When a tumor blocks the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leads to a buildup of fluid in the brain, hydrocephalus can occur. This condition causes severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, changes in behavior or consciousness, and an increase in head size in infants. […] Back pain or difficulty walking: When a medulloblastoma spreads to the spinal cord, it can result in back pain, leg weakness, or even loss of bladder and bowel control.

• #14 Medulloblastoma | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-brain-tumour-children/medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma symptoms could include any of the child brain tumour symptoms, including: headaches that come on quickly, especially in the morning […] nausea and/or vomiting […] feeling extremely tired […] loss of balance and co-ordination which may lead to difficulty walking […] abnormal eye movements […] blurry vision caused by swelling of the optic disc at the back of the eye (papilloedema). Medulloblastoma can also cause increased pressure in the skull. This is because of the location of this type of tumour. […] In some cases, the tumour can spread to the spinal cord, causing another set of symptoms, such as back pain, an inability to control the bowels and bladder and difficulty walking.

• #15 Medulloblastoma – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=medulloblastoma-134-555

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma may start slowly and get worse as the tumor grows. Headaches are common. Sometimes a brain tumor may block the normal flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure. This may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Because the tumor is often in the cerebellum, it may affect balance and coordination early on. […] Some of the general symptoms of medulloblastoma include: Balance problems or clumsiness, Changes in thinking ability, Dizziness, Double vision or other eye problems, Tiredness and lack of energy (fatigue), Headaches, Nausea and vomiting, Hearing loss, Irritability and changed behavior. […] Symptoms often include headache, nausea, and vomiting, especially in the morning.

• #16 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20579268

  Medulloblastoma symptoms happen when the cancer grows or causes pressure to build up in the brain. Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma may include: […] Dizziness. […] Double vision. […] Headaches. […] Nausea. […] Poor coordination. […] Tiredness. […] Unsteady walk. […] Vomiting.

• #17 Medulloblastoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/medulloblastoma/types/symptoms

  Since medulloblastomas develop in the cerebellum the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and maintaining balance issues in these areas are common. […] Patients with medulloblastoma may also have visual disturbances, which can include double vision, blurred vision, or difficulty moving the eyes. […] Medulloblastomas can lead to changes in behavior, mood, and cognitive abilities. […] The wide range of symptoms can sometimes make diagnosis challenging. […] Early recognition of symptoms is vital for treatment and improving survival rates. […] Common symptoms of medulloblastoma include persistent headaches, nausea, balance issues, visual changes, and behavioral changes. Recognizing these signs early can significantly improve the outcome. […] Early detection through recognition of these symptoms can lead to better treatment outcomes and improve life expectancy.

• #18 Medulloblastoma | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a malignant (cancerous) brain tumor that forms in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination and other complex functions. Common symptoms of medulloblastoma include headaches and vomiting. Patients may also have problems with balance and vision when they are diagnosed. […] Because of their location, symptoms caused by the growth of medulloblastomas usually result from blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow or from direct pressure on the brain and cranial nerves. The build-up of CSF in the brain is called hydrocephalus, and causes common symptoms such as: […] Headaches (often worse in the morning) […] Nausea […] Vomiting […] Difficulty walking. Direct pressure on cranial nerves adjacent to the tumor can also cause double vision and difficulty speaking or swallowing.

• #19 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Medulloblastomas are tumors arising from embryonal cells in the brain, and occur in various histologic as well as molecular subtypes. […] The symptoms usually present abruptly, and may occur over 2-3 months before the condition is diagnosed. Typical symptoms due to hydrocephalus include: The sudden onset of headaches, which usually occur in the morning, as soon as the patient wakes; Nausea with forceful or projectile vomiting which is usually not preceded by any gastric upset and is the most common sign of increased intracranial pressure; Lethargy; Ataxia or incoordination of gait, and inability to hold the trunk steady during movement or at rest; Nystagmus or involuntary oscillation of the eyeballs; Papilledema or swelling of the optic disc, the place where the optic nerve pierces the retinal layers on its passage to the brain, and bulges when the pressure within the brain goes up.

• #20

  https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/120399/medulloblastoma

  A 5-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with headache, nausea, and 2 episodes of emesis. His symptoms began approximately 1 month ago and his headache is most prominent in the morning. The patient also reports some mild fevers and chills. On physical exam, the patient has a wide-based gait with impaired heel-to-toe walking. Fundoscopy demonstrates bilateral papilledema. An MRI brain with intravenous contrast demonstrates a heterogenous midline lesion with hydrocephalus. […] Symptoms […] signs of increased intracranial pressure such as […] morning headaches […] nausea […] vomiting. […] Physical exam […] in midline lesions (e.g., cerebellar vermus lesion) […] truncal ataxia (e.g., broad-based gait). […] in cerebellar hemisphere lesions […] appendicular ataxia (e.g., impaired finger-to-nose testing). […] Preoperative […] neurological deficits due to hydrocephalus and intracranial posterior fossa lesion.

• #21

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-medulloblastoma?srsltid=AfmBOoqxrKxZDO2R-64Acm_mYzl-bfRMatFNQYfBxQ3GqB34wEy1Drr3

  Medulloblastoma often occurs in the cerebellum, the area governing motor functions such as movement, balance and co-ordination. […] Symptoms resulting from medulloblastoma growth can include: Problems with walking, Increased stumbling and falling, General co-ordination issues, with increasing clumsiness for example. […] When a tumour in the cerebellum grows, it can interfere with the circulation of fluid between the spinal column and the brain which can lead to a build-up of pressure inside the head. […] This can give rise to additional symptoms such as: Headaches that tend to be worse after lying down for a while (for example, on waking up in the morning), Generally feeling tired or unwell, Failure to feed properly, Feeling sick or actually vomiting, Abnormal eye movements, Blurry vision caused by swelling at the back of the eye. […] If the tumour spreads down into the spinal cord, it can cause other symptoms such as: Back pain that gets worse after resting or sleeping, Problems with walking, Trouble controlling bowel or bladder function.

• #22 Medulloblastoma in Children | Treatment | Neurology, Neurosurgery, Spine Care | UTHealth Neurosciences

  https://med.uth.edu/neurosciences/conditions-and-treatments/medulloblastoma-in-children/

  Some children may not have symptoms, but the pressure on the brain may cause drowsiness, headaches, and nausea. A child may have coordination problems, difficulty with muscle control, and changes in appetite. Other symptoms may include hearing and vision problems. A patient may tilt their head to one side. If the tumor has spread to the spinal cord, a child might experience back pain, trouble walking, and problems controlling bladder and bowel functions. […] Medulloblastoma is a fast-growing brain cancer that can spread through the cerebrospinal fluid to the brain and spinal cord. It is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, accounting for about 20% of all pediatric brain tumors.

• #23 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20579268

  Medulloblastoma symptoms happen when the cancer grows or causes pressure to build up in the brain. Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma may include: […] Dizziness. […] Double vision. […] Headaches. […] Nausea. […] Poor coordination. […] Tiredness. […] Unsteady walk. […] Vomiting.

• #24 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other complex motor functions. […] Brain tumors can cause a variety of symptoms in children based on their age and the location of the tumor. Keep in mind that medulloblastoma symptoms may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] While your child may experience symptoms differently, common medulloblastoma symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Lethargy, Imbalance and lack of coordination, Problems with motor skills (such as writing), Neck tilt or double vision, Changes in personality or behavior, Seizures. […] Rarely, medulloblastoma can spread into the central nervous system or the spinal canal, and your child may experience: Loss of strength in the lower extremities, Back pain, Bowel and bladder control issues, Difficulty walking.

• #25 Medulloblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulloblastoma

  Signs and symptoms are mainly due to secondary increased intracranial pressure due to blockage of the fourth ventricle and tumors are usually present for 1 to 5 months before diagnosis is made. The child typically becomes listless, with repeated episodes of vomiting, and a morning headache, which may lead to a misdiagnosis of gastrointestinal disease or migraine. […] Soon after, the child will develop a stumbling gait, truncal ataxia, frequent falls, diplopia, papilledema, and sixth cranial nerve palsy. Positional vertigo and nystagmus are also frequent, and facial sensory loss or motor weakness may be present. Decerebrate attacks appear late in the disease.

• #26 Pediatric medulloblastoma – Children’s Health Oncology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastomas can press into the brain or spinal cord, which can affect your childs ability to think, move and do other tasks. These tumors can cause symptoms such as: […] General weakness or lack of energy […] Headaches […] Loss of balance or trouble walking […] Nausea and vomiting […] Trouble with handwriting or speech […] Problems with coordination […] Seizures […] Unusual sleepiness […] Weakness on one side of the face.

