Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cancer Progress and Priorities: Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9473679/

  The incidence of thyroid cancer has risen dramatically in the U.S. over the past four decades, with similar patterns observed internationally. Thyroid cancer currently ranks as the 13th most common cancer diagnosis overall and the 6th most common among women. […] Increasing incidence of large and advanced thyroid cancers, as well as thyroid cancer mortality, suggest that etiological factors may have contributed to rising incidence of the disease, albeit to a lesser extent than overdiagnosis. […] Thyroid cancer incidence varies substantially by geographic location, especially in women. In general, the highest incidence is observed in higher-income countries, including the Republic of Korea, Canada, Italy, France, Israel, Croatia, Austria, and the U.S., as well as some middle- to upper-middle-income countries, such as Turkey, Brazil, Costa Rica, and China.

• #2 Key Statistics for Thyroid Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/thyroid-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for thyroid cancer in the United States are for 2025: […] About 44,020 new cases of thyroid cancer (12,670 in men and 31,350 in women) […] About 2,290 deaths from thyroid cancer (1,090 in men and 1,200 in women) […] Thyroid cancer is often diagnosed at a younger age than most other adult cancers. The average age when a person is diagnosed with thyroid cancer is 51. […] This cancer is almost 3 times more common in women than in men. It is about 40% to 50% less common in Black people than in any other racial or ethnic group. […] Until recently, the rate of new thyroid cancers was growing faster than for any other cancer in the US. […] However, as doctors have started to use stricter criteria for diagnosing thyroid cancer, the incidence rate has declined by about 2% each year since 2014. […] The death rate for thyroid cancer has stayed about the same since 2009.

• #3 Thyroid Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 44,020. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,290. […] Thyroid cancer represents 2.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 44,020 new cases of thyroid cancer and an estimated 2,290 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of thyroid cancer was 13.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For thyroid cancer, death rates increase with age. The death rate was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new thyroid cancer cases have been falling on average 0.8% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 20142023.

• #4 Thyroid cancer statistics | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/thyroid/statistics

  To provide the most current cancer statistics, statistical methods are used to estimate the number of new cancer cases and deaths until actual data become available. […] It is estimated that in 2024: […] 6,600 Canadians will be diagnosed with thyroid cancer. […] 280 Canadians will die from thyroid cancer. […] 2,000 men will be diagnosed with thyroid cancer and 130 will die from it. […] 4,700 women will be diagnosed with thyroid cancer and 150 will die from it.

• #5 Cancer Progress and Priorities: Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9473679/

  In the U.S., thyroid cancer is estimated to be the 13th most commonly diagnosed cancer, accounting for nearly 44,000 new cancer diagnoses in 2022 (2.3% of the total), and the 6th most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. […] The prognosis for thyroid cancer is typically excellent, as most cases are PTCs and are localized to the thyroid gland at diagnosis. […] From the early-1980s to mid-2010s the incidence of thyroid cancer in the U.S. nearly tripled, rising at a faster rate than any other cancer type, before stabilizing and then declining during the mid-to-late-2010s. […] Clinical practice guidelines around the management of thyroid cancer have been modified over the last 15 years, with the goal of reducing the potential for overdiagnosis and resulting overtreatment. […] Thyroid cancer is susceptible to socioeconomic disparities in incidence because it is often detected during routine physical examinations or incidentally during work-up of other conditions.

• #6 Thyroid Cancer: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/851968-overview

  The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated that approximately 44,020 new cases of thyroid cancer would occur in the United States in 2024. […] The US incidence of thyroid cancer approximately tripled between the late 20th century and 2021, growing from nearly 5.0 new cases per 100,000 persons in 1975 to 13.5 new cases per 100,000 persons per year as calculated overall, with age adjustment, for the period between 2017 and 2021. […] Although the increased thyroid cancer incidence was well documented, the underlying cause remains controversial. […] Nonetheless, according to the ACS, since 2014 the incidence rate for thyroid cancer has fallen by about 2% per year, with the society maintaining that this decrease is partially the result of greater stringency in the criteria for thyroid cancer diagnosis.

