Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Medulloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431069/

  Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, constituting nearly 20 percent of all pediatric brain tumors. […] Surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy are the mainstay of therapy, with five-year survival rates ranging between 20 and 100 percent. […] Treatment-related cognitive, neurologic, and endocrinologic effects remain a debilitating concern and an impetus for research for additional therapeutic modalities. […] The diagnosis and management of medulloblastoma are best done by an interprofessional team that consists of a pediatrician, neurologist, neurosurgeon, oncologist, radiation therapist, and specialty trained nurses. […] The oncology nurse is vital for patient monitoring and educating the patient and family. […] By traditional risk stratification, cure rates in the average-risk group reached three-quarters of patients. However, post-surgical treatment-related neurologic, cognitive, and endocrinologic sequelae, including intellectual retardation and growth hormone deficiency, remain a source of morbidity in up to 80% of survivors. […] For those who survive, complete functional recovery may take months or even years, but an interprofessional team will optimize outcomes.

• #1 Childhood Medulloblastoma Program | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/childhood-brain-tumors/programs/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor that accounts for 15 to 20 percent of childhood brain tumors. Most medulloblastomas occur in children between the ages of three and eight, but they can be seen in children and adults of any age. […] As a pediatric cancer center, we have a top team of pediatric oncologists and neurologists who understand the specific needs of children with medulloblastoma. We also offer extra support services to children and families, including child life specialists, nutritionists, and counselors. […] We diagnose and treat children with medulloblastoma in conjunction with experts at our Childhood Brain Tumor Center. […] The main treatments we use for medulloblastoma include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery removes or reduces the size of the tumor and helps to relieve hydrocephalus symptoms, a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid that causes increased pressure in the brain.

• #1 Medulloblastoma: optimizing care with a multidisciplinary approach | JMDH

  https://www.dovepress.com/medulloblastoma-optimizing-care-with-a-multidisciplinary-approach-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH

  Medulloblastoma is a malignant tumor of the cerebellum and the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children. The standard of care consists of maximal resection surgery, followed by craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy. Such treatment allows long-term survival rates of nearly 70%; however, there are wide disparities among patient outcomes, and in any case, major long-term morbidity is observed with conventional treatment. […] The standard of care for medulloblastomas is currently based on their clinical classification. For all medulloblastomas, treatment is multimodal, and the first step consists of maximal safe resection surgery. Within 30 days after surgery, RT is initiated. […] In infants, treatment consists exclusively of surgery, followed by high-dose CT due to the particularly devastating radiation-induced morbidity at this young age.

• #1 5 Innovative Medulloblastoma Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/medulloblastoma/medulloblastoma-treatment.html

  At MD Anderson, medulloblastoma treatment is carefully designed by a team of highly specialized experts. […] Each patient is also cared for by a specially trained staff of nurses, therapists and other care professionals. For pediatric patients, this team remains with your child from diagnosis through follow-up, providing consistency and peace of mind. […] Medulloblastoma treatment is customized based on several factors, including, the patients age and health, the size and location of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the nervous system or the body. […] Medulloblastoma treatment almost always includes surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible as safely as possible to minimize damaging the surrounding brain tissue. […] After surgery, most children receive chemotherapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells.

• #1 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to provide care for patients with brain tumor. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals with brain tumor. […] Nursing care planning goals for a patient with a brain tumor center on relieving pain, reducing anxiety, and promoting an understanding of the signs and symptoms of increased ICP and expected changes in body appearance related to the planned cranial surgery. […] Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with brain tumors based on the nurses clinical judgement and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The child will rate pain as less than (specify pain rating and scale used). The parent will verbalize reduced anxiety. The child will appear relaxed, with an absence of crying or irritability. The child will not exhibit signs of increased intracranial pressure and will participate in teaching about treatment options.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jnnonline/fulltext/2023/10000/life_experience_of_chinese_pediatric.5.aspx

  Pediatric medulloblastoma survivors face challenges in the physical, psychological, and social aspects of their health, along with multiple unmet healthcare needs. […] Nurses should comprehensively assess the survivor’s needs from admission, plan for discharge, and provide regular follow-up care after discharge. […] Furthermore, nurses should collaborate with caregivers, clinicians, and schoolteachers to develop programs aimed at enhancing the quality of life for survivors. […] The findings revealed that nearly all survivors faced neurological impairments that significantly impacted their lives. […] The presence of physical dysfunction and limited social interactions caused considerable psychological stress among the survivors. […] Nursing psychological interventions play a vital role in overcoming psychological barriers.

• #1 Medulloblastoma: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/medulloblastoma

  The first treatment for medulloblastoma is surgery, if possible. The goal of surgery is to obtain tissue to determine the tumor type and remove as much tumor as possible without causing more symptoms for the person. […] Most people with medulloblastomas also receive additional treatments. These may include radiation, chemotherapy, or clinical trials. Because this disease tends to spread in the brain and spine, surgery is usually followed by radiation to the entire brain and spine (called craniospinal radiation). Proton beam radiation therapy is often recommended, because of problems with bone marrow and surrounding organs that occur due to brain and spine radiation. […] Chemotherapy is often part of the treatment plan, depending on the tumor subtype, how much the tumor has spread, how the person responds to treatment, the side effects, and the impact on their quality of life.