• #27 Medulloblastoma – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment in the best clinics

  https://medtour.help/disease/medulloblastoma/

  The most common manifestations of medulloblastoma include: […] headache (especially severe when waking up in the morning); […] nausea and vomiting; […] general deterioration of well-being, chronic fatigue, drowsiness; […] impaired coordination of movements; […] violation of fine motor skills; […] diplopia (double vision); […] stiffness of the occipital muscles of the neck, tilt of the head; […] sudden mood swings; […] convulsive seizures. […] If the medulloblastoma has spread to the CNS or spinal canal, the following symptoms may be present: […] weakness in the legs; […] backache; […] impaired bladder and bowel control; […] gait disturbance. […] When anxiety symptoms appear, it is important to immediately consult a doctor.

• #28 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20579268

  Medulloblastoma symptoms happen when the cancer grows or causes pressure to build up in the brain. Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma may include: […] Dizziness. […] Double vision. […] Headaches. […] Nausea. […] Poor coordination. […] Tiredness. […] Unsteady walk. […] Vomiting.

• #29 Medulloblastoma (Child) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/medulloblastoma-child-0

  Symptoms tend to start slowly and get worse as the tumor grows. They depend on where the tumor is in the brain. […] Headache is common. A brain tumor can block the normal flow of cerebral spinal fluid. This leads to increased intracranial pressure. This pressure in the skull may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Because the tumor grows in the cerebellum, it may affect balance and coordination early on. […] Symptoms of medulloblastoma may include: Headache, especially in the morning, Nausea and vomiting, which may be worst in the morning, Seizures, Changes in ability to think or confusion, Balance problems or clumsiness, Dizziness, Double vision, blurred vision, or other eye problems, Tiredness (fatigue).

• #30 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Fatigue and drowsiness: Increased pressure from tumor growth can lead to general fatigue, drowsiness, or lethargy. […] Behavioral changes: Personality or behavioral changes can manifest as new or unusual emotional states, like changes in judgment, aggressiveness, irritability, or loss of initiative. This is especially noteworthy in children. […] Hydrocephalus: When a tumor blocks the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leads to a buildup of fluid in the brain, hydrocephalus can occur. This condition causes severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, changes in behavior or consciousness, and an increase in head size in infants. […] Back pain or difficulty walking: When a medulloblastoma spreads to the spinal cord, it can result in back pain, leg weakness, or even loss of bladder and bowel control.

• #31 Medulloblastoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/medulloblastoma/types/symptoms

  Since medulloblastomas develop in the cerebellum the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and maintaining balance issues in these areas are common. […] Patients with medulloblastoma may also have visual disturbances, which can include double vision, blurred vision, or difficulty moving the eyes. […] Medulloblastomas can lead to changes in behavior, mood, and cognitive abilities. […] The wide range of symptoms can sometimes make diagnosis challenging. […] Early recognition of symptoms is vital for treatment and improving survival rates. […] Common symptoms of medulloblastoma include persistent headaches, nausea, balance issues, visual changes, and behavioral changes. Recognizing these signs early can significantly improve the outcome. […] Early detection through recognition of these symptoms can lead to better treatment outcomes and improve life expectancy.

• #32 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other complex motor functions. […] Brain tumors can cause a variety of symptoms in children based on their age and the location of the tumor. Keep in mind that medulloblastoma symptoms may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] While your child may experience symptoms differently, common medulloblastoma symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Lethargy, Imbalance and lack of coordination, Problems with motor skills (such as writing), Neck tilt or double vision, Changes in personality or behavior, Seizures. […] Rarely, medulloblastoma can spread into the central nervous system or the spinal canal, and your child may experience: Loss of strength in the lower extremities, Back pain, Bowel and bladder control issues, Difficulty walking.

• #33 CoxHealth | Medulloblastoma

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma may quickly get worse as the tumor grows. Sometimes a brain tumor may block the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure. This may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Because the tumor is often in the cerebellum, it may affect balance and coordination early on. […] Some of the general symptoms of medulloblastoma include: […] Headaches (often tend to be worse in the morning). […] Balance problems or clumsiness. […] Changes in thinking ability. […] Dizziness. […] Double vision or other eye problems. […] Tiredness and lack of energy (fatigue). […] Nausea and vomiting. […] Hearing loss. […] Irritability and changed behavior. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. But it’s important to see a health care provider if you have these symptoms. Only a health care provider can tell if you have cancer. […] Symptoms often include headache, nausea, and vomiting. These tend to be worse in the morning.

• #34 Symptoms of Medulloblastoma | medulloblastoma.org

  https://medulloblastoma.org/medullo-facts/symptoms-of-medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma symptoms can vary based on the size of the tumor and where it is located. […] Symptoms that may be a sign of pressure within the brain caused by the tumor can include: […] Headaches that may be occasionally relieved by vomiting, especially early morning vomiting […] Seizures […] Vision, hearing, and speech problems […] Nausea […] If the medulloblastoma is in the area of the brain called the cerebellum, symptoms can include: […] Issues with balance, motor skills, or trouble walking, called ataxia […] These symptoms can indicate the medulloblastoma has spread to the spinal cord: […] Numbness in limbs, called neuropathies a pins and needles feeling […] Back pain […] Bowel problems, called incontinence […] Other symptoms of medulloblastoma can include: […] Loss of appetite […] Changes in personality, mood or behavior […] Sleepiness […] Weakness […] Symptoms generally get worse over time.

• #35 Medulloblastoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/medulloblastoma/

  In addition to these symptoms, the tumor can cause ataxia, a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements, and unsteadiness of the trunk of the body. If the tumor extends to the brain stem, it could result in cranial nerve problems. Symptoms could include double vision, hearing loss, weakness in the facial muscles, and a tilt of the head. […] The chances of recovering from medulloblastoma, a type of brain tumor common in children, largely depends upon a variety of factors. These include the patients age, the stage of the tumor, how much of the tumor remains after surgery, and how well the patient responds to treatment. […] For instance, children with the WNT subtype of medulloblastoma typically have a better chance of recovery. However, children with MYCN or MYC types tend not to fare as well. Unfortunately, even after successful treatment, many patients may experience long-term neurological and cognitive issues. These can involve learning difficulties, problems with growth, and hormonal imbalances. The primary cause of these complications is the craniospinal radiation used in treatment.

• #36 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Seizures: Though less common, a new onset of seizures can occur, especially if the tumor causes significant pressure in the brain. […] If you or your loved one is exhibiting persistent or worsening symptoms, it’s vital you see a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis of medulloblastomas can lead to better outcomes after treatment.

• #37 Symptoms of Medulloblastoma | medulloblastoma.org

  https://medulloblastoma.org/medullo-facts/symptoms-of-medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma symptoms can vary based on the size of the tumor and where it is located. […] Symptoms that may be a sign of pressure within the brain caused by the tumor can include: […] Headaches that may be occasionally relieved by vomiting, especially early morning vomiting […] Seizures […] Vision, hearing, and speech problems […] Nausea […] If the medulloblastoma is in the area of the brain called the cerebellum, symptoms can include: […] Issues with balance, motor skills, or trouble walking, called ataxia […] These symptoms can indicate the medulloblastoma has spread to the spinal cord: […] Numbness in limbs, called neuropathies a pins and needles feeling […] Back pain […] Bowel problems, called incontinence […] Other symptoms of medulloblastoma can include: […] Loss of appetite […] Changes in personality, mood or behavior […] Sleepiness […] Weakness […] Symptoms generally get worse over time.

• #38 CoxHealth | Medulloblastoma

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma may quickly get worse as the tumor grows. Sometimes a brain tumor may block the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure. This may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Because the tumor is often in the cerebellum, it may affect balance and coordination early on. […] Some of the general symptoms of medulloblastoma include: […] Headaches (often tend to be worse in the morning). […] Balance problems or clumsiness. […] Changes in thinking ability. […] Dizziness. […] Double vision or other eye problems. […] Tiredness and lack of energy (fatigue). […] Nausea and vomiting. […] Hearing loss. […] Irritability and changed behavior. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. But it’s important to see a health care provider if you have these symptoms. Only a health care provider can tell if you have cancer. […] Symptoms often include headache, nausea, and vomiting. These tend to be worse in the morning.

• #39 Medulloblastoma – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=medulloblastoma-134-555

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma may start slowly and get worse as the tumor grows. Headaches are common. Sometimes a brain tumor may block the normal flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure. This may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Because the tumor is often in the cerebellum, it may affect balance and coordination early on. […] Some of the general symptoms of medulloblastoma include: Balance problems or clumsiness, Changes in thinking ability, Dizziness, Double vision or other eye problems, Tiredness and lack of energy (fatigue), Headaches, Nausea and vomiting, Hearing loss, Irritability and changed behavior. […] Symptoms often include headache, nausea, and vomiting, especially in the morning.