• #7 Cancer Progress and Priorities: Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9473679/

  In the U.S., thyroid cancer incidence is highest in non-Hispanic whites and lowest in Blacks and Native American/Alaskan Natives. […] Identifying true etiologic (causal) risk factors has been a major challenge in thyroid cancer epidemiologic research. […] Ionizing radiation exposure in childhood is currently the most well-established modifiable risk factor for thyroid cancer. […] There has been long-standing debate about whether thyroid cancer risk is influenced by internal sources of radiation exposure (i.e., from radiopharmaceuticals, such as 131I targeting the thyroid gland) in the same way and to the same degree as with external sources of exposure. […] Whether ionizing radiation exposure may have contributed to population-level trends in thyroid cancer incidence is unclear. […] Thyroid cancer is often preceded by benign thyroid disease (e.g. thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroiditis), but it remains unclear whether benign thyroid diseases cause the development or progression of thyroid cancer. […] Epidemiologic research on potential modifiable risk factors raises the possibility of identifying other specific targets for primary prevention.

• #8 Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-995-0_2

  Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for 1.9% of all new malignant tumors (excluding skin cancer and in situ carcinomas) diagnosed annually in the United States (0.92% of cancers in men; 2.9% in women; 1). Annual incidence rates vary by geographic area, age, and sex. The age-adjusted annual incidence (from 1996 to 2000) in the United States is 68 new cases per million (2,3), with a higher incidence in women (99/million) than men (36/million) (2,4). Approximately 25,690 new cases of thyroid cancer are now diagnosed annually in the United States with a female_male ratio close to 3:1 (1). Worldwide, incidence rates are highest in certain geographic areas, such as Hawaii (119/million women and 45/million men), probably as a result of local environmental influences (2,5). Rates in Poland are among the lowest recorded: 14 per million women and four per million men (6). Thyroid cancer is very rare in children under age 15. The annual U.S. incidence in this population is 2.2 per million girls and 0.9 per million boys (7). The annual incidence of thyroid cancer increases with age, peaking between 100 and 120 per million by the fifth through eighth decades (2).

• #9 The changing incidence of thyroid cancer | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2016.110

  The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased over the past several decades, which, in many countries around the world, has been largely driven by new cases of papillary thyroid cancer. […] Increased opportunities for detection and diagnosis of small, indolent thyroid cancers seem to explain much, but not all, of the patterns in thyroid cancer incidence. […] Results from epidemiological studies suggest that a substantial proportion of thyroid cancer diagnoses (40% in the USA) could be attributable to environmental factors, such as obesity and cigarette smoking. […] Clinical practice guidelines have recently changed in response to an increasing awareness of the potential for unnecessary diagnosis and treatment in a subset of patients. […] Large-scale, prospective epidemiological studies and laboratory-based investigations are needed to identify modifiable risk factors for thyroid cancer and promising targets for thyroid cancer prevention.

• #10 Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers: A Review of Current Practice Guidelines

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2463

  This dramatic increase has been attributed mainly to the detection of indolent small thyroid cancers, particularly due to the widespread use of medical imaging, especially ultrasonography. […] Consequently, thyroid cancer has become a focal point in the debates surrounding overdiagnosis and overtreatment. […] Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), defined as a tumor 1 cm or less in size, has an excellent prognosis. […] The disease-specific mortality of PTMC has been reported to be less than 0.1%, and the recurrence rate is 3%. […] Based on PTMCs indolent nature, a treatment strategy known as active surveillance (AS), which involves watchful waiting rather than immediate surgery, has emerged. […] Following the publication of the initial results from Kuma Hospital in 2003, the 2011 Japanese guidelines adopted AS.

• #11 Post-treatment surveillance of thyroid cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7422645/

  An increased incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has resulted in an increased population of thyroid cancer survivors requiring ongoing disease surveillance. […] The goal of this strategy is to detect recurrent disease early, identify patients who would benefit from further treatment and reduce over investigation of low risk patients. […] In recent years, an increasing incidence of thyroid cancer around the world has been documented, a large proportion of which has been attributed to increased application and sensitivity of diagnostic imaging modalities. […] In the United States, the incidence of thyroid cancer has nearly tripled in the last 30 years, from 4.9 to 14.3 per 100,000 individuals, and this has largely been attributed to an increase in diagnosis of subclinical disease with only a minority being attributed to a true increase in incidence of advanced disease.