• #1 Medulloblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1181219-treatment

  Frequent neurologic assessment by the nursing staff is extremely important. Any further decline in mental status is indication for administration of hypertonic saline and emergent neurosurgical consultation for placement of an external ventricular drain. […] Lower cranial nerve or cerebellar signs also may signal recurrence. […] Any signs of change in mental status are indications for outpatient visits, as they may herald hydrocephalus and possible recurrence. […] Steroids are typically tapered to off, however some patients may require low dose steroid therapy depending on the extent of disease. Adverse effects of steroids must be monitored. […] Radiation therapy is an outpatient procedure typically performed at least 2 weeks following operative intervention in order to allow adequate surgical incision healing.

• #1 Childhood Medulloblastoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-medulloblastoma

  After surgery, your child may have difficulties with coordination, weakness in their extremities, and problems with balance. These typically resolve over a course of several weeks. Our physical and occupational therapists will work with your child to treat these issues. […] Beyond initial treatment, we continue to care for the physical, mental, and emotional health needs of children with brain tumors through our extensive pediatric cancer survivorship programs, including the Stop Shop Family Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Clinic for pediatric brain tumor survivors. These services address health and social issues, ranging from motor function evaluation and physical therapy to return-to-school and learning programs. […] Children treated for a medulloblastoma should visit a survivorship clinic every year: To manage disease complications, To be screened for early recurrence of tumor, To manage late effects of treatment. […] Our treatment team includes specialists dedicated to treating children with medulloblastoma.

• #1

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/neuro-oncology/management/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastomas are treated with surgical resection, followed by craniospinal radiation with or without chemotherapy. […] An attempt should be made to excise as much as possible the gross tumour. […] Because of the propensity of metastasis through the spinal axis, postoperative radiotherapy to the entire craniospinal axis is the standard treatment in patients with medulloblastomas. […] Hair loss and general fatigue are common during craniospinal radiation. […] The role of chemotherapy is not well defined for adult medulloblastomas. […] Patients considered high risk for recurrence are those with gross residual disease and evidence of intracranial or spinal axis dissemination. […] Many combination therapies have been tried with no superiority of one protocol over another. […] If chemotherapy is given, it is usually started after surgery and radiation is completed. […] After relapse, there is no standard of care for salvage therapy and outcomes are generally poor.

• #1 Advances in medulloblastoma treatment for children – Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center Blog

  https://cancerblog.mayoclinic.org/2024/05/29/advances-in-medulloblastoma-treatment-for-children/

  Though rare, medulloblastoma is the most common cancerous brain tumor in children. Medulloblastomas are fast-growing, aggressive tumors, but Dr. Schwartz says a better understanding of their biology, new drugs, technology and treatment techniques have improved outcomes for children. Medulloblastoma treatment depends on tumor type and your child’s age. „Treatment usually involves safely removing as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy,” says Dr. Schwartz. In children younger than 4, Dr. Schwartz says care teams use radiation-sparing techniques, which reduce damage to healthy tissue, and high doses of chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant (bone marrow transplant). If medulloblastoma recurs, Dr. Schwartz says care teams turn to other aggressive treatments, including chemotherapy and clinical trials for vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, and other viral therapies. Understanding these differences between medulloblastoma tumors has helped care teams tailor treatment plans for each child and their tumor type and improve survival and quality of life. Dr. Schwartz says families should seek care from healthcare professionals who can offer a comprehensive team approach and the latest technology. He says a team of brain tumor specialists who have cared for a high volume of children with medulloblastoma can offer the best possible diagnosis, care and outcomes. Proton beam therapy, which delivers precise radiotherapy with lower doses of radiation to healthy tissue, is also important for children whose organs are still developing, says Dr. Schwartz. If your child has been diagnosed with medulloblastoma, Dr. Schwartz wants you to know there is hope and help available.

• #1 Medulloblastoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/medulloblastoma?content_id=CON-20117910

  Surgery to remove the medulloblastoma. The goal of surgery is to remove all of the medulloblastoma. But sometimes it’s not possible to fully remove the tumor because it forms near important structures deep within the brain. Most people with medulloblastoma need more treatments after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. […] Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams of energy to specific points on the body. Radiation therapy is often used after surgery. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. Typically, children and adults with medulloblastoma receive these medicines as an injection into veins. Chemotherapy may be used after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s done at the same time as radiation therapy.

• #1 General Physical Care of a Child with Medulloblastoma

  https://medulloblastoma.org/treatment/patient-care/general-care/

  Infection can be a serious risk for your child, especially if he/she is receiving chemotherapy agents. […] If your child has any difficulty taking the medications or experiences side effects, let your doctor or nurse practitioner know as soon as possible so they can advise you about what to do. […] If you think your child might be in pain, please talk with your doctor or nurse/nurse practitioner about ways to manage your child’s pain. […] Each child reacts differently to pain, so it is important to understand how your child expresses pain. […] If your child is experiencing increasing pain, even though he/she is on strong pain medication, other medicines can be added to help the pain medicines work better. […] Every child is unique, so the plan for managing your child’s pain should be the one that works best for him/her.