• #40 Childhood Medulloblastoma Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/childhood-medulloblastoma

  Childhood medulloblastomas, which form primarily in the cerebellum, are the most common type of malignant brain tumor among children. […] Symptoms of childhood medulloblastomas can vary and depend on a child’s age. Most children and infants with medulloblastomas experience hydrocephalus. The growing tumor and hydrocephalus can raise intracranial pressure, leading to classic signs such as headache upon waking, nausea and vomiting, and lethargy. […] Infants may have the following additional symptoms: Irritability, Macrocephaly, Failure to thrive, Sun setting sign. […] Children may have the following additional symptoms: Ataxia, Worsening handwriting and other motor skills, Staggered gait, Neck stiffness and torticollis, Visual problems such as diplopia, esotropia and nystagmus. […] Childhood medulloblastomas that have metastasized to the spinal cord may produce the following symptoms: Problems walking, Reduced ability to control bowel and bladder function, Back pain.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Signs of central CSF blockage appear later as the tumor becomes larger and obstructs the communication between the fourth ventricle and the rest of the central nervous system. As the tumor spreads downwards into the spinal cord, the patient may develop back pain, find it difficult to walk, and may become incontinent for both urine and stool. […] In infants, medulloblastomas may present as: Weakness without obvious cause; Slowing of motor and intellectual development; Losing already acquired developmental milestones; Feeding problems such as intermittent vomiting; Failure to gain weight normally; Enlargement of the head; Abnormal bulging of the anterior fontanel because of the increased pressure within the brain; Abnormal eye movements such as the setting sun sign (downward deviation of the eyes) because the ability to look up is lost as the increased pressure compresses the midbrain and consequently some nerves which stimulate the muscles of the eye.

• #42 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Signs of central CSF blockage appear later as the tumor becomes larger and obstructs the communication between the fourth ventricle and the rest of the central nervous system. As the tumor spreads downwards into the spinal cord, the patient may develop back pain, find it difficult to walk, and may become incontinent for both urine and stool. […] In infants, medulloblastomas may present as: Weakness without obvious cause; Slowing of motor and intellectual development; Losing already acquired developmental milestones; Feeding problems such as intermittent vomiting; Failure to gain weight normally; Enlargement of the head; Abnormal bulging of the anterior fontanel because of the increased pressure within the brain; Abnormal eye movements such as the setting sun sign (downward deviation of the eyes) because the ability to look up is lost as the increased pressure compresses the midbrain and consequently some nerves which stimulate the muscles of the eye.

• #43 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Signs of central CSF blockage appear later as the tumor becomes larger and obstructs the communication between the fourth ventricle and the rest of the central nervous system. As the tumor spreads downwards into the spinal cord, the patient may develop back pain, find it difficult to walk, and may become incontinent for both urine and stool. […] In infants, medulloblastomas may present as: Weakness without obvious cause; Slowing of motor and intellectual development; Losing already acquired developmental milestones; Feeding problems such as intermittent vomiting; Failure to gain weight normally; Enlargement of the head; Abnormal bulging of the anterior fontanel because of the increased pressure within the brain; Abnormal eye movements such as the setting sun sign (downward deviation of the eyes) because the ability to look up is lost as the increased pressure compresses the midbrain and consequently some nerves which stimulate the muscles of the eye.

• #44 Childhood Medulloblastoma Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/childhood-medulloblastoma

  Childhood medulloblastomas, which form primarily in the cerebellum, are the most common type of malignant brain tumor among children. […] Symptoms of childhood medulloblastomas can vary and depend on a child’s age. Most children and infants with medulloblastomas experience hydrocephalus. The growing tumor and hydrocephalus can raise intracranial pressure, leading to classic signs such as headache upon waking, nausea and vomiting, and lethargy. […] Infants may have the following additional symptoms: Irritability, Macrocephaly, Failure to thrive, Sun setting sign. […] Children may have the following additional symptoms: Ataxia, Worsening handwriting and other motor skills, Staggered gait, Neck stiffness and torticollis, Visual problems such as diplopia, esotropia and nystagmus. […] Childhood medulloblastomas that have metastasized to the spinal cord may produce the following symptoms: Problems walking, Reduced ability to control bowel and bladder function, Back pain.

• #45 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Signs of central CSF blockage appear later as the tumor becomes larger and obstructs the communication between the fourth ventricle and the rest of the central nervous system. As the tumor spreads downwards into the spinal cord, the patient may develop back pain, find it difficult to walk, and may become incontinent for both urine and stool. […] In infants, medulloblastomas may present as: Weakness without obvious cause; Slowing of motor and intellectual development; Losing already acquired developmental milestones; Feeding problems such as intermittent vomiting; Failure to gain weight normally; Enlargement of the head; Abnormal bulging of the anterior fontanel because of the increased pressure within the brain; Abnormal eye movements such as the setting sun sign (downward deviation of the eyes) because the ability to look up is lost as the increased pressure compresses the midbrain and consequently some nerves which stimulate the muscles of the eye.

• #46 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and risk stratification of medulloblastoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-risk-stratification-of-medulloblastoma/print

  Medulloblastomas most commonly present with symptoms representative of increased intracranial pressure, including nocturnal or morning headaches, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. Symptoms usually evolve over a period of weeks to a few months. Infants may present with more nonspecific or atypical symptoms, like increased head circumference, lethargy, sun downing, and/or failure to thrive.

• #47 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Signs of central CSF blockage appear later as the tumor becomes larger and obstructs the communication between the fourth ventricle and the rest of the central nervous system. As the tumor spreads downwards into the spinal cord, the patient may develop back pain, find it difficult to walk, and may become incontinent for both urine and stool. […] In infants, medulloblastomas may present as: Weakness without obvious cause; Slowing of motor and intellectual development; Losing already acquired developmental milestones; Feeding problems such as intermittent vomiting; Failure to gain weight normally; Enlargement of the head; Abnormal bulging of the anterior fontanel because of the increased pressure within the brain; Abnormal eye movements such as the setting sun sign (downward deviation of the eyes) because the ability to look up is lost as the increased pressure compresses the midbrain and consequently some nerves which stimulate the muscles of the eye.

• #48 Childhood Medulloblastoma & Other CNS Embryonal Tumors Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq

  Medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma depend on the child’s age and where the tumor is. […] Symptoms of medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma depend on the child’s age and where the tumor is. Children may not have symptoms of medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, or pineoblastoma until the tumor has grown bigger. It’s important to check with your child’s doctor if your child has: loss of balance, trouble walking, lack of coordination, or slow speech; a headache, especially in the morning, or headache that goes away after vomiting; general weakness; weakness on one side of the face; unusual sleepiness or change in energy level; seizures; double vision or other eye problems; nausea and vomiting. […] Infants and young children with these tumors may be irritable or grow slowly. Also they may not eat well or meet developmental milestones such as sitting, walking, and talking in sentences. These tumors may also cause an increase in the size of an infant’s head. […] These symptoms may be caused by problems other than medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, or pineoblastoma. The only way to know is to see your child’s doctor.

• #49 Medulloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22591-medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma symptoms can vary depending on several factors, including your age, the size of the tumor and its stage of development. These symptoms may depend on the location of the tumor or because of pressure buildup inside of your skull. Warning signs may include: […] Medulloblastomas usually grow quickly. The cancer can spread to other parts of your brain and spinal cord through cerebrospinal fluid (a clear fluid that protects your brain and spinal cord from injury). […] If you or your child develops a combination of symptoms like headaches, nausea, confusion or vision changes, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. Those who are already undergoing medulloblastoma treatment should inform their healthcare provider about any side effects. They can help you manage your symptoms and ease your discomfort.

• #50 Medulloblastoma: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/medulloblastoma

  Symptoms related to a medulloblastoma depend on the tumors location. Here are some possible symptoms that can occur. […] People with a medulloblastoma in the cerebellum may have: Issues with walking, balance, and/or fine motor skills. […] If the tumor is causing hydrocephalus, signs and symptoms may include: Headaches, Nausea, Vomiting, Blurred and double vision, Extreme sleepiness, Confusion, Seizures and even passing out. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to the spine, symptoms may include: Weakness or numbness in the arms and/or legs, A change in normal bowel or bladder habits, Spinal pain. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to other organs, symptoms may include: Coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath, Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain. […] Medulloblastomas are very fast-growing. They often spread to other areas of the CNS through CSF. Medulloblastomas can also spread outside the CNS, for example, to the bones, lungs, or lymphatic system. This happens more frequently in children and in adults with recurrent tumors.