• #12 Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Seeking Approaches for Primary Prevention

  https://www.ijthyroid.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.11106/ijt.2020.13.2.95

  Over the last three decades, the incidence rate of thyroid cancer has steadily increased in different regions, most significantly in South Korea, Italy, France, the United States, and Australia. […] The increase of thyroid cancer incidence among children has been announced in some countries. […] Many publications have demonstrated that reasons for thyroid cancer incidence rise worldwide are mainly due to expansion in screening and enhancements in diagnostic process for detecting small nodes resulting in overdiagnosis, meaning that otherwise indolent cancers are identified which would not have caused clinical symptoms or death due to this disease. […] The thyroid cancer incidence rose in Korea from 10.6 in 1996 to 111.3 per 100,000 in women in 2010, and it rose from 1.9 to 27.0 per 100,000 in men in the same period of time.

• #13

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/statistics/thyroid-cancer.html

  Thyroid cancer occurs when cells grow and divide in an abnormal way in the thyroid, a gland found at the front of the throat under the voice box. There are four main types of thyroid cancer, but the most common types are papillary (70-80% of diagnoses) and follicular (15-20% of diagnoses). The less common types are medullary and anaplastic, which make up 4% and 1% of thyroid cancer diagnoses. […] In 2022, 827 Victorians were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Of these, there were 239 males and 588 females, representing 28.9% and 71.1% of the total Victorian thyroid cancer diagnoses, respectively. Currently, thyroid cancer is diagnosed at a rate of 5.2 per 100,000 males and 13.3 per 100,000 females. The median age at diagnosis of thyroid cancer is 55 years in males and 49 in females. Accounting for 2.3% of all cancers diagnosed and 0.3% of all cancer-related deaths in 2022, thyroid cancer was the 12th most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 31st most common cause of cancer-related deaths in Victoria.

• #14 Post-treatment surveillance of thyroid cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7422645/

  The combined effect of increased disease incidence, greater application and diagnostic sensitivity of tests for disease detection, and unchanged mortality has resulted in an increase in the pool of differentiated thyroid cancer survivors requiring follow up, the majority of whom will have a low risk of clinically significant disease recurrence. […] There is a clear need for optimizing surveillance, targeting the frequency, duration and modality of follow up investigations based on the risk of recurrence and death. […] The overall goal of cancer therapy and surveillance is to prevent disease related death. Surveillance is performed with the intention to detect and provide appropriate treatment of recurrent disease and to decrease the risk of disease related mortality. […] Unlike most other solid cancers however, disease recurrence and mortality risk are not always concordant in thyroid cancer.

• #15 Post-treatment surveillance of thyroid cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7422645/

  With this in mind, the ATA risk stratification for recurrence is important guide to surveillance frequency and further treatment. […] The low, intermediate and high-risk groups have recurrence risks of 5%, 20%, and 50% respectively. […] The new edition proposes more detailed stratification based on recent findings in the literature. […] It is anticipated that disease localized to the thyroid gland measuring up to 4 cm without ETE will be categorized as stage 1. […] The three-tiered system of low, intermediate and high-risk recurrence categories are recognized as relatively arbitrary groups, as they are essentially an attempt at categorizing the progressive disease continuum that lies at the basis of the differentiated thyroid cancer spectrum. […] Surveillance of differentiated thyroid cancer patients after surgery was life-long secondary to the belief that recurrence was common and estimated to be as high as 30%.