• #1 Surviving Medulloblastoma, A Decade On | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/patient-stories/haileys-story/

  We knew early on that she had an injury to her hearing, a chemo side effect that is extremely common for medulloblastoma treatment, said Dr. Ginn. […] Dr. Ginn said they test hearing after every cycle of chemotherapy and make adjustments to the dosage or kind of chemo. Haileys high-frequency hearing loss has remained stable since the original chemo-induced injury. […] In our clinic, we balance making sure families know about late effects and what to watch for…but not be so hypervigilant that they cant relax and enjoy life, said Joy Fulbright, MD, director of the Survive Thrive Clinic, which provides care for around 500 pediatric cancer survivors. […] Each patient receives a passport for care, which details the cancer care they received, potential effects, and what types of monitoring are necessary. The patient can take this passport with them when they transition to adult care. In Haileys case, the drugs that destroyed her brain tumor also put her at high risk for hormonal imbalances and fertility issues as she gets older and at a small risk for secondary leukemia. […] Cancer survivors, in general, also have an increased risk of anxiety and depression. The clinic provides psychosocial resources to support families and patients as they transition to life as survivors.

• #1 Medulloblastoma | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastomas are tumors that develop in the brain, most commonly in a region called the cerebellum. […] Nationwide Children’s Hospital offers a team of experts focused on the care of children with medulloblastomas. […] Treatment for medulloblastomas will be individualized based on your child’s age, whether the tumor has spread, and certain features of the tumor. Your child’s treatment may include some or all of the following: […] Supportive Care – Treatment can cause side effects. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, nausea and vomiting. This an important part of cancer care. […] Improving the quality of life of survivors of brain and spine tumors is an area of much ongoing research and continued progress. […] The Neuro-Oncology Program at Nationwide Children’s Hospital offers clinical excellence in treating children, adolescents, and young adults with brain and spine tumors. Patients and their families will be supported by a multi-disciplinary team of providers, all dedicated to ensuring that the patient has the best possible outcomes.

• #1 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with brain tumors may include: Patients with brain tumors may experience pain due to the compression of sensitive structures, increased pressure within the skull, and the invasion of nerve pathways. […] Patients with a brain tumor may experience anxiety due to uncertainty about prognosis, fear of the unknown, concerns about the tumors impact on their daily life, and changes in cognitive function or personality caused by the tumor or treatment. […] Patients with brain tumors are prone to injury due to several factors, such as impaired cognition, altered sensory perception, and motor deficits. These can lead to falls, seizures, and other accidents. Safety and injury prevention for patients with brain tumors involves implementing measures to minimize the risk of falls and ensuring a safe environment.

• #1 Pediatric medulloblastoma – Children’s Health Oncology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and only rarely affects adults. […] Medulloblastomas can press into the brain or spinal cord, which can affect your child’s ability to think, move and do other tasks. These tumors can cause symptoms such as: General weakness or lack of energy, Headaches, Loss of balance or trouble walking, Nausea and vomiting, Trouble with handwriting or speech, Problems with coordination, Seizures, Unusual sleepiness, Weakness on one side of the face. […] We adjust our approach depending on your child’s age and their type of tumor. Treatments may include: Surgery – We remove as much of the tumor as possible when we do the biopsy. This can reduce your child’s symptoms and give us a head start on treatment. Radiation – For children age 3 or older, we can treat their tumor with radiation therapy. We offer both X-ray radiation and proton therapy, which is more precise and has fewer side effects. […] Our experience and teamwork help us act quickly to treat your child’s cancer and reduce their pain and symptoms.

• #1 Medulloblastoma Treatment | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/medulloblastoma/types/treatment

  Medulloblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor that primarily affects children but can also be diagnosed in adults. Treating this condition typically involves a combination of therapies, each designed to remove or control the tumor and minimize potential damage to healthy brain tissue. […] Early and comprehensive treatment plays a crucial role in improving the overall prognosis and survival rate. […] Supportive care plays an important role in managing the side effects of therapy and maintaining quality of life during and after treatment. […] Side effects from surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and cognitive challenges. Medications, lifestyle adjustments, and therapy can help manage these side effects, making the treatment process more tolerable.

• #1 Medulloblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/medulloblastoma.html

  Targeted therapies work by acting on, or targeting, specific features of tumor cells. In some tumors, there are changes in the genes and proteins that control tumor cell growth and division. […] Medulloblastoma survivors can have a variety of treatment-related problems. Ongoing follow-up care, lab tests, and routine MRI scans can monitor patients after treatment. […] Monitoring should focus on early detection of recurrence (cancer coming back) as well as long-term and late effects of treatment. Care should also include rehabilitation and neurological consultation. Your childs care team can help you decide the best plan for your child. […] Childhood cancer survivors should have long-term follow-up health care. Some treatments can cause late effects. These are health problems that happen months or years after treatment has ended.

• #1 Surviving Medulloblastoma, A Decade On | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/patient-stories/haileys-story/

  Kevin Ginn, MD, neuro-oncologist and Director of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, treated Hailey as a toddler and explained that the highest chance of medulloblastoma relapse is within the first two years. […] We still do MRIs yearly up to at least 10 years out for medulloblastoma, said Dr. Ginn. „She just had her last imaging and was clean. […] Balancing effective treatment with long-term impacts is a very real part of pediatric oncology. A decade ago, Haileys care team opted for three courses of chemotherapy, a stem cell harvest and three courses of high-dose chemotherapy followed by a stem cell rescue. This allowed them to avoid radiation treatment, which can be especially damaging to young childrens developing brain tissue. But high-dose chemotherapy comes with its own short-term and late-effect risks.