• #51 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other complex motor functions. […] Brain tumors can cause a variety of symptoms in children based on their age and the location of the tumor. Keep in mind that medulloblastoma symptoms may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] While your child may experience symptoms differently, common medulloblastoma symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Lethargy, Imbalance and lack of coordination, Problems with motor skills (such as writing), Neck tilt or double vision, Changes in personality or behavior, Seizures. […] Rarely, medulloblastoma can spread into the central nervous system or the spinal canal, and your child may experience: Loss of strength in the lower extremities, Back pain, Bowel and bladder control issues, Difficulty walking.

• #52

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-medulloblastoma?srsltid=AfmBOoqxrKxZDO2R-64Acm_mYzl-bfRMatFNQYfBxQ3GqB34wEy1Drr3

  Medulloblastoma often occurs in the cerebellum, the area governing motor functions such as movement, balance and co-ordination. […] Symptoms resulting from medulloblastoma growth can include: Problems with walking, Increased stumbling and falling, General co-ordination issues, with increasing clumsiness for example. […] When a tumour in the cerebellum grows, it can interfere with the circulation of fluid between the spinal column and the brain which can lead to a build-up of pressure inside the head. […] This can give rise to additional symptoms such as: Headaches that tend to be worse after lying down for a while (for example, on waking up in the morning), Generally feeling tired or unwell, Failure to feed properly, Feeling sick or actually vomiting, Abnormal eye movements, Blurry vision caused by swelling at the back of the eye. […] If the tumour spreads down into the spinal cord, it can cause other symptoms such as: Back pain that gets worse after resting or sleeping, Problems with walking, Trouble controlling bowel or bladder function.

• #53 Medulloblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/medulloblastoma.html

  Medulloblastoma symptoms include: […] Headache, which is often worse in the morning or improves after vomiting […] Nausea and vomiting […] Tiredness or changes in activity levels […] Dizziness […] Loss of balance, clumsiness […] Handwriting problems […] Vision changes […] If the tumor has spread to the spinal cord, symptoms may include: […] Back pain […] Problems walking […] Problems urinating or change in bowel function. […] Medulloblastomas are fast growing. These tumors often spread to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. […] The overall survival rate for childhood medulloblastoma in the United States is 70-80% (7-8 of 10) if the disease has not spread. If the disease has spread, the survival rate is about 60% (6 of 10). […] Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma depend on several factors. They include the size and location of the tumor and the child’s age and stage of development. […] Many symptoms of medulloblastoma are due to fluid buildup.

• #54 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other complex motor functions. […] Brain tumors can cause a variety of symptoms in children based on their age and the location of the tumor. Keep in mind that medulloblastoma symptoms may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] While your child may experience symptoms differently, common medulloblastoma symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Lethargy, Imbalance and lack of coordination, Problems with motor skills (such as writing), Neck tilt or double vision, Changes in personality or behavior, Seizures. […] Rarely, medulloblastoma can spread into the central nervous system or the spinal canal, and your child may experience: Loss of strength in the lower extremities, Back pain, Bowel and bladder control issues, Difficulty walking.

• #55 Medulloblastoma: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/medulloblastoma

  Symptoms related to a medulloblastoma depend on the tumors location. Here are some possible symptoms that can occur. […] People with a medulloblastoma in the cerebellum may have: Issues with walking, balance, and/or fine motor skills. […] If the tumor is causing hydrocephalus, signs and symptoms may include: Headaches, Nausea, Vomiting, Blurred and double vision, Extreme sleepiness, Confusion, Seizures and even passing out. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to the spine, symptoms may include: Weakness or numbness in the arms and/or legs, A change in normal bowel or bladder habits, Spinal pain. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to other organs, symptoms may include: Coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath, Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain. […] Medulloblastomas are very fast-growing. They often spread to other areas of the CNS through CSF. Medulloblastomas can also spread outside the CNS, for example, to the bones, lungs, or lymphatic system. This happens more frequently in children and in adults with recurrent tumors.

• #56

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-medulloblastoma?srsltid=AfmBOoqxrKxZDO2R-64Acm_mYzl-bfRMatFNQYfBxQ3GqB34wEy1Drr3

  Medulloblastoma often occurs in the cerebellum, the area governing motor functions such as movement, balance and co-ordination. […] Symptoms resulting from medulloblastoma growth can include: Problems with walking, Increased stumbling and falling, General co-ordination issues, with increasing clumsiness for example. […] When a tumour in the cerebellum grows, it can interfere with the circulation of fluid between the spinal column and the brain which can lead to a build-up of pressure inside the head. […] This can give rise to additional symptoms such as: Headaches that tend to be worse after lying down for a while (for example, on waking up in the morning), Generally feeling tired or unwell, Failure to feed properly, Feeling sick or actually vomiting, Abnormal eye movements, Blurry vision caused by swelling at the back of the eye. […] If the tumour spreads down into the spinal cord, it can cause other symptoms such as: Back pain that gets worse after resting or sleeping, Problems with walking, Trouble controlling bowel or bladder function.

• #57 Medulloblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/medulloblastoma.html

  Medulloblastoma symptoms include: […] Headache, which is often worse in the morning or improves after vomiting […] Nausea and vomiting […] Tiredness or changes in activity levels […] Dizziness […] Loss of balance, clumsiness […] Handwriting problems […] Vision changes […] If the tumor has spread to the spinal cord, symptoms may include: […] Back pain […] Problems walking […] Problems urinating or change in bowel function. […] Medulloblastomas are fast growing. These tumors often spread to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. […] The overall survival rate for childhood medulloblastoma in the United States is 70-80% (7-8 of 10) if the disease has not spread. If the disease has spread, the survival rate is about 60% (6 of 10). […] Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma depend on several factors. They include the size and location of the tumor and the child’s age and stage of development. […] Many symptoms of medulloblastoma are due to fluid buildup.

• #58 Childhood Medulloblastoma Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/childhood-medulloblastoma

  Childhood medulloblastomas, which form primarily in the cerebellum, are the most common type of malignant brain tumor among children. […] Symptoms of childhood medulloblastomas can vary and depend on a child’s age. Most children and infants with medulloblastomas experience hydrocephalus. The growing tumor and hydrocephalus can raise intracranial pressure, leading to classic signs such as headache upon waking, nausea and vomiting, and lethargy. […] Infants may have the following additional symptoms: Irritability, Macrocephaly, Failure to thrive, Sun setting sign. […] Children may have the following additional symptoms: Ataxia, Worsening handwriting and other motor skills, Staggered gait, Neck stiffness and torticollis, Visual problems such as diplopia, esotropia and nystagmus. […] Childhood medulloblastomas that have metastasized to the spinal cord may produce the following symptoms: Problems walking, Reduced ability to control bowel and bladder function, Back pain.

• #59 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sonic-Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Signs of central CSF blockage appear later as the tumor becomes larger and obstructs the communication between the fourth ventricle and the rest of the central nervous system. As the tumor spreads downwards into the spinal cord, the patient may develop back pain, find it difficult to walk, and may become incontinent for both urine and stool. […] In infants, medulloblastomas may present as: Weakness without obvious cause; Slowing of motor and intellectual development; Losing already acquired developmental milestones; Feeding problems such as intermittent vomiting; Failure to gain weight normally; Enlargement of the head; Abnormal bulging of the anterior fontanel because of the increased pressure within the brain; Abnormal eye movements such as the setting sun sign (downward deviation of the eyes) because the ability to look up is lost as the increased pressure compresses the midbrain and consequently some nerves which stimulate the muscles of the eye.

• #60 Medulloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22591-medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma symptoms can vary depending on several factors, including your age, the size of the tumor and its stage of development. These symptoms may depend on the location of the tumor or because of pressure buildup inside of your skull. Warning signs may include: […] Medulloblastomas usually grow quickly. The cancer can spread to other parts of your brain and spinal cord through cerebrospinal fluid (a clear fluid that protects your brain and spinal cord from injury). […] If you or your child develops a combination of symptoms like headaches, nausea, confusion or vision changes, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. Those who are already undergoing medulloblastoma treatment should inform their healthcare provider about any side effects. They can help you manage your symptoms and ease your discomfort.

• #61 Medulloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medulloblastoma?lang=us

  Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle (at the superior medullary velum) with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prognosis strongly influenced by surgical resection, the presence of CSF metastases at the time of diagnosis, molecular and histological features and expression of the c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene. […] The growth of these very cellular tumors is often rapid and accounts for their relatively rapid clinical onset. Typically, presentation occurs over a few weeks with features that are dominated by symptoms of raised intracranial pressure as a result of obstructive hydrocephalus. In approximately 40% of patients, there is evidence of CSF seeding at the time of diagnosis and 5% of cases have extra-CNS metastases.