• #16 Post-treatment surveillance of thyroid cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7422645/

  More recent literature suggests that recurrence rates are substantially less. […] The current surveillance duration and intensity employed is personalized based on initial risk stratification and subsequent response to therapy. […] For patients with complete tumor resection at the time of thyroidectomy, we perform annual screening neck ultrasounds. […] For higher risk patients, other imaging modalities between screening US provide information on disease progress. […] We have previously advocated for cost effective administration of routine surveillance for low-risk thyroid cancer patients. […] It is important to emphasize that those patients with structurally incomplete response and those with high-risk disease warrant careful imaging to monitor for disease recurrence. […] In the longer term, we aim to titrate surveillance based on response to therapy. […] Several publications in recent years have similarly recognized a need to titrate duration of post thyroid cancer treatment surveillance based on risk of recurrence and response to therapy.

• #17 Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers: A Review of Current Practice Guidelines

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2463

  Many practice guidelines have adopted active surveillance as a feasible alternative to immediate surgery for low-risk thyroid cancer, especially for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma measuring 1 cm or less without an aggressive subtype on cytology, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis. […] The indolent nature and favorable outcomes associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma have prompted numerous prospective studies on active surveillance (AS) and its adoption as an alternative to immediate surgery in managing low-risk thyroid cancer. […] Thyroid cancer is very common, with its global incidence rate reported as 10.1 per 100,000 in women and 3.1 per 100,000 in men. […] The incidence of thyroid cancer increased dramatically in the 1990s and early 2000s.

• #18 Active Surveillance for Papillary Thyroid Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/thyroid/treatment/active-surveillance-papillary-thyroid

  When you find out that you have thyroid cancer, your natural reaction may be to want to get the cancerous tissue out right away. Its a completely understandable and normal response. But not all thyroid cancers are alike. […] If you have a small, low-risk papillary thyroid cancer, you may choose to participate in our program of active surveillance. Once called watchful waiting, this approach involves closely monitoring your thyroid cancer over time rather than treating it with immediate surgery. For low-risk cancers, our team of experts will try to determine whether you are a good candidate for this form of careful observation. […] Patients in our active surveillance program receive an ultrasound every six months for two years, when we will look closely at the site of the cancer and the nearby lymph nodes to see if there is any change. After two years, if the cancer has not gotten any larger, ultrasounds can be reduced to just once a year.

• #19 Active Surveillance for Papillary Thyroid Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/thyroid/treatment/active-surveillance-papillary-thyroid

  We have strong evidence that only a very small percentage of these thyroid cancers progress, and they do so very slowly. For cancers that do get bigger, surgical treatment performed at a later date is just as effective. […] Our experts recommend active surveillance only for small, low-risk, papillary thyroid cancers. Even for these small tumors, patients always have surgery as an option. More than 300 people with papillary thyroid cancer have chosen active surveillance at MSK, which has allowed them to avoid surgery and its potential side effects without increased risk to their health.

• #20 Study: Active Surveillance an Effective Option for Thyroid Cancer

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/study-active-surveillance-an-effective-option-for-thyroid-cancer/

  While thyroid cancer diagnoses have escalated in recent decades, most are slow growing, lack symptoms and have survival rates of almost 100%. […] The seven-year prospective clinical trial led by Cedars-Sinai Cancer aimed to not only evaluate how beneficial active surveillance is in treating the disease, but also to address patient anxiety associated with the diagnosis. […] Throughout the seven years of the trial, none of the patients enrolled in active surveillance developed imaging evidence of disease metastasis, and just a small fraction 3.6% experienced any sort of meaningful tumor growth, said Wendy Sacks, MD, co-director of the Thyroid Cancer Program and senior author of the study. […] To date, 90.1% of patients who enrolled in active surveillance remain on it, whereas 7.1% of patients eventually opted for surgery based on either personal preference or physician advice.

• #21 Active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas – Ito – Annals of Thyroid

  https://aot.amegroups.org/article/view/5637/html

  The active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs) was started at Kuma Hospital (Kobe, Japan) in 1993 and was then adopted widely, especially after the publication of the 2015 guidelines by the American Thyroid Association (ATA). […] The data collected at Kuma Hospital indicate that at the 10-year observations, the incidence of enlargement 3 mm was only 8.0% and that of the novel appearance of node metastasis was 3.8%. […] None of the patients showed distant metastasis or died of thyroid carcinoma. […] In contrast to clinical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), PTMCs of elderly patients were less progressive than those of middle-aged and young patients, indicating that elderly patients are ideal candidates for active surveillance. […] Several studies from other institutions [including Cancer Institute Hospital (Tokyo) and foreign institutions] have been published, and all of them reported very favorable patient outcomes.