• #1 Medulloblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1181219-treatment

  Imaging is the primary mode of monitoring residual disease, efficacy of continuing medical treatment, and recurrence or metastasis. Because medulloblastoma is aggressive, frequent monitoring is essential. MRI should be repeated every 3 months the first year; every 4-6 months the second year; and yearly thereafter.

• #1 Medulloblastoma (Child) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/medulloblastoma-child-0

  Medulloblastoma is a rare type of brain cancer. It can occur in children and young adults, but is more common in young children. […] The healthcare team will work with you to decide the best treatment plan for your child. The plan depends on the type of tumor, tumor risk, and where it is. Your child’s first treatment will likely be surgery. This is done to remove as much of the cancer as safely possible. The tumor is sent to a lab for testing to learn more about the cancer. After surgery, your child may need radiation therapy. Chemotherapy is also a likely part of treatment for medulloblastoma. Your child may get high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation if the tumor comes back after treatment. […] Most children with medulloblastoma have good outcomes. But in some cases, the tumor comes back after treatment. To watch for this and long-term treatment complications, your child will need to see the cancer care team regularly. They will likely need to have follow-up MRI scans in the weeks after surgery and then a few times a year after that. Your child may also benefit from long-term therapy from healthcare providers who focus on childhood cancer survivors.

• #1 Medulloblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/medulloblastoma.html

  It is important to have regular checkups and screenings by a primary health care provider. Your child should get a survivorship care plan after completing treatment. It includes guidance on health screenings, disease risk factors, and ways to improve health. […] Survivors should share this plan with their health care providers.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jnnonline/fulltext/2023/10000/life_experience_of_chinese_pediatric.5.aspx

  Nurses should continuously monitor the psychological state of survivors during hospitalization and provide health education before discharge. […] Encouraging caregivers to maintain open communication with survivors is crucial for preventing serious negative emotions. […] Implementing long-term follow-up care plans that use smart healthcare services and web-based clinical tools may be an effective approach to meet survivors’ needs. […] These plans should be initiated during the patient’s first admission, and nurses, as key members of the program, should develop appropriate discharge plans. […] Establishing an information exchange platform between community hospitals and higher-level healthcare facilities is crucial to facilitate seamless communication and coordination. […] Community nurses and inpatient nurses should take responsibility for supervision, education, and care to ensure timely access to effective treatment and prevent delays.

• #1 Medulloblastoma (for Parents) – Humana – Ohio

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaOhio/en/parents/medulloblastoma.html?WT.ac=p-ra

  New information about genetic changes in medulloblastoma tumors has led to many new treatments that specifically target these changes. […] Doctors are always looking for better ways to treat medulloblastoma. Some patients might be candidates for a clinical trial. […] A team of specialists works together to care for a child with medulloblastoma. They may include: […] If your child has medulloblastoma, it can feel overwhelming. Its normal to feel sad, scared, and even angry. It helps to find support from members of the care team, friends and family, and other parents whove gone through it. […] When talking about it with your child, its best to be honest, but give information that fits your childs age and emotional maturity. Make sure kids know that the tumor isnt the result of anything they did. If you need help answering questions, or dont know what to say, a member of the care team can help.

• #1 Childhood Medulloblastoma Program | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/childhood-brain-tumors/programs/medulloblastoma

  Your child’s medical team will continue to care for them after active treatment is complete. Follow-up care includes regular check-ups and monitoring, and support for your child’s mental, physical, and emotional health. […] Our pediatric cancer survivorship programs, including the Stop Shop Family Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Clinic for survivors of brain and spinal cord tumors, is here to provide your child and family with a wide variety of follow-up care. […] Our researchers have made significant advancements in medulloblastoma care and treatment. […] At the core of the treatment team is a neuro-oncologist with medulloblastoma treatment expertise. Many of our brain tumor specialists are also active researchers, so our patients have access to clinical trials and the most advanced treatments.

• #1 Medulloblastoma | Mays Cancer Center

  https://cancer.uthscsa.edu/cancer-care/types-and-treatments/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a rare malignant brain tumor (brain cancer) that most commonly affects young children. Families from South Texas and beyond trust Mays Cancer Center for our specialized skill and leading medulloblastoma treatments. […] Our team has additional training in pediatric neurosurgery and pediatric oncology. We offer precise, personalized care for rare and complex brain tumors in children of all ages. Our deep experience treating rare childhood cancers with radiation therapies helps us deliver precise care with a focus on childrens long-term health and comfort. […] Our teams clinical psychologists and social workers understand the changes and stressors a medulloblastoma diagnosis can create for families. We guide families to resources that can help them navigate the challenges they face throughout cancer treatment.

• #1 General Physical Care of a Child with Medulloblastoma

  https://medulloblastoma.org/treatment/patient-care/general-care/

  Every child is unique in the symptoms and care needs they will have at home. Your child may have none of the needs mentioned here, some of them, or all of them at any given time during the Medulloblastoma journey. […] It is important to know what to expect and how to provide care for your child so he/she can stay at home and out of the hospital as often as possible. […] This section covers such issues as prevention, medications, breathing problems, nutrition/feeding issues, constipation, skin breakdown, nausea/vomiting, pain, mobility issues, sleeping, caring for central lines, and some common symptoms children with Medulloblastoma experience. […] Discuss with your health care team any potential problems your child might have. […] Ask your health care team what signs of medical problems to look for if your child’s condition changes.