• #62

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/conditions-diseases/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes

  Medulloblastoma is known for its fast-growing nature and aggressive behaviour. The tumour can quickly invade surrounding brain tissue and has a high propensity to spread (metastasise) through the cerebrospinal fluid, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord. This can result in the tumour disseminating to other areas within the central nervous system. In advanced cases, the tumour can metastasise outside the central nervous system, although this is less common. […] The symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumour’s size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include: Headaches that are often worse in the morning or after sleeping, due to increased pressure in the skull. Nausea and vomiting particularly in the morning, associated with raised intracranial pressure. Problems with walking, clumsiness, or unsteadiness. Double vision or abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). Drowsiness or fatigue caused by increased intracranial pressure or the tumour’s effect on brain function. Seizures in some cases.

• #63 What to Know About Medulloblastoma – Neurology, Oncology

  https://healthmatters.nyp.org/what-is-medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma is one of the most common types of malignant brain tumors in children. It is a fast-growing tumor that forms in the lower back part of the brain, and there are approximately 350 new diagnoses a year. […] Patients with medulloblastoma are typically first treated with surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible, followed by radiation and chemotherapy. […] It depends on the child’s age and where the tumor is, and the symptoms may not appear until the tumor has grown. I would put the symptoms into two broad categories. First, if a tumor is growing in the brain, it is often blocking the flow of spinal fluid, which causes pressure in the brain. The symptoms are typically morning headaches, vomiting, and sleepiness. […] Second, especially with medulloblastoma, there are symptoms related to its location in the back of the brain and brain stem. The cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance, so it can impact our ability to walk. Other symptoms are numbness on one side of the face, paralysis, weakness, double vision, or slurred speech. […] Medulloblastoma is one of the fastest-growing tumors within brain tumors. Because a lot of cells are multiplying at the same time, it can double its size quite quickly. There is no exact time frame for its growth, but once it becomes symptomatic, the tumor is quite sizable by that time.

• #64 Symptoms of Medulloblastoma | medulloblastoma.org

  https://medulloblastoma.org/medullo-facts/symptoms-of-medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma symptoms can vary based on the size of the tumor and where it is located. […] Symptoms that may be a sign of pressure within the brain caused by the tumor can include: […] Headaches that may be occasionally relieved by vomiting, especially early morning vomiting […] Seizures […] Vision, hearing, and speech problems […] Nausea […] If the medulloblastoma is in the area of the brain called the cerebellum, symptoms can include: […] Issues with balance, motor skills, or trouble walking, called ataxia […] These symptoms can indicate the medulloblastoma has spread to the spinal cord: […] Numbness in limbs, called neuropathies a pins and needles feeling […] Back pain […] Bowel problems, called incontinence […] Other symptoms of medulloblastoma can include: […] Loss of appetite […] Changes in personality, mood or behavior […] Sleepiness […] Weakness […] Symptoms generally get worse over time.

• #65 Medulloblastoma Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/our-specialities/centre-for-neurosciences/conditions-treatments/medulloblastoma

  If medulloblastoma is left undiagnosed or untreated, it can result in both the growth and the spread of the tumour. The condition can be challenging to manage in such cases, as the spread may increase, and other body parts may be impacted negatively. […] With the progression of medulloblastoma, you may notice changes in activity, energy levels, and other aspects of the body. It can also lead to weakening of the individuals, double vision, uncoordinated movement, and poor balance.

• #66

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes

  Medulloblastoma is known for its fast-growing nature and aggressive behaviour. The tumour can quickly invade surrounding brain tissue and has a high propensity to spread (metastasise) through the cerebrospinal fluid, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord. This can result in the tumour disseminating to other areas within the central nervous system. In advanced cases, the tumour can metastasise outside the central nervous system, although this is less common. […] The symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumour’s size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include: […] Headaches that are often worse in the morning or after sleeping, due to increased pressure in the skull. […] Nausea and vomiting particularly in the morning, associated with raised intracranial pressure. […] Problems with walking, clumsiness, or unsteadiness. […] Double vision or abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). […] Drowsiness or fatigue caused by increased intracranial pressure or the tumour’s effect on brain function. […] Seizures in some cases.

• #67 Medulloblastoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastomas are tumors that often start in the cerebellum. Their growth can disrupt the normal function of the brain, leading to a variety of physical symptoms. Most common include clumsiness, problems with walking, and hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is a condition where fluid builds up in the brain and can lead to headaches, particularly in the early morning, feeling sick, vomiting, double vision and blurry vision. […] This type of tumor often grows into the fourth ventricle of the brain. Thus, its common to see symptoms of obstructive hydrocephalus in these patients, such as vomiting, headaches, and lethargy. The time duration from when symptoms first appear to when this tumor is diagnosed is usually short about two to three months. […] Almost everyone with medulloblastomas show early signs of increased pressure in the skull. This pressure is typically tied to headaches that get worse in the morning and ease up as the day goes on. When Cushings triad symptoms high blood pressure, abnormal breathing, and a reduced heart rate appear, immediate treatment is needed because this indicates a herniation, or shifting, of brain tissues.

• #68 Medulloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431069/

  While leukemias are the most common type of malignancy affecting the pediatric population, brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in this population. Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, constituting nearly 20 percent of all pediatric brain tumors. […] This is a high-grade tumor that has a propensity to spread via the cerebrospinal fluid. Within the first few years of diagnosis, mortality approximates 15%; however, cure rates can reach as high as 60% with current therapeutic modalities. […] Given its origin in the cerebellum with the propensity of locally spreading into the fourth ventricle, patients most often present with a combination of cerebellar signs like clumsiness, gait disturbances, and obstructive hydrocephalus, for example, early morning headaches, nausea/vomiting, double vision, or blurry vision. Since the majority of medulloblastomas arise in the fourth ventricle, obstructive hydrocephalus is not uncommon. These patients may present with emesis, headache, and lethargy. Time from symptom onset to diagnosis is usually short, usually two to three months. Almost all patients have early signs of elevated intracranial pressure that is associated with headache early in the morning and relieved over the course of the day. Patients with Cushing triad usually have impending herniation and need immediate treatment. The tumor in the cerebellum can also lead to ataxia and truncal unsteadiness. If the brain stem is involved, it may lead to cranial nerve palsies that may present as diplopia, hearing loss, facial weakness, and head tilt.

• #69 Medulloblastoma: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/medulloblastoma

  Symptoms related to a medulloblastoma depend on the tumors location. Here are some possible symptoms that can occur. […] People with a medulloblastoma in the cerebellum may have: Issues with walking, balance, and/or fine motor skills. […] If the tumor is causing hydrocephalus, signs and symptoms may include: Headaches, Nausea, Vomiting, Blurred and double vision, Extreme sleepiness, Confusion, Seizures and even passing out. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to the spine, symptoms may include: Weakness or numbness in the arms and/or legs, A change in normal bowel or bladder habits, Spinal pain. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to other organs, symptoms may include: Coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath, Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain. […] Medulloblastomas are very fast-growing. They often spread to other areas of the CNS through CSF. Medulloblastomas can also spread outside the CNS, for example, to the bones, lungs, or lymphatic system. This happens more frequently in children and in adults with recurrent tumors.

• #70 Medulloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medulloblastoma?lang=us

  Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle (at the superior medullary velum) with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prognosis strongly influenced by surgical resection, the presence of CSF metastases at the time of diagnosis, molecular and histological features and expression of the c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene. […] The growth of these very cellular tumors is often rapid and accounts for their relatively rapid clinical onset. Typically, presentation occurs over a few weeks with features that are dominated by symptoms of raised intracranial pressure as a result of obstructive hydrocephalus. In approximately 40% of patients, there is evidence of CSF seeding at the time of diagnosis and 5% of cases have extra-CNS metastases.

• #71 Medulloblastoma (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/medulloblastoma.html

  Medulloblastoma is the most common cancerous (malignant) type of brain tumor. It develops in the cerebellum, a part of the brain near the bottom of the skull. […] When cells grow abnormally or out of control, a tumor (a mass of cells) can form. A tumor in the brain can put pressure on areas of the brain, leading to different symptoms, such as: nighttime or early-morning headaches, nausea, vomiting, trouble walking, dizziness, double vision, clumsiness. […] Medulloblastoma cells can spread to other areas of the brain and spine, so doctors will do more tests.

• #72 Medulloblastoma in adults | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/brain-tumour/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastomas can spread to other parts of the brain or to the spinal cord, usually through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). […] Symptoms may happen if a tumour presses on or grows into nearby areas of the brain. Some symptoms can also happen because the tumour causes a build-up of pressure inside the skull. This may be because of its size, or because the tumour blocks off the normal fluid pathways. This is called raised intracranial pressure. It can cause a build-up of fluid on the brain called hydrocephalus. […] Common symptoms include headaches, often in the morning, being unsteady or having difficulty walking, feeling or being sick, and blurred vision or double vision. […] Other possible symptoms include dizziness and changes in personality and behaviour.