• #22 Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers: A Review of Current Practice Guidelines

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2463

  The American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines published in 2015 recognize AS as an alternative to immediate surgery for PTMC. […] Currently, various international guidelines offer recommendations on the consideration of AS for thyroid cancer. […] The initial criteria for AS were derived from studies conducted in Japan. […] Most guidelines recommend considering AS for tumors that measure 1 cm or less, show no aggressive subtypes on cytology, do not exhibit ETE, and do not have clinical LN or distant metastasis. […] However, debate continues over the indications for AS. […] The criteria proposed in guidelines and prospective studies are summarized below. […] AS is typically recommended for PTMC measuring 1 cm or less, according to most guidelines. […] Some studies have broadened this criterion.

• #23 Active surveillance vs surgery in adults with low risk thyroid cancer

  https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/september-2023/vol-16-issue-9-p-3-4/

  Thyroid cancer has been one of the fastest rising cancers over the past few years. One of the causes of this increase has been the increase in detection of small, low risk cancers, most often papillary thyroid cancer. […] The option of active surveillance for small thyroid cancers was included in the American Thyroid Associations 2015 thyroid cancer management guidelines as an alternative to surgery. […] Very few patients under active surveillance had significant cancer growth, spread to the lymph nodes or new cancer nodules on their thyroid gland. […] In this review of nearly 30 years follow-up of a study on active surveillance in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, the cancer-related outcomes of patients followed by surveillance did not differ from those of patients who had surgery within 1 year after diagnosis.

• #24 The changing incidence of thyroid cancer | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2016.110

  The rise in incidence seems to be attributable both to the growing use of diagnostic imaging and fine-needle aspiration biopsy, which has led to enhanced detection and diagnosis of subclinical thyroid cancers, and environmental factors. […] The latest American Thyroid Association (ATA) practice guidelines for the management of adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer differ substantially from the previous ATA guidelines published in 2009. […] The problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of a disease that is typically indolent, where treatment-related morbidity might not be justified by a survival benefit, now seem to be acknowledged. […] As few modifiable risk factors for thyroid cancer have been established, the specific environmental factors that have contributed to the rising incidence of thyroid cancer remain speculative. […] However, the findings of several large, well-designed epidemiological studies have provided new information about exposures (such as obesity) that might influence the development of thyroid cancer.

• #25 Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Seeking Approaches for Primary Prevention

  https://www.ijthyroid.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.11106/ijt.2020.13.2.95

  According to Korea Central Cancer Registry, the crude thyroid cancer incidence among children (0-19 years) from 1999 to 2012 increased 3 times. […] Without any doubt, thyroid cancer incidence is increasing with approximately 3-5% per year in different countries of the world during the last 3 decades. However, it appears in our opinion, that only 50-60% of this rise can be interpreted by screening only. […] To develop effective preventive measures, more research is needed to better understand the role of endocrine disruptors, specifically on combined effects of nitrates and radiation in thyroid carcinogenesis processes. […] Better understanding of the influence of various risk factors on the induction of thyroid cancer will help clinicians develop effective strategies for disease prevention.

• #26 Thyroid Cancer Survival Rates | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/thyroid-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

  This represents the most up-to-date survival rate information for thyroid cancer. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for thyroid cancer in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] These numbers, which are the most recent available, are based on people diagnosed with thyroid cancer between 2012 and 2018. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. […] These numbers dont take everything into account. […] People now being diagnosed with thyroid cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show.