• #1 Aaron’s Story: Surgery, Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplant for Medulloblastoma | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/stories/aaron-s-story-surgery-chemotherapy-and-stem-cell-transplant-medulloblastoma

  Child life specialists and Oncology nurses helped Aaron and his family get through it all, day by day, says Shana. They helped Aaron understand what was happening in his body throughout his care journey, cheered him on as he rode his scooter down the hallway, let him paint their fingernails, and gladly stayed after their shifts to cheer him up. […] They took care of his daily needs at his sickest moments, says Shana. They held him while he vomited, they washed his tired body, they cleaned him, cared for him and, most importantly, showered him with love and care. This team loved our boy beyond the call. My son adores them, which, in turn, makes us adore them just as much. When I say we could not have done it without their support and care, I am not exaggerating.

• #1 Medulloblastoma | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/medulloblastoma.html

  Medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor that starts in the cerebellum, which controls balance and other complex motor and cognitive functions. While medulloblastoma often grows quickly and may spread to other parts of the body, it usually responds well to treatment. […] Medulloblastoma tumors may look similar under the microscope, but research shows there are four subtypes of childhood medulloblastoma. The Childrens Cancer Hospital has a team of leading neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neuropathologists and neuroscientists that work together to develop treatment plans based on each patients tumor. This increases the chances for successful treatment. These plans may include access to clinical trials for newly diagnosed and recurrent medulloblastoma. […] Our physicians, including neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neuropsychologists, neuropathologists and neuroradiologists, have the experience and expertise to treat patients who develop medulloblastoma later in life. They work together to create treatment plans for each adult medulloblastoma patient and to develop new experimental therapies for the disease.

• #1 CoxHealth | Medulloblastoma

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/medulloblastoma/

  You will work closely with your care team to decide on the best treatment plan for you. […] Many people with medulloblastoma have good outcomes. But the treatments can damage normal cells and cause side effects. Your health care provider will talk with you about side effects from your treatment. Ask when and how to report side effects to your care team. There are often ways to manage side effects. And there may be things you can do and medicines you can take to help prevent or control many treatment side effects. […] Talk with your health care provider about the risk of problems caused by treatment (both short- and long-term), your overall outlook (prognosis), and the chances of the tumor coming back.

• #1 Medulloblastoma (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/medulloblastoma.html

  New information about genetic changes in medulloblastoma tumors has led to many new treatments that specifically target these changes. […] Doctors are always looking for better ways to treat medulloblastoma. Some patients might be candidates for a clinical trial. […] A team of specialists works together to care for a child with medulloblastoma. […] If your child has medulloblastoma, it can feel overwhelming. Its normal to feel sad, scared, and even angry. It helps to find support from members of the care team, friends and family, and other parents whove gone through it. […] The future for kids with brain tumors is better than ever.

• #1 Medulloblastoma: optimizing care with a multidisciplinary approach | JMDH

  https://www.dovepress.com/medulloblastoma-optimizing-care-with-a-multidisciplinary-approach-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH

  The current treatment of medulloblastoma allows decent survival rates but often at the expense of life-long morbidity. […] The current challenge of the neuro-oncologist is precision medicine. To limit iatrogenic morbidity, we must first avoid the overtreatment of patients with good prognosis who do not need aggressive treatments or, in contrast, patients for whom standard treatments have shown failure to induce good survival rates. […] Recent advances on the molecular mechanisms of medulloblastoma have allowed the definition of an updated prognostic classification. To optimize medulloblastoma care, efforts must be made to reduce iatrogenic morbidity and improve survival in patients with lower prognoses. Thus, targeted therapies are currently being evaluated in light of a molecular understanding of medulloblastomas.

• #1 Medulloblastoma Treatment | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/medulloblastoma/types/treatment

  After treatment, patients may need rehabilitation to help with motor skills, speech, and cognitive functions, depending on how the tumor and treatments have affected their brain. […] Access to mental health resources, support groups, and counseling can be beneficial during treatment and throughout the recovery process. […] Supportive care, including symptom management, rehabilitation, and emotional support, is essential for maintaining quality of life during and after treatment.

• #1 Medulloblastoma Signs & Symptoms | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/conditions/medulloblastoma

  At Rush, your child will receive expert care for medulloblastoma a rare, malignant brain tumor most common in children and young adults under 25. […] A multidisciplinary team of specialists at Rush University Childrens Hospital and Rush University Cancer Center works with your family to determine the best and most appropriate treatments, depending on your childs tumor and developmental stage. […] Treatment could include the following: […] Your child may need surgery to diagnose or treat the brain tumor. […] Your child may need chemotherapy after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells and prevent them from spreading. […] These drugs help your childs immune system attack brain cancer cells. […] Your child may need radiation therapy as well. […] Pediatric palliative care specialists offer an additional layer of care and support to your child as they undergo treatment for a brain tumor. Palliative care focuses on improving your childs quality of life, managing pain and providing emotional support for your child and your family. […] Your childs care team will follow your child through adulthood to quickly identify and address any cancer recurrence. […] This includes physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy to manage the effects of the cancer and treatments.