• #73 Medulloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medulloblastoma?lang=us

  Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle (at the superior medullary velum) with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prognosis strongly influenced by surgical resection, the presence of CSF metastases at the time of diagnosis, molecular and histological features and expression of the c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene. […] The growth of these very cellular tumors is often rapid and accounts for their relatively rapid clinical onset. Typically, presentation occurs over a few weeks with features that are dominated by symptoms of raised intracranial pressure as a result of obstructive hydrocephalus. In approximately 40% of patients, there is evidence of CSF seeding at the time of diagnosis and 5% of cases have extra-CNS metastases.

• #74 Medulloblastoma: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/medulloblastoma

  Symptoms related to a medulloblastoma depend on the tumors location. Here are some possible symptoms that can occur. […] People with a medulloblastoma in the cerebellum may have: Issues with walking, balance, and/or fine motor skills. […] If the tumor is causing hydrocephalus, signs and symptoms may include: Headaches, Nausea, Vomiting, Blurred and double vision, Extreme sleepiness, Confusion, Seizures and even passing out. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to the spine, symptoms may include: Weakness or numbness in the arms and/or legs, A change in normal bowel or bladder habits, Spinal pain. […] If a medulloblastoma has spread to other organs, symptoms may include: Coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath, Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain. […] Medulloblastomas are very fast-growing. They often spread to other areas of the CNS through CSF. Medulloblastomas can also spread outside the CNS, for example, to the bones, lungs, or lymphatic system. This happens more frequently in children and in adults with recurrent tumors.

• #75

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/conditions-diseases/medulloblastoma/symptoms-causes

  Medulloblastoma is known for its fast-growing nature and aggressive behaviour. The tumour can quickly invade surrounding brain tissue and has a high propensity to spread (metastasise) through the cerebrospinal fluid, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord. This can result in the tumour disseminating to other areas within the central nervous system. In advanced cases, the tumour can metastasise outside the central nervous system, although this is less common. […] The symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumour’s size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include: Headaches that are often worse in the morning or after sleeping, due to increased pressure in the skull. Nausea and vomiting particularly in the morning, associated with raised intracranial pressure. Problems with walking, clumsiness, or unsteadiness. Double vision or abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). Drowsiness or fatigue caused by increased intracranial pressure or the tumour’s effect on brain function. Seizures in some cases.

• #76 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  After the operation, your child may have difficulties with coordination, weakness in his extremities, and problems with balance. These typically resolve over a course of several weeks. […] „Posterior fossa mutism” is a condition that may occur after surgery. Within 24 hours, the child develops an inability to speak, has problems with balance and has difficulty with swallowing. The condition may range from mild to severe. […] In about 15 percent of the children diagnosed with medulloblastoma, hydrocephalus may develop, requiring a procedure to drain spinal fluid.

• #77 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/braincancer/comments/1adh45z/medulloblastoma_m24/

  I was diagnosed with medulloblastoma grade 4 classic histology located in the 4th ventricle of the brain back in March. […] After surgery I had 6th7th nerve palsy which have improved since (especially 7th which has completely corrected) while 6th nerve palsy continues. I am monocular due to surgery as double vision occurs looking through both my eyes at the same time. During PBT I was tired so often slept through sessions and suffered alopecia and nausea as other side effects. […] Chemotherapy which I have for 9 months in my opinion is much harder and taxing but its important to remember that everyone will handle each drug or what-have-you different.

• #78 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  After the operation, your child may have difficulties with coordination, weakness in his extremities, and problems with balance. These typically resolve over a course of several weeks. […] „Posterior fossa mutism” is a condition that may occur after surgery. Within 24 hours, the child develops an inability to speak, has problems with balance and has difficulty with swallowing. The condition may range from mild to severe. […] In about 15 percent of the children diagnosed with medulloblastoma, hydrocephalus may develop, requiring a procedure to drain spinal fluid.

• #79 Medulloblastoma | Children’s brain tumours

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/brain-tumours/types/medulloblastoma

  Your child might have symptoms for a few weeks or months before they are diagnosed with medulloblastoma. Many symptoms are general and non specific. Some are similar to less serious childhood illnesses. Symptoms might include: […] Some tumours cause a fluid build up in the brain. This is called hydrocephalus. This can cause symptoms. Some of the symptoms might include: […] Posterior fossa syndrome is a group of symptoms that happens after surgery to the back of the brain. Around 25 to 30 out of 100 children (around 25 to 30%) get posterior fossa syndrome. Symptoms can include: […] The symptoms can be very mild or severe. There is no way to know how or if your child will be affected. The symptoms usually develop from one day to a week after surgery. […] The possible side effects of treatment could lead to problems at school or with your child meeting their developmental milestones.

• #80 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/braincancer/comments/1adh45z/medulloblastoma_m24/

  I was diagnosed with medulloblastoma grade 4 classic histology located in the 4th ventricle of the brain back in March. […] After surgery I had 6th7th nerve palsy which have improved since (especially 7th which has completely corrected) while 6th nerve palsy continues. I am monocular due to surgery as double vision occurs looking through both my eyes at the same time. During PBT I was tired so often slept through sessions and suffered alopecia and nausea as other side effects. […] Chemotherapy which I have for 9 months in my opinion is much harder and taxing but its important to remember that everyone will handle each drug or what-have-you different.

• #81 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  After the operation, your child may have difficulties with coordination, weakness in his extremities, and problems with balance. These typically resolve over a course of several weeks. […] „Posterior fossa mutism” is a condition that may occur after surgery. Within 24 hours, the child develops an inability to speak, has problems with balance and has difficulty with swallowing. The condition may range from mild to severe. […] In about 15 percent of the children diagnosed with medulloblastoma, hydrocephalus may develop, requiring a procedure to drain spinal fluid.

• #82 Medulloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431069/

  Current treatment modalities for medulloblastoma combine surgical resection with chemotherapy and radiation. By traditional risk stratification, cure rates in the average-risk group reached three-quarters of patients. However, post-surgical treatment-related neurologic, cognitive, and endocrinologic sequelae, including intellectual retardation and growth hormone deficiency, remain a source of morbidity in up to 80% of survivors. […] The outcomes depend on several factors, including age, stage, the extent of residual disease after surgery, and response to treatment. Children with WNT subtype have a good outcome, whereas those with MYCN or MYC amplification have poor outcomes. Even after successful treatment, many patients are left with permanent residual neurological and cognitive deficits. Children have difficulties with learning, and there is growth impairment. In addition, deficiency of gonadotrophin and thyroid hormones are common. The key reason for these complications is craniospinal radiation.

• #83 Medulloblastoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/m/medulloblastoma

  The most common symptoms of medulloblastoma are headaches and vomiting, or problems with balance and walking. […] Many patients can be cured, but cure often depends on the tumors type and whether it has spread. Although treatments can be effective, nearly all patients can experience long-term side effects. These may include problems with learning, hearing, hormones, growth and fertility.

• #84 Medulloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431069/

  Current treatment modalities for medulloblastoma combine surgical resection with chemotherapy and radiation. By traditional risk stratification, cure rates in the average-risk group reached three-quarters of patients. However, post-surgical treatment-related neurologic, cognitive, and endocrinologic sequelae, including intellectual retardation and growth hormone deficiency, remain a source of morbidity in up to 80% of survivors. […] The outcomes depend on several factors, including age, stage, the extent of residual disease after surgery, and response to treatment. Children with WNT subtype have a good outcome, whereas those with MYCN or MYC amplification have poor outcomes. Even after successful treatment, many patients are left with permanent residual neurological and cognitive deficits. Children have difficulties with learning, and there is growth impairment. In addition, deficiency of gonadotrophin and thyroid hormones are common. The key reason for these complications is craniospinal radiation.

• #85 Medulloblastoma: Subtypes, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor predominantly affecting children. It is aggressive and challenging to treat, but outcomes are often optimistic. […] The challenge with medulloblastoma lies in its aggressive growth and potential to metastasize, or spread, to the spinal cord. […] People with medulloblastoma may experience walking, balance, and fine motor issues. Children may have behavioral or learning difficulties. […] If the tumor blocks CSF, it can lead to hydrocephalus or increased pressure inside the skull. Symptoms of hydrocephalus include: nausea and vomiting, sleepiness, vision issues, headaches, confusion, seizures, fainting. […] If medulloblastoma spreads to the spine, a person may experience: altered bowel or bladder habits, weakness or numbness in the limbs, back pain. […] The survival rates for medulloblastoma have improved significantly with advances in treatment.