• #27 Thyroid Cancer: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/851968-overview

  The incidence of thyroid cancer is three times higher in women than in men. […] The incidence of thyroid cancer peaks in the third and fourth decades of life. […] Patients with thyroid cancers generally have a favorable prognosis compared with those with many other solid tumors. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database reports the 5-year relative survival rate for all types of thyroid cancer from 2012-2018 to be 98.4%. […] Still, the ACS estimated that about 2170 deaths from thyroid cancer would occur in the United States in 2024. […] Labarge et al utilized the SEER Program database to evaluate the incidence-based mortality from thyroid cancer. […] Even considering that most survivors of thyroid cancer have a generally favorable prognosis, these patients may experience a poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

• #28 Survival statistics for thyroid cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/thyroid/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Survival statistics for thyroid cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for thyroid cancer is 97%. This means that, on average, about 97% of people diagnosed with thyroid cancer will survive for at least 5 years. […] Survival varies with each stage and type of thyroid cancer. The following factors can also affect survival for thyroid cancer. […] Survival by stage and type of tumour for thyroid cancer is reported as 5-year relative survival. Relative survival looks at how likely people with cancer are to survive after their diagnosis compared to people in the general population who do not have cancer but who share similar characteristics (such as age and sex). […] There are no specific Canadian statistics available for the different stages of thyroid cancer. The following information comes from a variety of sources and may include statistics from other countries. […] All anaplastic thyroid cancers are stage 4. The 5-year relative survival is about 7%.

• #29 Thyroid cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/thyroid-cancer

  Thyroid cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 6% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] More than 8 in 10 (84.3%) people diagnosed with thyroid cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Thyroid cancer ten-year survival in England is higher in females than males (2013-2017). […] Almost all (99.2%) people in England diagnosed with thyroid cancer aged 15-44 survive their disease for ten years or more, compared with almost 6 in 10 (57.7%) people diagnosed aged 75-99 (2013-2017). […] 9 in 10 (90.2%) people in England diagnosed with thyroid cancer in the least deprived group survive their disease for five years or more, compared with more than 9 in 10 (91.9%) people in the most deprived group (2015-2019). […] 9% of thyroid cancer cases in the UK are preventable.

• #30 Active surveillance for well-differentiated thyroid cancer – Elnahla – Annals of Thyroid

  https://aot.amegroups.org/article/view/5687/html

  The development of reliable molecular markers that can predict the likelihood of disease progression will improve risk stratification and selection of patients for active surveillance. […] Active surveillance is a recognized management approach for a select group of patients with low-risk PTC, although it is not widely accepted or practiced yet in the U.S. […] Currently, we do not have specific criteria or molecular markers to identify PTMC that are at high risk for progression.

• #31 Active surveillance for well-differentiated thyroid cancer – Elnahla – Annals of Thyroid

  https://aot.amegroups.org/article/view/5687/html

  The main goal of active surveillance (AS) for thyroid cancer is to avoid overtreatment by choosing the ideal candidate and effectively monitor for disease progression. […] AS is gaining popularity across different institutions; however, to date, there are no definite guidelines or criteria for its implementation, which explains the distinctions in inclusion criteria and follow-up plans. […] The current ATA guidelines endorse active surveillance as a management option of PTMC. […] However, data are currently limited for low risk PTC larger than 1 cm with only a few studies reporting its validity. […] Active surveillance requires a well-coordinated institutional framework to maintain a high standard of care and achieve desired results. […] An active surveillance program is suggested to be instituted only after establishing institutional review board (IRB) approved protocols with full disclosure for selected group of patients.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40137-024-00421-z

  Our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of thyroid carcinomas has significantly increased over the last two decades. […] Molecular diagnostic testing has allowed for more definitive risk stratification of indeterminate thyroid nodules. […] There is benefit in utilizing molecular testing in specific thyroid cancer patient populations. […] The current standard of care for differentiated thyroid carcinoma involves surgery. […] Active surveillance without surgical intervention has increasingly become a suitable alternative for very low risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. […] While active surveillance may be appropriate in certain circumstances given the indolent nature of papillary microcarcinoma, there still remains contraindications for active surveillance. […] The management of thyroid carcinoma is constantly evolving with the advent of new diagnostic modalities and management options, including targeted therapy treatments, all of which help to enhance patient-centered care and emphasize the importance of patient-tailored surgical and medical therapies.

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