• #2 Medulloblastoma | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/medulloblastoma.html

  Medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor that starts in the cerebellum, which controls balance and other complex motor and cognitive functions. While medulloblastoma often grows quickly and may spread to other parts of the body, it usually responds well to treatment. […] Medulloblastoma tumors may look similar under the microscope, but research shows there are four subtypes of childhood medulloblastoma. The Childrens Cancer Hospital has a team of leading neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neuropathologists and neuroscientists that work together to develop treatment plans based on each patients tumor. This increases the chances for successful treatment. These plans may include access to clinical trials for newly diagnosed and recurrent medulloblastoma. […] Our physicians, including neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neuropsychologists, neuropathologists and neuroradiologists, have the experience and expertise to treat patients who develop medulloblastoma later in life. They work together to create treatment plans for each adult medulloblastoma patient and to develop new experimental therapies for the disease.

• #2 Medulloblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/medulloblastoma

  Children with medulloblastoma are treated at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center through our Medulloblastoma Program. Our pediatric brain tumor specialists provide a unique degree of specialization across many disciplines, which translates into advanced treatment options for children with medulloblastoma. […] Because brain tumors in children, including medulloblastoma, behave differently than those in adults, it’s important for families to seek a pediatric center with specific expertise in treating childhood brain tumors. […] In all cases, a multidisciplinary team is necessary to optimize care. The team may include members from neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, neurology, radiation oncology, and stem cell transplantation, as well as psychology/social work, nutrition, physical and occupational therapy, and the school liaison program. […] Our physical and occupational therapists will work with your child to treat these issues.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jnnonline/fulltext/2023/10000/life_experience_of_chinese_pediatric.5.aspx

  Pediatric medulloblastoma survivors face challenges in the physical, psychological, and social aspects of their health, along with multiple unmet healthcare needs. […] Nurses should comprehensively assess the survivor’s needs from admission, plan for discharge, and provide regular follow-up care after discharge. […] Furthermore, nurses should collaborate with caregivers, clinicians, and schoolteachers to develop programs aimed at enhancing the quality of life for survivors. […] The findings revealed that nearly all survivors faced neurological impairments that significantly impacted their lives. […] The presence of physical dysfunction and limited social interactions caused considerable psychological stress among the survivors. […] Nursing psychological interventions play a vital role in overcoming psychological barriers.

• #2 Surgery for a Medulloblastoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/medulloblastoma/surgery-medulloblastoma

  The goal of surgery for medulloblastoma is to resect (remove) as much of the tumor as possible without damaging nearby healthy tissue, and to reduce the pressure inside the brain caused by blocked drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). […] Follow-up chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy are usually part of the post-surgical treatment plan to target any remaining cells. […] Treatment of hydrocephalus is often needed in children diagnosed with medulloblastoma. […] This reduces pressure in the brain and relieves the symptoms of hydrocephalus that can accompany medulloblastoma in as much as a third of patients. […] At Weill Cornell Medicine Pediatric Brain and Spine Center, our pediatric neurosurgeons are highly skilled in the most advanced procedures for treating brain tumors in children.

• #2 Medulloblastoma

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/medulloblastoma/

  Surgery is usually followed by radiation to the brain or spine, as the disease has a tendency to spread to the spine. […] This standard cancer treatment is also recommended for many patients, depending on the subtype of medulloblastoma and how much the tumor has spread. […] According to the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year survival rate for medulloblastoma is over 72% if the disease has not spread. However, survival rates vary depending on the location and size of the tumor.

• #2 Medulloblastoma (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/medulloblastoma.html

  Doctors usually treat kids who have this type of tumor with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Treatment has improved in recent years, and more kids are making a full recovery. […] Doctors usually treat medulloblastoma with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. When making a treatment plan, they’ll consider: […] After they remove as much of the tumor as possible with surgery, doctors can use chemotherapy (chemo) medicines and radiation therapy to prevent the tumor from coming back or spreading. […] Radiation therapy uses X-rays (photon therapy) or proton beam therapy to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It’s often used to destroy cancer cells still in the brain after surgery and cancer cells in the spinal cord. […] Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. It can be given in many different ways.

• #2 Medulloblastoma/PNET | The Royal Marsden

  https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/your-care/cancer-types/paediatric-cancers/medulloblastomapnet

  The majority of children with a localised tumour removed by the surgeon and who also have intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy in a reduced dose to the brain and spine are cured. […] The treatment of infants is difficult. This is because of the need to delay, avoid or reduce radiotherapy to the brain and spine, because of the damaging effects of radiation on the young developing brain. […] All children are seen after treatment is finished in our long-term brain tumour follow-up clinic. We will see your child at regular intervals indefinitely so that we can help with any long-term effects of the treatment.

• #2 Behind the Tumor: Medulloblastoma – Brains for the Cure

  https://brainsforthecure.org/behind-the-tumor-medulloblastoma/

  Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. […] Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and your other health care team members to provide extra support.

• #2 Pediatric Medulloblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/987886-treatment

  Following upfront maximal safe surgical resection, the standard of care approach for medulloblastoma is dependent on risk stratification and generally consists of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] Although there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend proton therapy, for younger children with medulloblastoma, strong consideration should be given to proton-beam radiotherapy when available. […] The goal of surgery is to resect as much of the tumor as safely as possible and to reduce the pressure inside the brain caused by blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow. […] As a direct result of the tumor and/or therapy, many patients are referred to occupational, physical, hearing, and speech therapists for rehabilitation of common neurologic dysfunction. […] Admit patients with medulloblastoma for specific chemotherapy and for complications (eg, neutropenic fever) as a result of therapy. […] No specific dietary restrictions or requirements are indicated. […] Most patients have no restrictions on activity other than limitations from neurologic deficits caused by the tumor and treatment.