• #86 Medulloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431069/

  Current treatment modalities for medulloblastoma combine surgical resection with chemotherapy and radiation. By traditional risk stratification, cure rates in the average-risk group reached three-quarters of patients. However, post-surgical treatment-related neurologic, cognitive, and endocrinologic sequelae, including intellectual retardation and growth hormone deficiency, remain a source of morbidity in up to 80% of survivors. […] The outcomes depend on several factors, including age, stage, the extent of residual disease after surgery, and response to treatment. Children with WNT subtype have a good outcome, whereas those with MYCN or MYC amplification have poor outcomes. Even after successful treatment, many patients are left with permanent residual neurological and cognitive deficits. Children have difficulties with learning, and there is growth impairment. In addition, deficiency of gonadotrophin and thyroid hormones are common. The key reason for these complications is craniospinal radiation.

• #87 The Role of the RNA Helicase DDX3X in Medulloblastoma Progression

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/7/803

  Current therapeutic strategies possibly over-treat children with the WNT subtype, which is dangerous and leads to long term neurocognitive defects. Furthermore, radiation and broad-based chemotherapies often cause later developmental and neurocognitive defects even if patients are not over-treated. […] Overall, the sequencing results suggest that these missense mutations have a specific effect on DDX3X function and do not represent a straightforward loss-of-function phenotype.

• #88 Medulloblastoma | Children’s brain tumours

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/brain-tumours/types/medulloblastoma

  Your child might have symptoms for a few weeks or months before they are diagnosed with medulloblastoma. Many symptoms are general and non specific. Some are similar to less serious childhood illnesses. Symptoms might include: […] Some tumours cause a fluid build up in the brain. This is called hydrocephalus. This can cause symptoms. Some of the symptoms might include: […] Posterior fossa syndrome is a group of symptoms that happens after surgery to the back of the brain. Around 25 to 30 out of 100 children (around 25 to 30%) get posterior fossa syndrome. Symptoms can include: […] The symptoms can be very mild or severe. There is no way to know how or if your child will be affected. The symptoms usually develop from one day to a week after surgery. […] The possible side effects of treatment could lead to problems at school or with your child meeting their developmental milestones.

• #89 Medulloblastomas – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/medulloblastomas

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma are typically related to increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure) and dysfunction of the cerebellum. […] Symptoms may include vomiting, clumsiness, walking unsteadily, or trouble maintaining balance. Children also may have headaches, nausea, lethargy, and double vision. […] For children older than 3 years, the chances of surviving cancer-free for 5 years is about 80% if the tumor is average risk and about 60 to 70% if it is high risk. […] For children 3 years old and younger, outcome is harder to predict, but overall survival is poor. In about 40% of these children, the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. In addition, radiation therapy is typically delayed or not done in this age group to avoid side effects affecting the developing brain. Children who survive are at risk of severe long-term mental deficits. For example, intellectual development is more likely to be affected, and they may have difficulty learning, remembering, and making decisions. […] Certain types of medulloblastomas have a very good prognosis, with 90 to 100% overall survival.

• #90 Medulloblastoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/m/medulloblastoma

  The most common symptoms of medulloblastoma are headaches and vomiting, or problems with balance and walking. […] Many patients can be cured, but cure often depends on the tumors type and whether it has spread. Although treatments can be effective, nearly all patients can experience long-term side effects. These may include problems with learning, hearing, hormones, growth and fertility.

• #91 Medulloblastoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/m/medulloblastoma

  The most common symptoms of medulloblastoma are headaches and vomiting, or problems with balance and walking. […] Many patients can be cured, but cure often depends on the tumors type and whether it has spread. Although treatments can be effective, nearly all patients can experience long-term side effects. These may include problems with learning, hearing, hormones, growth and fertility.

• #92 Medulloblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastomas (also called embryonal tumours) are a type of brain tumour in children. They usually start in the cerebellum. Medulloblastomas are fast-growing, high-grade tumours that often spread through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to other parts of the central nervous system. But they also respond well to treatment. […] A medulloblastoma is average risk if: the child is older than 3 years old; the tumour was completely removed with surgery or only a very small amount left behind; the tumour has not spread to other parts of the brain or into the CSF. […] A medulloblastoma is high risk if: the child is older than 3 years old; some of the tumour is not removed with surgery; the tumour has spread to other parts of the brain or into the CSF; the tumour is either the large cell or anaplastic subtype of medulloblastoma.

• #93 Childhood Medulloblastoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other complex motor functions. […] Brain tumors can cause a variety of symptoms in children based on their age and the location of the tumor. Keep in mind that medulloblastoma symptoms may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] While your child may experience symptoms differently, common medulloblastoma symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Lethargy, Imbalance and lack of coordination, Problems with motor skills (such as writing), Neck tilt or double vision, Changes in personality or behavior, Seizures. […] Rarely, medulloblastoma can spread into the central nervous system or the spinal canal, and your child may experience: Loss of strength in the lower extremities, Back pain, Bowel and bladder control issues, Difficulty walking. […] The outcome for children with medulloblastoma has improved dramatically over the past several decades. […] The outcomes in infants remain poor and many studies are underway to evaluate new treatment strategies in infants.

• #94 Medulloblastoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/medulloblastoma/

  Looking at survival rates, when it comes to average risk patients those with no significant remaining tumor and no evidence of spreading the five-year survival rate is 85%. […] For those in the high-risk group, the five-year survival rate drops to less than 40%. […] Survival rates can vary even more for children less than three years old, ranging from 30-70%. Where metastatic disease (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) is present, the prognosis is worse. However, children with SHH or WNT activated lesions generally have better survival rates.

• #95 Medulloblastoma/PNET | The Royal Marsden

  https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/your-care/cancer-types/paediatric-cancers/medulloblastomapnet

  The symptoms are usually due to increased pressure in the head (raised intracranial pressure). Symptoms include: nausea and vomiting (most common) […] If the tumour spreads to the spinal cord, the signs and symptoms may include: back pain […] The majority of children with a localised tumour removed by the surgeon and who also have intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy in a reduced dose to the brain and spine are cured. Children who have PNET, an incomplete removal of tumour at initial surgery, or evidence of the tumour having spread, have a poorer outlook. […] The treatment of infants is difficult. This is because of the need to delay, avoid or reduce radiotherapy to the brain and spine, because of the damaging effects of radiation on the young developing brain.

• #96 Medulloblastomas – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/medulloblastomas

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma are typically related to increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure) and dysfunction of the cerebellum. […] Symptoms may include vomiting, clumsiness, walking unsteadily, or trouble maintaining balance. Children also may have headaches, nausea, lethargy, and double vision. […] For children older than 3 years, the chances of surviving cancer-free for 5 years is about 80% if the tumor is average risk and about 60 to 70% if it is high risk. […] For children 3 years old and younger, outcome is harder to predict, but overall survival is poor. In about 40% of these children, the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. In addition, radiation therapy is typically delayed or not done in this age group to avoid side effects affecting the developing brain. Children who survive are at risk of severe long-term mental deficits. For example, intellectual development is more likely to be affected, and they may have difficulty learning, remembering, and making decisions. […] Certain types of medulloblastomas have a very good prognosis, with 90 to 100% overall survival.

• #97 Medulloblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/medulloblastoma.html

  Medulloblastoma symptoms include: […] Headache, which is often worse in the morning or improves after vomiting […] Nausea and vomiting […] Tiredness or changes in activity levels […] Dizziness […] Loss of balance, clumsiness […] Handwriting problems […] Vision changes […] If the tumor has spread to the spinal cord, symptoms may include: […] Back pain […] Problems walking […] Problems urinating or change in bowel function. […] Medulloblastomas are fast growing. These tumors often spread to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. […] The overall survival rate for childhood medulloblastoma in the United States is 70-80% (7-8 of 10) if the disease has not spread. If the disease has spread, the survival rate is about 60% (6 of 10). […] Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma depend on several factors. They include the size and location of the tumor and the child’s age and stage of development. […] Many symptoms of medulloblastoma are due to fluid buildup.

• #98 Medulloblastoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/medulloblastoma/

  Looking at survival rates, when it comes to average risk patients those with no significant remaining tumor and no evidence of spreading the five-year survival rate is 85%. […] For those in the high-risk group, the five-year survival rate drops to less than 40%. […] Survival rates can vary even more for children less than three years old, ranging from 30-70%. Where metastatic disease (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) is present, the prognosis is worse. However, children with SHH or WNT activated lesions generally have better survival rates.

• #99 Medulloblastoma: Subtypes, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/medulloblastoma

  The 5-year survival rate for people with an average-risk tumor is 85%. It is 40% or less for people with high risk tumors. In children under age 3 years, survival rates vary from 30-70%. […] Some factors affecting a person’s outlook may include: age, tumor subtype, extent of tumor spread, treatment response.