• #2 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with brain tumors may include: Patients with brain tumors may experience pain due to the compression of sensitive structures, increased pressure within the skull, and the invasion of nerve pathways. […] Patients with a brain tumor may experience anxiety due to uncertainty about prognosis, fear of the unknown, concerns about the tumors impact on their daily life, and changes in cognitive function or personality caused by the tumor or treatment. […] Patients with brain tumors are prone to injury due to several factors, such as impaired cognition, altered sensory perception, and motor deficits. These can lead to falls, seizures, and other accidents. Safety and injury prevention for patients with brain tumors involves implementing measures to minimize the risk of falls and ensuring a safe environment.

• #2 Medulloblastoma | Brainbook

  https://brainbookcharity.org/medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma is the most common type of malignant (cancerous) primary brain tumour in children. […] Medulloblastomas often present with non-specific symptoms between the ages of 0-10 years old. […] It is common for children to have symptoms for weeks to months before a diagnosis is confirmed. […] If the tumour metastasizes (spreads) to another part of the body, for example, the spine, this may lead to limb weakness or numbness, back pain and/or changes in bowel or bladder function. […] The treatment of choice is surgery to remove the tumour, followed by either radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. […] Surgery to remove, or excise a tumour aims to take out as much of the tumour as possible, whilst making sure that any surrounding healthy tissue remains intact. […] Treatment following surgery often involves radiation therapy, where high-energy beams (X-rays or protons) are used to target and kill remaining cancer cells. […] Complications can be separated based on their cause. […] Regular monitoring is necessary to maximise patient quality of life and manage the risk of recurrence. […] Patients should be assessed and treated for both physical and mental health to optimise clinical outcomes.

• #2 Medulloblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1181219-treatment

  Imaging is the primary mode of monitoring residual disease, efficacy of continuing medical treatment, and recurrence or metastasis. Because medulloblastoma is aggressive, frequent monitoring is essential. MRI should be repeated every 3 months the first year; every 4-6 months the second year; and yearly thereafter.

• #2 Differentiation Therapy a Promising Treatment for Medulloblastoma, Fox Chase Cancer Center Researchers Show | Fox Chase Cancer Center – Philadelphia PA

  https://www.foxchase.org/news/2024-08-12-differentiation-therapy-a-promising-treatment-for-medulloblastoma-fox-chase-cancer-center-researchers-show

  Medulloblastoma is the most common type of malignant brain tumor in children, and few effective treatment options exist. […] Even with the current approach of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the disease has a high mortality rate. Treatments are highly toxic, leaving its young survivors with lifelong and life-altering side effects. […] In a previous study, the researchers found that medulloblastoma tumor cells can undergo differentiation, after which they lose their capacity for growth. These findings suggested that medulloblastoma could be treated by inducing tumor cell differentiation. […] Next, researchers are beginning a clinical trial testing T3 as a combination therapy along with conventional treatment in children with relapsed medulloblastoma.

• #2 CoxHealth | Medulloblastoma

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/medulloblastoma/

  You will work closely with your care team to decide on the best treatment plan for you. […] Many people with medulloblastoma have good outcomes. But the treatments can damage normal cells and cause side effects. Your health care provider will talk with you about side effects from your treatment. Ask when and how to report side effects to your care team. There are often ways to manage side effects. And there may be things you can do and medicines you can take to help prevent or control many treatment side effects. […] Talk with your health care provider about the risk of problems caused by treatment (both short- and long-term), your overall outlook (prognosis), and the chances of the tumor coming back.

• #2 Medulloblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/medulloblastoma.html

  Targeted therapies work by acting on, or targeting, specific features of tumor cells. In some tumors, there are changes in the genes and proteins that control tumor cell growth and division. […] Medulloblastoma survivors can have a variety of treatment-related problems. Ongoing follow-up care, lab tests, and routine MRI scans can monitor patients after treatment. […] Monitoring should focus on early detection of recurrence (cancer coming back) as well as long-term and late effects of treatment. Care should also include rehabilitation and neurological consultation. Your childs care team can help you decide the best plan for your child. […] Childhood cancer survivors should have long-term follow-up health care. Some treatments can cause late effects. These are health problems that happen months or years after treatment has ended.

• #2 Surviving Medulloblastoma, A Decade On | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/patient-stories/haileys-story/

  We knew early on that she had an injury to her hearing, a chemo side effect that is extremely common for medulloblastoma treatment, said Dr. Ginn. […] Dr. Ginn said they test hearing after every cycle of chemotherapy and make adjustments to the dosage or kind of chemo. Haileys high-frequency hearing loss has remained stable since the original chemo-induced injury. […] In our clinic, we balance making sure families know about late effects and what to watch for…but not be so hypervigilant that they cant relax and enjoy life, said Joy Fulbright, MD, director of the Survive Thrive Clinic, which provides care for around 500 pediatric cancer survivors. […] Each patient receives a passport for care, which details the cancer care they received, potential effects, and what types of monitoring are necessary. The patient can take this passport with them when they transition to adult care. In Haileys case, the drugs that destroyed her brain tumor also put her at high risk for hormonal imbalances and fertility issues as she gets older and at a small risk for secondary leukemia. […] Cancer survivors, in general, also have an increased risk of anxiety and depression. The clinic provides psychosocial resources to support families and patients as they transition to life as survivors.

• #2 Childhood Medulloblastoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-medulloblastoma

  After surgery, your child may have difficulties with coordination, weakness in their extremities, and problems with balance. These typically resolve over a course of several weeks. Our physical and occupational therapists will work with your child to treat these issues. […] Beyond initial treatment, we continue to care for the physical, mental, and emotional health needs of children with brain tumors through our extensive pediatric cancer survivorship programs, including the Stop Shop Family Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Clinic for pediatric brain tumor survivors. These services address health and social issues, ranging from motor function evaluation and physical therapy to return-to-school and learning programs. […] Children treated for a medulloblastoma should visit a survivorship clinic every year: To manage disease complications, To be screened for early recurrence of tumor, To manage late effects of treatment. […] Our treatment team includes specialists dedicated to treating children with medulloblastoma.

• #2 Medulloblastoma (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/medulloblastoma.html

  New information about genetic changes in medulloblastoma tumors has led to many new treatments that specifically target these changes. […] Doctors are always looking for better ways to treat medulloblastoma. Some patients might be candidates for a clinical trial. […] A team of specialists works together to care for a child with medulloblastoma. […] If your child has medulloblastoma, it can feel overwhelming. Its normal to feel sad, scared, and even angry. It helps to find support from members of the care team, friends and family, and other parents whove gone through it. […] The future for kids with brain tumors is better than ever.

• #2 Medulloblastoma | Mays Cancer Center

  https://cancer.uthscsa.edu/cancer-care/types-and-treatments/medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a rare malignant brain tumor (brain cancer) that most commonly affects young children. Families from South Texas and beyond trust Mays Cancer Center for our specialized skill and leading medulloblastoma treatments. […] Our team has additional training in pediatric neurosurgery and pediatric oncology. We offer precise, personalized care for rare and complex brain tumors in children of all ages. Our deep experience treating rare childhood cancers with radiation therapies helps us deliver precise care with a focus on childrens long-term health and comfort. […] Our teams clinical psychologists and social workers understand the changes and stressors a medulloblastoma diagnosis can create for families. We guide families to resources that can help them navigate the challenges they face throughout cancer treatment.

• #2 Aaron’s Story: Surgery, Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplant for Medulloblastoma | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/stories/aaron-s-story-surgery-chemotherapy-and-stem-cell-transplant-medulloblastoma

  Child life specialists and Oncology nurses helped Aaron and his family get through it all, day by day, says Shana. They helped Aaron understand what was happening in his body throughout his care journey, cheered him on as he rode his scooter down the hallway, let him paint their fingernails, and gladly stayed after their shifts to cheer him up. […] They took care of his daily needs at his sickest moments, says Shana. They held him while he vomited, they washed his tired body, they cleaned him, cared for him and, most importantly, showered him with love and care. This team loved our boy beyond the call. My son adores them, which, in turn, makes us adore them just as much. When I say we could not have done it without their support and care, I am not exaggerating.

• #2 CoxHealth | Medulloblastoma

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/medulloblastoma/

  Medulloblastoma is a rare type of brain cancer. It most often affects children. But in very rare cases, it can happen in adults. It usually affects adults between 20 and 40 years old. These tumors start in the cerebellum, which is near the lower back of the brain. The cerebellum controls movement, balance, and coordination. […] Medulloblastoma is a primary brain tumor. This means it starts in brain cells. (It didn’t start somewhere else in the body and then spread to the brain.) This type of tumor tends to grow quickly. It may spread (metastasize) within the brain and spinal cord. In rare cases, it can also spread to the bone marrow, bones, lungs, or other parts of the body. The outlook for tumors that have spread tends to be worse than for tumors that stay in one place. […] Depending on the type of brain tumor and where it is, your care team will decide the best treatment plan for you. The main treatment is surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Fully removing the tumor increases the chances of a good outcome. After surgery, radiation therapy and, in some cases, chemotherapy might also be done.

• #2 General Physical Care of a Child with Medulloblastoma

  https://medulloblastoma.org/treatment/patient-care/general-care/

  Infection can be a serious risk for your child, especially if he/she is receiving chemotherapy agents. […] If your child has any difficulty taking the medications or experiences side effects, let your doctor or nurse practitioner know as soon as possible so they can advise you about what to do. […] If you think your child might be in pain, please talk with your doctor or nurse/nurse practitioner about ways to manage your child’s pain. […] Each child reacts differently to pain, so it is important to understand how your child expresses pain. […] If your child is experiencing increasing pain, even though he/she is on strong pain medication, other medicines can be added to help the pain medicines work better. […] Every child is unique, so the plan for managing your child’s pain should be the one that works best for him/her.

• #2 Medulloblastoma Treatment | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/medulloblastoma/types/treatment

  After treatment, patients may need rehabilitation to help with motor skills, speech, and cognitive functions, depending on how the tumor and treatments have affected their brain. […] Access to mental health resources, support groups, and counseling can be beneficial during treatment and throughout the recovery process. […] Supportive care, including symptom management, rehabilitation, and emotional support, is essential for maintaining quality of life during and after treatment.

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