• #100 Medulloblastoma

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Library/Encyclopedia/134,555

  Medulloblastoma is a rare type of brain cancer. It most often affects children. But in very rare cases, it can happen in adults. It usually affects adults between 20 and 40 years old. These tumors start in the cerebellum, which is near the lower back of the brain. The cerebellum controls movement, balance, and coordination. […] Symptoms of medulloblastoma may quickly get worse as the tumor grows. Sometimes a brain tumor may block the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure. This may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Because the tumor is often in the cerebellum, it may affect balance and coordination early on. […] Some of the general symptoms of medulloblastoma include: Headaches (often tend to be worse in the morning). Balance problems or clumsiness. Changes in thinking ability. Dizziness. Double vision or other eye problems. Tiredness and lack of energy (fatigue). Nausea and vomiting. Hearing loss. Irritability and changed behavior.

• #101 Medulloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medulloblastoma?lang=us

  Prognosis is most strongly influenced by molecular subtype: WNT: very good; SHH: infants good, others intermediate; group 3: poor; group 4: intermediate. Traditionally, and still relevant in addition to molecular characteristics, prognosis is considered poor if young age at diagnosis (3 years of age), incomplete surgical resection (1.5 cm3 residual), and presence of CSF metastases at the time of diagnosis; common in infants and children (~25%) and uncommon in adults (~2%).

• #102 Medulloblastoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/medulloblastoma/

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumor’s size and location but may include: […] Headaches: Often worse in the morning and may worsen over time. […] Nausea and Vomiting: Particularly if increased intracranial pressure is present. […] Balance and Coordination Issues: Difficulty walking or maintaining balance due to cerebellar involvement. […] Vision Problems: Double vision or difficulty focusing may occur. […] Changes in Behavior or Cognitive Function: As the tumor affects brain regions, cognitive changes may arise. […] The prognosis for medulloblastoma varies based on several factors, including the tumor subtype, the extent of resection, age at diagnosis, and response to treatment. Generally, WNT-activated tumors have the best prognosis, while Group 3 tumors tend to have the poorest outcomes. Advances in treatment protocols have improved survival rates over the past few decades, but long-term follow-up is essential due to potential late effects of treatment.

• #103 Medulloblastomas – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/medulloblastomas

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma are typically related to increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure) and dysfunction of the cerebellum. […] Symptoms may include vomiting, clumsiness, walking unsteadily, or trouble maintaining balance. Children also may have headaches, nausea, lethargy, and double vision. […] For children older than 3 years, the chances of surviving cancer-free for 5 years is about 80% if the tumor is average risk and about 60 to 70% if it is high risk. […] For children 3 years old and younger, outcome is harder to predict, but overall survival is poor. In about 40% of these children, the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. In addition, radiation therapy is typically delayed or not done in this age group to avoid side effects affecting the developing brain. Children who survive are at risk of severe long-term mental deficits. For example, intellectual development is more likely to be affected, and they may have difficulty learning, remembering, and making decisions. […] Certain types of medulloblastomas have a very good prognosis, with 90 to 100% overall survival.

• #104 Medulloblastoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/medulloblastoma/

  In addition to these symptoms, the tumor can cause ataxia, a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements, and unsteadiness of the trunk of the body. If the tumor extends to the brain stem, it could result in cranial nerve problems. Symptoms could include double vision, hearing loss, weakness in the facial muscles, and a tilt of the head. […] The chances of recovering from medulloblastoma, a type of brain tumor common in children, largely depends upon a variety of factors. These include the patients age, the stage of the tumor, how much of the tumor remains after surgery, and how well the patient responds to treatment. […] For instance, children with the WNT subtype of medulloblastoma typically have a better chance of recovery. However, children with MYCN or MYC types tend not to fare as well. Unfortunately, even after successful treatment, many patients may experience long-term neurological and cognitive issues. These can involve learning difficulties, problems with growth, and hormonal imbalances. The primary cause of these complications is the craniospinal radiation used in treatment.

• #105 Medulloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medulloblastoma?lang=us

  Prognosis is most strongly influenced by molecular subtype: WNT: very good; SHH: infants good, others intermediate; group 3: poor; group 4: intermediate. Traditionally, and still relevant in addition to molecular characteristics, prognosis is considered poor if young age at diagnosis (3 years of age), incomplete surgical resection (1.5 cm3 residual), and presence of CSF metastases at the time of diagnosis; common in infants and children (~25%) and uncommon in adults (~2%).

• #106 Medulloblastoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/medulloblastoma/

  Looking at survival rates, when it comes to average risk patients those with no significant remaining tumor and no evidence of spreading the five-year survival rate is 85%. […] For those in the high-risk group, the five-year survival rate drops to less than 40%. […] Survival rates can vary even more for children less than three years old, ranging from 30-70%. Where metastatic disease (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) is present, the prognosis is worse. However, children with SHH or WNT activated lesions generally have better survival rates.

• #107 Diagnosis of Medulloblastoma | medulloblastoma.org

  https://medulloblastoma.org/medullo-facts/diagnosis-of-medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, with about 400-500 new diagnoses per year in the United States. […] The signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma prompt an evaluation that includes a neurological exam by a doctor, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Often with medulloblastoma there is pressure in the brain being caused by too much cerebrospinal fluid. This is a condition called hydrocephalus. […] All medulloblastomas are grade 4 tumors, because they are malignant (cancerous), aggressive tumors. […] Group 3 tumors account for about 25% of all cases of medulloblastoma. Chance of spreading (metastasis) is high. […] Group 4 medulloblastoma is diagnosed most often, making up about 35% of all cases. Metastasis occurs often.

• #108 Medulloblastoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/medulloblastoma/

  Symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumor’s size and location but may include: […] Headaches: Often worse in the morning and may worsen over time. […] Nausea and Vomiting: Particularly if increased intracranial pressure is present. […] Balance and Coordination Issues: Difficulty walking or maintaining balance due to cerebellar involvement. […] Vision Problems: Double vision or difficulty focusing may occur. […] Changes in Behavior or Cognitive Function: As the tumor affects brain regions, cognitive changes may arise. […] The prognosis for medulloblastoma varies based on several factors, including the tumor subtype, the extent of resection, age at diagnosis, and response to treatment. Generally, WNT-activated tumors have the best prognosis, while Group 3 tumors tend to have the poorest outcomes. Advances in treatment protocols have improved survival rates over the past few decades, but long-term follow-up is essential due to potential late effects of treatment.

• #109 Diagnosis of Medulloblastoma | medulloblastoma.org

  https://medulloblastoma.org/medullo-facts/diagnosis-of-medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, with about 400-500 new diagnoses per year in the United States. […] The signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma prompt an evaluation that includes a neurological exam by a doctor, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Often with medulloblastoma there is pressure in the brain being caused by too much cerebrospinal fluid. This is a condition called hydrocephalus. […] All medulloblastomas are grade 4 tumors, because they are malignant (cancerous), aggressive tumors. […] Group 3 tumors account for about 25% of all cases of medulloblastoma. Chance of spreading (metastasis) is high. […] Group 4 medulloblastoma is diagnosed most often, making up about 35% of all cases. Metastasis occurs often.

• #110 Medulloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medulloblastoma?lang=us

  Prognosis is most strongly influenced by molecular subtype: WNT: very good; SHH: infants good, others intermediate; group 3: poor; group 4: intermediate. Traditionally, and still relevant in addition to molecular characteristics, prognosis is considered poor if young age at diagnosis (3 years of age), incomplete surgical resection (1.5 cm3 residual), and presence of CSF metastases at the time of diagnosis; common in infants and children (~25%) and uncommon in adults (~2%).

• #111 Medulloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22591-medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma symptoms can vary depending on several factors, including your age, the size of the tumor and its stage of development. These symptoms may depend on the location of the tumor or because of pressure buildup inside of your skull. Warning signs may include: […] Medulloblastomas usually grow quickly. The cancer can spread to other parts of your brain and spinal cord through cerebrospinal fluid (a clear fluid that protects your brain and spinal cord from injury). […] If you or your child develops a combination of symptoms like headaches, nausea, confusion or vision changes, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. Those who are already undergoing medulloblastoma treatment should inform their healthcare provider about any side effects. They can help you manage your symptoms and ease your discomfort.

• #112 Medulloblastoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Seizures: Though less common, a new onset of seizures can occur, especially if the tumor causes significant pressure in the brain. […] If you or your loved one is exhibiting persistent or worsening symptoms, it’s vital you see a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis of medulloblastomas can lead to better outcomes after treatment.

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